Article(id=1192149553483755643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250151, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1746460800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-06, onlineDate=1762160202618, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160202618, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160202618, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160202618, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4406, endPage=4419, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149553664110718, articleId=1192149553483755643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification, and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3c (HK strain), columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is associated with the development of reproductive disorders in sows, piglet dermatitis, and myocarditis. However, due to the difficulty in stably passaging PCV3 in vitro, the animal infection model construction and specific pathogenicity of PCV3 remain to be investigated. This study aims to solve the above problems. [Methods] A PCV3 strain (PCV3-HK) was successfully isolated by inoculating PK-15 cells with lymph node samples from PCV3-positive weaned piglets. The strain was identified using PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and transmission electron microscopy, and its complete genome was sequenced. The whole genome of the strain was sequenced. The pathogenicity of the strain was evaluated based on the clinical symptoms, body weight changes, virus excretion, and pathological changes of 21-day-old non-weaned piglets after inoculation with the 15th-passage viral cell culture at a dose of 106.4 TCID50/mL. [Results] PCV3-HK had a genome length of 2 000 bp and belonged to PCV3c subtype. The viral particles were spherical, non-enveloped, about 15-20 nm in diameter, and capable of reacting specifically with the monoclonal antibody against PCV3 Cap protein. The results of infection in piglets showed that the PCV3-HK infected pigs developed obvious symptoms such as dermatitis, slow weight gain and even wasting, as well as anatomical changes such as lymph node edema and interstitial pneumonia. The viral nucleic acid was detected in oral swabs and anal swabs on day 7-21 post infection, and viremia was observed. The virus infected multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, and lymph nodes. Notably, inflammatory cell infiltration and aggregation of necrotic cells were observed in the kidneys and lymph nodes. [Conclusion] We isolate a PCV3 strain with classical circovirus morphology and establish a piglet infection model, which provides key materials for pathogenic mechanism study and vaccine development regarding PCV3.

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E-mail: LI Wentao,
HE Qigai,
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Weidong YAN, Yanhong CHEN, Wenjie LI, Chang LI, Wentao LI, Qigai HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1192150022398554591, articleId=1192149553483755643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=猪圆环病毒3c(HK)分离鉴定与遗传进化分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 猪圆环病毒3型(porcine circovirus type 3, PCV3)与母猪繁殖障碍、仔猪皮炎及心肌炎等疾病的发生密切相关。病毒在细胞上难以稳定传代,阻碍了PCV3动物感染模型的构建及其致病性的研究。 【方法】 利用PCV3阳性断奶仔猪的淋巴结病料接种PK-15细胞进行病毒分离,通过PCR、间接免疫荧光试验和透射电镜观察等方法对毒株进行鉴定,成功分离到一株PCV3毒株(PCV3-HK株),并测定了该毒株的全基因组。使用毒价为106.4 TCID50/mL的第15代病毒细胞培养物在接种21日龄未断奶仔猪,通过临床症状、体重变化、排毒情况和病理变化等评价该毒株的致病性。 【结果】 病毒分离鉴定结果表明,PCV3-HK株基因组全长2 000 bp,属于PCV3c基因亚型,病毒粒子为圆球形、无囊膜、直径约15-20 nm的颗粒,能够与PCV3 Cap蛋白单克隆抗体发生特异性反应;仔猪感染试验结果显示,PCV3-HK株感染猪出现皮炎、增重缓慢甚至消瘦等症状,以及淋巴结水肿、间质性肺炎等剖检变化;在感染的第7-21天,口拭子和肛拭子中均可检测到病毒核酸,并出现病毒血症。该病毒感染仔猪的心、肺、肾和淋巴结等器官,尤其在肾脏和淋巴结中观察到炎性细胞浸润、坏死细胞聚集等病理变化。 【结论】 本研究分离到一株PCV3c毒株,建立了仔猪感染模型,为PCV3致病机制研究和疫苗研发提供了关键材料。

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作者贡献声明

严伟东:病毒分离与感染模型构建,数据收集与监管,数据分析,撰写文章;陈燕虹:数据采集,数据分析,撰写文章,完成呈现;李文杰:文章修改;李畅:审阅文章;李文涛:实验设计,数据分析,审阅文章,监督管理;何启盖:实验设计,病理观察,数据分析,文章修改。

