Article(id=1192149550451277936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1744214400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-10, onlineDate=1762160201894, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160201894, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160201894, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160201894, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4472, endPage=4487, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149550623244402, articleId=1192149550451277936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening and culture condition optimization of a lipase-producing fungal strain and characterization of its lipase, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lipases are a group of biocatalysts that efficiently catalyze the hydrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, ester exchange, and synthesis of esters at the oil-water interface. These enzymes play crucial roles in various fields, including pharmaceuticals and chemical engineering. Microbial lipases are more readily available and hold greater value for research and application than animal and plant lipases. [Objective] To isolate lipase-producing microorganisms from natural environments, optimize their culture conditions, and characterize the structure of the produced lipase. [Methods] We used bromocresol purple as an indicator to screen lipase-producing strains from oil-contaminated soil and identified the strains by morphological observation and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. We optimized the culture conditions of the strains by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. We performed proteomic sequencing on the active proteins to identify the potential lipase. We amplified and sequenced the gene of the potential lipase by PCR and analyzed its multi-level structure. [Results] A lipase-producing fungal strain FA3 was isolated from oil-contaminated soil and identified as Aspergillus sp. The strain was cultured with olive oil as the sole carbon source, and the p-nitrophenol colorimetric method revealed that the intracellular enzyme activity of strain FA3 was 263.75 U/g. The optimized culture conditions were as follows: emulsified olive oil at 4 mL/L, peptone at 18 g/L, K2HPO4 at 1 g/L, NaCl at 10 g/L, MgSO4 at 0.5 mmol/L, and pH 5.3. After culture at 30 ℃ for 77.5 h, the specific activity reached 2 120.27 U/g, which was about 8.04 times higher than that before optimization. The proteomic analysis and structural prediction revealed the conserved Gly-Asp-Ser motif, confirming the lipase as a typical GDSL lipase. The enzyme contained strictly conserved Ser, Gly, Asn, and His residues and it was thus classified as a member of the N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase (SGNH) hydrolase family. [Conclusion] After optimization of the culture conditions, strain FA3 demonstrated significantly enhanced lipase production, showing great potential for application. We clarify the functions and structural characteristics of the lipase, providing a basis for the engineering of related proteins.

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Tel: +86-574-87600164, E-mail:
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脂肪酶是一类可在油水界面高效催化酯类化合物水解、醇解、酸解、酯交换及合成等反应的生物酶类,在医药、化工等多个领域发挥着重要作用。与动物、植物脂肪酶相比,微生物脂肪酶更易获取,具有更高的研究和开发利用价值。 【目的】 从自然环境中筛选脂肪酶产生菌,优化其培养方案并研究其结构特征。 【方法】 利用溴甲酚紫指示剂从油污土壤中分离产脂肪酶菌株,结合形态学观察和18S rRNA基因测序进行菌种鉴定;通过单因素实验及响应面试验优化菌株培养条件;对活性蛋白进行蛋白组测序,筛选潜在脂肪酶;对该脂肪酶基因进行PCR扩增和测序,并分析其多级结构。 【结果】 从油污土壤中分离出一株产脂肪酶真菌FA3,经鉴定属于曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)。以橄榄油为唯一碳源培养时,利用对硝基苯酚比色法测得菌株FA3胞内脂肪酶活力为263.75 U/g。优化后的培养条件为:乳化橄榄油4 mL/L,蛋白胨18 g/L,K2HPO4 1 g/L,NaCl 10 g/L,MgSO4 0.5 mmol/L,pH 5.3,培养温度30 ℃,培养时间77.5 h。优化后酶活力达 2 120.27 U/g,提升了约8.04倍。经蛋白组分析和结构预测,该菌脂肪酶为GDSL脂肪酶,具有Gly-Asp-Ser保守序列,且存在严格保守的Ser、Gly、Asn、His残基,属于N-磺基葡萄糖胺磺基水解酶(N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase, SGNH)。 【结论】 经过培养条件优化,菌株FA3产脂肪酶能力显著增强,具有良好的应用前景;明确了该脂肪酶的功能和结构特征,为相关蛋白的工程改造提供了依据。

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作者贡献声明

邵泽远:文献查阅、设计及完成实验并进行数据分析与文章撰写;王舒淇:分离纯化产脂肪酶微生物;刘德江:收集油污土壤、脂肪酶活力分析;张化俊:项目管理、论文框架构思及文章审阅。

