Article(id=1192149552573591671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250239, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1745337600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-23, onlineDate=1762160202401, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160202401, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160202401, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160202401, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4340, endPage=4356, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149552779112569, articleId=1192149552573591671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress on SnoaL family proteins in natural product biosynthesis, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

SnoaL family proteins belong to a class of the nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like superfamily, which are characterized by a distinctive α+β barrel fold structure. To date, proteins of this family have been demonstrated to catalyze a variety of reactions, such as aldol reaction, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, epoxide hydrolysis, and cycloaddition reaction, playing crucial roles in the biosynthesis of complex bioactive natural products. These proteins are widely distributed in various organisms including bacteria and fungi. However, research on proteins of this family is relatively limited at present. We reviewed the research progress on proteins of SnoaL family. The review not only provides beneficial guidance for the subsequent functional identification and mechanism research of related proteins but also helps to discover novel biocatalytic tools, laying a foundation for the research of bioactive molecule biosynthesis.

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E-mail: WEI Qian,
HU Youcai,
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SnoaL家族蛋白属于核转运因子2 (nuclear transport factor 2, NTF2)样超家族,具有特征性的α+β折叠桶状结构。近年来研究发现该家族蛋白具有丰富的催化功能,能够催化羟醛缩合、羟化、脱羧、水解以及环加成等多种反应,在多种复杂结构活性天然产物的生物合成中发挥着重要作用。尽管这一家族蛋白广泛分布于细菌、真菌等生物体中,但目前针对该家族蛋白的研究还相对较少。本文通过系统综述SnoaL家族蛋白的研究进展,不仅能为后续相关蛋白的功能鉴定和机制研究提供参考,同时也有助于发现新颖的生物催化工具,为生物活性分子的合成生物学研究奠定基础。

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作者贡献声明

范敏:文献调研、整理及文章撰写;魏茜:全文指导及修改;胡友财:文章的选题、思路和框架的提出,全程指导论文撰写及修改。

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Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences, 2011, 23(9): 869-874 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192161209039340080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, awardId=22207128, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22207128), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192161209140003377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, awardId=22207128, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(22207128), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192161203209257468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161203217646077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, companyId=1192161203209257468, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161203226034686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, companyId=1192161203209257468, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院&北京协和医学院药物研究所,天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192161204836647448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=SnoaL family proteins catalyze polyketide cyclization reactions. A: SnoaL and SnoaL2 in the biosynthetic pathway of nogalamycin; B: AurE and AstE in the biosynthetic pathway of two fungal mycotoxins Aurovertin E and Asteltoxin., figureFileSmall=RdwxsYKxWvvyM2hlQObUUg==, figureFileBig=cwcPLYIVCAsUPWe6qRLmyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161204895367705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SnoaL家族蛋白催化缩合反应。A:诺拉霉素生物合成中的SnoaL及SnoaL2;B:真菌毒素Aurovertin E和Asteltoxin生物合成中的AurE和AstE。, figureFileSmall=RdwxsYKxWvvyM2hlQObUUg==, figureFileBig=cwcPLYIVCAsUPWe6qRLmyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161204970865178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The catalytic function of MarP in the biosynthetic pathway of FR900452. The abbreviation of the ACP domain refers to acyl carrier protein., figureFileSmall=7rr64jRHJw+1XRaLMPbMfA==, figureFileBig=JxojGNQ6r0t9so/7lem9Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161207852352027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MarPFR900452生物合成途径中的催化功能。结构域缩写ACP代表酰基载体蛋白。