Article(id=1192149545363587144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250199, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741708800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747497600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-18, onlineDate=1762160200681, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160200681, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160200681, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160200681, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4272, endPage=4294, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149545564913738, articleId=1192149545363587144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Plant microbiomes under root-knot nematode stress: from parasitism effects to biocontrol strategies, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Root-knot nematode, among the most destructive plant-parasitic nematodes, poses a severe threat to global agricultural production. The plant root microbiome is considered as the “second genome” of host plant and plays an indispensable role in plant growth, development, and stress response. Parasitism by root-knot nematode significantly disrupts the community structure and function of root-associated microbial communities in plants. The disturbance of host microbiome not only exacerbates plant pathological processes but also may induce cascade effects through tripartite interactions among microorganism, plant, and nematode. This review comprehensively elucidates the multifaceted impacts of root-knot nematode parasitism on the root micro-ecosystem of host plant, particularly focusing on the variation in the structural and functional characteristics of both the rhizosphere and endophytic microbiome, as well as their roles in the occurrence of nematode diseases and maintaining plant health. Investigating the interaction between pathogenic nematodes and plant microbiome on community level will not only advance our understanding the intricate network among plant, nematode, and microorganism, but also provide theoretical and practical insights for developing innovative strategies for controlling plant nematode diseases.

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根结线虫是危害最为严重的植物寄生线虫之一,对全球农业生产造成了严重威胁。植物根系微生物组作为植物的“第二基因组”,在植物生长发育和逆境响应中发挥着不可替代的作用。根结线虫侵染会显著扰动根系微生物群落的结构与功能平衡,这一过程不仅会加剧植物病理进程,还可能通过微生物-植物-线虫三方互作形成级联效应。本研究系统阐述了根结线虫寄生对宿主植物根系微生态系统的多重影响,重点分析了植物根际和内生微生物群落的结构与功能特性变化,以及这些变化在线虫病发生和维持植物健康中的作用。在群体水平上探讨病原线虫与植物微生物组间的相互作用机制,不仅有助于揭示植物-病原物-微生物三者间的互作网络,更好地阐释线虫病的发生机制,更为创新性植物线虫病害防控技术的研发提供了理论依据和实践指导。

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作者贡献声明

何咏梅:综述文献查阅,撰写和修改文章;田宝玉:设计综述的主题和写作思路,文章审阅、修改和最终定稿。

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根结线虫胁迫下植物微生物组:从侵染效应到生物防治策略
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何咏梅 , 田宝玉
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(10): 4272-4294
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(10): 4272-4294
根结线虫胁迫下植物微生物组:从侵染效应到生物防治策略
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何咏梅, 田宝玉
作者信息
  • 福建师范大学 生命科学学院,细胞逆境响应与代谢调控省高校重点实验室,福建 福州
Plant microbiomes under root-knot nematode stress: from parasitism effects to biocontrol strategies
Yongmei HE, Baoyu TIAN
Affiliations
  • Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250199
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根结线虫是危害最为严重的植物寄生线虫之一,对全球农业生产造成了严重威胁。植物根系微生物组作为植物的“第二基因组”,在植物生长发育和逆境响应中发挥着不可替代的作用。根结线虫侵染会显著扰动根系微生物群落的结构与功能平衡,这一过程不仅会加剧植物病理进程,还可能通过微生物-植物-线虫三方互作形成级联效应。本研究系统阐述了根结线虫寄生对宿主植物根系微生态系统的多重影响,重点分析了植物根际和内生微生物群落的结构与功能特性变化,以及这些变化在线虫病发生和维持植物健康中的作用。在群体水平上探讨病原线虫与植物微生物组间的相互作用机制,不仅有助于揭示植物-病原物-微生物三者间的互作网络,更好地阐释线虫病的发生机制,更为创新性植物线虫病害防控技术的研发提供了理论依据和实践指导。

根结线虫  /  植物微生物组  /  植物-线虫-微生物相互作用  /  基于系统水平的植物病理学  /  生防策略

Root-knot nematode, among the most destructive plant-parasitic nematodes, poses a severe threat to global agricultural production. The plant root microbiome is considered as the “second genome” of host plant and plays an indispensable role in plant growth, development, and stress response. Parasitism by root-knot nematode significantly disrupts the community structure and function of root-associated microbial communities in plants. The disturbance of host microbiome not only exacerbates plant pathological processes but also may induce cascade effects through tripartite interactions among microorganism, plant, and nematode. This review comprehensively elucidates the multifaceted impacts of root-knot nematode parasitism on the root micro-ecosystem of host plant, particularly focusing on the variation in the structural and functional characteristics of both the rhizosphere and endophytic microbiome, as well as their roles in the occurrence of nematode diseases and maintaining plant health. Investigating the interaction between pathogenic nematodes and plant microbiome on community level will not only advance our understanding the intricate network among plant, nematode, and microorganism, but also provide theoretical and practical insights for developing innovative strategies for controlling plant nematode diseases.