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Isolation and pathogenicity analysis of porcine circovirus type 3[J]. 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Primers for PCV3 detection, genome sequencing and qPCR primers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

实验目的

Objective

引物名称

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′-3′)

产物长度

Product length (bp)

病毒检测

Virus detection

PCV3-FTTAGAGAACGGACTTGTAACGAATCCA645
PCV3-RATGAGACACAGAGCTATATTCAGAAGAAGAC

全基因组扩增

Whole genome amplification

PCV3-F1TAGTATTACCCGGCACCTCGGAACC1 257
PCV3-R1ACAGGTAAACGCCCTCGCATGTGGG
PCV3-F2TTGCACTTGTGTACAATTATTGCG1 075
PCV3-R2ATCTTCAGGACACTCGTAGCACCAC

PCV3定量PCR检测

Quantitative PCR detection of PCV3

PCV3-qFTAAACGAATGGGAAACTGCC179
PCV3-qRTTCCGCATAAGGGTCGTCT
PCV3-ProbeCACTCAGCCCTGTAAT
), ArticleFig(id=1192161171315765586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149553483755643, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCV3检测、全基因组测序及荧光定量PCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

实验目的

Objective

引物名称

Primers name

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′-3′)

产物长度

Product length (bp)

病毒检测

Virus detection

PCV3-FTTAGAGAACGGACTTGTAACGAATCCA645
PCV3-RATGAGACACAGAGCTATATTCAGAAGAAGAC

全基因组扩增

Whole genome amplification

PCV3-F1TAGTATTACCCGGCACCTCGGAACC1 257
PCV3-R1ACAGGTAAACGCCCTCGCATGTGGG
PCV3-F2TTGCACTTGTGTACAATTATTGCG1 075
PCV3-R2ATCTTCAGGACACTCGTAGCACCAC

PCV3定量PCR检测

Quantitative PCR detection of PCV3

PCV3-qFTAAACGAATGGGAAACTGCC179
PCV3-qRTTCCGCATAAGGGTCGTCT
PCV3-ProbeCACTCAGCCCTGTAAT
), ArticleFig(id=1192161171374485844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149553483755643, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Information of PCV3 reference strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

GenBank登录号

GenBank accession number

来源

Origins

毒株名称

Strain name

分离年

Separatist year

基因亚型

Genotype

NC031753美国USA29160/2018/PCV3a2018PCV3a
MN698795韩国KoreaK-2010-1/2010/PCV3a2010PCV3a
KY996338韩国KoreaKU-1602/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MF611876韩国Korea1701/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MN725087马来西亚MalaysiaKG194L/UPM/MY015/2020/PCV3a2020PCV3a
MH603543美国USAKSU-IA-2017-PCV3-27/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MG870103中国ChinaPCV3-China/JL17-45/2018/PCV3a2018PCV3a
MW167063西班牙SpainPCV3-52/2020/PCV3a2020PCV3a
OQ469802中国ChinaSDAU-HZ/2023/PCV3a2023PCV3a
MF769805中国ChinaPig/CN/Hebei/2017/PCV3a2017PCV3a
MF589107中国ChinaCN/Jiangxi-B1/2017/PCV3a2018PCV3a
MZ890322加拿大Canada70-0004/2021/ON/2023/PCV3a2023PCV3a
MG372483中国ChinaCN/Heilongjiang/2017/PCV3a2017PCV3a
KY421347中国ChinaCHN/GD/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MG727539中国ChinaPCV3/CH/HB/CZ-1/2017/PCV3a2017PCV3a
MF084994中国ChinaCN/Anhui-14/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MF162298意大利ItalyIT/CO/2017/PCV3c2017PCV3c
MF069116中国ChinaCN/GDHE2/2016/PCV3c2016PCV3c
MG250179中国ChinaGXNN2016-4/2016/PCV3c2016PCV3c
MF677835中国ChinaJX-1/CH/2016/PCV3c2016PCV3c
OP948027中国ChinaCN-LuZhou/2023/PCV3c2023PCV3c
MG868941中国ChinaHBWH-201703/2017/PCV3c2017PCV3c
MK580468中国ChinaCN-Nanjing/2017/PCV3c2017PCV3c
MG250176中国ChinaGXYL2009-1/2017/PCV3c2017PCV3c
MH491016中国ChinaGDDH1/2018/PCV3c2018PCV3c
MG372488中国ChinaCN/Hunan/2/2006/PCV3b2006PCV3b
MG372490中国ChinaCN/Hunan/1/2006/PCV3b2006PCV3b
), ArticleFig(id=1192161171445789014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149553483755643, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PCV3参考毒株信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