, figureFileSmall=7rr64jRHJw+1XRaLMPbMfA==, figureFileBig=JxojGNQ6r0t9so/7lem9Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161207940432412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The catalytic function of AN7910 in the biosynthetic pathway of diorcinol., figureFileSmall=+IQKcM04Qkpg9I4clXJRCA==, figureFileBig=rs4mz35BO0AAm0biCeIe2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208028512797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=CN, label=图3, caption=AN7910diorcinol生物合成途径中的催化功能, figureFileSmall=+IQKcM04Qkpg9I4clXJRCA==, figureFileBig=rs4mz35BO0AAm0biCeIe2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208124981790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The special catalytic function of XimE in the biosynthetic pathway of Xiamenmycin., figureFileSmall=fPEehjE3HLMasGL0CODQsg==, figureFileBig=hdC8WEO0BhQ7mnA2cz9HOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208192090655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=CN, label=图4, caption=厦门霉素生物合成途径中XimE独特的催化功能, figureFileSmall=fPEehjE3HLMasGL0CODQsg==, figureFileBig=hdC8WEO0BhQ7mnA2cz9HOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208255005218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The catalytic functions of IdmH, NgnD, and SdnG. A: The DA-ase IdmH in the biosynthetic pathway of indanomycin; B: The pericyclase NgnD in the biosynthetic pathway of streptoseomycin; C: The DA-ase SdnG in the biosynthetic pathway of sordarin., figureFileSmall=R/hXLGAY0LxNUVZEbi11gA==, figureFileBig=vvzId+Rm1+LN7hM1BwOJ4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208343085604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三种SnoaL家族蛋白IdmHNgnDSdnG的催化功能。A:茚满霉素(indanomycin)生物合成途径中的DA酶IdmH;B:Streptoseomycin生物合成中的环加成酶NgnD;C:粪壳菌素(sordarin)生物合成途径中的DA酶SdnG。, figureFileSmall=R/hXLGAY0LxNUVZEbi11gA==, figureFileBig=vvzId+Rm1+LN7hM1BwOJ4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208422777382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tWYOhoWtV1uXqKZl4K/Ypw==, figureFileBig=oj2auEnucyQBQOTS6Q9a9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208523440681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SnoaL家族蛋白结构及催化机制。A-E:蛋白结构图(其中关键残基以棒状形式展示并标明其所处位置,括号中数字为其PDB编号);F:SdnG利用亚胺离子介导环加成反应的催化机制。, figureFileSmall=tWYOhoWtV1uXqKZl4K/Ypw==, figureFileBig=oj2auEnucyQBQOTS6Q9a9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208615715372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Phylogenetic tree of SnoaL family proteins. Proteins whose functions has been identified are shown in bold and red; Scale bar units represent the number of amino acid substitutions per site, and 0.1 in the scale bar represents that there are 10 different amino acids in every 100 amino acids., figureFileSmall=70NLC2eMScZ3FYsfTpvEVw==, figureFileBig=UoG6fv/vUmTHl4ucJZRWOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208737350189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=CN, label=图7, caption=SnoaL家族蛋白系统发育树。已鉴定功能的SnoaL家族蛋白用红色加粗显示;比例尺单位表示氨基酸替换数量;比例尺数字0.1代表每100个氨基酸中有10个不同。, figureFileSmall=70NLC2eMScZ3FYsfTpvEVw==, figureFileBig=UoG6fv/vUmTHl4ucJZRWOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161208804459054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149552573591671, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Distribution of SnoaL family proteins. 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天然产物生物合成中的SnoaL家族蛋白研究进展
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范敏 , 魏茜 , 胡友财
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(10): 4340-4356
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(10): 4340-4356
天然产物生物合成中的SnoaL家族蛋白研究进展
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范敏, 魏茜 , 胡友财
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院&北京协和医学院药物研究所,天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室,北京
Research progress on SnoaL family proteins in natural product biosynthesis
Min FAN, Qian WEI , Youcai HU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250239
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SnoaL家族蛋白属于核转运因子2 (nuclear transport factor 2, NTF2)样超家族,具有特征性的α+β折叠桶状结构。近年来研究发现该家族蛋白具有丰富的催化功能,能够催化羟醛缩合、羟化、脱羧、水解以及环加成等多种反应,在多种复杂结构活性天然产物的生物合成中发挥着重要作用。尽管这一家族蛋白广泛分布于细菌、真菌等生物体中,但目前针对该家族蛋白的研究还相对较少。本文通过系统综述SnoaL家族蛋白的研究进展,不仅能为后续相关蛋白的功能鉴定和机制研究提供参考,同时也有助于发现新颖的生物催化工具,为生物活性分子的合成生物学研究奠定基础。

SnoaL家族蛋白  /  反应类型  /  催化机制  /  分类  /  核转运因子2 (NTF2)样超家族

SnoaL family proteins belong to a class of the nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like superfamily, which are characterized by a distinctive α+β barrel fold structure. To date, proteins of this family have been demonstrated to catalyze a variety of reactions, such as aldol reaction, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, epoxide hydrolysis, and cycloaddition reaction, playing crucial roles in the biosynthesis of complex bioactive natural products. These proteins are widely distributed in various organisms including bacteria and fungi. However, research on proteins of this family is relatively limited at present. We reviewed the research progress on proteins of SnoaL family. The review not only provides beneficial guidance for the subsequent functional identification and mechanism research of related proteins but also helps to discover novel biocatalytic tools, laying a foundation for the research of bioactive molecule biosynthesis.

