Article(id=1192149549218152548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250234, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742745600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1746115200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-02, onlineDate=1762160201601, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160201601, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160201601, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160201601, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4607, endPage=4620, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149549373341798, articleId=1192149549218152548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Development and in vitro application of a recombinant influenza A virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To develop a recombinant influenza A virus (IAV) expressing a reporter (enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP), study its biological characteristics in vitro, and explore its application in antiviral drug screening and neutralizing antibody (nAb) detection. [Methods] The EGFP gene was inserted into the C-terminus of NA (derived from H1N1-PR8) by reverse genetics of influenza virus, and the recombinant IAV was successfully constructed, rescued, and named PR8NAEGFP/WSN. The EGFP insertion position and genetic stability were analyzed by RT-PCR and sequencing. PR8NAEGFP/WSN and the control virus (PR8NA/WSN, without EGFP insertion) were identified based on EGFP reporter gene expression, replication kinetics, and plaque morphology. The in vitro antiviral efficacy of favipiravir, a positive drug for influenza virus, was evaluated by focus-forming assay (FFA), qPCR, and EGFP fluorescence detection. The focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) and reporter gene activity detection were conducted for IAV nAb detection. [Results] PR8NAEGFP/WSN remained genetically stable after five passages in chicken embryos. Compared with PR8NA/WSN, PR8NAEGFP/WSN showed a slightly declined titer at the time point of 48 h and similar crystal violet plaque morphology. The EC50 of favipiravir measured with the recombinant virus is consistent with that with the control virus, and the EC50 values obtained through various detection methods, including FFA, qPCR, and EGFP fluorescence, show good correlations. The correlation coefficient r of the nAb titer determined by FRNT and EGFP fluorescence was 0.930 4, which indicated good consistency. [Conclusion] PR8NAEGFP/WSN, a recombinant IAV carrying the reporter gene, might be used as a real-time visualization tool for the basic research on IAV and the evaluation of antivirals and vaccines for IAV.

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E-mail:
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Jia LI, Donghong WANG, Yujie JIANG, Ruiwen HAN, Qiaohong CHU, Tangqi WANG, Guanya LIU, Xuejie ZHANG, Baoying HUANG, Yao DENG, Wenjie TAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1192149834388882210, articleId=1192149549218152548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=携带增强绿色荧光蛋白的重组甲型流感病毒构建及体外应用, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 构建表达增强绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP)报告基因的重组甲型流感病毒,并研究其体外生物学特性、抗病毒药物筛选及中和抗体检测的应用。 【方法】 运用流感病毒反向遗传学技术在H1N1-PR8病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的C端插入EGFP基因,成功构建并拯救出重组甲型流感病毒,命名为PR8NAEGFP/WSN。采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)与测序分析验证EGFP插入位置的准确性及遗传稳定性;通过EGFP报告基因表达、复制动力学分析和空斑形态观察,对重组病毒(PR8NAEGFP/WSN)和对照病毒(PR8NA/WSN,无EGFP插入)进行鉴定;采用病灶形成试验(focus-forming assay, FFA)、定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)和EGFP荧光检测,评估流感病毒阳性药物法匹拉韦的体外抗病毒药效;同时采用病灶减少中和试验(focus reduction neutralization test, FRNT)和报告基因活性检测,开展甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV)中和抗体检测。 【结果】 重组病毒(PR8NAEGFP/WSN)在鸡胚中经过5代盲传后仍能保持遗传稳定。与PR8NA/WSN相比,该重组病毒在48 h测得的病毒滴度略低,结晶紫噬斑形态与对照病毒相似。采用重组病毒测得的法匹拉韦半数有效浓度(half maximal effective concentration, EC50)与对照病毒一致,且通过FFA、qPCR和EGFP荧光等多种检测方法所得的EC₅₀值之间具有良好的相关性。FRNT和EGFP荧光测定的中和抗体滴度相关系数r为0.930 4,结果具有良好的一致性。 【结论】 携带报告基因的重组流感病毒为IAV的基础研究、抗病毒药物和疫苗评价提供了实时可视化的工具。

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作者贡献声明

李佳:初稿写作、方案设计、实验操作、撰写文章;王东红:提出概念、提供材料;蒋宇婕:实验操作;韩瑞雯:提供材料;楚巧鸿:数据分析;王瑭琪:数据收集与监管;刘冠雅:数据管理;张雪洁:数据验证;黄保英:稿件润色修改、审查和编辑写作;邓瑶:审阅、监督指导;谭文杰:方案设计、项目管理、提供资源、监督指导、经费支持、审查和编辑写作。

