Article(id=1192149550942011507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250564, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753113600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755705600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-21, onlineDate=1762160202012, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160202012, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160202012, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160202012, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4700, endPage=4713, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149552074473594, articleId=1192149550942011507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Inhibition mechanism of matrine against biofilm formation of Candida auris, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Candida auris, as a multidrug-resistant fungus, pose a challenge to clinical treatment because of biofilm formation. Currently, effective intervention measures against its biofilm remain to be developed. [Objective] To explore the antifungal activity and biofilm inhibition mechanism of the Chinese medicine active compound matrine (MT) against C. auris. [Methods] The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC) of MT against C. auris were determined by the microdilution method. The time-growth curve and colony morphology of C. auris under the intervention of MT were observed by the plate method. The changes in the hydrolytic enzyme activity of the C. auris biofilm treated with MT were determined. The changes in cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of C. auris biofilm treated with MT were observed by the water-hydrocarbon two-phase method. The effects of MT on the metabolic activity and structure of C. auris biofilms were observed by the XTT method, crystal violet method, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The changes in the cell nucleus of C. auris in the biofilm treated with MT were detected by DAPI staining. The protective effect of MT on the host infected with C. auris was observed by the Galleria mellonella larvae infection model. [Results] The MIC of MT against C. auris was 128 μg/mL, while the MFC and SMIC were both 512 μg/mL. The inhibition mechanism of MT against the proliferation of C. auris mainly involved reducing the CSH, inhibiting the mature biofilm formation, significantly decreasing the metabolic activity, and inducing abnormal nuclear morphology. The experiments with G. mellonella larvae further confirmed that MT could alleviate the invasive damage caused by C. auris. [Conclusion] MT has a significant antifungal effect on C. auris and can effectively inhibit the biofilm formation, providing a new candidate drug and potential target for clinical treatment of multidrug-resistant C. auris infections.

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耳念珠菌(Candida auris)作为一种多重耐药真菌,其生物膜形成是导致临床感染难治性的关键因素,目前针对其生物膜的有效干预手段仍较为匮乏。 【目的】 探讨中药单体苦参碱(matrine, MT)对C. auris的抗菌活性及生物膜抑制机制。 【方法】 采用微量稀释法测定MT对C. auris的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(minimum fungicidal concentration, MFC)和最小生物膜抑制浓度(sessile minimum inhibitory concentration, SMIC);运用平板法观察MT干预下C. auris的时间生长曲线和菌落形态;利用水解酶法测定MT对C. auris生物膜水解酶活性的变化;通过水-烃两相法观察MT对C. auris生物膜细胞表面疏水性的变化;采用XTT法、结晶紫法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察MT对C. auris生物膜代谢活力及结构的影响;使用DAPI染色法检测MT对生物膜状态下C. auris细胞核的变化;借助大蜡螟感染模型观察机体在C. auris感染时MT的潜在保护作用。 【结果】 MT对C. auris的MIC为128 μg/mL,MFC和SMIC均为512 μg/mL;其作用机制主要是通过降低C. auris细胞表面疏水性抑制生物膜成熟结构的形成,同时显著降低C. auris的代谢活力并诱导细胞核形态异常,最终抑制C. auris增殖;大蜡螟实验进一步证实MT可减轻C. auris的侵袭损伤。 【结论】 MT对C. auris具有显著的抗菌作用,并能有效抑制其生物膜的形成,为临床应对多重耐药C. auris感染提供了新型候选药物及潜在作用靶点。

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作者贡献声明