SnoaL family proteins  /  type of reactions  /  catalytic mechanism  /  classification  /  nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like superfamily
范敏, 魏茜, 胡友财. 天然产物生物合成中的SnoaL家族蛋白研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4340 -4356 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250239
Min FAN, Qian WEI, Youcai HU. Research progress on SnoaL family proteins in natural product biosynthesis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4340 -4356 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250239
天然产物结构复杂多样,为新药研发提供了丰富的化学骨架与先导化合物。目前,一半以上的临床药物直接或间接源于天然产物[1-2]。由于天然产物来源有限,提取工艺繁琐,在很大程度上限制了其进一步的研究与应用。随着基因组时代的到来,合成生物学领域发展迅速。通过深入解析天然产物的生物合成途径,并在微生物细胞工厂中重构,利用特定酶催化能够实现天然产物的高效、绿色生产[3]。在这一过程中各类蛋白家族发挥着关键的催化作用。近年来,通过基因组挖掘和蛋白质工程策略发现了诸多具有新颖催化功能的蛋白。这些新发现的酶不仅有利于拓展天然产物的结构多样性,更为合成生物学平台的构建提供了重要的分子工具。
SnoaL蛋白最早在聚酮类抗生素诺拉霉素(nogalamycin)的生物合成研究中被鉴定,它是一种催化羟醛缩合的聚酮环化酶[4]。随着基因组挖掘技术和蛋白质结构预测方法的进步,研究者陆续发现了更多SnoaL家族蛋白成员。这些蛋白广泛存在于细菌、真菌等生物体中,在不同天然产物生物合成途径中发挥着多样的催化作用。研究表明SnoaL家族蛋白参与了多种具有重要生物活性的次级代谢产物的生物合成,包括诺拉霉素、厦门霉素、茚满霉素等抗生素,抑制血小板聚集的FR900452,具有抗菌、抗疟疾和抗结核等活性的二苯醚类化合物,抗真菌候选药物粪壳菌素等[4-9]。这些SnoaL蛋白不仅能够催化形成特定的立体构型,还能介导复杂环系结构的构建和多种官能团的引入,展现出独特的催化机制和广泛的底物适应性。
SnoaL家族蛋白在结构和功能上与其他环化酶、氧化酶家族存在显著差异。以萜环化酶家族为例,其成员具有特征性的保守基序,可根据这些保守序列的差异划分为不同亚型[10]。相比之下,SnoaL家族蛋白成员间序列一致性较低,缺乏特定的保守基序,通过传统的序列比对方法难以准确预测其功能。通过对SnoaL蛋白晶体结构的解析,研究者发现这一家族蛋白具有独特的α+β桶状折叠结构,其内部形成一个疏水核心区域[11-12]。由于三维结构具有相似性,SnoaL家族蛋白被归类为核转运因子2 (nuclear transport factor 2, NTF2)样超家族蛋白。NTF2样超家族蛋白均具有特征性的α+β桶状折叠结构,该结构最初在大鼠NTF2蛋白中被观察到。这一超家族蛋白还包含多种功能各异的蛋白质,例如类固醇异构酶、小柱孢酮(scytalone)脱氢酶等[13-18]。在探究某一未知功能蛋白时可将目标蛋白的氨基酸序列提交至simple modular architecture research tool (SMART,https://smart.embl.de/)、NCBI conserved domain database (CDD, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi)和protein families database (Pfam, http:// pfam.xfam.org/)等数据库,利用结构域比对分析工具预测其可能含有的结构域,并对其进行注释。因此,可通过结构域预测初步判断某一蛋白是否属于SnoaL家族,但由于该家族蛋白的相关报道较少,且成员间序列差异显著、催化功能多样,仅凭生物信息学分析难以准确推断其具体功能,仍需通过系统的实验研究来阐明其生物学特性。
综上所述,SnoaL家族作为NTF2样超家族中的一个特殊分支[13]具有独特的生物学特性。该家族蛋白成员之间序列保守性较低,导致其功能预测具有挑战性。然而,正是这种序列多样性赋予了SnoaL家族蛋白广泛的催化功能,使其能够参与到多种活性天然产物的生物合成。因此系统综述该家族蛋白的催化功能及其作用机制具有重要的科学意义。一方面,这有助于建立“结构-功能-机制”的对应关系,为理解该家族蛋白的催化规律提供理论框架;另一方面,其独特的催化特性为酶工程改造和代谢工程等领域带来创新思路,推动合成生物学和生物制造技术的发展。