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Vaccines, 2023, 11(9): 1453., articleTitle=Single-dose intranasal immunisation with novel chimeric H1N1 expressing the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 induces robust mucosal immunity, tissue-resident memory T cells, and heterologous protection in mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192160979346670181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=93, pageEnd=100, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=50, authorNames=韩瑞雯, 王东红, 王瑭琪, 程雪婷, 邴佳洛, 翟程程, 孙树才, 邓瑶, 黄保英, 谭文杰, journalName=中华微生物学和免疫学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩瑞雯, 王东红, 王瑭琪, 程雪婷, 邴佳洛, 翟程程, 孙树才, 邓瑶, 黄保英, 谭文杰. 表达呼吸道合胞病毒G蛋白胞外区的重组H1N1流感病毒单剂滴鼻免疫可在小鼠诱导强免疫应答与保护[J]. 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志, 2024, 44(2): 93-100., articleTitle=表达呼吸道合胞病毒G蛋白胞外区的重组H1N1流感病毒单剂滴鼻免疫可在小鼠诱导强免疫应答与保护, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192160979401196134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=93, pageEnd=100, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=51, authorNames=HAN RW, WANG DH, WANG TQ, CHENG XT, BING JL, ZHAI CC, SUN SC, DENG Y, HUANG BY, TAN WJ, journalName=Chinese Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN RW, WANG DH, WANG TQ, CHENG XT, BING JL, ZHAI CC, SUN SC, DENG Y, HUANG BY, TAN WJ. Intranasal immunization with single-dose vaccine based on recombinant influenza virus H1N1 expressing the extracellular domain of respiratory syncytial virus G protein induces robust immunity and protection in mice[J]. Chinese Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, 2024, 44(2): 93-100 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192160979451527783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=827790, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=52, authorNames=BU L, CHEN BQ, XING L, CAI XJ, LIANG SH, ZHANG LY, WANG XH, SONG WJ, journalName=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BU L, CHEN BQ, XING L, CAI XJ, LIANG SH, ZHANG LY, WANG XH, SONG WJ. Generation of a pdmH1N1 2018 influenza a reporter virus carrying a mCherry fluorescent protein in the PA segment[J]. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2022, 11: 827790., articleTitle=Generation of a pdmH1N1 2018 influenza a reporter virus carrying a mCherry fluorescent protein in the PA segment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192160974321893893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, awardId=2021YFA1201003, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1201003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192160974414168583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, awardId=2021YFA1201003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192160974498054665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, awardId=2022YFC2304100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2304100), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192160968693137785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160968701526394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, companyId=1192160968693137785, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160968705720699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, companyId=1192160968693137785, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1温州医科大学 检验医学院 生命科学学院,浙江省医学遗传学重点实验室,浙江 温州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192160968764440956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160968768635261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, companyId=1192160968764440956, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160968777023870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, companyId=1192160968764440956, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192160968818966911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160968823161216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, companyId=1192160968818966911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160968827355521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, companyId=1192160968818966911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3包头医学院 公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192160968982544772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160968986739077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, companyId=1192160968982544772, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160968990933382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, companyId=1192160968982544772, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4新乡医学院 公共卫生学院,河南 新乡)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192160973571113458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Construction and validation of PR8NAEGFP/WSN. 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A: Schematic diagram of foci detected by FFA method for favipiravir against PR8NAEGFP/WSN and PR8NA/WSN viruses (Top: PR8NAEGFP/WSN; Bottom: PR8NA/WSN); B: Fluorescence diagram of EGFP foci quantification method for favipiravir against PR8NAEGFP/WSN virus; C, D: Detection of favipiravir against PR8NAEGFP/WSN and PR8NA/WSN viruses using qPCR and FFA methods, with EC50 curve fitting; E: Curve fitting graph for calculating EC50 using EGFP foci quantification method for favipiravir against PR8NAEGFP/WSN virus; F: Correlation analysis between PR8NAEGFP/WSN and PR8NA/WSN viruses using qPCR and FFA methods; G, H: Correlation analysis of PR8NAEGFP/WSN virus using EGFP foci quantification method with qPCR (G) and FFA (H) methods., figureFileSmall=BdI16yWY3e59DR3F+C3nlA==, figureFileBig=WclPgX2e3v6iC4P3bv4sVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192160973936017915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒在体外抗流感病毒药效学评价中的应用。A:采用FFA法检测法匹拉韦抗PR8NAEGFP/WSN与PR8NA/WSN病毒的病灶示意图(上图为PR8NAEGFP/WSN,下图为PR8NA/WSN);B:采用EGFP荧光灶定量法检测法匹拉韦抗PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒的荧光示意图;C、D:分别采用qPCR法和FFA法检测法匹拉韦抗PR8NAEGFP/WSN与PR8NA/WSN病毒,计算EC50的曲线拟合图;E:采用EGFP荧光灶定量法检测法匹拉韦抗PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒,计算EC50的曲线拟合图;F:采用qPCR法与FFA法分析PR8NAEGFP/WSN与PR8NA/WSN病毒之间的相关性;G、H:采用EGFP荧光灶定量法与qPCR法(G)、FFA法(H)分析PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒之间的相关性。, figureFileSmall=BdI16yWY3e59DR3F+C3nlA==, figureFileBig=WclPgX2e3v6iC4P3bv4sVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192160974003126780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Correlation of neutralizing antibody titers in immune mouse serum detected by two different methods., figureFileSmall=KlwKg703wQr6MkAy7EkFpw==, figureFileBig=tDGjMkvyRuJIx8Qsdg6tgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192160974074429950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两种不同方法检测免疫小鼠血清中和抗体滴度的相关性, figureFileSmall=KlwKg703wQr6MkAy7EkFpw==, figureFileBig=tDGjMkvyRuJIx8Qsdg6tgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192160974128955904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Virus-neutralizing antibody titers in the serum of vaccinated mice detected by two different methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