王龙海:数据收集和处理;王业梅:提供技术支持;吴惠:协助实验操作;吴大强:参与论文讨论;汪天明:数据分析;汪长中:研究构思和设计;李璨:论文撰写和修改。

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Critical Care, 2025, 29(1): 332., articleTitle=Candida auris infections in ICU patients: risk factors, outcomes, and antifungal resistance patterns, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192161193709158856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, awardId=82374173, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82374173), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192161193830793673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, awardId=82374173, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82374173), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192161193897902538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, awardId=81774034, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81774034), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192161193960817099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, awardId=81573725, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(81573725), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192161189196087686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161189200281991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, companyId=1192161189196087686, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161189208670600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, companyId=1192161189196087686, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=安徽中医药大学 中西医结合学院,安徽 合肥)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192161191154827698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The impact of MT on the colony growth morphology of Candida auris. The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×105, 2×104, 2×103, and 2×102 CFU/mL, and mixed with MT or FLZ, respectively; The final concentrations were 128, 256, and 512 μg/mL for MT groups, and 32 μg/mL for FLZ group; 5 μL of each group’s mixture was spotted onto YPD agar plates and incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 h., figureFileSmall=XjXQIS2rGvpKMOnoc4wv1Q==, figureFileBig=9ZrOFT5Z1ufS/IdS26xJ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191221936563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MTCandida auris 菌落生长形态的影响。将C. auris浓度调整为2×105、2×104、2×103和2×102 CFU/mL,分别与MT或FLZ混合,MT组终浓度为128、256和512 μg/mL,FLZ组终浓度为32 μg/mL;取各组混合液5 μL,点样于YPD琼脂平板上,并在37 ℃培养24 h。, figureFileSmall=XjXQIS2rGvpKMOnoc4wv1Q==, figureFileBig=9ZrOFT5Z1ufS/IdS26xJ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191314211252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The inhibitory effect of MT on the growth of Candida auris (n=3). The concentration of C. auris was adjusted to 2×106 CFU/mL, and the grouping is shown in Table 1. At 37 ℃, the colony counts were determined by the plate method at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=AMrMXO2M3yr3eXZhV8Or5w==, figureFileBig=XUDBh/QAuINEJb83ie7ScA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191377125813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MTCandida auris 生长的抑制作用(n=3)。将C. auris浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。在37 ℃下,于第0、6、12、18和24 h通过平板法计数菌落。, figureFileSmall=AMrMXO2M3yr3eXZhV8Or5w==, figureFileBig=XUDBh/QAuINEJb83ie7ScA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191435846070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The impact of MT on the Candida auris CSH (n=7). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, as shown in Table 1. After culturing for 24 h at 37 ℃, the OD600 value was measured using the water-hydrocarbon two-phase method, and the CSH was calculated. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=TgADPAqjXw5Fe5st1tUKoQ==, figureFileBig=uaf8zji9TNRfLt40MA0yeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191502954935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MTCandida auris CSH的影响(n=7)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,采用水-烃两相法测量OD600值并计算CSH。, figureFileSmall=TgADPAqjXw5Fe5st1tUKoQ==, figureFileBig=uaf8zji9TNRfLt40MA0yeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191561675192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The impact of MT on the hydrolase activity in Candida auris (n=3). The concentration of C. auris was adjusted to 2×106 CFU/mL, and the grouping is shown in Table 1. 10 μL of the mixed solution was dropped onto the surface of the culture medium, and it was cultured at 37 ℃ for 2-4 days. The activity of the hydrolase was judged by the precipitation circle and the diameter of the colony. A: Hemolysin; B: Phospholipase; C: Protease; D: Esterase. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=hBOaT0KcIzEKduy7iipsPQ==, figureFileBig=gVqYmLIo2xd42tR89M0nKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191637172665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图4, caption=MTCandida auris 水解酶活性的影响(n=3)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。将10 μL混合液滴于各培养基表面,于37 ℃培养2-4 d,通过沉淀圈和菌落直径判断水解酶活性。A:溶血素;B:磷脂酶;C:蛋白酶;D:酯酶。, figureFileSmall=hBOaT0KcIzEKduy7iipsPQ==, figureFileBig=gVqYmLIo2xd42tR89M0nKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191700087226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The impact of MT on the metabolic activity of Candida auris (n=8). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, with groupings shown in Table 1. After culturing for 24 h at 37 ℃, the OD492 value was measured using the XXT method to assess changes in the metabolic activity of C. auris. ns: Not significant; **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=5Rh6Q4xozoSklfCHBGLetA==, figureFileBig=xuA23rChsAuVWbbiSEKGkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191754613179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图5, caption=MTCandida auris 代谢活力的影响(n=8)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过XXT法检测OD492值并判断C. auris代谢活力的变化。, figureFileSmall=5Rh6Q4xozoSklfCHBGLetA==, figureFileBig=xuA23rChsAuVWbbiSEKGkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191825916348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The effect of MT on the biomass of Candida auris biofilms (n=6). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, with groupings shown in Table 1. After culturing for 24 h at 37 ℃, the OD560 value was measured using the crystal violet method to observe changes in the biomass of C. auris biofilm. ns: Not significant; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=RC20uM0q0nWJ9MWgLcMn9w==, figureFileBig=mtyT2WhDQTGpY+HXezui7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191880442301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图6, caption=MTCandida auris 生物膜生物量的影响(n=6)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过结晶紫法检测OD560值,观察C. auris生物膜生物量的变化。, figureFileSmall=RC20uM0q0nWJ9MWgLcMn9w==, figureFileBig=mtyT2WhDQTGpY+HXezui7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161192929018302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The influence of MT on the biofilm structure of Candida auris (scale=20 μm). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, as shown in Table 1. After culturing at 37 ℃ for 24 h, changes in the structure of the C. auris biofilm were observed using DIC., figureFileSmall=Ti0Xc/j3PpsanpVAjtU0hg==, figureFileBig=mXJZen0gUVL+bUIDkkz0Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193029681599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MTCandida auris 生物膜结构的影响(比例尺=20 μm)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过DIC观察C. auris生物膜结构的变化。