Article(id=1192149550942011507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250564, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753113600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755705600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-21, onlineDate=1762160202012, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160202012, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160202012, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160202012, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4700, endPage=4713, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149552074473594, articleId=1192149550942011507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Inhibition mechanism of matrine against biofilm formation of
Candida auris, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Candida auris, as a multidrug-resistant fungus, pose a challenge to clinical treatment because of biofilm formation. Currently, effective intervention measures against its biofilm remain to be developed. [Objective] To explore the antifungal activity and biofilm inhibition mechanism of the Chinese medicine active compound matrine (MT) against C. auris. [Methods] The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC) of MT against C. auris were determined by the microdilution method. The time-growth curve and colony morphology of C. auris under the intervention of MT were observed by the plate method. The changes in the hydrolytic enzyme activity of the C. auris biofilm treated with MT were determined. The changes in cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of C. auris biofilm treated with MT were observed by the water-hydrocarbon two-phase method. The effects of MT on the metabolic activity and structure of C. auris biofilms were observed by the XTT method, crystal violet method, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The changes in the cell nucleus of C. auris in the biofilm treated with MT were detected by DAPI staining. The protective effect of MT on the host infected with C. auris was observed by the Galleria mellonella larvae infection model. [Results] The MIC of MT against C. auris was 128 μg/mL, while the MFC and SMIC were both 512 μg/mL. The inhibition mechanism of MT against the proliferation of C. auris mainly involved reducing the CSH, inhibiting the mature biofilm formation, significantly decreasing the metabolic activity, and inducing abnormal nuclear morphology. The experiments with G. mellonella larvae further confirmed that MT could alleviate the invasive damage caused by C. auris. [Conclusion] MT has a significant antifungal effect on C. auris and can effectively inhibit the biofilm formation, providing a new candidate drug and potential target for clinical treatment of multidrug-resistant C. auris infections.
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耳念珠菌(Candida auris)作为一种多重耐药真菌,其生物膜形成是导致临床感染难治性的关键因素,目前针对其生物膜的有效干预手段仍较为匮乏。 【目的】 探讨中药单体苦参碱(matrine, MT)对C. auris的抗菌活性及生物膜抑制机制。 【方法】 采用微量稀释法测定MT对C. auris的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(minimum fungicidal concentration, MFC)和最小生物膜抑制浓度(sessile minimum inhibitory concentration, SMIC);运用平板法观察MT干预下C. auris的时间生长曲线和菌落形态;利用水解酶法测定MT对C. auris生物膜水解酶活性的变化;通过水-烃两相法观察MT对C. auris生物膜细胞表面疏水性的变化;采用XTT法、结晶紫法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察MT对C. auris生物膜代谢活力及结构的影响;使用DAPI染色法检测MT对生物膜状态下C. auris细胞核的变化;借助大蜡螟感染模型观察机体在C. auris感染时MT的潜在保护作用。 【结果】 MT对C. auris的MIC为128 μg/mL,MFC和SMIC均为512 μg/mL;其作用机制主要是通过降低C. auris细胞表面疏水性抑制生物膜成熟结构的形成,同时显著降低C. auris的代谢活力并诱导细胞核形态异常,最终抑制C. auris增殖;大蜡螟实验进一步证实MT可减轻C. auris的侵袭损伤。 【结论】 MT对C. auris具有显著的抗菌作用,并能有效抑制其生物膜的形成,为临床应对多重耐药C. auris感染提供了新型候选药物及潜在作用靶点。
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作者贡献声明
王龙海:数据收集和处理;王业梅:提供技术支持;吴惠:协助实验操作;吴大强:参与论文讨论;汪天明:数据分析;汪长中:研究构思和设计;李璨:论文撰写和修改。
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The impact of MT on the colony growth morphology of Candida auris. The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×105, 2×104, 2×103, and 2×102 CFU/mL, and mixed with MT or FLZ, respectively; The final concentrations were 128, 256, and 512 μg/mL for MT groups, and 32 μg/mL for FLZ group; 5 μL of each group’s mixture was spotted onto YPD agar plates and incubated at 37 ℃ for 24 h., figureFileSmall=XjXQIS2rGvpKMOnoc4wv1Q==, figureFileBig=9ZrOFT5Z1ufS/IdS26xJ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191221936563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
MT对 Candida auris 菌落生长形态的影响。将C. auris浓度调整为2×105、2×104、2×103和2×102 CFU/mL,分别与MT或FLZ混合,MT组终浓度为128、256和512 μg/mL,FLZ组终浓度为32 μg/mL;取各组混合液5 μL,点样于YPD琼脂平板上,并在37 ℃培养24 h。, figureFileSmall=XjXQIS2rGvpKMOnoc4wv1Q==, figureFileBig=9ZrOFT5Z1ufS/IdS26xJ3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191314211252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