血清样本编号

Serum number

免疫小鼠血清中和滴度a

Virus-neutralizing titers in immunized mouse seruma

FRNTEGFP
1307.2272.1
2744.4636.8
3572.7216.3
4438.5208.5
51 603.02 516.0
6196.6272.3
7208.3254.6
8880.91 692.0
9526.21 046.0
101 285.02 336.0
NC b<10<10
), ArticleFig(id=1192160974196064770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149549218152548, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种不同方法检测免疫小鼠血清中和抗体滴度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

血清样本编号

Serum number

免疫小鼠血清中和滴度a

Virus-neutralizing titers in immunized mouse seruma

FRNTEGFP
1307.2272.1
2744.4636.8
3572.7216.3
4438.5208.5
51 603.02 516.0
6196.6272.3
7208.3254.6
8880.91 692.0
9526.21 046.0
101 285.02 336.0
NC b<10<10
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携带增强绿色荧光蛋白的重组甲型流感病毒构建及体外应用
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李佳 1, 2 , 王东红 2 , 蒋宇婕 1, 2 , 韩瑞雯 1, 2 , 楚巧鸿 2 , 王瑭琪 1, 2 , 刘冠雅 2, 3 , 张雪洁 2, 4 , 黄保英 2 , 邓瑶 2 , 谭文杰 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4607-4620
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4607-4620
携带增强绿色荧光蛋白的重组甲型流感病毒构建及体外应用
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李佳1, 2, 王东红2, 蒋宇婕1, 2, 韩瑞雯1, 2, 楚巧鸿2, 王瑭琪1, 2, 刘冠雅2, 3, 张雪洁2, 4, 黄保英2, 邓瑶2, 谭文杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1温州医科大学 检验医学院 生命科学学院,浙江省医学遗传学重点实验室,浙江 温州
  • 2中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3包头医学院 公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头
  • 4新乡医学院 公共卫生学院,河南 新乡
Development and in vitro application of a recombinant influenza A virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
Jia LI1, 2, Donghong WANG2, Yujie JIANG1, 2, Ruiwen HAN1, 2, Qiaohong CHU2, Tangqi WANG1, 2, Guanya LIU2, 3, Xuejie ZHANG2, 4, Baoying HUANG2, Yao DENG2, Wenjie TAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  • 3School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 4School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250234
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【目的】 构建表达增强绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP)报告基因的重组甲型流感病毒,并研究其体外生物学特性、抗病毒药物筛选及中和抗体检测的应用。 【方法】 运用流感病毒反向遗传学技术在H1N1-PR8病毒神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的C端插入EGFP基因,成功构建并拯救出重组甲型流感病毒,命名为PR8NAEGFP/WSN。采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)与测序分析验证EGFP插入位置的准确性及遗传稳定性;通过EGFP报告基因表达、复制动力学分析和空斑形态观察,对重组病毒(PR8NAEGFP/WSN)和对照病毒(PR8NA/WSN,无EGFP插入)进行鉴定;采用病灶形成试验(focus-forming assay, FFA)、定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)和EGFP荧光检测,评估流感病毒阳性药物法匹拉韦的体外抗病毒药效;同时采用病灶减少中和试验(focus reduction neutralization test, FRNT)和报告基因活性检测,开展甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV)中和抗体检测。 【结果】 重组病毒(PR8NAEGFP/WSN)在鸡胚中经过5代盲传后仍能保持遗传稳定。与PR8NA/WSN相比,该重组病毒在48 h测得的病毒滴度略低,结晶紫噬斑形态与对照病毒相似。采用重组病毒测得的法匹拉韦半数有效浓度(half maximal effective concentration, EC50)与对照病毒一致,且通过FFA、qPCR和EGFP荧光等多种检测方法所得的EC₅₀值之间具有良好的相关性。FRNT和EGFP荧光测定的中和抗体滴度相关系数r为0.930 4,结果具有良好的一致性。 【结论】 携带报告基因的重组流感病毒为IAV的基础研究、抗病毒药物和疫苗评价提供了实时可视化的工具。