GenBank登录号

GenBank accession number

来源

Origins

毒株名称

Strain name

分离年

Separatist year

基因亚型

Genotype

NC031753美国USA29160/2018/PCV3a2018PCV3a
MN698795韩国KoreaK-2010-1/2010/PCV3a2010PCV3a
KY996338韩国KoreaKU-1602/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MF611876韩国Korea1701/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MN725087马来西亚MalaysiaKG194L/UPM/MY015/2020/PCV3a2020PCV3a
MH603543美国USAKSU-IA-2017-PCV3-27/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MG870103中国ChinaPCV3-China/JL17-45/2018/PCV3a2018PCV3a
MW167063西班牙SpainPCV3-52/2020/PCV3a2020PCV3a
OQ469802中国ChinaSDAU-HZ/2023/PCV3a2023PCV3a
MF769805中国ChinaPig/CN/Hebei/2017/PCV3a2017PCV3a
MF589107中国ChinaCN/Jiangxi-B1/2017/PCV3a2018PCV3a
MZ890322加拿大Canada70-0004/2021/ON/2023/PCV3a2023PCV3a
MG372483中国ChinaCN/Heilongjiang/2017/PCV3a2017PCV3a
KY421347中国ChinaCHN/GD/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MG727539中国ChinaPCV3/CH/HB/CZ-1/2017/PCV3a2017PCV3a
MF084994中国ChinaCN/Anhui-14/2016/PCV3a2016PCV3a
MF162298意大利ItalyIT/CO/2017/PCV3c2017PCV3c
MF069116中国ChinaCN/GDHE2/2016/PCV3c2016PCV3c
MG250179中国ChinaGXNN2016-4/2016/PCV3c2016PCV3c
MF677835中国ChinaJX-1/CH/2016/PCV3c2016PCV3c
OP948027中国ChinaCN-LuZhou/2023/PCV3c2023PCV3c
MG868941中国ChinaHBWH-201703/2017/PCV3c2017PCV3c
MK580468中国ChinaCN-Nanjing/2017/PCV3c2017PCV3c
MG250176中国ChinaGXYL2009-1/2017/PCV3c2017PCV3c
MH491016中国ChinaGDDH1/2018/PCV3c2018PCV3c
MG372488中国ChinaCN/Hunan/2/2006/PCV3b2006PCV3b
MG372490中国ChinaCN/Hunan/1/2006/PCV3b2006PCV3b
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猪圆环病毒3c(HK)分离鉴定与遗传进化分析
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严伟东 1, 3 , 陈燕虹 2, 3 , 李文杰 2 , 李畅 4 , 李文涛 2, 3 , 何启盖 2, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4406-4419
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4406-4419
猪圆环病毒3c(HK)分离鉴定与遗传进化分析
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严伟东1, 3, 陈燕虹2, 3, 李文杰2, 李畅4, 李文涛2, 3 , 何启盖2, 3
作者信息
  • 1武汉科前生物股份有限公司,湖北 武汉
  • 2华中农业大学 动物科技学院 动物医学院,湖北 武汉
  • 3华中农业大学,农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉
  • 4湖北省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,畜禽病原微生物学湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉
Isolation, identification, and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3c (HK strain)
Weidong YAN1, 3, Yanhong CHEN2, 3, Wenjie LI2, Chang LI4, Wentao LI2, 3 , Qigai HE2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Wuhan Keqian Biology Co. , Ltd. , Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 4Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250151
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【目的】 猪圆环病毒3型(porcine circovirus type 3, PCV3)与母猪繁殖障碍、仔猪皮炎及心肌炎等疾病的发生密切相关。病毒在细胞上难以稳定传代,阻碍了PCV3动物感染模型的构建及其致病性的研究。 【方法】 利用PCV3阳性断奶仔猪的淋巴结病料接种PK-15细胞进行病毒分离,通过PCR、间接免疫荧光试验和透射电镜观察等方法对毒株进行鉴定,成功分离到一株PCV3毒株(PCV3-HK株),并测定了该毒株的全基因组。使用毒价为106.4 TCID50/mL的第15代病毒细胞培养物在接种21日龄未断奶仔猪,通过临床症状、体重变化、排毒情况和病理变化等评价该毒株的致病性。 【结果】 病毒分离鉴定结果表明,PCV3-HK株基因组全长2 000 bp,属于PCV3c基因亚型,病毒粒子为圆球形、无囊膜、直径约15-20 nm的颗粒,能够与PCV3 Cap蛋白单克隆抗体发生特异性反应;仔猪感染试验结果显示,PCV3-HK株感染猪出现皮炎、增重缓慢甚至消瘦等症状,以及淋巴结水肿、间质性肺炎等剖检变化;在感染的第7-21天,口拭子和肛拭子中均可检测到病毒核酸,并出现病毒血症。该病毒感染仔猪的心、肺、肾和淋巴结等器官,尤其在肾脏和淋巴结中观察到炎性细胞浸润、坏死细胞聚集等病理变化。 【结论】 本研究分离到一株PCV3c毒株,建立了仔猪感染模型,为PCV3致病机制研究和疫苗研发提供了关键材料。