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Biotechnology for Biofuels, 2020, 13: 107., articleTitle=Structure-guided protein engineering increases enzymatic activities of the SGNH family esterases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192161158871265416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=12, pageStart=3092, pageEnd=3112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=37, authorNames=WATKINS JL, LI M, McQUINN RP, CHAN KX, McFARLANE HE, ERMAKOVA M, FURBANK RT, MARES D, DONG CM, CHALMERS KJ, SHARP P, MATHER DE, POGSON BJ, journalName=The Plant Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WATKINS JL, LI M, McQUINN RP, CHAN KX, McFARLANE HE, ERMAKOVA M, FURBANK RT, MARES D, DONG CM, CHALMERS KJ, SHARP P, MATHER DE, POGSON BJ. A GDSL esterase/lipase catalyzes the esterification of lutein in bread wheat[J]. The Plant Cell, 2019, 31(12): 3092-3112., articleTitle=A GDSL esterase/lipase catalyzes the esterification of lutein in bread wheat, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192161158938374282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=21, issue=2, pageStart=389, pageEnd=406, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=38, authorNames=SUN YG, HE YQ, WANG HX, JIANG JB, YANG HH, XU XY, journalName=Journal of Integrative Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN YG, HE YQ, WANG HX, JIANG JB, YANG HH, XU XY. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of GDSL esterase/lipase genes in tomato[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2022, 21(2): 389-406., articleTitle=Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of GDSL esterase/lipase genes in tomato, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192161159013871756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=795, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=39, authorNames=DUAN LS, WANG F, SHEN HT, XIE SQ, CHEN XF, XIE QL, LI R, CAO AP, LI HB, journalName=BMC Genomics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DUAN LS, WANG F, SHEN HT, XIE SQ, CHEN XF, XIE QL, LI R, CAO AP, LI HB. Identification, evolution, and expression of GDSL-type esterase/lipase (GELP) gene family in three cotton species: a bioinformatic analysis[J]. BMC Genomics, 2023, 24(1): 795., articleTitle=Identification, evolution, and expression of GDSL-type esterase/lipase (GELP) gene family in three cotton species: a bioinformatic analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192161159076786318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=255, issue=null, pageStart=128050, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=40, authorNames=RAJAN D, AMRUTHA M, GEORGE S, SUSMITHA A, ANBURAJ AA, NAMPOOTHIRI KM, journalName=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAJAN D, AMRUTHA M, GEORGE S, SUSMITHA A, ANBURAJ AA, NAMPOOTHIRI KM. Molecular cloning, overexpression, characterization, and in silico modelling analysis of a novel GDSL autotransporter-dependent outer membrane lipase (OML) of Pseudomonas guariconensis [J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 255: 128050., articleTitle=Molecular cloning, overexpression, characterization, and in silico modelling analysis of a novel GDSL autotransporter-dependent outer membrane lipase (OML) of Pseudomonas guariconensis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192161159173255312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=178, issue=2, pageStart=124, pageEnd=130, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=41, authorNames=VUJAKLIJA D, SCHRÖDER W, ABRAMIĆ M, ZOU PJ, LESCIĆ I, FRANKE P, PIGAC J, journalName=Archives of Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VUJAKLIJA D, SCHRÖDER W, ABRAMIĆ M, ZOU PJ, LESCIĆ I, FRANKE P, PIGAC J. A novel streptomycete lipase: cloning, sequencing and high-level expression of the Streptomyces rimosus GDS(L)-lipase gene[J]. Archives of Microbiology, 2002, 178(2): 124-130., articleTitle=A novel streptomycete lipase: cloning, sequencing and high-level expression of the Streptomyces rimosus GDS(L)-lipase gene, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192161159332638867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=325, issue=null, pageStart=280, pageEnd=287, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=42, authorNames=GAO KP, WANG XF, JIANG H, SUN JN, MAO XZ, journalName=Journal of Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO KP, WANG XF, JIANG H, SUN JN, MAO XZ. Identification of a GDSL lipase from Streptomyces bacillaris and its application in the preparation of free astaxanthin[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2021, 325: 280-287., articleTitle=Identification of a GDSL lipase from Streptomyces bacillaris and its application in the preparation of free astaxanthin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192161154370777154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, awardId=H2023000067, language=EN, fundingSource=the Horizontal Project of Ningbo University(H2023000067), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192161154467246148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, awardId=H2023000067, language=CN, fundingSource=宁波大学横向科技项目(H2023000067), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192161148893017023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161148901405632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, companyId=1192161148893017023, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161148913988545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, companyId=1192161148893017023, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192161149018846147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161149039817668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, companyId=1192161149018846147, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Ningbo Jiesen Green Energy S&T Co. , Ltd. , Ningbo, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192161149048206277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, companyId=1192161149018846147, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2宁波杰森绿色能源科技有限公司,浙江 宁波)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192161151099220987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Isolation, screening, and identification of lipase-producing fungi. A: Bromocresol purple medium inoculated with strains lacking lipase activity; B: Bromocresol purple medium inoculated with strain FA3; C, D: Colony morphology of strain FA3 (24 h and 72 h); E, F: Conidiophore morphology of strain FA3 (magnified 400 times); G: Phylogenetic tree constructed based on the 18S rRNA gene sequence of strain FA3., figureFileSmall=b9SMlWS8uwSN9Hku0/TkEw==, figureFileBig=90K6g18H1y4BfVI6vP+ovQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161151225050111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株分离、筛选及鉴定。A:接种无脂肪酶活力菌株的溴甲酚紫培养基;B:接种菌株FA3的溴甲酚紫培养基;C、D:菌株FA3的菌落形态(24 h和72 h);E、F:菌株FA3分生孢子梗形态(放大400倍);G:基于菌株FA3的18S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树。, figureFileSmall=b9SMlWS8uwSN9Hku0/TkEw==, figureFileBig=90K6g18H1y4BfVI6vP+ovQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161151346683905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Single-factor optimization experiments. A: The effect of cultivation time on lipase activity; B, C: The effects of nitrogen source types on extracellular (B) and intracellular (C) lipase activities, respectively; D: The effect of metal ions on intracellular lipase activity; E: The effect of pH on intracellular lipase activity; F: The effect of carbohydrate carbon source on intracellular lipase activity. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=f4+cEgKr7tLyPB5SPgaX9A==, figureFileBig=5QM60FRFv2bBkzbtaDwZ8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161151413792772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=图2, caption=单因素条件优化。A:培养时间对脂肪酶活力的影响;B、C:氮源类型对胞外(B)、胞内(C)脂肪酶活力的影响;D:金属离子对胞内脂肪酶活力的影响;E:pH对胞内脂肪酶活力的影响;F:糖类碳源对胞内脂肪酶活力的影响。不同小写字母标记表示显著性差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=f4+cEgKr7tLyPB5SPgaX9A==, figureFileBig=5QM60FRFv2bBkzbtaDwZ8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161151497678854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Contour plots and response surfaces of the interaction effects of time, peptone, and pH on lipase activity. A, B: Contour plots (A) and response surfaces (B) of the interaction between time and peptone; C, D: Contour plots (C) and response surfaces (D) of the interaction between time and pH; E, F: Contour plots (E) and response surfaces (F) of the interaction between peptone and pH., figureFileSmall=Q2I24A72bdi+sEdF+YK2iQ==, figureFileBig=SlTTeEZNIVWpBCb/InMCMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161152550449160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=图3, caption=时间、蛋白胨、pH交互作用影响脂肪酶活力的等高线图及响应面。A、B:时间和蛋白胨的交互等高线(A)和响应面(B);C、D:时间和pH的交互等高线(C)和响应面(D);E、F:蛋白胨和pH的交互等高线(E)和响应面(F)。, figureFileSmall=Q2I24A72bdi+sEdF+YK2iQ==, figureFileBig=SlTTeEZNIVWpBCb/InMCMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161152672083978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Amplification of lipase genes. A: Electrophoretic band of lipG PCR product; B: Phylogenetic tree of LipG protein., figureFileSmall=JUNLuvS+BtqD2fm/LdNiZA==, figureFileBig=RFnXjSQ//7QEqicfev+e+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161152831467536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=图4, caption=脂肪酶相关基因扩增。A:lipG PCR产物电泳条带;B:LipG蛋白质发育树。, figureFileSmall=JUNLuvS+BtqD2fm/LdNiZA==, figureFileBig=RFnXjSQ//7QEqicfev+e+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161152990851092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Multiple sequence alignment of GDSL lipases from different microorganisms. Blue rectangular boxes highlight similar sequences. Red font indicates highly similar residues, while red background indicates identical residues., figureFileSmall=9KsruwFRjJVnqtUQ4qh1oQ==, figureFileBig=i4fdoa2cEG/O1aSfD2xwqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161153091514391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=图5, caption=异源GDSL脂肪酶的多序列比对。蓝色矩形框标记相似序列,红色字体表示高度相似的残基,红底字体表示完全相同的残基。, figureFileSmall=9KsruwFRjJVnqtUQ4qh1oQ==, figureFileBig=i4fdoa2cEG/O1aSfD2xwqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161153187983388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Secondary structure prediction of LipG. A: Secondary structure prediction of LipG; B: Signal peptide prediction of LipG; C: Transmembrane domain prediction of LipG; D: Intrinsically disordered region prediction of LipG., figureFileSmall=lWeTb0VGt4iMSXaMgYn6ug==, figureFileBig=4dS+z5WF6tm+5Kbzc95CKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161153326395423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LipG二级结构预测。A:二级结构预测;B:信号肽预测;C:跨膜结构域预测;D:固有无序区域预测。, figureFileSmall=lWeTb0VGt4iMSXaMgYn6ug==, figureFileBig=4dS+z5WF6tm+5Kbzc95CKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161153431253026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Tertiary structure prediction of LipG., figureFileSmall=BwybCT/xXXe0PilnEQGePA==, figureFileBig=cd2lxGn6eJwWRkJZiEEgow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161153519333415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=图7, caption=LipG三级结构预测, figureFileSmall=BwybCT/xXXe0PilnEQGePA==, figureFileBig=cd2lxGn6eJwWRkJZiEEgow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192161153599025193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental design of response surface methodology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