甲型流感病毒  /  反向遗传学  /  报告基因  /  体外应用  /  抗病毒药物  /  中和抗体

[Objective] To develop a recombinant influenza A virus (IAV) expressing a reporter (enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP), study its biological characteristics in vitro, and explore its application in antiviral drug screening and neutralizing antibody (nAb) detection. [Methods] The EGFP gene was inserted into the C-terminus of NA (derived from H1N1-PR8) by reverse genetics of influenza virus, and the recombinant IAV was successfully constructed, rescued, and named PR8NAEGFP/WSN. The EGFP insertion position and genetic stability were analyzed by RT-PCR and sequencing. PR8NAEGFP/WSN and the control virus (PR8NA/WSN, without EGFP insertion) were identified based on EGFP reporter gene expression, replication kinetics, and plaque morphology. The in vitro antiviral efficacy of favipiravir, a positive drug for influenza virus, was evaluated by focus-forming assay (FFA), qPCR, and EGFP fluorescence detection. The focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) and reporter gene activity detection were conducted for IAV nAb detection. [Results] PR8NAEGFP/WSN remained genetically stable after five passages in chicken embryos. Compared with PR8NA/WSN, PR8NAEGFP/WSN showed a slightly declined titer at the time point of 48 h and similar crystal violet plaque morphology. The EC50 of favipiravir measured with the recombinant virus is consistent with that with the control virus, and the EC50 values obtained through various detection methods, including FFA, qPCR, and EGFP fluorescence, show good correlations. The correlation coefficient r of the nAb titer determined by FRNT and EGFP fluorescence was 0.930 4, which indicated good consistency. [Conclusion] PR8NAEGFP/WSN, a recombinant IAV carrying the reporter gene, might be used as a real-time visualization tool for the basic research on IAV and the evaluation of antivirals and vaccines for IAV.