PCV3  /  分离鉴定  /  透射电镜  /  临床症状  /  病理变化

[Objective] Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is associated with the development of reproductive disorders in sows, piglet dermatitis, and myocarditis. However, due to the difficulty in stably passaging PCV3 in vitro, the animal infection model construction and specific pathogenicity of PCV3 remain to be investigated. This study aims to solve the above problems. [Methods] A PCV3 strain (PCV3-HK) was successfully isolated by inoculating PK-15 cells with lymph node samples from PCV3-positive weaned piglets. The strain was identified using PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and transmission electron microscopy, and its complete genome was sequenced. The whole genome of the strain was sequenced. The pathogenicity of the strain was evaluated based on the clinical symptoms, body weight changes, virus excretion, and pathological changes of 21-day-old non-weaned piglets after inoculation with the 15th-passage viral cell culture at a dose of 106.4 TCID50/mL. [Results] PCV3-HK had a genome length of 2 000 bp and belonged to PCV3c subtype. The viral particles were spherical, non-enveloped, about 15-20 nm in diameter, and capable of reacting specifically with the monoclonal antibody against PCV3 Cap protein. The results of infection in piglets showed that the PCV3-HK infected pigs developed obvious symptoms such as dermatitis, slow weight gain and even wasting, as well as anatomical changes such as lymph node edema and interstitial pneumonia. The viral nucleic acid was detected in oral swabs and anal swabs on day 7-21 post infection, and viremia was observed. The virus infected multiple organs, including the heart, lungs, kidneys, and lymph nodes. Notably, inflammatory cell infiltration and aggregation of necrotic cells were observed in the kidneys and lymph nodes. [Conclusion] We isolate a PCV3 strain with classical circovirus morphology and establish a piglet infection model, which provides key materials for pathogenic mechanism study and vaccine development regarding PCV3.