水平

Level

因素Factor
A时间t/hB蛋白胨Peptone (g/L)C pH
14815.0
072156.0
-196297.0
), ArticleFig(id=1192161153670328363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

响应面设计方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

水平

Level

因素Factor
A时间t/hB蛋白胨Peptone (g/L)C pH
14815.0
072156.0
-196297.0
), ArticleFig(id=1192161153745825840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design and results of response surface methodology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号NumberA时间t/hB蛋白胨Peptone (g/L)C pHY比酶活力Specific activity (U/g)
148155.01 866.35
248157.01 419.01
396296.01 556.92
472156.02 044.83
572156.02 126.98
672156.01 927.66
74816.0700.52
87217.0852.68
972156.02 097.37
1072297.01 088.57
1172156.02 180.54
1296157.01 866.35
1372295.01 637.49
1448296.01 255.53
157215.0976.93
1696155.01 983.12
179616.0814.94
), ArticleFig(id=1192161153833906227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

响应面试验设计及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号NumberA时间t/hB蛋白胨Peptone (g/L)C pHY比酶活力Specific activity (U/g)
148155.01 866.35
248157.01 419.01
396296.01 556.92
472156.02 044.83
572156.02 126.98
672156.01 927.66
74816.0700.52
87217.0852.68
972156.02 097.37
1072297.01 088.57
1172156.02 180.54
1296157.01 866.35
1372295.01 637.49
1448296.01 255.53
157215.0976.93
1696155.01 983.12
179616.0814.94
), ArticleFig(id=1192161153917792310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

来源

Source

平方和

Sum of squares

自由度

Degree of freedom

均方

Mean square

F

F value

P

P value

显著性

Significance

Model4 145 052.969460 561.4452.64<0.000 1Significant
At120 031.801120 031.8013.720.007 6
B Peptone601 398.421601 398.4268.73<0.000 1
C pH191 359.211191 359.2121.870.002 3
AB8 738.6118 738.611.000.350 9
AC27 319.43127 319.433.120.120 6
BC45 085.52145 085.525.150.057 5
A²127 997.271127 997.2714.630.006 5
B²2 825 257.9912 825 257.99322.90<0.000 1
C²58 046.64158 046.646.630.036 7
Residual61 247.9878 749.71
Lack of fit24 289.4838 096.490.880.524 2Unsignificant
Pure error36 958.5049 239.6352.64
Cor total4 206 300.9516460 561.44
), ArticleFig(id=1192161154014261306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

来源

Source

平方和

Sum of squares

自由度

Degree of freedom

均方

Mean square

F

F value

P

P value

显著性

Significance

Model4 145 052.969460 561.4452.64<0.000 1Significant
At120 031.801120 031.8013.720.007 6
B Peptone601 398.421601 398.4268.73<0.000 1
C pH191 359.211191 359.2121.870.002 3
AB8 738.6118 738.611.000.350 9
AC27 319.43127 319.433.120.120 6
BC45 085.52145 085.525.150.057 5
A²127 997.271127 997.2714.630.006 5
B²2 825 257.9912 825 257.99322.90<0.000 1
C²58 046.64158 046.646.630.036 7
Residual61 247.9878 749.71
Lack of fit24 289.4838 096.490.880.524 2Unsignificant
Pure error36 958.5049 239.6352.64
Cor total4 206 300.9516460 561.44
), ArticleFig(id=1192161154119118910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The top 20 proteins with the most significant upregulation in expression