The inhibitory effect of MT on the growth of Candida auris (n=3). The concentration of C. auris was adjusted to 2×106 CFU/mL, and the grouping is shown in Table 1. At 37 ℃, the colony counts were determined by the plate method at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=AMrMXO2M3yr3eXZhV8Or5w==, figureFileBig=XUDBh/QAuINEJb83ie7ScA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191377125813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
MT对 Candida auris 生长的抑制作用(n=3)。将C. auris浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。在37 ℃下,于第0、6、12、18和24 h通过平板法计数菌落。, figureFileSmall=AMrMXO2M3yr3eXZhV8Or5w==, figureFileBig=XUDBh/QAuINEJb83ie7ScA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191435846070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
The impact of MT on the Candida auris CSH (n=7). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, as shown in Table 1. After culturing for 24 h at 37 ℃, the OD600 value was measured using the water-hydrocarbon two-phase method, and the CSH was calculated. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=TgADPAqjXw5Fe5st1tUKoQ==, figureFileBig=uaf8zji9TNRfLt40MA0yeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191502954935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
MT对 Candida auris CSH的影响(n=7)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,采用水-烃两相法测量OD600值并计算CSH。, figureFileSmall=TgADPAqjXw5Fe5st1tUKoQ==, figureFileBig=uaf8zji9TNRfLt40MA0yeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191561675192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
The impact of MT on the hydrolase activity in Candida auris (n=3). The concentration of C. auris was adjusted to 2×106 CFU/mL, and the grouping is shown in Table 1. 10 μL of the mixed solution was dropped onto the surface of the culture medium, and it was cultured at 37 ℃ for 2-4 days. The activity of the hydrolase was judged by the precipitation circle and the diameter of the colony. A: Hemolysin; B: Phospholipase; C: Protease; D: Esterase. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=hBOaT0KcIzEKduy7iipsPQ==, figureFileBig=gVqYmLIo2xd42tR89M0nKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191637172665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
MT对 Candida auris 水解酶活性的影响(n=3)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。将10 μL混合液滴于各培养基表面,于37 ℃培养2-4 d,通过沉淀圈和菌落直径判断水解酶活性。A:溶血素;B:磷脂酶;C:蛋白酶;D:酯酶。, figureFileSmall=hBOaT0KcIzEKduy7iipsPQ==, figureFileBig=gVqYmLIo2xd42tR89M0nKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191700087226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
The impact of MT on the metabolic activity of Candida auris (n=8). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, with groupings shown in Table 1. After culturing for 24 h at 37 ℃, the OD492 value was measured using the XXT method to assess changes in the metabolic activity of C. auris. ns: Not significant; **: P<0.01; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=5Rh6Q4xozoSklfCHBGLetA==, figureFileBig=xuA23rChsAuVWbbiSEKGkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191754613179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
MT对 Candida auris 代谢活力的影响(n=8)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过XXT法检测OD492值并判断C. auris代谢活力的变化。, figureFileSmall=5Rh6Q4xozoSklfCHBGLetA==, figureFileBig=xuA23rChsAuVWbbiSEKGkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191825916348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=
The effect of MT on the biomass of Candida auris biofilms (n=6). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, with groupings shown in Table 1. After culturing for 24 h at 37 ℃, the OD560 value was measured using the crystal violet method to observe changes in the biomass of C. auris biofilm. ns: Not significant; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=RC20uM0q0nWJ9MWgLcMn9w==, figureFileBig=mtyT2WhDQTGpY+HXezui7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161191880442301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
MT对 Candida auris 生物膜生物量的影响(n=6)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过结晶紫法检测OD560值,观察C. auris生物膜生物量的变化。, figureFileSmall=RC20uM0q0nWJ9MWgLcMn9w==, figureFileBig=mtyT2WhDQTGpY+HXezui7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161192929018302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=
The influence of MT on the biofilm structure of Candida auris (scale=20 μm). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, as shown in Table 1. After culturing at 37 ℃ for 24 h, changes in the structure of the C. auris biofilm were observed using DIC., figureFileSmall=Ti0Xc/j3PpsanpVAjtU0hg==, figureFileBig=mXJZen0gUVL+bUIDkkz0Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193029681599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