PCV3  /  isolation and identification  /  transmission electron microscopy  /  clinical symptom  /  pathological changes
严伟东, 陈燕虹, 李文杰, 李畅, 李文涛, 何启盖. 猪圆环病毒3c(HK)分离鉴定与遗传进化分析. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4406 -4419 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250151
Weidong YAN, Yanhong CHEN, Wenjie LI, Chang LI, Wentao LI, Qigai HE. Isolation, identification, and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3c (HK strain)[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4406 -4419 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250151
猪圆环病毒(porcine circovirus, PCV)长期危害养猪业健康发展,2016年以来出现的PCV3对全球猪业构成巨大威胁[1-2]。目前已知PCV有4种基因型:PCV1、PCV2、PCV3和PCV4。其中PCV1被认为对猪无致病性[3],可在猪肾细胞(PK-15)中增殖[4];PCV2则是猪圆环病毒相关性疾病(porcine circovirus-associated disease, PCVAD)的主要病原,可引起断奶后多系统衰竭综合征(postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, PMWS)及猪皮炎和肾病综合征(porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, PDNS)[5],给全球养猪业造成严重经济损失[6]。2016年,Phan等利用宏基因组技术从PDNS及繁殖障碍母猪的流产胎儿组织中鉴定出PCV3[7],随后该病在全球主要的猪国家相继报道[8-15]
PCV3在首次被报道前已在猪群中传播数十年[6-8,13]。随着PCV3特异性检测方法的快速发展,在木乃伊胎儿、心肌炎死胎、脑炎或心肌炎的围产期母猪以及动脉周围炎生长猪中均检测到PCV3。在临床表现上,PCV3是PDNS、繁殖障碍、多系统功能障碍的主要原因[15-18],并常与繁殖障碍、腹泻、呼吸系统及神经系统疾病并发[19-21]。2019年,Jiang等[22]利用感染性克隆拯救PCV3,动物实验表明4周龄仔猪感染后死亡率高达40%,8周龄仔猪出现PDNS;PCV3可在不同的组织和器官引发炎性病变,导致淋巴细胞发育异常和坏死,破坏免疫系统。研究还发现,PCV3 Cap蛋白通过Ras GTP酶激活蛋白结合蛋白1 (ras GTPase-activating protein-binding protein 1, G3BP1)与信号转导和转录激活因子2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 2, STAT2)相互作用,抑制IFN-β介导的先天免疫,造成免疫抑制[23],进而增加其他病原感染风险,影响生长性能,提高病率和死亡率。此外,犬体内也检出PCV3核酸[24]。全球范围针对PCV3分子特征和流行情况等方面的报道显示,PCV3感染呈逐渐上升趋势。构建PCV3动物感染模型、阐明其致病性,对疫病防控至关重要。分离并体外培养流行毒株是防控疾病和研发疫苗的基础,然而PCV3细胞分离效率低、难以稳定培养制约了感染模型构建,尤其PCV3c亚型在断奶仔猪中的感染模型迄今未见报道。
本研究在流行病学调查基础上对PCV3进行分离鉴定,采用PCV3-HK株细胞培养物经肌内注射和滴鼻途径感染仔猪,通过临床症状与病理检查评估其致病性。本研究为阐明PCV3 致病机制及疫苗研制提供重要依据。
病料采集自2019年河南省某规模化猪场发病断奶仔猪,临床表现为体温升高、进行性消瘦、皮肤苍白、呼吸困难、厌食、精神沉郁和体表淋巴结肿大;剖检见全身淋巴结异常肿大、肺脏萎缩不全、肾脏水肿等。荧光定量PCR检测PCV2阴性、PCV3阳性,采集肺脏、肾脏、肠道和淋巴结等组织,置-80 ℃保存备用。
PK-15细胞(无PCV1、PCV2、PCV3污染)购自武汉大学中国典型培养物保藏中心。