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

蛋白编号

Protein ID

家族/结构域/功能位点

Family/Domain/Functional site

差异倍数

Fold change

A0A1L9WYX2Renal dipeptidase family19.59
I8ACH8Class II aldolase/adducin N-terminal17.68
A0A2P2HDD1Fungal chitosanase16.38
A0A5N6GLH3AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase14.52
A0A0D9MS93Crotonase superfamily12.92
A0A2G7FKV6Peptidase M1812.09
A0A1S9DYA9Renal dipeptidase family11.22
A0A0L1IWK1Deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase9.83
A0A2P2H6J5Cutinase/acetylxylan esterase9.19
A0A5N5XFY9Chaperonin Cpn60/TCP-1 family9.08
A0A4S3JIV4AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase7.13
A0A1S9DJ32TIM-barrel domain, IGPS-like6.80
A0A1S9DHY9Acyl-CoA oxidase/dehydrogenase, central domain6.75
A0A0D9N0P7Protein of unknown function DUF5416.52
A0A0F0INE2Unknown6.15
A0A0H5BJN0Unknown5.84
A0A0D9MXU9Unknown5.79
A0A1F7ZXV7Uncharacterised protein family UPF03115.77
A0A0L1J7D0Manganese/iron superoxide dismutase, N-terminal5.67
A0A0D9NA42SGNH hydrolase-type esterase domain5.51
), ArticleFig(id=1192161154219782208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149550451277936, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

表达量上调最显著的前20种蛋白质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

蛋白编号

Protein ID

家族/结构域/功能位点

Family/Domain/Functional site

差异倍数

Fold change

A0A1L9WYX2Renal dipeptidase family19.59
I8ACH8Class II aldolase/adducin N-terminal17.68
A0A2P2HDD1Fungal chitosanase16.38
A0A5N6GLH3AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase14.52
A0A0D9MS93Crotonase superfamily12.92
A0A2G7FKV6Peptidase M1812.09
A0A1S9DYA9Renal dipeptidase family11.22
A0A0L1IWK1Deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase9.83
A0A2P2H6J5Cutinase/acetylxylan esterase9.19
A0A5N5XFY9Chaperonin Cpn60/TCP-1 family9.08
A0A4S3JIV4AMP-dependent synthetase/ligase7.13
A0A1S9DJ32TIM-barrel domain, IGPS-like6.80
A0A1S9DHY9Acyl-CoA oxidase/dehydrogenase, central domain6.75
A0A0D9N0P7Protein of unknown function DUF5416.52
A0A0F0INE2Unknown6.15
A0A0H5BJN0Unknown5.84
A0A0D9MXU9Unknown5.79
A0A1F7ZXV7Uncharacterised protein family UPF03115.77
A0A0L1J7D0Manganese/iron superoxide dismutase, N-terminal5.67
A0A0D9NA42SGNH hydrolase-type esterase domain5.51
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一株产脂肪酶真菌的筛选、培养条件优化及脂肪酶结构特征
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邵泽远 1 , 王舒淇 1 , 刘德江 2 , 张化俊 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4472-4487
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4472-4487
一株产脂肪酶真菌的筛选、培养条件优化及脂肪酶结构特征
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邵泽远1, 王舒淇1, 刘德江2, 张化俊1
作者信息
  • 1宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波
  • 2宁波杰森绿色能源科技有限公司,浙江 宁波
Screening and culture condition optimization of a lipase-producing fungal strain and characterization of its lipase
Zeyuan SHAO1, Shuqi WANG1, Dejiang LIU2, Huajun ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
  • 2Ningbo Jiesen Green Energy S&T Co. , Ltd. , Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250195
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脂肪酶是一类可在油水界面高效催化酯类化合物水解、醇解、酸解、酯交换及合成等反应的生物酶类,在医药、化工等多个领域发挥着重要作用。与动物、植物脂肪酶相比,微生物脂肪酶更易获取,具有更高的研究和开发利用价值。 【目的】 从自然环境中筛选脂肪酶产生菌,优化其培养方案并研究其结构特征。 【方法】 利用溴甲酚紫指示剂从油污土壤中分离产脂肪酶菌株,结合形态学观察和18S rRNA基因测序进行菌种鉴定;通过单因素实验及响应面试验优化菌株培养条件;对活性蛋白进行蛋白组测序,筛选潜在脂肪酶;对该脂肪酶基因进行PCR扩增和测序,并分析其多级结构。 【结果】 从油污土壤中分离出一株产脂肪酶真菌FA3,经鉴定属于曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)。以橄榄油为唯一碳源培养时,利用对硝基苯酚比色法测得菌株FA3胞内脂肪酶活力为263.75 U/g。优化后的培养条件为:乳化橄榄油4 mL/L,蛋白胨18 g/L,K2HPO4 1 g/L,NaCl 10 g/L,MgSO4 0.5 mmol/L,pH 5.3,培养温度30 ℃,培养时间77.5 h。优化后酶活力达 2 120.27 U/g,提升了约8.04倍。经蛋白组分析和结构预测,该菌脂肪酶为GDSL脂肪酶,具有Gly-Asp-Ser保守序列,且存在严格保守的Ser、Gly、Asn、His残基,属于N-磺基葡萄糖胺磺基水解酶(N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase, SGNH)。 【结论】 经过培养条件优化,菌株FA3产脂肪酶能力显著增强,具有良好的应用前景;明确了该脂肪酶的功能和结构特征,为相关蛋白的工程改造提供了依据。