influenza A virus  /  reverse genetics  /  reporter gene  /  in vitro application  /  antiviral drugs  /  neutralizing antibodies
李佳, 王东红, 蒋宇婕, 韩瑞雯, 楚巧鸿, 王瑭琪, 刘冠雅, 张雪洁, 黄保英, 邓瑶, 谭文杰. 携带增强绿色荧光蛋白的重组甲型流感病毒构建及体外应用. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4607 -4620 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250234
Jia LI, Donghong WANG, Yujie JIANG, Ruiwen HAN, Qiaohong CHU, Tangqi WANG, Guanya LIU, Xuejie ZHANG, Baoying HUANG, Yao DENG, Wenjie TAN. Development and in vitro application of a recombinant influenza A virus expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4607 -4620 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250234
甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV)是威胁人类健康的呼吸道病原体,每年在全球范围内引发300万至500万例重症病例,并导致约29万至65万人死亡[1-2]。IAV基因组由8个单链RNA片段构成,不同病毒株在同一宿主细胞内感染时能够进行基因重配,进而生成新的变异株。通过突变和基因重配,流感病毒不断进化,致病性和传播性也随之增强。因此,迫切需要开发新型疫苗,并筛选有效的抗病毒药物以应对IAV感染。使用表达报告基因的重组IAV将有助于加速这一进程[3-6]
反向遗传学方法的发展为研究IAV感染生物学的多个方面提供了强有力的工具,涵盖氨基酸残基在蛋白质功能中的作用、病毒与宿主的相互作用,以及病毒的复制与发病机制等[7-8]。此外,该技术还广泛应用于开发灭活或减毒活流感疫苗[9-10]。由于A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)和A/WSN/1933 (H1N1)病毒的聚合酶和核蛋白能有效促进病毒的复制和转录,因此实验室通常采用适应的PR8或WSN病毒开展反向遗传学研究。为进行抗病毒药物和中和抗体的高通量筛选,研究者借助反向遗传学技术,利用PR8或WSN骨架尝试在不同的流感病毒蛋白中构建表达外源基因(如荧光蛋白和荧光素酶蛋白)的重组流感病毒[11]。表达报告基因的重组IAV为病毒感染的检测、定量和追踪提供了简便且可靠的方法[3]
本研究利用反向遗传学技术构建了携带增强绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP)报告基因且遗传稳定的PR8NAEGFP/WSN重组病毒。进一步采用抗流感病毒阳性药物法匹拉韦和小鼠免疫血清,验证了该重组病毒在抗病毒药物药效评价和中和抗体检测中的应用潜力。这一成果将为流感病毒研究及抗病毒药物开发提供新的实验方法和理论工具。
人胚肾细胞(HEK-293T)和Madin-Darby犬肾细胞(MDCK)购自美国典型培养物保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection, ATCC),培养基为杜氏改良伊格尔培养基(Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM),其中含10%胎牛血清和1%抗生素,培养条件为37 °C、5% CO2。A/WSN/1933 (H1N1)的7个质粒,GenBank登录号分别为LC333185.1 (血凝素,HA)、LC333183.1 (聚合酶蛋白1,PB1)、LC333182.1 (聚合酶蛋白2,PB2)、LC333184.1 (聚合酶酸性蛋白,PA)、LC333186.1 (核蛋白,NP)、MF039638.1 (基质蛋白,M)、LC333189.1 (非结构蛋白,NS);A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)的PR8-NA质粒和PHW2000载体均由中国国家流感中心惠赠。PR8NA/WSN免疫小鼠血清由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所应急技术中心收集并保存。
在甲型流感病毒A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase, NA)的C端插入猪捷申病毒2A肽(GSGATNFSLLKQAGDVEENPGP,P2A自剪切位点)及EGFP荧光报告基因,同时保留NA基因两端的3′ (18个核苷酸)和5′ (157个核苷酸)包装信号,以助于包装成完整的病毒颗粒,构建的质粒命名为PR8NAEGFP。
将293T和MDCK细胞按2:1的比例混合,铺至6孔板,于37 °C培养至细胞密度达到80%后进行转染。转染时,将PR8NAEGFP质粒和WSN的7个质粒稀释至100 ng/μL,使用jetPRIME转染试剂(Polyplus公司)与Opti-MEM (Gibco公司)培养基平衡至室温。在每个EP管中加入0.5 μg质粒和300 μL jetPRIME缓冲液,按1:2的比例加入jetPRIME® Reagent,轻轻混匀后静置10 min,再加入1 mL Opti-MEM。将质粒-转染试剂混合液加入细胞后,置于37 °C、5% CO2孵箱中培养8 h,之后每孔补充1.3 mL含l-1-甲苯磺酰丙基-2-吡咯烷甲酰胰蛋白酶(l-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, TPCK)-Trypsin (Sigma-Aldrich公司)的Opti-MEM,继续在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养72 h。观察到细胞病变并进行血凝检测后,收集病毒感染液作为P0代病毒。将P0代病毒稀释后接种至9-12日龄的无特定病原体(specific pathogen-free, SPF)鸡胚,37 °C培养48 h后,收集鸡胚尿囊液,分装保存于-80 °C冰箱。