Premix Ex TaqTM (Perfect Real Time)、蛋白酶K、DL2000 DNA marker、rTaq DNA聚合酶、dNTPs、荧光定量PCR试剂盒,宝生物工程(大连)有限公司;Hank’s液,上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司;胰酶,Difco公司;d-氨基葡萄糖(d-glucosamine)、DNA模板提取试剂,Sigma-Aldrich公司;荧光抗体FITC-羊抗猪IgG,上海晶美生物技术有限公司;PCV3-Cap蛋白特异性单克隆抗体由本实验室制备并保存;DMEM培养基,Gibco公司;胎牛血清,翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司。
无菌采集病猪组织,以无菌生理盐水冲洗3次,于研磨器中加入DMEM制成10%组织悬液,反复冻融3次,5 000 r/min离心25 min后取上清,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤除菌,置-80 ℃保存备用。
根据NCBI PCV3/CH/HB/XY/2018 (GenBank登录号为MH607133.1)参考序列设计病毒检测、全基因组测序及TaqMan荧光定量PCR引物(表1),由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。
取900 μL待检样品于2 mL离心管,加入300 μL消化液(255 μL TNE;15 μL 10% SDS;30 μL 20 mg/mL蛋白酶K),56 ℃水浴3 h;以等体积苯酚:氯仿:异丙醇(25:24:1,体积比)抽提3次,12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清,加2倍体积无水乙醇-20 ℃沉淀30 min,12 000 r/min离心10 min,去上清;加75%乙醇重悬,7 500 r/min离心10 min,干燥后以50 μL TE溶解,加RNA酶37 ℃消化30 min,置-20 ℃保存。
PCR扩增体系:DNA模板3 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,10×Buffer 5 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 4 μL,双蒸水35 μL,Taq酶(5 U/μL) 1 μL。PCR反应程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性60 s,55 ℃退火60 s,72 ℃延伸1.5 min,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸8 min。PCR产物采用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。
经PCR检测阳性病料制成悬液,以10%同步接种新鲜消化的PK-15细胞,37 ℃培养24 h;细胞单层形成后,按Tischer等[25]方法加入300 mmol/L d-氨基葡萄糖处理,37 ℃培养30 min,弃去d-氨基葡萄糖,加入含2%新生牛血清的DMEM继续培养48 h,收获病毒液,-20 ℃暂存(长期-80 ℃)。
将病毒悬液与PK-15细胞混匀,接种96孔板(100 μL/孔),37 ℃培养24 h;以300 mmol/L d-氨基葡萄糖孵育30 min,pH 7.4的10 mmol/L无菌PBS洗涤2次,换维持液继续培养,设无病毒对照。培养48 h后弃去细胞维持液,PBS洗涤,冷无水乙醇固定30 min,晾干。将已固定的96孔板用PBS洗3次,每次5 min,自然干燥。向试验孔和对照孔中均分别滴加100 μL PCV3-Cap蛋白单克隆抗体(0.1 μg/mL),37 ℃作用1 h,PBS洗涤3次(5 min/次)。向感染孔和对照孔中均滴加用PBS作1:50倍稀释FITC-羊抗鼠IgG,50 μL/孔,37 ℃作用30 min,PBS洗涤3次,利用倒置荧光显微镜观察。
PCV3感染PK-15细胞48 h后反复冻融3次,加30%蔗糖垫,30 000 r/min超速离心2 h;弃去上清,PBS重悬,再次超速离心洗去蔗糖。沉淀以等体积PBS稀释,滴加于覆膜铜网,5 min后吸去多余液体,室温风干;以2%磷钨酸(pH 7.2)负染2 min,滤纸吸去染色液,室温干燥,200 kV透射电镜观察。
测序获得ORF2序列后,利用MEGA X与GenBank PCV3参考序列比对同源性,并以最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML)构建系统发育树,bootstrap 1 000次检验节点可靠性。PCV3参考毒株信息见表2