脂肪酶  /  曲霉属  /  响应面法  /  脂肪酶结构

Lipases are a group of biocatalysts that efficiently catalyze the hydrolysis, alcoholysis, acidolysis, ester exchange, and synthesis of esters at the oil-water interface. These enzymes play crucial roles in various fields, including pharmaceuticals and chemical engineering. Microbial lipases are more readily available and hold greater value for research and application than animal and plant lipases. [Objective] To isolate lipase-producing microorganisms from natural environments, optimize their culture conditions, and characterize the structure of the produced lipase. [Methods] We used bromocresol purple as an indicator to screen lipase-producing strains from oil-contaminated soil and identified the strains by morphological observation and 18S rRNA gene sequencing. We optimized the culture conditions of the strains by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. We performed proteomic sequencing on the active proteins to identify the potential lipase. We amplified and sequenced the gene of the potential lipase by PCR and analyzed its multi-level structure. [Results] A lipase-producing fungal strain FA3 was isolated from oil-contaminated soil and identified as Aspergillus sp. The strain was cultured with olive oil as the sole carbon source, and the p-nitrophenol colorimetric method revealed that the intracellular enzyme activity of strain FA3 was 263.75 U/g. The optimized culture conditions were as follows: emulsified olive oil at 4 mL/L, peptone at 18 g/L, K2HPO4 at 1 g/L, NaCl at 10 g/L, MgSO4 at 0.5 mmol/L, and pH 5.3. After culture at 30 ℃ for 77.5 h, the specific activity reached 2 120.27 U/g, which was about 8.04 times higher than that before optimization. The proteomic analysis and structural prediction revealed the conserved Gly-Asp-Ser motif, confirming the lipase as a typical GDSL lipase. The enzyme contained strictly conserved Ser, Gly, Asn, and His residues and it was thus classified as a member of the N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase (SGNH) hydrolase family. [Conclusion] After optimization of the culture conditions, strain FA3 demonstrated significantly enhanced lipase production, showing great potential for application. We clarify the functions and structural characteristics of the lipase, providing a basis for the engineering of related proteins.

