Article(id=1192149554284867716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740931200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750780800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-25, onlineDate=1762160202809, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160202809, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160202809, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160202809, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4431, endPage=4443, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149554557497478, articleId=1192149554284867716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Recombinant expression and activity analysis of the lyase lysV208 from aphage of Vibrio alginolyticus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To identify and develop a phage-derived lyase that can be heterologously expressed with high activity and stability and determine its optimal working conditions. [Methods] We employed the turbidity reduction assay to evaluate the bacteriolytic activity and identify the optimal parameters. [Results] Genome annotation and protein prediction of the Vibrio alginolyticus phage phiV208 showed that ORF30 encoded a lyase, named lysV208. This enzyme demonstrated soluble expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), reaching a purified concentration of 204 μg/mL after 16 h induction with 0.25 mmol/L IPTG. Its bacteriolytic activity (turbidity reduction rate) increased from 24.2% to 68.0% in the presence of 0.5 mmol/L EDTA. Enzymatic characterization revealed that lysV208 exhibited the maximum bacteriolytic activity (75.6%) at 45 ℃ while maintaining high activity (52.8%-71.9%) within the temperature range of 25-37 ℃, which is typical for bacterial disease outbreaks in aquatic and terrestrial animals. The enzyme showed the maximum activity at pH 7.0 and retained substantial bacteriolytic activity (44.0%-63.2%) under alkalescence conditions (pH 7.0-9.0), demonstrating adaptability to marine and freshwater aquaculture environments. Divalent metal ions including Zn2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ at 0.1-1.0 mmol/L moderately enhanced the bacteriolytic activity of lysV208, whereas those at 10.0 mmol/L reduced the activity (P<0.01). In addition, lysV208 displayed broad-spectrum lytic effects, showing the bacteriolytic activity of 59.7% against V. alginolyticus V039, 68.9% against Vibrio vulnificus H1, 65.8% against Vibrio parahaemolyticus GH32, and 38.0% and 65.6% against Vibrio harveyi TY13 and G1, respectively. [Conclusion] The recombinant lyase lysV208 demonstrates robust and stable in vitro bacteriolytic activity and a broader spectrum than its source phage. These findings highlight its potential for the control of bacterial infections and the development of phage-lyase synergistic agents.

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E-mail:
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Jinrong NI, Yingying YE, Ying MA, Hongjiao CAI, Honglian TAN, Guixiang TONG, Xinxian WEI, Wenhong FANG, Qibiao WENG, Mao LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1192150004618899631, articleId=1192149554284867716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=溶藻弧菌噬菌体裂解酶lysV208的重组表达和溶菌活性, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 挖掘并开发高活性、高稳定性且可异源重组表达的噬菌体源裂解酶,确定其最优作用条件。 【方法】 采用浊度法验证重组表达裂解酶的溶菌活性及其最适作用条件。 【结果】 对溶藻弧菌噬菌体phiV208全基因组进行注释和蛋白预测,结果显示ORF30编码的蛋白具备裂解酶功能,将其命名为lysV208。lysV208可在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中可溶性高效表达,经0.25 mmol/L IPTG诱导16 h后,纯化浓度达204 μg/mL。与0.5 mmol/L EDTA协同作用时,其溶菌活性(浊度降低率)可从24.2%大幅提高至68.0%。酶学特征研究表明,lysV208的最适作用温度为45 ℃ (溶菌活性75.6%),在水生动物乃至陆生动物常见的细菌性疾病流行温度范围(25-37 ℃)内,也具有较高溶菌活性(52.8%-71.9%)。lysV208的最适作用pH为7.0,在弱碱性条件(pH 7.0-9.0)下可保持较高的溶菌活性(44.0%-63.2%),显示出对海淡水养殖环境的适应性。此外,二价金属离子(Zn2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+)在0.1-1.0 mmol/L浓度范围内对lysV208的溶菌活性有一定促进作用,但高浓度(10.0 mmol/L)离子会极显著抑制酶活性(P<0.01)。裂解谱检测表明,重组酶lysV208不仅能高效裂解源噬菌体的宿主菌V208,还对非宿主菌株表现出广谱溶菌能力,对溶藻弧菌V039、创伤弧菌H1、副溶血弧菌GH32、哈维氏弧菌TY13和G1菌株的溶菌活性分别达到了59.7%、68.9%、65.8%、38.0%和65.6%。 【结论】 重组裂解酶lysV208具有显著且稳定的体外溶菌活性,其裂解谱比源噬菌体phiV208更广。该酶在病原菌感染的生物防控领域,以及噬菌体-裂解酶协同制剂的开发中具有良好的应用前景。