参照试剂厂商说明书,使用QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit [凯杰生物工程(深圳)有限公司]提取PR8NAEGFP/WSN重组病毒P1-P5代病毒和对照病毒PR8NA/WSN的RNA,使用SuperScriptTM IV VILOTM Master Mix (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)将RNA一步反转录为cDNA。引物为NA-F (5′-TCAAATGGGACTGTTAAGGA-3′)和NA-R (5′-CTTGTCAATGCTGAATGGC-3′)。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×PrimeSTAR Mix 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,cDNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 7 µL。PCR反应条件:98 °C变性10 s,55 °C退火15 s,72 °C延伸10 s,共30个循环。用1%琼脂糖凝胶对PCR产物进行鉴定。
将MDCK细胞以2×104细胞/孔接种于96孔透明板[用于病灶形成试验(focus-forming assay, FFA)法和实时荧光定量PCR (real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, qPCR)法]及96孔黑色框平底板(GFP法)。待细胞生长至约90%融合时,每孔接种含100半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infectious dose 50, TCID50)(GFP法和qPCR法)和50-80病灶形成单位(focus forming unit, FFU) (FFA法)的病毒,并在37 °C条件下吸附1 h。随后,将法匹拉韦(favipiravir,购自MCE公司)以100 μg/mL的初始浓度起始,进行4倍比稀释,共设置8个浓度梯度,每孔加入100 μL药物溶液,继续在37 °C、5% CO2条件下培养48 h (GFP法和qPCR法),或18 h (用于FFA法)。
在PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒培养48 h后,每孔加入200 μL 4%细胞组织固定液,固定40 min后弃去上清液。使用Gen5多功能荧光酶标仪,在激发光波长479 nm和发射光波长520 nm下,采用底读模式测定GFP荧光强度。根据公式(1)计算药物抑制率。
药物抑制率=(病毒对照荧光读值-实验孔荧光读值)/病毒对照荧光读值×100%
参照文献[12-16]进行病灶形成试验。固定:每孔加入200 μL 4%多聚甲醛固定40 min。透膜:每孔加入100 μL 0.1% TritonX-100,室温通透30 min。抗体孵育:每孔加入30 μL辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP)偶联的抗甲型流感病毒NP单克隆抗体(Zoonogen公司),室温孵育1 h后,PBST洗3次。显色:每孔加入30 μL Trueblue (KPL)过氧化物酶底物,避光孵育10 min。计数:使用CTL ImmunoSpot S6通用分析仪进行扫描并定量病灶数。
采用受体破坏酶(receptor destroying enzyme, RDE)对待测小鼠血清样本进行预处理。具体操作如下:将RDE与血清按3:1的比例混合,置于37 ℃恒温水浴箱中孵育过夜。随后,将混合液转移至56 ℃进行30 min热灭活处理,待其自然冷却至室温后,加入病毒维持液进行1:10的初始稀释,并在96孔板中进行连续2倍梯度稀释。将上述处理后的血清样本与50 FFU的病毒稀释液等体积混合(最终稀释度为1:20),在37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中孵育1 h。孵育完成后,将30 μL混合液加入细胞培养板中,吸附1 h,每个样本设置双复孔,同时设立病毒对照孔和细胞对照孔。吸附结束后,吸弃混合液,加入100 μL 微晶纤维素(avicel)覆盖层,置于37 ℃培养箱中培养18 h后,采用1.6节所述的FFA法检测血清样本的中和抗体水平。中和效价以半数中和效价(neutralizing titer 50, NT50)值表示,即能够抑制50%病毒感染病灶形成的最高小鼠血清稀释倍数。
采用核酸提取仪(西安天隆科技有限公司)提取RNA。采用One Step PrimeScript RT-PCR试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)检测IAV基质蛋白M基因。引物和探针为IAV-F (5′-CAAGACCAATCCTGT CACCTYTR-3′)、IAV-R (5′-TCTACGCTGCAG TCCTCGCTC-3′)和IAV-P (5′-FAM-ACGCTCA CCGTGCCCAGTGAGC-BHQ1-3′)。反应体系(20 μL):One Step PrimeScript III RT-qPCR (2×) 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.4 μL,探针(10 μmol/L) 0.4 μL,RNA 2 μL,RNase free H2O 6.8 μL。PCR反应条件:52 ℃ 5 min,95 ℃ 10 s;95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 30 s,共40个循环。通过标准曲线计算病毒拷贝数。
将MDCK细胞以2×105个细胞/孔接种于12孔培养板中。待细胞生长至单层时,按照50 空斑形成单位(plaque forming unit, PFU)/孔的剂量感染病毒,吸附1 h后,用PBS洗涤细胞2次,再更换Avicel覆盖层。然后在37 °C、5% CO2条件下培养48 h。使用4%细胞组织固定液固定细胞40 min,进行结晶紫染色,晾干后拍照。噬斑面积由ImageJ软件进行定量。