购入15头21日龄PCV1/2/3抗原及抗体阴性仔猪,随机分为肌注组、肌注+滴鼻组和对照组,每组5头。取第15代病毒细胞培养物(106.4 TCID50/mL)用于感染。肌注组每头仔猪头颈部肌注5 mL;肌注+滴鼻组每头滴鼻及肌注各2.5 mL;对照组每头滴鼻及肌注无菌PBS 2.5 mL,所有实验动物均在隔离条件下饲养。于0、7、14、21 d采血、测体重、记录体温及临床表现。感染第28日称量、采血、测病毒血症后剖杀,取肾脏、肺脏、脾脏及淋巴结,4%多聚甲醛固定,制成病理切片后通过HE染色观察。本研究的动物实验经武汉科前生物股份有限公司实验动物福利伦理委员会批准,编号为SOR-AR-002。
以临床病料核酸为模板,用引物PCV3-F/R进行PCR,扩增出约645 bp的PCV3-ORF2特异性片段,测序证实病料为PCV3阳性。如图1所示,泳道1-10分别对应不同猪场及不同组织的病料。第9号样本HK-淋巴结条带最清晰,提示病毒载量最高,因此选该样本进行后续病毒分离。
取阳性病料HK-淋巴结,经处理的上清液接种PK-15细胞,传至第3代后以MOI=0.01接种PK-15细胞,37 ℃培养48 h,间接免疫荧光检测显示,用PCV3-Cap蛋白单克隆抗体呈阳性,感染细胞内可见特异性绿色荧光,细胞对照无荧光(图2)。
PCV3-HK株经蔗糖梯度超速离心浓缩富集后,磷钨酸负染,电镜下可见病毒颗粒聚集,呈圆形、无囊膜,直径为15-20 nm (图3)。
以PCV3-HK株DNA为模板,用引物PCV3-F1/R1和PCV3-F2/R2进行全基因组PCR扩增,送武汉擎科生物科技有限公司测序。拼接完整序列上传至NCBI GenBank (登录号为MW767462),命名为PCV3-HK。MegAlign分析显示,PCV3-HK株与参考毒株全基因组核苷酸一致性为86.0%-99.3% (图4)。
以最大似然法构建ORF2基因系统发育树,结果显示PCV3-HK与HBWH-201703、JX-1/CH位于同一分支上,具有较近的亲缘关系,归为PCV3c亚型(图5)。
感染组仔猪出现出被毛粗乱、消瘦、皮肤苍白、皮炎等症状;剖检见腹股沟淋巴结水肿明显,肺部有炎症和肿胀、呈弥漫性病变(图6A)。对照组腹股沟淋巴结大小正常,肺脏无异常(图6B)。
在感染后每7 d称重并记录。结果显示(图7),对照组仔猪体重增加最快,肌注+滴鼻组次之,肌注组增重最少;在7 d时,肌注组(蓝线)与肌注+滴鼻组(红线)的体重增幅无明显差异,但在14 d和21 d时,肌注组仔猪体重明显低于肌注、滴鼻混合感染组仔猪。
为了解PCV3-HK株在感染仔猪的排毒情况,将0、7、14、21 d采集的口拭子、肛拭子及血清进行荧光定量PCR检测。结果显示,肌注组和肌注+滴鼻混合感染组在第7天和第14天均可在口拭子、肛拭子以及血清中检测到PCV3病毒核酸,且两组同一时间点的病毒载量相近,但在第21天所有样品荧光定量PCR检测结果显示阴性。对照组仔猪样品试验期间均未检测到PCV3-HK株病毒核酸。
对感染后不同时间的血清样品进行检测,结果显示第一组PCV3肌注攻毒组和第二组PCV3肌注+滴鼻攻毒组在第7天开始出现病毒血症,可持续感染到第14天,但是在第21天的血清样品中未检测到核酸,病毒血症完全消失,而对照组仔猪试验期间均未出现病毒血症(图8)。
将采集的组织样品进行HE染色,观察发现感染组的组织病理变化主要发生在心脏、肺脏、肾脏及腹股沟淋巴结等组织。感染组心脏出现间质性心肌炎、浆膜疏松、心内膜下及心肌间大量的单核淋巴细胞浸润,部分心肌细胞变性坏死;肺部出现间质性肺炎,肺泡壁明显增厚,肺泡腔变小或消失,部分出现肺泡腔内和细支气管周围可见变性坏死的嗜中性粒细胞,部分化脓性肺炎,支气管管腔内均为脓液(变性坏死的嗜中性粒细胞),肺泡壁上皮细胞肿胀,变性坏死脱落入肺泡腔,肺泡腔塌陷;肾小球及肾小囊的壁层细胞增生导致肾小囊呈不规则形,相邻的肾小管上皮增生,病变肾小球逐渐被周围增生的结缔组织机化后消失,偶见单核淋巴细胞浸润;淋巴结被膜下轻微出血,淋巴小结明显减小,小结周围出现较多深染的坏死细胞聚集,部分小结内巨噬细胞中疑似有核内嗜酸性包涵体。
对照组心脏心肌细胞结构正常,未有炎症出现;肺部肺泡壁略增厚,肺泡腔大小正常;肾脏组织结构较正常,偶见单核淋巴细胞聚集的炎灶;淋巴结组织结构清晰,淋巴小结明显,部分淋巴小结内的巨噬细胞中疑似有核内嗜酸性包涵体(图9)。
猪圆环病毒在体外增殖时通常不引起明显的细胞病变效应,这为病毒分离和增殖带来一定难度。此前,Zhu等[26]发现PK-15细胞群体存在异质性,接种PCV2后仅约20%的细胞呈阳性,导致病毒培养的滴度难以超过105 TCID50/mL。此外,已有研究发现PCV1的胞内复制效率高于PCV2,而PCV2在PK-15细胞中的增殖效率高于PCV3[27]
进一步研究发现,PCV3的体外复制效果在有丝分裂活性的PK-15半融合单层细胞中更佳,提示其复制过程可能依赖于宿主细胞处于S期时表达的特定因子,与PCV2的复制机制具有相似性。在自然感染过程中,病毒通常在细胞通过有丝分裂时才启动复制[25]。另有研究报道使用d-氨基葡萄糖处理被感染的细胞可显著提升PCV2的滴度[13]。鉴于PCV2与PCV3的生物学特性存在一定相似性,本研究在分离病毒和培养病毒时使用d-氨基葡萄糖处理细胞,并在细胞处于有丝分裂的S期时与PCV3进行同步接种,以提高PCV3的增殖效率。PCV3-HK株的成功分离和体外培养是研究新型病毒及其致病机理、病毒与宿主相互作用的重要一步。本研究成功利用猪肾细胞(PK-15)分离获得了一株PCV3c分离株。