, figureFileSmall=Ti0Xc/j3PpsanpVAjtU0hg==, figureFileBig=mXJZen0gUVL+bUIDkkz0Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193100984768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The effect of MT on nucleus of Candida auris (n=3) (scale=20 μm). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, as shown in Table 1. After culturing at 37 ℃ for 24 h, changes in the fluorescence intensity of the C. auris cell nucleus were observed using a fluorescence microscope. A: DIC and DAPI fluorescence image; B: Average fluorescence intensity quantification. ns: Not significant; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=1C1ydbz24XJRXRhEa/5RaA==, figureFileBig=KaG6ZPJcToFsewn40pji/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193172287937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图8, caption=MTCandida auris 细胞核的影响(n=3) (比例尺=20 μm)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过荧光显微镜观察C. auris细胞核荧光强度的变化。A:DIC和DAPI荧光图;B:平均荧光强度量化。, figureFileSmall=1C1ydbz24XJRXRhEa/5RaA==, figureFileBig=KaG6ZPJcToFsewn40pji/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193239396802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=The influence of MT on the invasiveness of Candida auris (n=10). Except for the blank group, all larvae were injected with 10 μL of C. auris at a concentration of 7×106 CFU/mL. 2 h later, they received 10 μL injections of PBS, MT (128, 256, and 512 μg/mL), and FLZ (32 μg/mL). The larvae were then cultured in the dark at 37 ℃ for 5 days. A: The survival status of G. mellonella larvae; B: The survival curve of G. mellonella larvae. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=bg70R7Alr6DMK3m3w2GjQA==, figureFileBig=NZvFlSIjZesg21meQf1gvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193327477187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图9, caption=MTCandida auris 侵袭力的影响(n=10)。除空白对照组外,其他组的幼虫均注入10 μL浓度为7×106 CFU/mL的C. auris。2 h后分别注射10 μL PBS、MT (128、256和512 μg/mL)和FLZ (32 μg/mL),然后在37 ℃黑暗环境中培养5 d。A:大蜡螟幼虫生存状况;B:大蜡螟幼虫生存曲线。, figureFileSmall=bg70R7Alr6DMK3m3w2GjQA==, figureFileBig=NZvFlSIjZesg21meQf1gvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193390391748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental groups and intervention methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Experimental groupsIntervention methods
Group A: ControlC. auris+culture medium
Group B: 128 μg/mL MTC. auris+256 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1)
Group C: 256 μg/mL MTC. auris+512 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1)
Group D: 512 μg/mL MTC. auris+1 024 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1)
Group E: 32 μg/mL FLZC. auris+64 μg/mL FLZ (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1)
), ArticleFig(id=1192161193453306309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验分组及干预方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Experimental groupsIntervention methods
Group A: ControlC. auris+culture medium
Group B: 128 μg/mL MTC. auris+256 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1)
Group C: 256 μg/mL MTC. auris+512 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1)
Group D: 512 μg/mL MTC. auris+1 024 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1)
Group E: 32 μg/mL FLZC. auris+64 μg/mL FLZ (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1)
), ArticleFig(id=1192161193516220870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

MIC and MFC of MT and FLZ against Candida auris

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainMTFLZ
MIC (μg/mL)MFC (μg/mL)MIC (μg/mL)MFC (μg/mL)
C1128512>1 024>1 024
C22561 024>1 024>1 024
C3512>1 024>1 024>1 024
C42561 024>1 024>1 024
), ArticleFig(id=1192161193583329735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MTFLZCandida aurisMICMFC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainMTFLZ
MIC (μg/mL)MFC (μg/mL)MIC (μg/mL)MFC (μg/mL)
C1128512>1 024>1 024
C22561 024>1 024>1 024
C3512>1 024>1 024>1 024
C42561 024>1 024>1 024
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苦参碱对耳念珠菌生物膜的抑制作用
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王龙海 , 王业梅 , 吴惠 , 吴大强 , 汪天明 , 汪长中 , 李璨
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4700-4713
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4700-4713
苦参碱对耳念珠菌生物膜的抑制作用
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王龙海, 王业梅, 吴惠, 吴大强, 汪天明, 汪长中, 李璨
作者信息
  • 安徽中医药大学 中西医结合学院,安徽 合肥
Inhibition mechanism of matrine against biofilm formation of Candida auris
Longhai WANG, Yemei WANG, Hui WU, Daqiang WU, Tianming WANG, Changzhong WANG, Can LI
Affiliations
  • School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250564
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耳念珠菌(Candida auris)作为一种多重耐药真菌,其生物膜形成是导致临床感染难治性的关键因素,目前针对其生物膜的有效干预手段仍较为匮乏。 【目的】 探讨中药单体苦参碱(matrine, MT)对C. auris的抗菌活性及生物膜抑制机制。 【方法】 采用微量稀释法测定MT对C. auris的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(minimum fungicidal concentration, MFC)和最小生物膜抑制浓度(sessile minimum inhibitory concentration, SMIC);运用平板法观察MT干预下C. auris的时间生长曲线和菌落形态;利用水解酶法测定MT对C. auris生物膜水解酶活性的变化;通过水-烃两相法观察MT对C. auris生物膜细胞表面疏水性的变化;采用XTT法、结晶紫法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察MT对C. auris生物膜代谢活力及结构的影响;使用DAPI染色法检测MT对生物膜状态下C. auris细胞核的变化;借助大蜡螟感染模型观察机体在C. auris感染时MT的潜在保护作用。 【结果】 MT对C. auris的MIC为128 μg/mL,MFC和SMIC均为512 μg/mL;其作用机制主要是通过降低C. auris细胞表面疏水性抑制生物膜成熟结构的形成,同时显著降低C. auris的代谢活力并诱导细胞核形态异常,最终抑制C. auris增殖;大蜡螟实验进一步证实MT可减轻C. auris的侵袭损伤。 【结论】 MT对C. auris具有显著的抗菌作用,并能有效抑制其生物膜的形成,为临床应对多重耐药C. auris感染提供了新型候选药物及潜在作用靶点。

耳念珠菌  /  苦参碱  /  生物膜

Candida auris, as a multidrug-resistant fungus, pose a challenge to clinical treatment because of biofilm formation. Currently, effective intervention measures against its biofilm remain to be developed. [Objective] To explore the antifungal activity and biofilm inhibition mechanism of the Chinese medicine active compound matrine (MT) against C. auris. [Methods] The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC) of MT against C. auris were determined by the microdilution method. The time-growth curve and colony morphology of C. auris under the intervention of MT were observed by the plate method. The changes in the hydrolytic enzyme activity of the C. auris biofilm treated with MT were determined. The changes in cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of C. auris biofilm treated with MT were observed by the water-hydrocarbon two-phase method. The effects of MT on the metabolic activity and structure of C. auris biofilms were observed by the XTT method, crystal violet method, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The changes in the cell nucleus of C. auris in the biofilm treated with MT were detected by DAPI staining. The protective effect of MT on the host infected with C. auris was observed by the Galleria mellonella larvae infection model. [Results] The MIC of MT against C. auris was 128 μg/mL, while the MFC and SMIC were both 512 μg/mL. The inhibition mechanism of MT against the proliferation of C. auris mainly involved reducing the CSH, inhibiting the mature biofilm formation, significantly decreasing the metabolic activity, and inducing abnormal nuclear morphology. The experiments with G. mellonella larvae further confirmed that MT could alleviate the invasive damage caused by C. auris. [Conclusion] MT has a significant antifungal effect on C. auris and can effectively inhibit the biofilm formation, providing a new candidate drug and potential target for clinical treatment of multidrug-resistant C. auris infections.