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作者贡献声明

倪金荣:数据分析、撰写文章;叶莹莹:课题执行、撰写文章;马英:软件程序分析;蔡鸿娇:软件程序分析、监督管理;谭红连:提供资源、论文审阅;童桂香:项目管理、监督管理;韦信贤:监督管理、论文审阅;房文红:方法论、论文审阅;翁齐彪:提供资源、论文审阅;林茂:提出概念,获取基金、项目管理和论文审阅。

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journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=CN, label=图1, caption=噬菌体phiV208基于裂解酶lysV208构建的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=otm0axCTej26lbKcAzdLCg==, figureFileBig=CDSbLvIZtZ1TdXGmX1Rfxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314085786269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The PCR amplification products of lysV208.Lane M: DNA marker; Lane 1: lysV208., figureFileSmall=PGvS4sNAT/RVdHtee84pMg==, figureFileBig=lx8CDR0izBhO1j4VykA4SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314157089438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=CN, label=图2, caption=lysV208基因PCR扩增产物的电泳图。泳道M:DNA分子量标准;泳道1:lysV208, figureFileSmall=PGvS4sNAT/RVdHtee84pMg==, figureFileBig=lx8CDR0izBhO1j4VykA4SQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314232586911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, 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Lane M: Protein marker; Lane 1: BL21-pET28a(+); Lane 2: Unpurified supernatant; Lanes 3-4: First and second eluates from the nickel column., figureFileSmall=WGeZjBOZyacAwlqGL1oEbA==, figureFileBig=hbunbdTGqBPhdGpO4gVVyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314580714148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=CN, label=图5, caption=重组裂解酶lysV208纯化前后的电泳图。泳道M:蛋白分子量标准;泳道1:BL21-pET28a(+);泳道2:未纯化的上清液;泳道3-4:镍柱第1、2次洗脱液。, figureFileSmall=WGeZjBOZyacAwlqGL1oEbA==, figureFileBig=hbunbdTGqBPhdGpO4gVVyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314652017317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Factors affecting the bacteriolytic activity of the recombinase lysV208. A: Final concentration of EDTA; B: Different growth phases of the host; C: Final concentration of lysV208; D: Temperature; E: pH; F: Final concentration of metal ions. Different lowercase letters denote significant differences between groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=v371SUcktLxIaoScPEAUkg==, figureFileBig=nqwDkpF2VW4DTG4Kz2cSQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314731709094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=CN, label=图6, caption=重组酶lysV208溶菌活性的影响因素。A:EDTA终浓度;B:宿主不同生长时期;C:lysV208终浓度;D:温度;E:pH;F:金属离子终浓度。不同小写字母表示不同组间差异显著(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=v371SUcktLxIaoScPEAUkg==, figureFileBig=nqwDkpF2VW4DTG4Kz2cSQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314811400871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The bacteriolytic activity of the recombinase lysV208 against different bacteria. Different lowercase letters denote significant differences between groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=lkOJvdwZciXyIAzGFJk5VA==, figureFileBig=rTboimyFVa7lB3Ozf1pu0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314874315432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=CN, label=图7, caption=重组裂解酶lysV208对不同细菌的裂解谱分析, figureFileSmall=lkOJvdwZciXyIAzGFJk5VA==, figureFileBig=rTboimyFVa7lB3Ozf1pu0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225775314954007209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Conserved domain prediction for lyase lysV208

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameAccessionDescriptionIntervalE-value
ZliSCOG3926Lysozyme family protein2-1708.53×10-42
GH108cd13926N-acetylmuramidase domain of the glycosyl hydrolase 108 family1-944.52×10-29
Glyco_hydro_108pfam05838This family acts as a lysozyme (N-acetylmuramidase)6-941.44×10-24
), ArticleFig(id=1225775315025310378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149554284867716, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

裂解酶lysV208结构域的预测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameAccessionDescriptionIntervalE-value
ZliSCOG3926Lysozyme family protein2-1708.53×10-42
GH108cd13926N-acetylmuramidase domain of the glycosyl hydrolase 108 family1-944.52×10-29
Glyco_hydro_108pfam05838This family acts as a lysozyme (N-acetylmuramidase)6-941.44×10-24