lipase  /  Aspergillus sp.  /  response surface methodology  /  lipase structure
邵泽远, 王舒淇, 刘德江, 张化俊. 一株产脂肪酶真菌的筛选、培养条件优化及脂肪酶结构特征. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4472 -4487 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250195
Zeyuan SHAO, Shuqi WANG, Dejiang LIU, Huajun ZHANG. Screening and culture condition optimization of a lipase-producing fungal strain and characterization of its lipase[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4472 -4487 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250195
脂肪酶(lipase)是一类能够在油水界面高效水解甘油三酯酯键,生成脂肪酸和甘油的生物酶类,广泛分布于动物、植物的各种组织及微生物中,是最早被研究的酶类之一[1]。脂肪酶最早从动物中发现,后续在褪色沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)及荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)等微生物中也有发现[2-3]。脂肪酶通常为诱导酶,在含油脂的条件下可大量合成,霉菌、酵母菌、细菌均为比较常见的高产脂肪酶微生物,其中曲霉菌属、假丝酵母菌属和假单胞菌属是重要的脂肪酶来源[4]。微生物在进化过程中逐渐形成了利用多种碳源、氮源的能力,使得脂肪酶具有广泛的底物范围[5]。不同分子结构的脂肪酶对不同底物的分解能力存在差异[6],进而形成了脂肪酶的脂肪酸特异性、位置特异性以及立体特异性。脂肪酸特异性是指脂肪酶对碳链长度和饱和度不同的脂肪酸所产生的特异性,例如圆弧青霉(Penicillium cyclopium)脂肪酶对短链(C8以下)油脂,黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)脂肪酶对中等链长(C8-C12)油脂,白地霉(Geotrichum candidum)脂肪酶对长链(C12以上)油脂分别呈现较强的特异性;位置特异性是脂肪酶对底物甘油三酯中Sn-1 (或Sn-3)与Sn-2位酯键的特异性识别和水解,例如黑曲霉脂肪酶可催化1号或3号位的酯键水解,对2号位的酯键无作用,而圆弧青霉分泌的脂肪酶可水解甘油三酯的所有酯键;立体特异性是指脂肪酶对底物甘油三酯中对应立体结构的酯键的特异性识别和水解[7]
生物柴油(脂肪酸甲酯)是一种环保、可再生、经济实用的清洁燃料,具有重要的经济价值和社会意义。脂肪酶是催化酯化反应合成生物柴油的关键酶类[8],其具有催化条件温和、能耗低、副产物少、高效性、高选择性、环境友好等特点,改变了传统化学反应所需的高温、强酸、强碱等相对苛刻的条件[9],因而具有重要的研究及开发价值。然而,国内脂肪酶研究起步较晚,工业化的脂肪酶制剂种类有限,这极大限制了产业发展。因此,本研究从自然环境中分离产脂肪酶菌株,优化其产酶条件,为生产应用提供指导;同时研究脂肪酶的结构特征,有助于理解其理化性质和催化机制,为脂肪酶的改造和功能优化提供理论依据。
乳化油:将橄榄油与聚乙烯醇混合,使橄榄油的体积分数为25%,使用豆浆机以4 000 r/min搅拌15 min形成均匀的乳白色液体。
乳化油培养基(g/L):乳化油40.0,硫酸铵15.0,氯化钠10.0,自然pH。
筛选培养基:在乳化油培养基中添加体积分数为2%的0.1%溴甲酚紫溶液,琼脂20.0 g/L,pH 7.0。
富集培养基(g/L):马铃薯浸粉6.0,葡萄糖20.0,自然pH。
发酵培养基(g/L):乳化油40.0,硫酸铵15.0,氯化钠10.0,磷酸氢二钾1.0,pH 7.0。
从浙江省宁波市奉化区宁波杰森绿色能源科技有限公司的生产车间获取油污土壤。取5 g土壤加入至100 mL乳化油培养基中,30 ℃、160 r/min摇床培养120 h,取1 mL菌液梯度稀释至10-3、10-4、10-5,各取0.1 mL涂布至筛选培养基上,30 ℃培养72 h。挑取使培养基变为黄色[10]的菌落,在固体富集培养基上划线纯化,30 ℃培养备用。
取纯化后的单菌落接种至100 mL富集培养基中,30 ℃、160 r/min培养48 h,以10%的接种量转接至100 mL发酵培养基中,30 ℃、160 r/min培养72 h。收集菌体并挤干,用0.05 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution, PBS, pH 7.0)洗涤并重悬。在冰浴状态下使用超声细胞破碎仪(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司)破碎细胞,功率为400 W,工作时间为3 s、间隔时间5 s,总时间30 min。收集细胞匀浆,12 000×g离心5 min,取上清测定脂肪酶活力。
采用对硝基苯酚比色法测定脂肪酶活力。棕榈酸对硝基苯酯(p-nitrophenyl palmitate)在脂肪酶的作用下被分解为棕榈酸和对硝基苯酚(p-nitrophenol)。对硝基苯酚溶液呈黄色,在405-410 nm波长处有特异吸收峰[11]
取566.28 mg棕榈酸对硝基苯酯(相对分子质量约377.52 g/mol),溶解于50 mL乙腈中,终浓度为30 mmol/L。
取2.7 mL的0.05 mol/L PBS缓冲液(pH 7.0),加入0.1 mL底物溶液,40 ℃水浴预热5 min。加入0.2 mL酶液,40 ℃水浴反应5 min后,立即加入等体积乙醇终止反应,于405 nm处测定吸光值。
取139.11 mg对硝基苯酚,用0.05 mol/L PBS缓冲液(pH 7.0)溶解并定容至100 mL作为标准溶液,其浓度为10 mmol/L。将标准溶液依次稀释至0.01、0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60、0.80、1.00 mmol/L,各溶液在405 nm处测定吸光值。以OD405为横坐标,对硝基苯酚浓度为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线。
定义在1 min内催化产生1 μmol的对硝基苯酚所需要的酶量为1 U,通过计算每克蛋白质中所含酶活力单位数来描述酶液的比酶活力,如公式(1)所示。
Y=(k×A+b)×V×1 000v×t×c
式中:Y为比酶活力(U/g);k为对硝基苯酚标准曲线的斜率;AOD405b为对硝基苯酚标准曲线的截距;V为反应体系总体积(mL);v为酶液体积(mL);t为反应时间(min);c为酶液蛋白浓度(mg/mL)。
蛋白浓度利用Bradford试剂盒(上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)测定。
在固体培养基上观察菌落的生长状态与形态特征,并用接种环挑取菌丝,利用光学显微镜(宁波舜宇仪器有限公司)对菌株个体进行进一步观察。使用DNA提取试剂盒[Rapid Fungi Genomic DNA Isolation Kit,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司],按照其说明书提取菌株的总DNA。使用通用引物NS1和NS8对菌株18S rRNA基因的保守序列进行扩增并测序[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]。将测序结果在NCBI中进行同源性比对,并使用MEGA 11软件,利用邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建系统发育树。
将菌株接种于发酵培养基中,30 ℃、160 r/min培养12、24、48、72、96、120 h,分别测定脂肪酶活力,以确定最适培养时间。