Candida auris  /  matrine  /  biofilm
王龙海, 王业梅, 吴惠, 吴大强, 汪天明, 汪长中, 李璨. 苦参碱对耳念珠菌生物膜的抑制作用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4700 -4713 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250564
Longhai WANG, Yemei WANG, Hui WU, Daqiang WU, Tianming WANG, Changzhong WANG, Can LI. Inhibition mechanism of matrine against biofilm formation of Candida auris[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4700 -4713 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250564
致病性真菌引发的感染常与人类多种疾病紧密相关,其感染范围涵盖皮肤黏膜感染至可危及生命的全身性感染,全球受其影响的人数超过10亿[1]。侵袭性真菌感染,尤其是由念珠菌属、隐球菌属、曲霉菌属以及肺孢子菌属等常见病原体引发的感染堪称“隐形杀手”,死亡率常超过50%。每年此类感染导致约250万人死亡,给全球公共卫生带来巨大威胁[2]
耳念珠菌(Candida auris)于2009年在日本首次被发现[3],现已演变成一种广泛传播的多重耐药真菌,能够引发医院内感染暴发,其死亡率高且抗真菌耐药性持续攀升[4],因而被称为“超级真菌”。在过去10年中,C. auris感染已蔓延至全球50多个国家和地区,并呈现出6个不同进化谱系的遗传多样性[5]。新型冠状病毒感染疫情的暴发也加速了C. auris的传播[6]。2019年,美国疾病控制与预防中心(Centers for Disease Control And Prevention, CDC)将其列入抗菌药物耐药性紧急威胁病原体清单。2022年,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)首次发布威胁人类健康的“真菌重点病原体清单”,将C. auris列入紧急优先组真菌病原体[7]
目前,临床上用于治疗侵袭性真菌感染的抗真菌药物仅有三大类,即唑类、多烯类和棘白菌素类。然而,C. auris对包括氟康唑、两性霉素B和卡泊芬净在内的几种常规抗真菌药物具有显著耐药性。这一情况凸显了这些药物存在的局限性,包括毒性较高、药物相互作用明显以及药物成本增加等问题[8]。此外,C. auris在抗真菌治疗后或其他特定条件下能迅速获得耐药性[1]。例如,从接受卡泊芬净治疗的患者中分离出的菌株已被证实对棘白菌素类药物产生耐药性[1]。因此,对于C. auris等多重耐药真菌的持续增多需保持警惕,这进一步强调了探索新型药物及创新疗法以应对顽固真菌感染的重要性。
传统中药在抗真菌感染方面具有独特优势。苦参为豆科植物苦参(Sophora flavescens Aiton)的干燥根,味苦,性寒,归心、肝、胃、大肠、膀胱经,可清热燥湿、杀虫、利尿,常用于治疗热痢、便血、黄疸尿闭、赤白带下、阴肿阴痒、湿疹、湿疮、皮肤瘙痒、疥癣麻风,外治滴虫性阴道炎[9]。近年来,苦参已广泛应用于制备治疗阴道炎等妇科疾病的多种临床药物,如苦参软膏、妇必舒阴道泡腾片和康妇消炎栓等[9]。苦参碱(matrine, MT)是苦参中的主要成分,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗病毒和抗肿瘤等活性。吴岚等[10]研究表明,MT对体外白念珠菌(Candida albicans)生物膜具有抑制作用[10],可通过抑制C. albicans细胞膜的CYP51酶活性影响麦角固醇生物合成,从而发挥抗真菌活性[11],在较高浓度下还可逆转C. albicans临床分离株对氟康唑的耐药性[12]。此外,近期研究表明MT衍生物也可抑制C. albicans的生长[13-14]
上述这些研究表明MT是一种有效的抗真菌药物,在应对C. albicans感染方面具有潜在应用价值,但其对C. auris的作用尚不明确。因此,本研究评估MT作为抗真菌药物对新兴多重耐药C. auris的潜力,重点探讨其通过抑制生物膜形成的机制,以期为真菌感染性疾病的治疗方案选择提供重要依据,具有一定的理论研究价值。
耳念珠菌(Candida auris) C1、C2、C3、C4菌株,由复旦大学黄广华教授惠赠。
大蜡螟幼虫(0.2-0.3 g,2-3 cm长,桂林家成昆虫养殖有限公司)存放于4 ℃冰箱中。实验前,将幼虫在室温下复苏30 min,剔除虫体发黑、带有褐色斑点以及用镊子触碰后无反应的幼虫。
苦参碱,CAS 519-02-8,HPLC≥98%;氟康唑(fluconazole, FLZ),CAS 86386-73-4。苦参碱和氟康唑均购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司。
RPMI-1640培养基,赛默飞世尔科技公司;磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、吐温-80、蛋白胨、琼脂、牛血清蛋白(BSA),北京兰杰柯科技有限公司;正辛烷,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;XTT钠盐、甲萘醌、葡萄糖、硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾、氯化钙、氯化钠,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;结晶紫染色液,翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司;哥伦比亚CNA血琼脂平板,广东环凯微生物科技有限公司;YPD液体培养基、YPD固体培养基、卵黄琼脂培养基基础、50%卵黄乳液,青岛海博生物技术有限公司。
万分之一天平,常州万泰天平仪器有限公司;正置显微镜,广州市明美光电技术有限公司;高速离心机,北京雷勃尔医疗器械有限公司;医用洁净工作台,上海博迅实业有限公司;电热鼓风干燥箱,合肥达斯卡特生物科技有限公司;激光共聚焦显微镜,Leica公司;恒温水浴锅,常州市江南实验仪器厂;超纯水机,厦门锐思捷水纯化技术有限公司。
C. auris (C1、C2、C3和C4)在YPD固体培养基上培养,随后挑取单菌落转入YPD液体培养基中进行活化,于37 ℃下培养12-14 h,通过OD600判断生长状态。以825×g离心5 min获得菌体沉淀,并弃去上清液。接着加入RPMI-1640培养基,将浓度分别调整为2×103、2×106和7×106 CFU/mL[15]
按照美国临床实验室标准化研究所的CLSI M27协议指南[16],采用微量稀释法在96孔板中测定MT对4种C. auris (C1、C2、C3和C4)的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)。将菌液浓度调整至2×103 CFU/mL,随后对药物进行连续2倍比稀释,其中MT的浓度范围为32-1 024 μg/mL,FLZ的浓度范围为32-1 024 μg/mL。在每个孔中加入100 μL菌液和100 μL药物溶液,将孔板置于37 ℃下孵育24 h。通过肉眼观察无菌生长情况来确定药物对C. auris的MIC[15]
对4种C. auris (C1、C2、C3和C4)菌株进行最小杀菌浓度(minimum fungicidal concentration, MFC)测定。将菌液浓度调整至2×103 CFU/mL,随后对药物进行连续2倍比稀释,MT的浓度范围为32-1 024 μg/mL,FLZ的浓度范围为32-1 024 μg/mL。向每个孔中加入100 μL的菌液和100 μL的药物溶液,于37 ℃下孵育24 h。孵育结束后,从大于等于MIC值的各孔中取出100 μL,转移至YPD固体培养基上并均匀涂抹。经过24 h孵育后,观察平板上菌落的生长情况。如未出现任何菌落,则记录该结果为MFC[15]