MT对 Candida auris 生物膜结构的影响(比例尺=20 μm)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过DIC观察C. auris生物膜结构的变化。, figureFileSmall=Ti0Xc/j3PpsanpVAjtU0hg==, figureFileBig=mXJZen0gUVL+bUIDkkz0Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193100984768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=
The effect of MT on nucleus of Candida auris (n=3) (scale=20 μm). The concentration of C. auris was set to 2×106 CFU/mL, as shown in Table 1. After culturing at 37 ℃ for 24 h, changes in the fluorescence intensity of the C. auris cell nucleus were observed using a fluorescence microscope. A: DIC and DAPI fluorescence image; B: Average fluorescence intensity quantification. ns: Not significant; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=1C1ydbz24XJRXRhEa/5RaA==, figureFileBig=KaG6ZPJcToFsewn40pji/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193172287937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
MT对 Candida auris 细胞核的影响(n=3) (比例尺=20 μm)。将C. auris的浓度调整至2×106 CFU/mL,分组见表1。于37 ℃下培养24 h后,通过荧光显微镜观察C. auris细胞核荧光强度的变化。A:DIC和DAPI荧光图;B:平均荧光强度量化。, figureFileSmall=1C1ydbz24XJRXRhEa/5RaA==, figureFileBig=KaG6ZPJcToFsewn40pji/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193239396802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=
The influence of MT on the invasiveness of Candida auris (n=10). Except for the blank group, all larvae were injected with 10 μL of C. auris at a concentration of 7×106 CFU/mL. 2 h later, they received 10 μL injections of PBS, MT (128, 256, and 512 μg/mL), and FLZ (32 μg/mL). The larvae were then cultured in the dark at 37 ℃ for 5 days. A: The survival status of G. mellonella larvae; B: The survival curve of G. mellonella larvae. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=bg70R7Alr6DMK3m3w2GjQA==, figureFileBig=NZvFlSIjZesg21meQf1gvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193327477187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
MT对 Candida auris 侵袭力的影响(n=10)。除空白对照组外,其他组的幼虫均注入10 μL浓度为7×106 CFU/mL的C. auris。2 h后分别注射10 μL PBS、MT (128、256和512 μg/mL)和FLZ (32 μg/mL),然后在37 ℃黑暗环境中培养5 d。A:大蜡螟幼虫生存状况;B:大蜡螟幼虫生存曲线。, figureFileSmall=bg70R7Alr6DMK3m3w2GjQA==, figureFileBig=NZvFlSIjZesg21meQf1gvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161193390391748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Experimental groups and intervention methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Experimental groups | Intervention methods |
|---|
| Group A: Control | C. auris+culture medium |
| Group B: 128 μg/mL MT | C. auris+256 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1) |
| Group C: 256 μg/mL MT | C. auris+512 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1) |
| Group D: 512 μg/mL MT | C. auris+1 024 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1) |
| Group E: 32 μg/mL FLZ | C. auris+64 μg/mL FLZ (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1) |
), ArticleFig(id=1192161193453306309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
实验分组及干预方法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Experimental groups | Intervention methods |
|---|
| Group A: Control | C. auris+culture medium |
| Group B: 128 μg/mL MT | C. auris+256 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1) |
| Group C: 256 μg/mL MT | C. auris+512 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1) |
| Group D: 512 μg/mL MT | C. auris+1 024 μg/mL MT (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1) |
| Group E: 32 μg/mL FLZ | C. auris+64 μg/mL FLZ (fungal suspension:drug solution=1:1) |
), ArticleFig(id=1192161193516220870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
MIC and MFC of MT and FLZ against Candida auris
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Strain | MT | FLZ |
|---|
| MIC (μg/mL) | MFC (μg/mL) | MIC (μg/mL) | MFC (μg/mL) |
|---|
| C1 | 128 | 512 | >1 024 | >1 024 |
| C2 | 256 | 1 024 | >1 024 | >1 024 |
| C3 | 512 | >1 024 | >1 024 | >1 024 |
| C4 | 256 | 1 024 | >1 024 | >1 024 |
), ArticleFig(id=1192161193583329735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550942011507, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
MT和FLZ对 Candida auris 的MIC和MFC
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Strain | MT | FLZ |
|---|
| MIC (μg/mL) | MFC (μg/mL) | MIC (μg/mL) | MFC (μg/mL) |
|---|
| C1 | 128 | 512 | >1 024 | >1 024 |
| C2 | 256 | 1 024 | >1 024 | >1 024 |
| C3 | 512 | >1 024 | >1 024 | >1 024 |
| C4 | 256 | 1 024 | >1 024 | >1 024 |
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