所有数据分析均使用GraphPad Prism 9.5.1软件进行。统计学检验采用双尾t检验和皮尔逊相关系数(Pearson correlation coefficient, r),其中r值越接近1表示正相关性越强。P值小于0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
本研究将A/WSN/1933 (H1N1)流感病毒的7个质粒(HA、PB1、PB2、PA、NP、NS和M)与A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)流感病毒的重组质粒PR8NAEGFP共同转染至293T和MDCK细胞(1:2共培养),在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下孵育48 h后,观察到细胞病变并检测到血凝反应,证明PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒成功拯救,记为P0代(图1A)。随后,将P1代病毒接种于9日龄SPF鸡胚进行扩毒,并以感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)=0.001感染MDCK细胞,在荧光显微镜下成功验证了EGFP荧光的表达。
为了验证PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒的遗传稳定性,以PR8NA/WSN为对照,使用NA-F和NA-R引物对P1代至P11代病毒进行RT-PCR扩增,检测NA基因C端是否插入EGFP报告基因。RT-PCR (图1B)和荧光结果(图1C)表明,病毒各代次均成功插入720 bp的EGFP报告基因,并在感染细胞时表达绿色荧光,显示出良好的遗传稳定性。此外,委托北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司对PR8NAEGFP/WSN片段进行测序验证,结果显示其测序结果与预期一致,进一步确认了EGFP报告基因插入位置的正确性。
为了评估PR8NAEGFP/WSN和PR8NA/WSN的体外生物学特性是否有显著差异,本研究以MOI为0.001感染MDCK细胞,观察了2株病毒在0、12、24、48和72 h的复制动力学、EGFP荧光表达及48 h病毒噬斑形态(图2)。复制动力学结果表明,2株病毒均在感染后48 h达到病毒复制的高峰,但PR8NAEGFP/WSN的病毒滴度是PR8NA/WSN的约5.96倍。此外,PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒在感染后12 h即可观察到微弱的EGFP荧光表达,且随着时间的推移,表达强度逐渐增强,至48 h达到峰值,而在72 h因细胞病变脱落,荧光强度有所减弱(图2A),这一现象与复制动力学结果一致(图2B)。结晶紫噬斑实验结果显示,PR8NAEGFP/WSN和PR8NA/WSN病毒在噬斑形态和面积大小上未表现出显著差异(图2C-2D)。
为了评估PR8NAEGFP/WSN重组病毒在抗流感病毒药物筛选中的应用效果,本研究以法匹拉韦作为阳性对照药物,PR8NA/WSN病毒作为对照病毒,采用FFA法、qPCR法及EGFP荧光灶定量法对其药物半数有效浓度(EC50)及相关性进行比较分析(图3)。FFA法结果表明,随着药物浓度降低,病毒的病灶数逐渐增加(图3A)。法匹拉韦对PR8NAEGFP/WSN和PR8NA/WSN病毒的EC50分别为0.608 9 μg/mL和0.535 3 μg/mL,二者之间无显著差异(图3D)。通过qPCR法测得,随着药物浓度减少,病毒复制的抑制率呈下降趋势(图3C),法匹拉韦对PR8NAEGFP/WSN和PR8NA/WSN病毒的EC50分别为0.033 4 μg/mL和0.028 9 μg/mL (图3C)。EGFP荧光灶的数量随着药物浓度降低而增加(图3B),对EGFP荧光灶强度进行定量分析得出的EC50值为0.119 0 μg/mL (图3E)。
对PR8NAEGFP/WSN和PR8NA/WSN病毒进行相关性分析发现,采用FFA法和qPCR法测得的病毒抑制率的相关性(r值)均大于0.950 0,且P<0.000 1,显示出较高的一致性(图3F)。此外,EGFP荧光灶定量法与qPCR法及FFA法的相关性分析结果显示,EGFP与qPCR法的r值为0.913 6,P<0.005 (图3G);EGFP与FFA法的r值为0.829 0,P<0.05 (图3H)。上述结果表明,PR8NAEGFP/WSN重组病毒可作为一个良好的工具用于抗流感病毒药物的体外筛选和评估。
使用带有绿色荧光蛋白标记的PR8NAEGFP/WSN病毒可实时监测细胞培养中的病毒感染情况。当病毒与免疫小鼠血清反应时,中和抗体能够抑制病毒感染,从而导致荧光信号减少,间接反映抗体的中和效力。此外,借助荧光酶标仪对EGFP荧光强度进行定量,可减少人工误差,提高实验精度。本研究以PR8NA/WSN病毒作为对照病毒,采用FRNT法检测了10份免疫小鼠血清的中和抗体滴度(表1)。结果显示,2种方法检测的中和抗体滴度的r值为0.930 4,且P<0.000 1,表明两者之间具有较高的一致性(图4)。这一发现表明,PR8NAEGFP/WSN重组病毒可作为一种有效的检测工具,用于评估抗体对病毒的中和能力,并为疫苗开发或免疫反应研究提供重要数据。
表达报告基因的重组流感病毒是研究流感病毒生物学及其发病机制的重要工具。这些重组病毒能够在体外和体内便捷地追踪病毒感染,无需依赖二次检测方法来识别感染细胞,也无需通过验证的动物模型来确认病毒的存在[17-20]。本研究通过构建携带EGFP报告基因的PR8NAEGFP/WSN重组流感病毒,初步探讨了其在抗病毒药物和中和抗体检测中的应用。该研究为高通量药物筛选平台的建立以及流感病毒疫苗的研发提供了一种实时可视化的检测工具。