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溶藻弧菌噬菌体裂解酶lysV208的重组表达和溶菌活性
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倪金荣 1 , 叶莹莹 1 , 马英 1 , 蔡鸿娇 1 , 谭红连 2 , 童桂香 2 , 韦信贤 2 , 房文红 3 , 翁齐彪 4 , 林茂 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4431-4443
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4431-4443
溶藻弧菌噬菌体裂解酶lysV208的重组表达和溶菌活性
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倪金荣1, 叶莹莹1, 马英1, 蔡鸿娇1, 谭红连2, 童桂香2, 韦信贤2, 房文红3, 翁齐彪4, 林茂1
作者信息
  • 1集美大学 水产学院,鳗鲡现代产业技术教育部工程研究中心,福建 厦门
  • 2广西水产科学研究院,广西水产遗传育种与健康养殖重点实验室,广西 南宁
  • 3中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所,上海
  • 4福建省鳗鱼养殖与加工重点实验室,福建 福州
Recombinant expression and activity analysis of the lyase lysV208 from aphage of Vibrio alginolyticus
Jinrong NI1, Yingying YE1, Ying MA1, Hongjiao CAI1, Honglian TAN2, Guixiang TONG2, Xinxian WEI2, Wenhong FANG3, Qibiao WENG4, Mao LIN1
Affiliations
  • 1Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture of Guangxi, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
  • 3East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
  • 4Key Laboratory of Eel Aquaculture and Processing of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250170
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【目的】 挖掘并开发高活性、高稳定性且可异源重组表达的噬菌体源裂解酶,确定其最优作用条件。 【方法】 采用浊度法验证重组表达裂解酶的溶菌活性及其最适作用条件。 【结果】 对溶藻弧菌噬菌体phiV208全基因组进行注释和蛋白预测,结果显示ORF30编码的蛋白具备裂解酶功能,将其命名为lysV208。lysV208可在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中可溶性高效表达,经0.25 mmol/L IPTG诱导16 h后,纯化浓度达204 μg/mL。与0.5 mmol/L EDTA协同作用时,其溶菌活性(浊度降低率)可从24.2%大幅提高至68.0%。酶学特征研究表明,lysV208的最适作用温度为45 ℃ (溶菌活性75.6%),在水生动物乃至陆生动物常见的细菌性疾病流行温度范围(25-37 ℃)内,也具有较高溶菌活性(52.8%-71.9%)。lysV208的最适作用pH为7.0,在弱碱性条件(pH 7.0-9.0)下可保持较高的溶菌活性(44.0%-63.2%),显示出对海淡水养殖环境的适应性。此外,二价金属离子(Zn2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+)在0.1-1.0 mmol/L浓度范围内对lysV208的溶菌活性有一定促进作用,但高浓度(10.0 mmol/L)离子会极显著抑制酶活性(P<0.01)。裂解谱检测表明,重组酶lysV208不仅能高效裂解源噬菌体的宿主菌V208,还对非宿主菌株表现出广谱溶菌能力,对溶藻弧菌V039、创伤弧菌H1、副溶血弧菌GH32、哈维氏弧菌TY13和G1菌株的溶菌活性分别达到了59.7%、68.9%、65.8%、38.0%和65.6%。 【结论】 重组裂解酶lysV208具有显著且稳定的体外溶菌活性,其裂解谱比源噬菌体phiV208更广。该酶在病原菌感染的生物防控领域,以及噬菌体-裂解酶协同制剂的开发中具有良好的应用前景。

溶藻弧菌  /  噬菌体  /  裂解酶  /  重组表达  /  溶菌

[Objective] To identify and develop a phage-derived lyase that can be heterologously expressed with high activity and stability and determine its optimal working conditions. [Methods] We employed the turbidity reduction assay to evaluate the bacteriolytic activity and identify the optimal parameters. [Results] Genome annotation and protein prediction of the Vibrio alginolyticus phage phiV208 showed that ORF30 encoded a lyase, named lysV208. This enzyme demonstrated soluble expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), reaching a purified concentration of 204 μg/mL after 16 h induction with 0.25 mmol/L IPTG. Its bacteriolytic activity (turbidity reduction rate) increased from 24.2% to 68.0% in the presence of 0.5 mmol/L EDTA. Enzymatic characterization revealed that lysV208 exhibited the maximum bacteriolytic activity (75.6%) at 45 ℃ while maintaining high activity (52.8%-71.9%) within the temperature range of 25-37 ℃, which is typical for bacterial disease outbreaks in aquatic and terrestrial animals. The enzyme showed the maximum activity at pH 7.0 and retained substantial bacteriolytic activity (44.0%-63.2%) under alkalescence conditions (pH 7.0-9.0), demonstrating adaptability to marine and freshwater aquaculture environments. Divalent metal ions including Zn2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ at 0.1-1.0 mmol/L moderately enhanced the bacteriolytic activity of lysV208, whereas those at 10.0 mmol/L reduced the activity (P<0.01). In addition, lysV208 displayed broad-spectrum lytic effects, showing the bacteriolytic activity of 59.7% against V. alginolyticus V039, 68.9% against Vibrio vulnificus H1, 65.8% against Vibrio parahaemolyticus GH32, and 38.0% and 65.6% against Vibrio harveyi TY13 and G1, respectively. [Conclusion] The recombinant lyase lysV208 demonstrates robust and stable in vitro bacteriolytic activity and a broader spectrum than its source phage. These findings highlight its potential for the control of bacterial infections and the development of phage-lyase synergistic agents.