在发酵培养基中分别添加硫酸铵、硝酸钠、蛋白胨、酵母粉、尿素,添加量均为15 g/L,其余条件保持不变。发酵培养后测定脂肪酶活力,确定最适氮源。
在发酵培养基中分别添加FeSO4、MnCl2、MgSO4、ZnCl2、CuSO4、CaCl2,添加量均为0.5 mmol/L,其余条件不变[12]。发酵培养后测定脂肪酶活力,确定最适金属离子。
调整发酵培养基的初始pH分别为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0,其余条件不变。发酵培养后测定脂肪酶活力,确定最适初始pH。
在发酵培养基中分别添加葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、乳糖,添加量均为10 g/L,其余条件不变。发酵培养后测定脂肪酶活力,确定最适碳源。
上述所有优化实验均设置3组平行。
在单因素条件优化的基础上设计响应面试验,选择发酵时间、蛋白胨含量、初始pH作为3个显著性因素,使用Design-Expert 13软件中的Box-Behnken进行方案设计(表1),用-1、0、1代表变量的低、中、高3个水平。根据单因素条件优化的结果,设置各水平的具体值。试验设置3组平行,并对最终的设计结果进行验证。
按照响应面试验结果得到的培养基配方培养菌株,作为实验组(橄榄油组);用等量葡萄糖代替橄榄油,其余条件不变,作为对照组(葡萄糖组)。
收集2组菌体的胞内酶液各5 mL,缓慢加入(NH4)2SO4使饱和度达到80%,4 ℃静置30 min后,12 000×g离心2 min,弃上清后用 5 mL PBS缓冲液复性,并于4 ℃下透析过夜。
分别配制浓度为60%的(NH4)2SO4溶液、浓度为50%的聚乙二醇(PEG2000)溶液,各取4 mL混匀后静置15 min,分别加入2组酶液各2 mL,混匀后静置15 min,取上层聚合物相作为粗酶溶液并测定脂肪酶活力。
将2组粗酶溶液进行蛋白质组测序(天津诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司)。根据测序结果中的蛋白表达差异以及Internal Program Representation (IPR)功能结构域注释[13],结合酶活力测定结果,筛选脂肪酶。
根据脂肪酶的蛋白编号从UniProt数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/)中获取对应的DNA序列,引物由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司设计并合成。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Taq PCR Master Mix 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(100 µmol/L)各0.5 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 10.5 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸3 min。目的基因命名为lipG。利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳(120 V,30 min)验证PCR产物,并进行测序(杭州有康生物科技有限公司)。利用ORF finder从测序结果中寻找开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF),并翻译成氨基酸序列。从UniProt数据库中获取同名异源蛋白序列,使用MEGA 11以邻接法构建蛋白质发育树。
使用ProtParam分析脂肪酶的分子量、等电点、氨基酸组成等理化性质;利用ProtScale分析脂肪酶亲疏水性信号图;采用ESPript 3.0对MEGA的多序列比对结果进行分析,以探究脂肪酶的保守结构特征。
运用PSIPRED分析脂肪酶的二级结构组成;采用SignalP 5.0分析脂肪酶的信号肽;利用TMHMM 2.0分析脂肪酶的跨膜结构;借助IUPred2A分析脂肪酶的固有无序区域。
使用Phyre2构建脂肪酶的三维模型;经保守结构域数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)注释,获取活性位点与催化三联体的定位信息;在PyMOL中渲染模型,并使用溶剂可及表面积计算器(上海纽普生物科技有限公司)计算该模型下的溶剂可及表面积。
经过筛选最终获得1株具有脂肪酶活力的菌株FA3,该菌株可使溴甲酚紫培养基由紫色转变为黄色(图1A、1B),表明菌株FA3可通过分泌脂肪酶将橄榄油分解成脂肪酸,导致菌落周围的pH下降。
菌株FA3在平板中培养24 h后,菌落呈白色、绒毛状分布(图1C);培养72 h后,菌落体积增大增厚,菌落中心呈黄绿色,表面干燥且粗糙,面积大而疏松(图1D),初步判断该菌株为霉菌。显微观察发现其分生孢子梗顶端膨大成球状,布满了黄绿色小梗,推测该菌株可能为曲霉(图1E、1F)。经测序及系统发育分析发现,菌株FA3属于曲霉属(Aspergillus);在种水平上,菌株FA3与黄曲霉组[14](Aspergillus section Flavi)形成聚类(图1G),与米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)亲缘关系最近,因此将其命名为Aspergillus sp.。
将菌株FA3发酵培养72 h后,胞外和胞内的脂肪酶活力均达到峰值,分别为119.37 U/g和263.75 U/g (图2A)。蛋白胨为最适氮源,可使胞外和胞内脂肪酶活力分别提升至1 041.62 U/g和1 045.80 U/g (图2B、2C)。实验发现该菌株主要产生胞内脂肪酶,后续研究将针对胞内酶展开。
金属离子如Fe2+、Mn2+、Zn2+、Ca2+可显著抑制菌株FA3的脂肪酶活力,而Mg2+和Cu2+可显著提高脂肪酶活力,其中Mg2+的促进作用最强,使脂肪酶活力达到1 805.05 U/g (图2D)。此外,菌株FA3在酸性条件下的产脂肪酶能力有所提升,在pH 5.0时达到2 012.59 U/g,而在碱性条件下其产脂肪酶能力受到抑制(图2E)。在碳源方面,与对照组(仅含橄榄油)相比,添加乳糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖后,菌株FA3的脂肪酶活力均显著下降(图2F)。
采用Design-Expert 13软件中的Box-Behnken方法设计试验(表2),并对试验结果进行拟合,得到二次回归方程,如方程式(2)所示。
Y=2 075.48+122.49A+274.18B-154.66C+46.74AB+82.64AC-106.17BC-174.35A2-819.15B2-117.41C2
式中:Y (比酶活力,U/g)为因变量,A (时间,h)、B (蛋白胨,g/L)、C (pH)为自变量。模型的P<0.000 1,表明该模型显著性高;失拟项不显著(P>0.05),说明该模型拟合性好(表3);模型的r2为0.985 4,表明该模型能够解释98.54%的响应值变化,能很好地反映真实值。根据ABC三因素交互作用对脂肪酶活力的影响绘制等高线图及响应面(图3)。
Design-Expert 13软件得出的最佳组合为:发酵时间77.27 h,蛋白胨添加量18.04 g/L,发酵pH为5.32,在此条件下的脂肪酶比活力预测值为2 171.32 U/g。为便于实际操作,对参数进行修正:发酵时间77.5 h,蛋白胨添加量18 g/L,发酵pH为5.3。在该条件下测得胞内酶比活力为2 120.27 U/g,相较于优化前提升了约8.04倍。该结果与模型预测基本一致,表明该模型拟合性强、准确性高。
经双水相萃取,橄榄油组脂肪酶比活力为7 295.29 U/g,葡萄糖组脂肪酶比活力为555.05 U/g,2组脂肪酶表达量存在显著差异。蛋白组测序分别在实验组和对照组检测出837种、741种蛋白质,其中包含536种共有蛋白质。以表达量倍数差异>2.0为标准,根据功能结构域筛选出96种上调蛋白(表4),最终鉴定GDSL脂肪酶(A0A0D9NA42)为该菌的脂肪酶。