结晶紫噬斑试验[21]和半数组织培养感染剂量[22]是滴定流感病毒的经典方法,但这2种方法依赖于细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE)的产生,且培养时间较长。对于某些临床分离株,无法形成明显的CPE,上述2种方法在某些情况下会限制IAV的研究[23-24]。为了解决这一问题,研究者已采用基于免疫染色的病灶形成试验等二级实验方法来研究野生型甲型流感病毒[12]。虽然这些方法在解决噬斑形成困难和缩短实验时间方面有所改进,但它们依赖抗体与病毒蛋白的结合,而抗体的成本通常较高,从而增加了实验的经济负担。此外,FFA法通常需要覆盖层来防止流感病毒的扩散,无法实时追踪细胞或动物体内的病毒感染过程。相比之下,使用表达荧光蛋白的重组病毒结合体外成像技术(如荧光显微镜和活体成像)能够在体外和体内有效地追踪病毒感染,从而获得可靠的定量读数[20,25]
目前,对抗IAV的可用选择包括抗病毒药物和疫苗。已批准用于IAV的抗病毒药物主要包括神经氨酸酶抑制剂、M2离子通道抑制剂和聚合酶抑制剂。然而,这些抗病毒化合物在安全性和病毒耐药性方面存在一定问题[26-28]。因此,迫切需要开发新的抗病毒药物来对抗IAV感染。接种疫苗是预防IAV感染的主要手段。然而,目前已批准的流感疫苗疗效适中,并且会随着季节变化而变化。针对HA茎部开发的广谱通用流感疫苗被寄望能克服传统流感疫苗在抗原漂移和抗原转变中的挑战,从而提供对多种流感病毒亚型的保护。对产生中和抗体的广度和效力进行全面检测,将有助于加速开发有效的通用流感疫苗。流感特异性抗体滴度的测定通常使用血凝抑制试验(hemagglutination inhibition test, HAI)和微量中和试验进行[29]。靶向HA茎部保守表位的流感疫苗通过抑制病毒融合机制中和病毒。传统的HAI测定通过测量抗体对病毒与受体相互作用的抑制作用,无法检测到这种中和活性[30]。噬斑减少中和试验也常用于流感及其他病毒的研究。这些方法通过用酶联免疫吸附测定检测病毒核蛋白、滴定血凝或评分细胞病变效应来衡量病毒复制,但由于操作繁琐且劳动强度大,难以大规模推广,且处理来自动物的活病毒需要高安全级别的实验室。尽管已有HA/NA报告基因假病毒用于流感研究,并且有效应用于测量中和活性,但它们常因未能涵盖流感病毒的一些关键方面而受到批评[31-33]。因此,构建具有报告基因的重组流感病毒有助于高通量筛选抗病毒药物并开发标准化的高通量中和测定方法,能够显著提高感染监测和表征疫苗接种诱导的中和抗体反应能力。
许多研究已报道使用IAV不同节段编码荧光素酶[34-36]或荧光蛋白[37-40]。其中,NA节段已被证明可以耐受外源EGFP报告基因的插入[41-43]。然而,采用不同策略将报告基因整合到流感病毒基因组时,通常面临一定的技术限制与表型变化,主要表现为重组流感病毒的生物学特性发生改变,导致病毒的复制能力显著减弱[34]。此外,表达报告基因的重组流感病毒在细胞培养或小鼠中的连续传代过程中,报告基因的活性可能会丧失[20,44],这限制了其在多周期生长实验、模型生物的长期感染或传播研究中的应用。研究表明野生型A/WSN/1933 (H1N1)骨架的NA表达量明显高于A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)[45]。在本实验室的前期研究中也证明了这一观点[46]。因此,基于上述研究背景,本研究采用A/WSN/1933 (H1N1)骨架构建了携带EGFP报告基因的PR8NAEGFP/WSN嵌合重组病毒。通过实验验证,发现该重组病毒在细胞培养中的连续传代过程中报告基因具有较好的遗传稳定性与高水平报告基因表达。此外,重组病毒的生物学特性与对照病毒相比未发生显著改变。本研究解决了报告基因稳定性和病毒复制能力的矛盾,为后续的流感病毒研究提供了更为可靠的工具。
流感病毒载体疫苗因其广谱免疫反应、快速生产、增强的免疫效果以及较高的适应性等特点,已成为防控流感及其他呼吸道传染病的重要候选平台[47]。研究表明已将该载体应用于表达严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)受体结合区(RBD)和呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)的保护性抗原G胞外结构域(Gecto),通过单剂鼻内免疫小鼠,成功诱导了强大的黏膜免疫和全身免疫反应,并实现了对IAV和SARS-CoV-2或RSV的交叉保护[48-49]
表达生物发光或荧光蛋白的报告病毒能够方便地在体内观察病毒复制,无需通过安乐死来检测啮齿动物的病毒滴度,同时还能利用非侵入性技术进行全身成像[25,50]。因此,本研究仍存在一定的局限性,未来需进一步探索PR8NAEGFP/WSN在动物体内的感染特性。综上所述,本研究成功构建了携带EGFP报告基因且具有遗传稳定性的PR8NAEGFP/WSN重组流感病毒,并采用阳性药物法匹拉韦和小鼠免疫血清,初步探讨了该病毒在高通量抗病毒药物筛选、减毒活疫苗开发和疫苗评价中的应用前景,为深入开展抗IAV感染研究奠定了技术基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2304100)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250234
  • 接收时间:2025-03-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-24
  • 录用日期:2025-05-02
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the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1201003)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2304100)
作者信息
    1温州医科大学 检验医学院 生命科学学院,浙江省医学遗传学重点实验室,浙江 温州
    2中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
    3包头医学院 公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头
    4新乡医学院 公共卫生学院,河南 新乡
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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