Vibrio alginolyticus  /  phage  /  lyase  /  recombinant expression  /  bacteriolysis
倪金荣, 叶莹莹, 马英, 蔡鸿娇, 谭红连, 童桂香, 韦信贤, 房文红, 翁齐彪, 林茂. 溶藻弧菌噬菌体裂解酶lysV208的重组表达和溶菌活性. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4431 -4443 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250170
Jinrong NI, Yingying YE, Ying MA, Hongjiao CAI, Honglian TAN, Guixiang TONG, Xinxian WEI, Wenhong FANG, Qibiao WENG, Mao LIN. Recombinant expression and activity analysis of the lyase lysV208 from aphage of Vibrio alginolyticus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4431 -4443 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250170
溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)是一种革兰氏阴性、人兽共患的机会致病菌,可引发水生动物的局部或全身感染[1]。在传统水产养殖中,抗生素治疗是控制溶藻弧菌病的主要手段。然而,近年来耐药菌及多重耐药现象的扩散导致抗生素疗效显著下降。这一现状促使噬菌体疗法成为新的研究热点。噬菌体疗法可精准靶向耐药菌,但受宿主特异性限制,其菌株覆盖率不足,制约了实际应用。针对这一瓶颈,噬菌体衍生的裂解酶受到关注。裂解酶(lyase),又称内溶素(lysin),是由噬菌体基因组编码、在裂解宿主菌前表达的一种细胞壁肽聚糖水解酶[2]。与源噬菌体相比,裂解酶具有更广的裂解谱和更低的抗性诱导风险[3]。与小分子抗生素相比,裂解酶通过靶向肽聚糖保守结构域,能够精准识别并作用于特定病原体。目前,国际上抗菌剂的审批程序仍以化学药物开发为核心,导致噬菌体疗法的临床应用受阻。相比之下,噬菌体衍生品如裂解酶作为生物治疗蛋白,可参考抗菌药物的审批流程和管理模式,更易获得批准[4]
现有的裂解酶研究多集中于革兰氏阳性细菌的噬菌体。这类裂解酶结构上一般含有2个结构域,即一个决定酶催化活性的C端催化域(catalytic domain, CD)和一个决定细胞壁结合位点的N端结合域(cell wall binding domain, CBD),二者之间由一个小片段连接[5]。部分裂解酶无结合域,仅有催化域,甚至拥有2个或3个不同的催化域[6]
革兰氏阴性细菌的噬菌体裂解酶研究较少。其宿主菌的细胞壁结构更为复杂,外膜的存在使裂解酶难以直接接触细胞壁中的肽聚糖层,从而限制了裂解酶的作用效率,需要采用额外方法克服这一问题[7]。革兰氏阴性细菌噬菌体裂解酶多为单域结构,催化域本身具有足够能力直接作用于肽聚糖,通常缺乏细胞壁结合域。大多仅含N端催化域,分子量较小,能有效穿透外膜并作用于靶点[8]。在前期研究中,本实验室分离获得1株溶藻弧菌V208的噬菌体phiV208[9]。基因组测序(GenBank登录号为MT227924)和蛋白功能注释结果表明,ORF30编码一种单结构域胞壁酸酶,靶向肽聚糖层且缺乏结合域,符合革兰氏阴性菌噬菌体单域裂解酶的典型特征[10-11]。此外,该酶无信号肽及跨膜区,推测可通过胞内可溶性表达避免宿主自溶[12],从而提高重组蛋白产量。
为克服革兰氏阴性菌外膜的低渗透性,外源性应用裂解酶仍需一定方法辅助。Bai等[13]报道可使用螯合剂(如EDTA)和有机酸,或改造裂解酶序列来增加其活性。例如,严孝金等[14]在噬菌体裂解酶Lysp3的C端添加3-12个疏水性氨基酸,生成5种不同的疏水性修饰裂解酶,有效增强了体外溶菌能力。基于上述策略,本研究对噬菌体phiV208的裂解酶基因lysV208进行生物信息学预测、克隆、表达和纯化,通过浊度法系统评估其溶菌活性,进一步优化EDTA联用浓度、反应温度、pH及离子强度等关键参数,以期为新型噬菌体抗菌制剂的开发提供理论基础和数据参考。
溶藻弧菌V208及其噬菌体phiV208,以及其他测试菌株均由本实验室分离、鉴定和保藏。测试菌株包括溶藻弧菌V039、V214、TY05、TY12;副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus) TY10、TY17、TY18、VP11、GH32、Vp2、Vp3;哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi) TY13、G1,创伤弧菌(Vibrio vulnificus) H1;塔氏弧菌(Vibrio tubiashii) TY45;嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila) A009、A015、B11;鳗鲡爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella anguillarum) B79;解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) TY27;无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae) SA503和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus) YY05等。