系统发育分析已被广泛应用于分析病毒的亲缘关系[28-29]。本研究测定了所分离PCV3毒株的全基因组序列,并与GenBank数据库中已报道的PCV3代表性毒株进行比对分析,结果显示该毒株在全基因组核苷酸水平上与其他PCV3毒株具有高度同源性。序列分析和系统发育树构建结果表明,本研究分离的毒株PCV3c-HK分离株属于PCV3c亚型。Fu等[30]研究指出,Cap蛋白第24位和27位氨基酸的突变可能是区分不同PCV3分支的潜在分子标记。本研究中PCV3-HK株分离株的ORF2比对结果显示,该分离株在第24位为缬氨酸(V),第27位为赖氨酸(K),系统发育树分析将其归为PCV3c分支。本研究进一步证明了Cap蛋白V24和K27突变可作为本研究分离株系统发育分类的分子标记。
PCV3与繁殖障碍性疾病和多系统炎症似乎是密切相关的[31-32]。自然感染条件下,在保育猪和育肥猪中观察到以动脉血管周围炎为代表的典型病理变化[33]。此外,有研究利用反向遗传学方法发现PCV3可通过激活缺氧诱导因子-1 (HIF-1)信号通路、糖酵解以及晚期糖基化终产物-受体(AGE/RAGE)信号通路引发炎症反应,进一步阐明了PCV3诱导炎症的致病机制[34]
Mora-Díaz等[35]于2020年首次从围产期及生殖障碍相关病例中分离到PCV3病毒,并在体外(PK-15细胞)与体内(剖宫产不喂初乳仔猪,CD/CD猪)系统构建了感染模型,对病毒的复制特性和致病性进行了初步表征。结果显示,感染的8头仔猪中有4头发生心肌炎和多系统血管周围炎。Kedkovid等[36]研究报道一例在泰国养殖场暴发的猪呼吸道疾病综合征(PRDC)中检出PCV3感染,提示PCV3可广泛存在于生长猪群中,并可能引发呼吸系统疾病。
此外,Gao等[37]研究表明某些病原体可在免疫刺激背景下加重疾病发生,而免疫刺激也被认为是PCV2相关断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征(PMWS)发病机制中的关键因素之一。因此,PCV3是否同样依赖免疫刺激发挥致病作用,以及免疫状态与病变严重程度之间是否存在关联,仍需进一步研究。目前PCV3感染的发病机制尚不清楚,PCV3是否是导致多系统炎症的直接原因仍需在感染模型的基础上进行深入研究。
本研究在借鉴既有PCV3动物感染模型研究的基础上[38]成功分离并获得一株具有感染性的PCV3c毒株(PCV3-HK)。该毒株经PCR和间接免疫荧光试验鉴定,并通过透射电子显微镜观察其典型的病毒颗粒结构。利用该毒株,第15代病毒液以肌内注射和滴鼻联合方式感染21日龄仔猪,显著提高了病毒的感染效率与体内复制能力。感染仔猪在第7-14天出现病毒血症并持续排毒,表现出被毛粗乱、消瘦、皮炎等临床症状。组织病理学检查显示,心、肺、肾、淋巴结等多个脏器发生炎症和坏死病变。口拭子和肛拭子检测证实病毒可经体外排出,提示该毒株具有一定传播性。上述结果表明,本研究不仅实现了PCV3c毒株的成功分离和表征,还建立了可复制典型临床表现的仔猪感染模型,为深入研究PCV3的感染动态、致病机制及疫苗研发提供了关键实验基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32302866)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250151
  • 接收时间:2025-02-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-27
  • 录用日期:2025-05-06
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the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302866)
国家自然科学基金(32302866)
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    1武汉科前生物股份有限公司,湖北 武汉
    2华中农业大学 动物科技学院 动物医学院,湖北 武汉
    3华中农业大学,农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉
    4湖北省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,畜禽病原微生物学湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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