采用2,3-二-(2-甲氧基-4-硝基-5-磺苯基)-2H-四氮唑-5-甲酰苯胺(2,3-di-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazole-5-anilinoyl, XTT)检测法评估MT对C. auris生物膜的抑制能力。将菌液调整至2×106 CFU/mL,药液通过连续2倍比稀释法进行配制,MT的最终浓度范围为32-1 024 μg/mL。在每个孔中加入100 μL菌液和100 μL药液,于37 ℃下孵育24 h。孵育结束后弃上清并用PBS洗去浮游菌体,再向每个孔中添加50 μL的XTT和甲萘醌,在避光条件下继续孵育2 h。使用酶标仪在492 nm处测定每个孔的吸光值[15]。与无药物对照组相比,以OD492值降低最显著的药物浓度为SMIC[17]。后续实验具体分组见表1
C. auris以2×105、2×104、2×103和2×102 CFU/mL的浓度与不同浓度的MT或FLZ混合,使各组混合液的终浓度分别为:128、256和512 μg/mL MT,以及32 μg/mL FLZ。取各组混合液5 μL点样于YPD琼脂平板上,在37 ℃下培养24 h后观察菌落生长差异[15]
C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示。在37 ℃下培养,分别于0、6、12、18和24 h取样,以825×g离心5 min收集菌体,用PBS稀释并涂布在YPD琼脂平板上,在37 ℃下培养48 h后计数菌落数目[15]
采用水-烃两相法测定C. auris的细胞表面疏水性(cell surface hydrophobicity, CSH)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示,在37 ℃下培养24 h后移除上清液,并使用PBS对孔板底部进行反复吹打以收集生物膜中的菌体,以825×g离心5 min,去除上清液,再用PBS重悬菌体。从每组中收集1.2 mL菌液,并加入0.3 mL正辛烷,振荡后让悬液静置约15 min以分离两相。收集下层液体相,检测OD600值。以各组不加正辛烷的菌液OD600值作为空白对照,并计算CSH,如公式(1)所示。
CSH=(OD600对照-OD600实验)/OD600对照[15]
制备含有0.05%硫酸镁、2%葡萄糖、0.1%磷酸二氢钾、1%牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)和2%琼脂的BSA培养基。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示,将10 μL菌液滴至BSA培养基表面,在37 ℃下培养3-4 d。根据沉淀圈(zone of precipitation, PZ)值分析MT对C. auris蛋白酶活性的影响,其中PZ值的计算方法为菌落直径除以沉淀圈直径与菌落直径之和[15]。当PZ值为1.0时表示无蛋白酶活性,此时未观察到菌落周围存在沉淀圈;而当PZ值小于1.0时则表明菌落周围出现沉淀圈,且沉淀圈越大C. auris的蛋白酶活性越高。
制备含10%无菌蛋液的卵黄琼脂培养基。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示,将10 μL菌液滴至卵黄琼脂培养基表面,在37 ℃下培养2-4 d[15]。根据PZ值评估MT对磷脂酶分泌的影响,PZ值的计算采用1.10.1节的方法。
制备含1%蛋白胨、0.055%氯化钙、5%氯化钠、1.5%琼脂和0.5%吐温-80的脂酶培养基。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示,将10 μL菌液滴至脂酶培养基表面,在37 ℃下培养3-4 d[15]。根据PZ值评估MT对酯酶分泌的影响,PZ值的计算采用1.10.1节的方法。
C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示,将10 μL菌液滴至哥伦比亚CNA血琼脂平板表面,在37 ℃下培养3-4 d。通过溶血活性区(zone of hemolytic activity, HZ)值分析MT对溶血素分泌的影响,其中HZ值的计算方法为菌落直径除以溶血活性区直径与菌落直径之和[15]。HZ值为1.0表示无溶血活性,此时未观察到菌落周围存在溶血活性区;而HZ值小于1.0则表明菌落周围存在溶血活性区。HZ值越小表明溶血活性区越大,这意味着C. auris分泌溶血素的活性越强。
采用XTT法检测C. auris的代谢活力。具体步骤如1.6节所述。
C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示,在37 ℃下孵育24 h后,用PBS冲洗1次,接着用结晶紫染色液染色45 min,再用PBS冲洗2-3次,最后使用酶标仪测量OD560[15]
C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示,将各组菌液加入共聚焦小皿中,在37 ℃下孵育24 h后,用PBS冲洗1-2次[18]。通过DMi8显微镜观察生物膜状态。
C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,具体分组如表1所示。孵育结束后用PBS清洗2-3次,然后在室温避光的条件下用浓度为10 μg/mL的DAPI染色10 min[18]。通过DMi8显微镜观察荧光,随后利用ImageJ软件对拍摄的图像进行平均荧光强度的分析与量化。
每组随机选取10只幼虫,向右后侧腹足注入10 μL浓度为7×106 CFU/mL的C. auris,2 h后向左后侧腹足分别注射10 μL PBS、MT (128、256和512 μg/mL)和FLZ (32 μg/mL)。处理后的幼虫在37 ℃黑暗环境中培养5 d,每天记录死亡数量[15]
用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析,并以GraphPad Prism 9.5软件作图。所有实验均独立重复3次,数值变量资料以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,多组数值变量间的差异比较分析采用单因素方差分析,再使用LSD法或Games-Howell法进行多重比较分析,以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
通过测定4种C. auris菌株(C1、C2、C3和C4)的MIC和MFC,评估MT对C. auris的抑制及杀菌效果。结果显示,所有菌株的MIC值范围为128-512 μg/mL,MFC值为512-1 024 μg/mL左右 (表2)。这表明MT对所有测试菌株均具有一定的生长抑制和杀灭活性,因此选择MIC值最低的C. auris C1进行后续生物膜实验。
采用斑点试验检测不同浓度MT对C. auris菌落生长的影响。研究表明,当浓度为2×105 CFU/mL和2×104 CFU/mL时C. auris菌落生长无明显差异。随着稀释倍数增加,与对照组相比MT组C. auris菌落生长随药物浓度升高而受到抑制,而FLZ组的菌落生长情况则无明显变化(图1)。
本研究探讨了MT在不同时间段对C. auris的生长抑制效果。结果显示,256 μg/mL和512 μg/mL的MT对C. auris生长具有显著抑制作用,且表现出一定程度的药物浓度依赖性,而FLZ组与对照组相比无显著差异(图2)。
CSH与菌株的黏附和生物膜形成能力密切相关。研究表明,MT组中CSH显著降低,且在512 μg/mL组中效果最为明显,而FLZ组中未观察到此现象(图3)。
本研究检测了C. auris的水解酶活性。结果表明,该菌株未表现出蛋白酶或溶血素活性,磷脂酶活性和酯酶活性则相对较强。C. auris的磷脂酶活性在MT浓度为512 μg/mL时受到显著抑制,而FLZ组与对照组相比无显著差异。同样地,C. auris的酯酶活性仅在MT浓度为512 μg/mL时受到抑制,FLZ组与对照组相比也无显著差异(图4)。