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3),南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;琼脂糖购自Biowest公司;质粒pET-28a(+)、BamH I、Xho I、15%电泳预制胶和True Color双色预染蛋白marker,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;盐酸卡那霉素(Kana)、作为阳性对照的溶菌酶(20 000 U/mg),北京索莱宝科技有限公司;蛋白定量试剂盒(BCA法),亚科因(武汉)生物技术有限公司。
利用前期实验室已测序的噬菌体phiV208的全基因组,通过分析注释信息推测ORF30可能具有裂解酶活性,将其命名为lysV208。使用SnapGene软件对裂解酶碱基序列进行翻译并分析其编码蛋白的分子量、氨基酸组成及信号肽等理化性质。在NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)比对结果中下载与本研究的裂解酶氨基酸序列有同源性的蛋白序列,利用MEGA中ClustalW分析进行序列比对,将所形成的比对文件继续选择MEGA软件Phylogeny中Test neighbor方法绘制系统发育树。通过NCBI上的在线工分析工具CD-search (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi)预测裂解酶的保守结构。
以噬菌体phiV208基因组中的开放阅读框ORF30为模板,设计一对引物lysV208-F1 (5′-CGC-GGATCC-ATGTTCTACAAATCATT-3′)和lysV208-R1 (5′-CCG-CTCGAG-TCATGAAGC GTCCT-3′),两者分别在末端加上了BamH I和Xho I酶切位点。PCR扩增,用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定片段大小。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Accurate Taq Master Mix (AG11009) 25 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各2 µL,DNA模板2 µL,ddH2O 19 µL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性1 min,55 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸2 min,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。扩增产物与质粒pET-28a(+)双酶切后,采用T4 DNA连接酶连接,连接产物转化入BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,获得重组表达菌株BL21-pET-lysV208,以20%甘油作为保护剂冻存于-80 ℃。
将保存的甘油管冻存株BL21-pET-lysV208划线复苏于LB平板,37 ℃恒温箱培养12 h后,在平板上随机挑取单菌落,接种到10 mL LB肉汤(含50 μg/mL Kana)中,37 ℃、180 r/min培养12 h后,取1 mL菌液接种到100 mL LB肉汤(含50 μg/mL Kana)中,继续培养至OD600=0.6左右时,加入异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)至终浓度0.25 mmol/L,16 ℃、180 r/min继续培养24 h。培养结束后收集菌体,取诱导表达后的菌液10 mL,4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,沉淀用1 mL预冷的PBS (10 mmol/L)重悬,重悬液在冰浴中超声波破碎菌体(90 W,破碎1 s、停3 s,共5 min),10 000 r/min离心5 min得到含裂解酶的上清液(后续实验均以同浓度PBS进行稀释操作)。
溶藻弧菌V208 30 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜,按1%体积分数接种至100 mL LB液体培养基中,在相同条件下取培养0、1-16、18、24 h的菌液测定OD600值,绘制菌株生长曲线。