SnoaL蛋白最初作为聚酮环化酶家族成员被发现在聚酮类抗生素诺拉霉素的生物合成途径中负责催化最后一个环的闭合反应[4]。随着合成生物学以及基因测序技术的不断发展,越来越多的SnoaL同源蛋白被鉴定,且其生物学功能得以阐明。过去数十年的研究表明,SnoaL家族蛋白展现出显著的催化多样性,其功能涵盖羟醛缩合、羟化、脱羧、水解、环加成等多种反应,在多种天然产物的生物合成中扮演着十分重要的角色。值得注意的是,SnoaL家族蛋白不同成员能够识别和催化结构多样的底物分子,表现出独特的底物特异性及功能多样性,这种特性使其成为天然产物生物合成中的重要研究对象。
诺拉霉素(nogalamycin)是从黑胡桃链霉菌(Streptomyces nogalater) ATCC 27451中分离得到的一种蒽环类抗生素,该化合物对多种肿瘤细胞具有显著的抑制活性,同时具有抗革兰氏阳性菌作用[19-20]。诺拉霉素与其他蒽环类抗生素(如柔红霉素、阿霉素等)的分子结构较为相似,但因其C-9位独特的9S立体构型使人们对它的生物合成机制产生了极大的兴趣。早期研究发现,聚酮环化酶家族蛋白DnrD、RdmA、AknH等催化生成的产物均为9R构型,因此研究人员推测诺拉霉素的生物合成途径中可能存在一种新型的聚酮环化酶[21-27]。2000年,Torkkell等[4]成功解析了诺拉霉素生物合成途径中的关键中间体nogalamycinone的合成机制,证实SnoaL负责催化nogalaviketone中D环的形成(图1A),并特异性地生成罕见的9S构型产物。这一发现与先前报道的聚酮环化酶产物的构型截然不同。然而SnoaL的催化功能具有高度特异性,无法生成9R构型的产物。
在后续的研究中,Cao等[28]发现了2种新型环化酶AurE和AstE,它们能够促进聚酮骨架的释放,并分别参与真菌毒素aurovertin E和asteltoxin的生物合成(图1B)。其中,AstE蛋白的N端含有一段信号肽(signal peptide, SP),这一特征在SnoaL家族其他蛋白中尚未发现。研究人员通过免疫荧光共定位实验,并与去除信号肽的蛋白所得产物的产量对比,证实该信号肽能够调节环化酶(AurE和AstE)在细胞中的定位,并促进聚酮骨架的释放[28]。信号肽是一类短肽链(通常由5-30个氨基酸组成),其主要功能是引导新合成的蛋白质进入分泌途径[29]。信号肽不仅能够调节蛋白在细胞中的定位,还能促进重组蛋白在大肠杆菌系统中的可溶性表达,因此在蛋白质研究领域得到了广泛应用[29]。AstE蛋白功能的揭示为SnoaL家族蛋白的研究打开了新的方向,拓展了对其生物学功能和应用潜力的认识。
诺拉霉素不仅在C-9位具有独特的立体构型,其连接的糖基也与柔红霉素、阿霉素等中的糖基不同。基于这些特征,Torkkell等[30]对该化合物生物合成展开了深入研究,在2001年他们成功阐明了诺拉霉素的完整生物合成路径,其中SnoaL2被鉴定为能够参与诺拉霉素C-1/C-2糖基化修饰过程中C-1位羟化的关键酶(图1A)[30]。随后在2006年,Beinker等[31]发现SnoaL2的同源蛋白AclR同样能够参与C-1羟基化过程(图1A),并成功解析了这2个蛋白的晶体结构;结构分析显示,这2个蛋白亚基都呈现典型的α+β折叠桶状结构。值得注意的是,尽管SnoaL2和AclR在蛋白结构上与SnoaL相似,但功能研究显示AclR完全缺失环化酶的活性,而SnoaL2仅显示出极微弱的环化活性,其活性仅为SnoaL的1/600[31]。2024年,Wandi等[32]在后续的研究中揭示了SnoaL2独特的催化机制,即通过His35-Glu106-His119-Asp121催化四联体与底物形成氢键网络从而发挥其催化作用。
在研究特定蛋白的催化功能时研究人员通常会采用同源蛋白比对的方法。通过分析同源蛋白的序列及结构特征有利于深入理解并验证目标蛋白的催化功能及催化机制。以Beinker等[31]对SnoaL2的研究为例,研究人员通过基因挖掘教酒色链霉菌(Streptomyces chartreusis)中Cha基因簇发现一个与SnoaL2具有57%蛋白序列相似性的同源蛋白ChaU。该基因簇参与抗肿瘤药物chartreusin的生物合成,基于序列相似性和基因簇功能分析研究人员推测ChaU同样具有催化羟化的功能,但尚未得到实验验证[33]
吲哚二酮哌嗪类化合物(indole diketopiperazines, IDKPs)是一类由l-色氨酸与其他氨基酸通过缩合反应形成的具有显著生物活性的环状二肽类天然产物[34]。其核心结构特征由修饰的吲哚或吲哚酮与哌嗪-2,5-二酮单元组成,具体结构因参与成环的氨基酸的不同而呈现多样性。IDKP类化合物生物活性丰富,包括抗肿瘤[35-37]、抗病毒[38]以及抗菌[39-40]等。其中,FR900452能够高效且特异性地抑制因血小板活化因子引起的血小板聚集[34]
2018年报道了FR900452和Maremycin G的发散式生物合成途径,通过对链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)B9173中Mar基因簇进行基因敲除和异源表达实验证实了Mar基因簇同时参与FR900452和Maremycin G的生物合成;其中,该基因簇中的marP编码一种含有SnoaL_4结构域的SnoaL家族蛋白,该蛋白在二者的生物合成中发挥了关键作用;研究表明,MarP能够催化化合物1在C-5′位形成不稳定烯醇(enolate)中间体,从而引导合成途径转向化合物FR900452,而非通过另一条路径形成maremycin G[7]。这一发现揭示了MarP通过催化关键中间体的合成在FR900452和maremycin G的发散式生物合成途径中起到关键的作用(图2)。