采用XTT法测定C. auris的代谢活力及SMIC。研究发现,MT组中随着药物浓度升高,与对照组相比C. auris的代谢活力显著降低,在512 μg/mL浓度下其代谢活力达到最低,MT对C. auris的SMIC也为512 μg/mL;相反,FLZ组的代谢活力与对照组相比无显著差异(图5)。
采用结晶紫染色法检测C. auris生物膜生物量。结晶紫染色显示,C. auris生物膜以96孔板底部紫色残留物的形式存在。对照组和FLZ处理组在孔板底部均呈现完整的结晶紫染色,表明C. auris生物膜生长旺盛。相反,MT组中结晶紫染色减少,且呈浓度依赖性。使用酶标仪在560 nm处测量的吸光度值,也进一步证实了MT对C. auris生物膜生长及其生物量的抑制作用(图6)。
本研究使用CLSM观察MT干预下C. auris的生物膜结构。结果显示,对照组及FLZ组的生物膜结构完整,细胞状态良好且生长旺盛。然而在MT组中生物膜完整性降低,细胞数量也有所下降,这表明生物膜结构遭到一定程度的破坏(图7)。
与对照组及FLZ组的正常细胞核相比,经不同浓度MT干预的C. auris细胞核显示出明显的蓝色荧光,且浓缩程度显著增加。这表明MT能够有效诱导C. auris细胞核浓缩(图8)。
本研究通过评估大蜡螟感染模型的存活率探讨了MT对C. auris侵袭力的影响。结果表明,到第5天结束时对照组中所有感染C. auris的幼虫均已死亡。在MT浓度分别为128 μg/mL和256 μg/mL时幼虫的存活率分别为20%和30%,FLZ组幼虫的存活率仅为10%。512 μg/mL MT则将幼虫的存活率提高到50%,这表明MT可抑制C. auris侵袭力,从而对机体产生一定程度的保护作用(图9)。
近年来,非白念珠菌感染的发生率呈逐年上升趋势[19]。其中,C. auris作为一种新出现的念珠菌引起了广泛关注。C. auris是首个已知对现有抗真菌药物类别(包括唑类、两性霉素B和棘白菌素类)在某些情况下表现出难以治疗的耐药性的真菌病原体[19]。在过去10年中,该病原体在全球范围内迅速传播,并引发多起医院内暴发感染事件,对人类健康构成重大威胁。因此,为克服现有抗真菌药物效果有限、毒性较高及耐药性问题,研发新型抗真菌药物显得尤为重要。
C. auris最显著的特征是其耐药性或多重耐药性,这使治疗过程面临失败风险,也给控制其传播带来挑战[20]。2019年,CDC在抗生素耐药性威胁报告中将病原微生物分为4个威胁等级:紧急威胁、严重威胁、可控威胁和观察名单威胁。C. auris被列为紧急威胁,这更凸显了研究其耐药性及机制的重要性。CDC通过监测过去10年中常用抗真菌药物的MIC数据,发现90%的C. auris菌株对FLZ表现出高度耐药性,其耐药折点为MIC≥32 μg/mL,30%的菌株对多烯类药物两性霉素B耐药,耐药折点为MIC≥2 μg/mL,少数菌株(<5%)对棘白菌素类药物卡泊芬净耐药,耐药折点为MIC≥2 μg/mL[21]。在本研究中,MT对所有测定的C. auris的MIC值在128-512 μg/mL之间,MFC在512-1 024 μg/mL左右,且对C. auris生长抑制呈现出一定效果。鉴于目前使用的抗真菌药物存在诸多弊端,MT在治疗C. auris感染方面展现出良好的应用前景。
C. auris的耐药性与其生物膜密切相关。生物膜是指在非生物或生物表面形成的具有结构特征的微生物群落,这些群落嵌入于细胞外基质中,其主要成分包括糖蛋白、碳水化合物和多糖等[22-23]C. auris形成的生物膜不仅依赖于酵母相细胞的积累,还包含一定量的细胞外基质[24],最终构建出紧密的群落结构,使C. auris能够在环境表面长期存活,并有效躲避宿主免疫系统。因此,本研究重点探讨了MT对C. auris生物膜形成的作用机制。
细胞表面特性在生存和致病性中发挥着至关重要的作用,其中包括CSH和黏附力[25]。CSH决定细胞之间的相互作用,从而影响菌体的黏附与定殖,最终导致生物膜的形成[25]。研究表明CSH与黏附性呈正相关,即CSH增加时黏附性也随之增强[25]。此外,其形成生物膜的能力也随之提升。结果显示,MT可降低C. auris的CSH,但FLZ未展现出任何效果,这表明MT能够通过降低C. auris的CSH减少C. auris的黏附能力,进而导致其生物膜形成能力下降。
研究表明,生物膜的细胞外基质中已鉴定出500多种蛋白质,其中大多数是酶类[26]。生物膜状态下的念珠菌能够分泌多种水解酶,包括蛋白酶、磷脂酶、酯酶和溶血素,这些酶在其致病机制中发挥着重要作用[24,27-28]。这些水解酶不仅有助于念珠菌附着于宿主组织,还能破坏宿主细胞膜。磷脂酶以细胞膜中的磷脂为靶点,酯酶则负责降解其中的酯键。溶血素通过分解血红蛋白获取铁元素,从而增强其致病性。这些水解酶使念珠菌能够有效侵入机体的黏膜和血管,同时逃避宿主免疫系统的监测。
已有研究表明,不同菌株表现出不同的水解酶活性。Larkin等[24]研究显示,测试菌株均显示出蛋白酶活性,但只有部分菌株展现磷脂酶活性和溶血素活性。Shaban等[29]研究表明,测试菌株具有蛋白酶活性,但未检测到磷脂酶活性。本研究表明,所测试的菌株均未表现出蛋白酶或溶血素活性。然而,它们显示出一定程度的磷脂酶和酯酶活性。其中,MT对磷脂酶和酯酶的活性具有较弱抑制作用,而FLZ则未表现出任何抑制效果。Oyardi等[28]多项研究观察到不同来源的C. auris毒力特征存在显著差异,认为这可归因于来自不同地理谱系的分离株所具备的独特性质。
形成生物膜的C. auris对抗真菌药物的抵抗能力显著高于处于浮游状态的C. auris。Oyardi等[28]研究发现,针对生物膜的最小生物膜清除浓度(MBEC)明显高于针对浮游细胞的MIC。本研究也表明,C. auris的SMIC值(512 μg/mL)也高于MIC值(128 μg/mL)。通过XTT法和结晶紫法测定观察到MT可有效抑制C. auris生物膜的代谢活性和生物量,而FLZ则未表现出抑制作用。此外,CLSM的图像显示C. auris生物膜中的细胞密集排列且呈椭圆形结构。MT可使C. auris生物膜在其生物量和细胞密度方面呈现出浓度依赖性的降低,而FLZ对其生物膜形成并未产生明显抑制作用。
本研究还探讨了MT是否能够诱导生物膜状态下的C. auris发生凋亡。核固缩(染色质浓缩)和核碎裂是细胞凋亡的标志之一[30]。结果显示,在256 μg/mL和512 μg/mL MT浓度下,C. auris表现出明显的核收缩和碎裂现象;相比之下,FLZ对C. auris几乎无影响,这表明MT可能引起C. auris的凋亡。
C. auris具有显著的定殖能力,能够在人体、医疗设备及医疗环境中有效定殖并形成生物膜,从而实现高效传播[31]。这种特性常导致C. auris的交叉感染,并可能引发侵袭性感染,尤其是在重症监护病房患者中血液感染的风险更为显著[32]。本研究的大蜡螟幼虫感染模型显示,MT能够抑制C. auris对宿主生物体的侵袭能力,而FLZ则未表现出类似的效果。
总之,本研究表明MT可作为一种新型的抗真菌及抗生物膜药物,并通过一系列体外实验分析证实了MT对多重耐药C. auris的抑制作用。然而,仍需进一步研究以阐明MT对C. auris的深层作用机制,并评估其在制药行业中的潜在临床应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82374173)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81774034)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81573725)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250564
  • 接收时间:2025-07-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-22
  • 录用日期:2025-08-21
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82374173)
国家自然科学基金(82374173)
国家自然科学基金(81774034)
国家自然科学基金(81573725)
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    安徽中医药大学 中西医结合学院,安徽 合肥
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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