参考王伟宇等[15]的浊度法测定蛋白表达产物的溶菌活性,采用200 μL反应体系(100 μL菌悬液+100 μL测试活性的样品),其中菌悬液为培养至对数生长期的菌液,8 000 r/min离心2 min,并以PBS缓冲液重悬沉淀稀释至OD600=2.0±0.1 (非特指皆采用此重悬液)。设置重组菌破碎上清液、PBS缓冲液(pH 7.4)阴性对照和溶菌酶(20 000 U/mg)阳性对照3个实验组,另设空白对照组(200 μL菌悬液),每组3个平行。25 ℃下反应2 h后测OD600值,计算浊度降低率,如公式(1)所示。
浊度降低率=(空白对照组OD600值-实验组OD600值)/空白对照组OD600值×100%
破碎后的上清液经0.22 μm的滤膜过滤,通过HisPurTM Ni-NTA Spin Columns镍柱纯化蛋白,使用Amicon Ultra-15离心过滤器(10-kDa MWCO, UFC9010)进行缓冲液置换以除盐,得到纯化后的目的蛋白lysV208,于-80 ℃保存。用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析纯化后的裂解酶lysV208。使用蛋白定量试剂盒(BCA法)测定蛋白浓度。
参考上述200 μL反应体系和溶菌活性检测方法,测试裂解酶在不同条件下的作用。在探究lysV208与EDTA联用效果的实验中,体系中的100 μL测试样品设置为lysV208 (终浓度51 μg/mL)或PBS缓冲液与不同浓度的EDTA (终浓度分别为0、0.5、1.25、2.5、5、10 mmol/L)的混合液。在研究重组酶对处于迟缓期、对数期及稳定期细菌的溶菌活性时,根据溶藻弧菌V208的生长曲线分别取培养3、12、24 h (对应这3个生长阶段)的菌液,8 000 r/min离心2 min后重悬,取100 μL菌悬液添加100 μL lysV208 (51 μg/mL)与EDTA (0.5 mmol/L)的混合液,进行溶菌活性检测。
在上述确定的最佳条件下进一步确定lysV208的最适作用浓度,取100 μL的菌悬液加100 μL lysV208 (终浓度分别为0、8.5、17、35、51、68、85、102 μg/mL)与EDTA (0.5 mmol/L)的混合液进行反应,以终浓度0 μg/mL组作为对照。在最适作用浓度下,将反应体系的作用温度设置为不同的梯度(10-45 ℃),分别反应2 h后测定OD600的变化,确定酶的最适作用温度。进一步将反应体系用不同pH的PBS缓冲液调节到不同pH (3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0)下反应2 h后检测OD600的变化,确定酶的最适反应pH。为进一步分析金属离子(Zn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Fe2+)对lysV208活性的影响,在100 μL测试样品中除了lysV208 (51 μg/mL)和EDTA (0.5 mmol/L),还添加了ZnCl2、CaCl2、MgCl2、MnCl2或FeSO4 (终浓度设置0.1、1、10 mmol/L 3个梯度),待反应结束测OD600。以上所有实验组别均设置3个平行。
噬菌体phiV208的裂解谱检测采用点斑法[16],将10 μL噬菌体梯度稀释液均匀点在上层含宿主菌的双层平板上,培养12 h后观察是否有噬菌斑出现。裂解酶lysV208的裂解谱检测采用1.6节的方法,处理测试菌液得到OD600=2.0±0.1的重悬液,在96孔板中依次加入100 μL测试菌株的菌悬液,以及100 μL裂解酶(51 μg/mL)与EDTA (0.5 mmol/L)的混合液,设不添加lysV208 (以PBS代替)的组别为对照,将反应体系置于30 ℃恒温条件下孵育2 h,随后使用酶标仪测定OD600并计算溶菌活性。
将噬菌体phiV208的裂解酶基因lysV208序列(GenBank登录号为QIW88961.1)导入SnapGene软件中,翻译成氨基酸序列后进行理化性质分析。lysV208基因序列全长516 bp,编码171个氨基酸,理论分子量大小约为19.2 kDa。软件预测结果显示,其不含有信号肽序列。系统发育树分析表明,lysV208与弧菌噬菌体PVA1的裂解酶基因高度同源(图1),处于同一分支上,与双方噬菌体全基因比对结果一致,两者遗传距离相近。CD-search预测结果显示,裂解酶lysV208在2-170个氨基酸之间有ZliS (COG3926)溶菌酶家族结构域;在1-94个氨基酸之间有N-乙酰胞壁酸酶(cd13926)结构域;在6-94个氨基酸之间有Glyco_hydro_108结构域,该结构域的描述也是N-乙酰胞壁酸酶家族(pfam05838) (表1)。这三者均为裂解酶的催化域,未预测出相关结合域。
以噬菌体phiV208基因组为模板,以lysV208-F1和lysV208-R1为引物进行PCR扩增。PCR产物凝胶电泳在500 bp左右处出现条带,符合序列长度516 bp的预期(图2)。通过双酶切将目的片段连接到pET-28a(+)质粒上,将重组质粒转至BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,测序无误后以IPTG诱导裂解酶lysV208的大量低温可溶性表达。