二苯醚类化合物具有抗菌、抗疟疾和抗结核等多种丰富的药理活性[41-45]。2019年,Feng等[8]在真菌二苯醚类化合物diorcinol的生物合成研究中鉴定了一个含有SnoaL_4结构域的SnoaL家族蛋白AN7910,通过在酿酒酵母中异源表达并结合体外蛋白生化实验证明AN7910能够特异性地催化二苯醚类化合物diorcinolic acid在C-2′位发生脱羧反应(图3)。这是目前鉴定的首个含有真菌SnoaL_4结构域的SnoaL家族蛋白,同时也是该家族中首个被证实具有催化脱羧功能的成员。这一发现不仅拓展了对SnoaL家族蛋白功能的认知,同时也为含有类似结构域蛋白的功能鉴定和发现提供了重要参考。
环氧水解酶(epoxide hydrolases, EHs)是一类在生物催化领域具有重要应用价值的酶,能立体选择性地催化环氧化物发生水解反应,生成光学纯的邻二醇化合物[46]。四氢吡喃环和四氢呋喃环作为重要的结构单元存在于多种活性天然产物中,例如细菌来源的聚酮化合物(那塞罗、莫能菌素、盐霉素等)、真菌来源的聚酮化合物(植物色烯等)、阿维菌素等[47-52]。目前已经报道的吡喃环的生物合成通常经历3步反应[53-55]:(1) 双键底物环氧化后,在环氧化物水解酶的作用下环氧开环;(2) 特定的酶催化氢负离子转移反应;(3) 吡喃合酶催化发生oxa-Michael加成反应完成环化。相比之下,四氢呋喃环可在一个细胞色素P450酶的催化下形成[56]
2019年,一项研究揭示了厦门霉素(xiamenmycin)中吡喃环的形成机制,研究发现SnoaL家族环化酶XimE通过介导苯酚阴离子分子内攻击S-构型环氧化物(S-epoxide)的3-香叶 基-4-羟基苯甲酸(3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, GBA)的环氧化物部分,从而催化形成吡喃环(图4);进一步通过定点突变实验证明,该酶的催化二联体Y46-E136作为一种广义酸(general acid)在建立环氧化物所需的适当空间和控制亲核攻击的底物偏好方面起到了关键作用[5]
传统酶学理论认为,底物专一性和催化高效性是酶催化反应的2个重要特征。也有研究表明许多酶对不同的底物或反应表现出催化活性,这被称为酶混杂性。2021年,Jiang等[57]研究发现XimE能够催化2种不同立体构型的底物,进而生成2种不同立体构型的产物,并通过理论计算验证了这一特殊的催化功能;具体而言,XimE不仅能催化厦门霉素生物合成途径中具有S-构型的环氧化物(S-epoxide)生成含有吡喃环的产物,还能使R-构型的环氧化物(R-epoxide)转化成呋喃环形式的产物(图4)。这种能够同时催化2种立体异构体底物生成不同环系产物的特性在已知的生物催化剂中较为罕见。
环加成反应是指2个共轭体系结合成环状分子的一种双分子反应,包括[4+2]、[2+2]、[6+4]环加成反应等。根据催化机制的不同,[4+2]环加成反应可以分为协同和分步[4+2]环加成反应,其中协同的[4+2]环加成反应通常也被称为狄尔斯-阿尔德(Diels-Alder, DA)反应[58-59]。环加成反应能够一次性构建多个碳-碳键、碳-杂原子键,同时具有较好的区域选择性和立体选择性[60-61]。近年来,新型环加成酶的发现以及对其催化机制的深入解析不仅拓展了酶催化反应的类型,而且为深入理解环加成反应的选择性机制和反应途径提供了新的视角。
随着对SnoaL家族蛋白研究的深入,研究者发现有些SnoaL家族蛋白也能催化环加成反应。目前已经报道了3种属于SnoaL家族的环加成酶IdmH、NgnD和SdnG,分别参与茚满霉素(indanomycin)、streptoseomycin和粪壳菌素(sordarin)的生物合成。
自从DA酶在自然界中存在被实验证实以来,这一类酶迅速成为研究热点之一。2019年研究人员在研究茚满霉素的生物合成中发现了一个由145个氨基酸组成的小蛋白IdmH,它与SnoaL蛋白仅具有27%的序列一致性,鉴于SnoaL家族蛋白功能的多样性,研究人员对其进行了深入研究;最终发现IdmH通过催化底物发生分子内的[4+2]环加成反应,参与茚满霉素关键结构单元反式四氢茚满环的形成(图5A)[6]。茚满霉素作为一种离子载体抗生素能够与金属离子(如钠离子、钾离子)结合,形成复合物并跨膜转运,从而破坏细胞的离子平衡,最终抑制细菌或真菌的生长[62-63]。同时其一系列衍生物也具有良好的抗菌、杀虫和抗原虫等活性[64],茚满霉素生物合成路径的揭示将有利于这类化合物的深入研究和应用。