该GDSL脂肪酶的ORF长度为780 bp,编码260个氨基酸。经PCR扩增后,lipG基因条带清晰明亮(图4A),片段大小与预期相符,且未出现非特异性扩增。经测序,lipG基因全长793 bp,存在一个780 bp的ORF。基于蛋白序列的系统发育分析(图4B)发现,LipG能够与米曲霉和黄曲霉来源的GDSL脂肪酶聚类。
多序列比对结果(图5)表明,LipG与GDSL脂肪酶存在大量高相似度序列,说明LipG与此类蛋白质高度同源;N端的Gly34、Asp35、Ser36形成了高度保守的G-D-S序列,这与GDSL脂肪酶的保守结构域一致[15],表明LipG具有GDSL脂肪酶的典型结构特征。经ProtParam分析,LipG由260个氨基酸组成,分子量为28.11 kDa,等电点为9.24,负电荷残基(Asp+Glu)总数为19,正电荷残基(Arg+Lys)总数为24;亲水性指数(grand average of hydropathicity)为-0.22,说明脂肪酶LipG为亲水可溶性蛋白;在水溶液中其消光系数为 32 890 L/(mol·cm),280 nm处吸光度(浓度0.1%)为1.17;不稳定性指数(instability index)为26.95,表明LipG在体外能够稳定存在。
在LipG的二级结构中,α螺旋、β折叠、无规卷曲分别占比43.08%、11.15%、45.77% (图6A);LipG的信号肽预测概率为99.76%,信号肽序列为MKLYLLFFFFLTLHALPGLPRSTA,类型为Sec/SPI,切割位点为24-25,该位点的预测概率为41.58% (图6B);LipG的整体跨膜预测结果均为“outside”类型,表明其无跨膜结构(图6C);LipG固有无序区域预测分值低于0.5,表明其整体结构有序,能够形成稳定的折叠结构(图6D)。
利用Phyre2对LipG进行三维模型构建(图7),其中Ser36、Gly70、Asn107、His211作为活性位点,为底物提供结合和反应的环境;Ser36、Asp208、His211作为催化三联体负责亲核催化。该模型的溶剂可及表面积为11 289.59 Å2
葡萄糖和油类物质常被用作脂肪酶产生菌的碳源和诱导剂[16]。细胞对葡萄糖的吸收利用速率较快,从而能够获得更高的生长速率和脂肪酶活性[17]。Adham等[18]在含有3.0%蛋白胨、0.5%葡萄糖和0.5%橄榄油的培养基中培养黑曲霉,获得了高脂肪酶活力;而仅以葡萄糖为碳源培养时,菌株的脂肪酶活性受到抑制,表明最适合产脂肪酶的培养基并非微生物生长的最佳培养基。Kaushik等[19]利用响应面法对肉色曲霉(Aspergillus carneus)脂肪酶的发酵条件进行优化,最终确定最佳培养基配方为:0.8%葡萄糖、0.8%蛋白胨、1.0%葵花籽油。这些研究表明脂类碳源的存在能够显著提高菌株的产酶能力。在本研究中,当发酵培养基中同时存在橄榄油和糖类碳源时菌株FA3的脂肪酶活力显著低于仅以橄榄油为碳源的对照组(图2F),这可能是由于细胞在发酵培养过程中产生了分解代谢物阻遏现象[20]。在使用混合碳源时ATP的充足供应使得细胞的cAMP合成减少,促使其优先利用某种碳源,进而遏制了其他碳源分解反应的进行[20]。类似地,Maidana等[21]分别以葵花籽油、橄榄油、葡萄糖、甘油作为唯一碳源对紧密帚枝霉(Sarocladium strictum)进行发酵培养,发现仅使用粗甘油时脂肪酶产量最高(3.13 U/mg)。这些结果表明,对于部分菌株脂类碳源是产脂肪酶的重要碳源,而葡萄糖等糖类碳源并非产酶所必需。
脂肪酶属于α/β水解酶家族,其分子量大小在19-100 kDa范围内,一般由270-641个氨基酸组成,典型的α/β水解酶主要由6个α螺旋和8个β折叠构成[22]。这种折叠结构为活性位点——催化三联体Ser-Asp-His提供了一个稳定的支架[23]。Ser作为关键残基,与其周围的氨基酸形成了保守的Gly-X1-Ser-X2-Gly基序,如酵母菌脂肪酶为Gly-Glu-Ser-Ala-Gly,霉菌脂肪酶为Gly-His-Ser-Leu-Gly[24]。然而,并非所有的脂肪酶都具有这种结构,例如GDSL亚家族的脂肪酶具有不同的基序[25],其核心特征是保守的Gly-Asp-Ser (-Leu)序列,该序列通常位于蛋白的N端,其中Ser是关键的催化残基[15]。GDSL水解酶具有灵活的活性位点,能够随着不同底物的存在和结合而发生构象变化。例如,一些GDSL酶同时具有硫酯酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶、芳基酯酶和溶血磷脂酶活性[25]。GDSL家族中的部分蛋白质被进一步归类为N-磺基葡萄糖胺磺基水解酶(N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase, SGNH)水解酶,其Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ 4个保守区中分别存在严格保守的Ser、Gly、Asn、His残基[26]
近年来,对GDSL脂肪酶理化特性和结构的研究大多聚焦于植物[27-30],但植物源脂肪酶获取难度大、制作成本高,不适合大规模生产。微生物脂肪酶相比动物、植物脂肪酶具有更广的作用温度、作用pH和底物类型,具有更高的研究和开发利用价值。在本研究中,LipG的Ser36、Asp208、His211构成了催化三联体,表明其符合α/β水解酶的典型特征;Gly34、Asp35、Ser36构成了G-D-S序列,表明其符合GDSL水解酶的典型特征;Ser36、Gly70、Asn107、His211为严格保守的催化位点,表明其符合SGNH水解酶的典型特征。Rajan等[31]从瓜里科假单胞菌(Pseudomonas guariconensis)中克隆出一种GDSL脂肪酶,其对棕榈酸对硝基苯酯的催化活性为333.33 U/mL;Vujaklija等[32]报道了一种链霉菌的GDSL脂肪酶,其对丁酸对硝基苯酯的催化活力为3.31 U/mg,它们均具有GDS基序和Ser-Asp-His催化三联体结构。然而,Gao等[33]从链霉菌中鉴定出一种含有Ser-His二联体结构的GDSL脂肪酶,这种独特的活性位点结构使其在催化机制上与其他GDSL酶有所不同,其对棕榈酸对硝基苯酯的催化活性为18.40 U/mg,但对短链酯的水解能力不足20%,说明不同GDSL脂肪酶催化结构的多样性导致其产生了底物偏好差异。
本研究利用溴甲酚紫指示剂从油污土壤中分离出一株产脂肪酶真菌FA3,经18S rRNA基因测序鉴定为曲霉属。菌株FA3主要生产胞内脂肪酶,比活力为263.75 U/g。经过单因素条件优化和响应面试验得到其最适培养方案:乳化橄榄油4 mL/L、蛋白胨18 g/L、K2HPO4 1 g/L、NaCl 10 g/L、MgSO4 0.05 g/L,初始pH为5.3,培养温度30 ℃,培养时间77.5 h。在该条件下酶活力为2 120.27 U/g,相较优化前提升了约8.04倍。经蛋白组分析与结构预测,该菌脂肪酶为GDSL脂肪酶,具有Gly-Asp-Ser的保守序列,并且存在严格保守的Ser、Gly、Asn、His残基,属于SGNH水解酶。菌株FA3在发酵培养时无需额外的糖类碳源,培养方式简单,具有良好的应用前景。
  • 宁波大学横向科技项目(H2023000067)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250195
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
  • 录用日期:2025-04-10
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the Horizontal Project of Ningbo University(H2023000067)
宁波大学横向科技项目(H2023000067)
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    1宁波大学 海洋学院,浙江 宁波
    2宁波杰森绿色能源科技有限公司,浙江 宁波
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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