生长曲线显示(图3),溶藻弧菌V208在液体培养的0-3 h处于迟缓期,4-12 h处于对数生长期,13 h之后进入稳定期。细菌浓度与光密度值(OD600)成正比,当细菌结构完整时光密度值较高;当细菌被裂解后则显著下降。重组表达菌株超声波破碎后的上清液即可使溶藻弧菌V208浊度下降44.8% (图4),表明重组裂解酶获得了可溶性表达。进一步纯化后的裂解酶lysV208在SDS-PAGE图中于20 kDa处呈现单一清晰条带,与预测分子量一致(图5),BCA试剂盒测定纯化的蛋白浓度为204 μg/mL。
在EDTA协同作用体系中,浓度范围0.5-10 mmol/L的EDTA均显著提升了lysV208对溶藻弧菌的溶菌活性(58.6%-68.0%),其中联用0.5 mmol/L EDTA时的溶菌活性最高(68.0%),较无EDTA组(24.2%)提高了2.8倍(图6A)。
进一步分析对不同生长时期溶藻弧菌的溶菌效率(图6B),结果显示lysV208对溶藻弧菌对数生长期菌体的溶菌活性为61.7%,而对稳定期菌体的活性降至10.3%,表明裂解酶的作用效能与细菌生长阶段密切相关,试验结果也提示裂解酶早期介入对细菌的控制效果更好。
浓度梯度实验表明(图6C),裂解酶lysV208的溶菌活性随其浓度提高而显著提升。然而,在浓度为51-102 μg/mL区间增速趋缓,该区间溶菌活性仅提高9.2%,提示酶浓度继续增加对活性提升的增益有限。
温度适应性实验表明(图6D),lysV208的最佳作用温度为45 ℃,此时溶菌活性为75.6%,而在水生动物乃至陆生动物常见的细菌性疾病流行温度(25-37 ℃)范围内,lysV208也具备较高溶菌活性(52.8%-71.9%)。
pH稳定性实验揭示(图6E),lysV208在pH 7.0时裂解能力最强(63.2%)。酸性条件下酶活大幅下降,弱碱性条件下(pH 7.0-9.0)可保持较高的溶菌活性(44.0%-63.2%),这可能和它来源于海洋弧菌噬菌体有关,同时也表明它适用于淡水(pH 7.0左右)和海水养殖环境(pH 7.8-8.4)。
二价金属离子(Zn2+、Fe2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Ca2+)干扰实验显示(图6F),低浓度(0.1-1.0 mmol/L)离子对lysV208酶的溶菌活性有促进作用,尤其是Mg2+ (0.1-1.0 mmol/L)显著促进lysV208酶的溶菌活性(P<0.05)。然而,高浓度(10 mmol/L)的上述离子均极显著抑制酶活性(P<0.001)。
总体来看,lysV208 (51 μg/mL)联合EDTA (0.5 mmol/L)在25-37 ℃、pH 7.0-8.0及低离子强度(<1 mmol/L)的条件下可实现较高的溶菌效率,这些特性为水产病原菌防控提供了适宜的应用条件。
针对所有测试菌株,噬菌体phiV208只能特异性裂解溶藻弧菌V208。相比之下,重组裂解酶lysV208 (51 μg/mL lysV208+0.5 mmol/L EDTA)不仅能高效裂解源噬菌体的宿主菌V208,还对非宿主菌株表现出广谱溶菌能力。对溶藻弧菌V208、溶藻弧菌V039、创伤弧菌H1、副溶血弧菌GH32、哈维氏弧菌TY13和G1的溶菌活性显著,浊度降低率分别达到了64.4%、59.7%、68.9%、65.8%、38.0%和65.6% (图7)。相比之下,对革兰氏阳性菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌YY05和无乳链球菌SA503)的溶菌活性较低(<10.0%),但对解淀粉芽孢杆菌TY27表现出一定的溶菌活性(10.5%)。实验结果表明相对于源噬菌体,重组表达的裂解酶lysV208具有更宽的裂解谱。
噬菌体裂解酶通过特异性降解宿主细胞壁的肽聚糖层,在噬菌体复制周期末期触发宿主细胞的裂解(自内裂解),进而释放子代病毒颗粒。研究表明在宿主菌胞内噬菌体裂解酶的作用需要噬菌体穿孔素(holin)的协同参与,穿孔素可在细胞膜上制造小孔使裂解酶能顺利通过并降解肽聚糖[17]。在重组表达菌中,裂解酶lysV208虽在胞内可溶性表达,但该酶无信号肽区域,且缺乏噬菌体穿孔素的协同,因此难以穿过细胞膜作用于肽聚糖靶点,从而导致自溶困难。本研究构建的工程菌在培养和诱导表达过程中菌密度较大,未发现自溶现象,同时也收获了较高的lysV208表达量。研究报道指出,裂解酶作为外源抗菌剂使用时通常需要利用外膜通透剂影响细菌外膜屏障,协助裂解酶接近肽聚糖作用靶点,从而实现高效降解(自外裂解)[18]。Oliveira等[19]利用柠檬酸和苹果酸与噬菌体phi68编码的Lys68共同作用2 h,可使细菌载量降低3-5个对数级。Jiang等[20]在研究中发现,沙门氏菌(Salmonella)噬菌体SLMP1编码的LysSP1在5 mmol/L EDTA辅助下还可裂解革兰氏阳性的李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)本研究中,0.5 mmol/L EDTA的联用(图6A)可将裂解酶lysV208对溶藻弧菌V208的溶菌活性从24.2%大幅提高至68.0%,同时对工程菌BL21(DE3)也能产生18.3%的胞外溶菌活性(图7)。蔡幸哲等[21]的研究报道中,裂解酶LysLorf22同样以BL21作为表达工程菌时未引发菌株自溶,但在自外裂解实验中经氯仿处理破坏细菌膜结构后则具有68%的溶菌活性。