Streptoseomycin是一种大环内酯化合物,结构中含有特征性的十氢萘环,且具有显著的抗菌活性[65]。2019年研究者通过体内基因敲除、体外生化实验和蛋白晶体结构分析等策略成功解析了streptoseomycin的生物合成途径,该研究首次鉴定出一个具有[6+4]/[4+2]双功能催化活性的环加成酶NgnD (图5B)[66]。这一发现进一步拓展酶催化环加成反应的类型,开辟了首例酶催化[6+4]高阶环加成反应的先河。在发现NgnD这一独特的[6+4]环加成酶后,该课题组继续致力于新型环加成酶的发掘。2022年Liu等[9]在抗真菌候选药物粪壳菌素(sordarin)的生物合成途径中取得进展,研究发现在粪壳菌素的生物合成途径中SdnB、SdnF和SdnH 3种细胞色素P450酶(cytochrome P450, CYP450s)按照严格的顺序依次对cycloaraneosene二萜骨架进行逐步修饰,生成含有经典双烯体和亲双烯体结构单元的高度氧化中间体;基于这一结构特征研究者推测可能发生分子内环加成反应,并通过实验验证了这一假设,最终鉴定出一个特异性的DA酶SdnG。该酶能够高效催化中间体转化成降冰片烯类化合物2,在粪壳菌素的生物合成中发挥了十分关键的作用(图5C)[67]
目前对于SnoaL家族蛋白催化机制的研究仍相对较少。现有研究表明该家族蛋白发挥催化功能的关键氨基酸残基存在显著差异。这种多样性可能源于2种主要因素:不同家族成员所催化的底物结构具有明显差异;该家族蛋白催化的反应类型也各不相同。这体现了SnoaL家族蛋白在进化过程中的功能分化,为深入研究酶催化机制提供了对象。
2004年,Sultana等[11]在SnoaL蛋白的结构生物学研究中取得重要突破,成功解析了SnoaL蛋白1.35 Å的高分辨率晶体(图6A)。晶体结构分析表明该蛋白亚基具有特征性的α+β折叠桶状结构,其配体结合位点位于桶状结构的内部疏水核心区域,且底物特异性由结合口袋的构象决定,而非特定的氢键作用[11-12]。通过结构解析与定点突变研究揭示了一种新的羟醛缩合催化机制,活性位点分析表明该酶采用独特的酸碱催化机制,而非传统的共价希夫碱或金属离子辅因子;其中保守残基Asp121在反应中发挥酸碱催化作用,烯醇(酸酯)中间体的稳定主要依赖于底物中π电子的离域效应;此外研究还证实Asn33、Gln105以及2个组氨酸(His107和His119)也是催化过程中不可或缺的残基[12]
Fingure 6 The structure of SnoaL family proteins and catalytic mechanism. A-E: The structure of proteins (The key residues are shown in stick and show their locations in the structure; The numbers are their PDB number); F: The iminium-catalysed cycloaddition of SdnG.
在解析环氧化物水解酶XimE催化机制过程中研究人员基于高分辨率蛋白晶体结构(图6B)结合量子化学计算及分子动力学模拟(molecular dynamics simulation, MD simulation)等研究方法,揭示了XimE能够催化2种相反构型的底物形成不同产物的分子机制[57]。研究表明XimE催化吡喃环和呋喃环形成的过程共享一个广义的酸碱催化机制(general acid-base catalytic mechanism),即酸性残基E136作为质子供体,而碱性残基H102是质子受体[57]。这一机制与SnoaL蛋白的酸碱催化机制有异曲同工之妙,SnoaL催化过程中也含有一个关键组氨酸残基H107[12],其空间位置与XimE中H102接近。此外,XimE通过酶与底物之间的诱导配合相互作用形成了该酶特殊的区域立体化学选择性,天然S-环氧底物与酶的结合作用更强,导致其催化效率显著高于其他构型底物,这也进一步验证了XimE在厦门霉素生物合成中的重要催化作用[57]
自Kim等[68]证实天然酶SpnF能够催化DA反应以来,一系列具有独特催化功能的环加成酶相继被发现。例如烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADP+)依赖的催化[4+2]环加成反应的酶CtdP[69],催化分子间串联DA反应的糖基化修饰蛋白EupfF和PycR1[70]等。相比之下,NgnD是自然界中发现的首例催化[6+4]环加成反应的酶,它具有独特的双功能催化特性,能够同时催化[6+4]和[4+2]环加成反应[66]。Zhang等[66]研究发现,[6+4]环加成产物在热力学上更稳定,[4+2]产物可通过[3,3]-Cope重排转化成[6+4]产物,并进一步通过密度泛函理论(density functional theory, DFT)计算证实了这一结论(图5B);此外,研究者还成功测定了NgnD的晶体结构(图6C),并综合运用分子对接、计算机模拟和点突变等技术阐明了这一新型环加成酶的反应机制和关键功能残基;研究表明由于M69中的硫原子为富电子原子,因此能够与过渡态中带正电性的双烯部分形成稳定的静电相互作用,而W67可与反应物中的负电区域形成π-π堆积作用,同时Y55和Y13分别与底物形成分子间氢键和π-烷基相互作用;这些关键残基的协同作用稳定了反应过渡态,从而加速了环加成反应的进行。
近期的研究发现,SnoaL家族蛋白SdnG是首例利用亚胺离子催化的环加成酶[71]。尽管SdnG与前述NgnD均具有催化环加成反应的功能,但二者的活性中心存在明显差异(图6D)。虽然SdnG的整体结构与[6+4]/[4+2]双功能环加成酶NgnD较为相似,但其活性中心的独特结构决定了二者在底物特异性和催化功能上有明显区别[9]。SdnG的活性中心有一个关键的赖氨酸(K127) (图6E)。赖氨酸侧链的自由氨基在酶促反应体系中经常作为介导亚胺(烯胺)催化过程的关键活性位点。基于对这一保守赖氨酸残基的深入研究,结合SdnG底物中亲双烯体为不饱和醛这一结构特征,研究者提出了SdnG可能通过亚胺离子中间体介导的催化机制假设[71]。为验证这一假说,研究者通过综合运用生物化学、结构生物学以及计算化学等多学科交叉研究手段成功鉴定并证实了SdnG是首例利用亚胺离子催化的环加成酶[71]
传统的环加成酶催化体系中大多数酶分子主要通过其活性中心的特定空间结构使亲双烯体与双烯体形成接近反应过渡态的构象,再利用活性位点与亲双烯体形成氢键相互作用来实现对亲双烯体的活化,进而促进环加成反应的进行[72-74]。然而,SdnG所采用的亚胺离子介导的环加成反应机制(iminium-catalysed cycloaddition)与已知的其他环加成酶催化机制存在显著差别。SdnG通过形成酶-底物亚胺离子复合物,同时实现底物构象的精准调控以及亲双烯体的有效活化推动环加成反应的高效进行(图6F)[71]。SdnG的活性中心还能够有序地介导亚胺离子形成过程中所必需的一系列质子转移反应,这一独特的功能使一般情况下需要在有机溶剂和强酸条件下才能发生的亚胺离子催化反应得以在中性水环境中发生,拓展了亚胺离子催化反应的适用范围[71]
为进一步了解SnoaL家族蛋白的分类及命名,基于已鉴定功能的蛋白对该家族蛋白进行了系统发育树分析,并选择邻位相连(neighbor-joining)算法构建系统发育树(图7)。
SnoaL家族蛋白根据结构域的不同可分为SnoaL_meth_ester (如SnoaL等)、SnoaL_2 (如SdnG、AurE等)及SnoaL_4 (如MarP等)。此外还有部分蛋白含有SnoaL_3结构域,但具有该结构域的蛋白在天然产物的生物合成中目前尚未被报道。根据来源的不同又可细分为真菌来源及细菌来源等。最初SnoaL蛋白被鉴定为催化nogalonic acid methyl ester (NAME)发生环化反应的聚酮环化酶[4],因此将以其为代表的这类SnoaL聚酮环化酶家族蛋白的结构域命名为SnoaL_meth_ester。在后续的研究中陆续鉴定出一些空间结构具有类似SnoaL样折叠的蛋白,并将其按结构域的不同分为不同的类型,但其具体的分类标准目前尚无文献报道。基于SnoaL和SnoaL2蛋白晶体结构的解析,研究人员证实SnoaL2蛋白在溶液中主要以二聚体形式存在,而SnoaL蛋白主要为四聚体形式[11,31],因此推测在后续结构域的分类中结合了蛋白的空间结构及溶液中主要存在形式等特征。本课题组Zhang等[75]在丝状真菌海南拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis hainanensis)中发现了一个编码倍半萜类化合物生物合成的基因簇Pes,该基因簇中含有一个未知功能蛋白PesI,通过蛋白结构域分析发现其属于含有SnoaL_4结构域的SnoaL家族蛋白;系统发育树分析显示(图7),PesI与已知功能的AN7910蛋白(同样含有真菌SnoaL_4结构域)位于不同的进化分支,提示PesI可能具有独特的催化活性。目前正在深入研究该蛋白的具体催化功能。
系统发育树分析表明,一方面,含有同一结构域的蛋白成员催化功能不一定相同,比如SdnG与AurE虽然同属于一种SnoaL_2结构域,但其催化功能却完全不同,SdnG[9]催化[4+2]环加成反应,而AurE[28]为促进聚酮骨架释放的环化酶;另一方面,具有同一催化功能的酶也不一定含有相同结构域,如已经鉴定的同样具有催化聚酮环化反应的SnoaL[4]和AurE[28],两者却含有不同的结构域。这表明SnoaL家族蛋白结构域与功能之间无确切联系,即使通过现有数据库预测得知某一未知SnoaL家族蛋白的结构域,其功能仍无法准确推断,需要系统深入的实验探究才能阐明。
已鉴定功能SnoaL家族蛋白中部分成员催化机制尚不明确。例如,催化二苯醚类化合物特异位点脱羧的AN7910蛋白的机制暂不明确,这种催化机制与常规脱羧酶是否一致仍然未知。AN7910作为该家族首个催化脱羧反应的蛋白,其催化机制的解析具有重要意义,有利于指导后续该家族相关蛋白的研究。此外,对于MarP蛋白催化热力学不稳定烯醇中间体形成的机制也有待阐明。
一些蛋白的底物识别特异性与选择性的分子基础仍不明确。例如,AN7910蛋白为何能够识别二苯醚类化合物,是否特异性识别这种结构类型的化合物,以及通过何种方式发挥其特异位点选择性脱羧的功能等问题。这一系列问题的解决将对AN7910蛋白的催化机制有更全面的理解,有利于扩大其应用范围。