外源性应用裂解酶时,除了可以联用螯合剂(如EDTA)和有机酸等克服革兰氏阴性菌外膜的低渗透性外,还可以通过改造裂解酶序列来增加其外膜渗透能力。严孝金等[14]在噬菌体裂解酶Lysp3的C端添加3-12个疏水性氨基酸,生成了5种不同的疏水性修饰裂解酶,这种结构修饰有效增强了体外溶菌能力。Briers等[22]早期设计的外膜穿透内溶素(artilysins),是将holin和一段多肽融合到裂解酶中,通过功能融合的方式协同破坏外膜结构并激活内溶素的肽聚糖水解活性。该团队[23]后续研发的融合型裂解酶Art-175 (含SMAP-29肽与KZ144内溶素)可同时靶向铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)及其多重耐药菌株的胞外聚合物和肽聚糖层,显著缩短作用时间,增强溶菌能力。这些研究启示我们,裂解酶lysV208也可以通过序列改造使其摆脱对外膜通透剂的依赖。毕竟在复杂的应用环境中外膜通透剂的使用有一定限制,或者受环境因素影响不一定能达到最佳的协同作用条件。
裂解酶活性受宿主生理状态及环境因素影响,本研究主要在体外进行,尚未充分评估该裂解酶在实际水产养殖环境中的应用效果。与畜牧业中可直接将部分裂解酶作为饲料添加剂应用的方式不同(如噬菌体裂解酶TSPphg和MMPphg[24]),水产养殖环境中的复杂因素(如水质波动、水体交换以及养殖生物的免疫反应等)可能影响裂解酶性能,其实际应用效果需进一步验证。然而,lysV208的杀菌效率与细菌的生长阶段显著相关,该酶对对数生长期细菌的溶菌能力较稳定期提升51.4%,这一现象与副乳房链球菌(Streptococcus parauberis)裂解酶Sply828的作用规律一致[25],表明细菌细胞壁稳定性及组分的动态变化极大地影响酶活性[26-27]。此外,lysV208的酶活性呈现一定的金属离子浓度依赖性。0.1-1.0 mmol/L二价金属离子可促进其溶菌作用,在10.0 mmol/L的浓度下则完全失活,类似效应在LysWL59、LysWL60及λSA2等裂解酶中也有出现[28-29]
天然噬菌体依赖外膜蛋白[30]、脂多糖[31]或鞭毛[32]等特异性受体识别宿主,导致抗菌范围受限。例如,副溶血弧菌噬菌体VPs20仅能裂解单一菌株,但其编码的裂解酶Lys69具有更广泛的裂解谱,可作用于5株副溶血性弧菌、3株鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum),但仍局限于特定菌属[33]。相比之下,重组裂解酶lysV208通过靶向肽聚糖层的保守结构域,突破源噬菌体的宿主受体限制,展现出跨物种溶菌能力。其可有效裂解溶藻弧菌、创伤弧菌、哈维氏弧菌及大肠杆菌等多种革兰氏阴性菌,展现出更广谱的抗菌潜力。综上所述,相较于源噬菌体phiV208的窄谱特性,该重组酶通过靶向保守结构实现跨物种溶菌,为开发新型抗菌制剂提供了重要策略。
  • 广西壮族自治区重点研发计划(桂科AB23026030)
  • 福建省自然科学基金(2023J01143)
  • 福建省社会科学基金(FJ2024B185)
  • 泉州市科技计划(2022N044)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250170
  • 接收时间:2025-03-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-03
  • 录用日期:2025-06-25
基金
Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(GUIKE AB23026030)
广西壮族自治区重点研发计划(桂科AB23026030)
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J01143)
福建省自然科学基金(2023J01143)
Social Science Foundation of Fujian Province(FJ2024B185)
福建省社会科学基金(FJ2024B185)
Quanzhou Science and Technology Project(2022N044)
泉州市科技计划(2022N044)
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    1集美大学 水产学院,鳗鲡现代产业技术教育部工程研究中心,福建 厦门
    2广西水产科学研究院,广西水产遗传育种与健康养殖重点实验室,广西 南宁
    3中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所,上海
    4福建省鳗鱼养殖与加工重点实验室,福建 福州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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