SnoaL家族因结构域的不同分为不同类型,因此该家族十分庞大。以“SnoaL”为关键词在NCBI protein数据库中进行检索,共检索到超 5万条结果。从图8可以看出,这些蛋白广泛分布于细菌(bacteria)、真菌(fungi)、动物(animals)、植物(plants)、原生生物(protists)及古细菌(archaea)等各种生物,甚至有少部分存在于病毒(viruses)中。其中细菌中数量最多,共51 334个;真菌次之,共1 515个。然而,目前仅有为数不多的细菌及真菌来源的SnoaL蛋白催化功能被鉴定,大量含有SnoaL样折叠的蛋白仅止步于被发现,并未进行深入研究,这预示着该家族蛋白仍有很大的研究空间。值得注意的是,随着生物信息学等技术的不断发展更迭,相信在未来SnoaL家族将会有更多新颖的蛋白被发现。基于已鉴定功能的该家族成员,利用现有的生物信息学分析手段进行以基因和活性分子共同导向的基因簇挖掘,挖掘出具有研究意义的生物合成基因簇,对其深入探究不仅可以阐明活性分子生物合成途径不明的问题,也可能从中挖掘出新颖的SnoaL家族蛋白,进而丰富该家族蛋白的催化功能及机制。
SnoaL家族蛋白因其结构类似但催化反应类型多样这一独特特征或许能够成为合成生物学的重要研究对象,这些具有新颖催化功能和催化机制的蛋白可以用于生物催化元件的开发。生物催化元件的来源主要包括酶的从头设计、选择性改造及稳定性改造[76]。从头设计新酶主要是为了解决自然界现有酶无法实现的一些重要化学反应,采用计算机模拟和结构生物学手段构建活性中心及蛋白框架,从而为合成生物学提供新的催化元件[77]。此外,对现有酶利用密码子优化、定向进化等策略也可以进一步优化这些催化元件的功能,开发出应用更加广泛的生物催化元件。
酶的空间构象通常是由序列所决定的,而空间构象则决定其功能。因此,基于空间结构对催化元件序列进行设计改造是目前合成生物学研究的热点之一。就SnoaL家族蛋白而言,比如XimE能够同时催化2种不同手性的底物反应并生成不同形式产物,其主要通过底物结合到酶特定的活性口袋中发挥作用,且研究中发现2种底物反应时所产生的过渡态的形态是不同的。那么反过来,如果对活性口袋关键残基突变使活性口袋的结构发生改变而只能容纳一种特定底物的过渡态就可以获得2种能够选择性识别单一构型底物的酶,从而实现人为控制某种反应的发生。在外消旋环氧化物同时存在时选择性催化其中一种底物发生转化并形成特定结构和构型的产物。通过改造具有这种催化特性的酶可获得一对能够分别识别不同构型底物并转化成特定结构化合物的立体选择性生物催化元件。
此外,许多天然产物中含有复杂大环体系,受制于熵效应、立体电子效应、环张力等因素使八元以上的大环体系较难通过化学合成的方式获得,而酶催化条件温和、反应迅速且立体选择性较强。因此开发这种用于合成大环体系的环加成酶具有十分重要的意义。目前SnoaL家族已经鉴定了3种可以催化环加成反应的酶,并证实NgnD能够催化[6+4]高阶环加成反应。这一发现揭开了酶催化高阶环加成反应的序幕,激励研究人员去探寻更多新颖的环加成酶并开发新型环加成反应生物催化剂,从而解决多种复杂大环化合物的合成难题。
SnoaL家族蛋白在天然产物的生物合成中扮演着重要角色。越来越多的SnoaL家族蛋白被鉴定,其功能涵盖了从底物修饰到复杂环化反应等多种催化活性,能参与多种类型天然产物的生物合成,在这过程中也揭示了一些特殊的催化机制。然而,目前的研究仅对少部分SnoaL家族蛋白的催化功能和机制进行了系统性的探究,仍有大量SnoaL家族蛋白尚未被发现或深入研究,这些未被探索的蛋白中可能隐藏着全新的生物学功能和独特的催化机制。
综上所述,对该家族蛋白的进一步研究仍具有重要意义及前景。(1) 一些未知的SnoaL家族蛋白可能参与新型抗生素或其他生物活性分子的合成,这将有助于揭示次级代谢途径的复杂性,同时也为这些活性分子提供新的合成策略。(2) 借助基因组挖掘和结构生物学手段发现更多具有潜在应用价值的SnoaL家族蛋白,例如具有特殊底物选择性、反应特异性及催化机制的蛋白,不仅能够拓展对这一蛋白家族功能多样性的认知边界,也可以为合成生物学领域提供新的生物催化工具。(3) SnoaL家族成员之间氨基酸序列一致性低,催化功能多样。对其深入研究将有利于总结该家族催化不同反应类型的蛋白“结构-功能-机制”之间的关系,进而更深层次地理解并应用该家族蛋白。
  • 国家自然科学基金(22207128)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250239
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
  • 录用日期:2025-04-23
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the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22207128)
国家自然科学基金(22207128)
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    中国医学科学院&北京协和医学院药物研究所,天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室,北京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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