root-knot nematodes  /  plant-associated microbiome  /  plant-nematode-microbe interactions  /  systems-based plant pathology  /  biological control strategies
何咏梅, 田宝玉. 根结线虫胁迫下植物微生物组:从侵染效应到生物防治策略. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4272 -4294 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250199
Yongmei HE, Baoyu TIAN. Plant microbiomes under root-knot nematode stress: from parasitism effects to biocontrol strategies[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4272 -4294 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250199
植物寄生线虫是全球农业生产中破坏性最强的植物病害重要病原之一。作为危害我国作物和农业生产的第二大类病害,目前已发现和报道的植物寄生线虫种类超过200个属、6 000多种[1-3]。据估算,植物寄生线虫致使全球农业生产每年因受其危害而造成的农作物减产及生产损失大约为10%-14%,对蔬菜、花生、烟草和某些果树造成的损失超过20%,甚至达到50%,直接经济损失每年超过1 000亿美元[4-5]。其中,根结线虫(Meloidogyne spp.)分布广泛,种类繁多、寄主范围广,危害粮食、蔬菜、果树等几乎所有重要农业和经济作物,是我国当前农业经济可持续发展的重要限制因子之一[6-9]。由于缺乏有效的抗性品种,且高毒高残留化学杀线剂的使用受到限制,农业上兼顾防效和安全性的杀线剂寥寥无几。因此如何研发新型高效、人畜安全且对环境友好的根结线虫生防制剂及绿色防控策略已成为近年来我国现代可持续农业发展的重要研究课题。其中,利用线虫的天敌生物开发根结线虫生防制剂是当前生态防治方法中最受重视且最具潜力的策略[10-11]
根结线虫主要危害植物根部,在植物根部及根系周围的根际土壤中完成其整个生活史[2]。根系微域作为植物微生态系统的重要组成部分,承载着高密度、多样化的微生物群落,与宿主植物构建起复杂的信号交流体系,极大地影响着宿主植物的形态发育、生长代谢平衡以及应对生物或非生物胁迫的能力等重要生理进程[12]。然而,根结线虫的侵染会显著扰动这一微生物网络。根结线虫的侵染与植物微生物组之间形成动态博弈关系,二者之间的互作是“攻防一体”的动态网络,线虫通过操纵微生物群落加剧病害,而功能微生物则通过直接杀灭、诱导抗性和生态竞争形成防御屏障[5,8,13]。近年来,对植物根结线虫微生物组的研究以及根结线虫病的生防实践表明,根结线虫病的发生并非仅仅是根结线虫和宿主植物相互作用的结果,而是植物病原菌-宿主植物-微生物以及环境综合作用的结果[14]。同样地,对植物根结线虫生防机制的研究也不应仅关注生防微生物与病害之间的相互作用[5,11,15]。近年来,研究表明生防微生物与土壤以及根内土著微生物之间关于营养和生态位的竞争是线虫生防微生物的土壤抑菌作用以及生防制剂应用中存在问题的主要根源[16-17]。总体而言,系统研究植物根系微域环境下根结线虫寄生对宿主植物根系微生态系统的影响,在群体水平上理解根结线虫侵染过程中微生物-微生物、微生物-线虫病害以及微生物-植物宿主-环境之间复杂的相互作用关系和多重级联效应是理解根结线虫致病和防控机制、改善现有生防制剂的生防效果以及发展新的线虫生防策略的关键[7-8,18]
近年来,基于扩增子的高通量测序技术,尤其是基于系统发育标记基因(包括原核生物16S rRNA基因、真核微生物18S rRNA基因以及内转录间隔区ITS)的扩增子测序和群体分析已成为分子生态学和植物病理学领域解析微生物群落结构特征和生物多样性模式的核心技术路径[19]。这种不依赖微生物培养的分子生态学技术,结合基于高通量测序的宏基因组和转录组学方法可进一步在群落层面将微生物群落与功能基因组数据进行整合。该技术不仅可精准识别不同分类单元的系统发育关系及其生态位分布特征,而且可以系统性地剖析跨菌株的代谢网络重组情况,揭示传统纯培养技术难以发现的生态系统中不同群落之间的相互作用关系和协同进化机制[20-21]。基于群落和系统水平的生态学和植物病理学研究为阐释微生物组的整体生态功能搭建了多组学整合分析的框架,使植物病理学研究从单个的病理学分析发展为系统层面的植物病理组学和生态系统功能预测,为植物微生物组及其与宿主植物间的系统发育和功能的相互作用提供了新的观点和见解[14,22-24]。同样地,近年来高通量测序技术在根结线虫侵染过程和生防实践中微生物群体结构和功能研究中的应用已成为在群落和系统水平解析根结线虫寄生对植物微生物的多重级联效应、理解植物根结线虫-植物宿主-微生物组的分子互作机制和根结线虫病发生机制、阐明植物生长促进、营养和生态位适应等农业生态系统多营养级互作网络研究中的关键技术平台,并为基于微生物组的线虫生防策略(如工程菌群构建、代谢产物靶向筛选)的发展和应用提供了多组学层面的理论支撑和技术保障[25-27]
本文基于课题组前期对根结线虫寄生的植物微生物组的多组学研究结果(包括16S rRNA基因、基因组、宏基因组以及蛋白组等层面),并结合对该领域近20年121篇中外文献(含Nature BiotechnologyMicrobiome等高影响力论文104篇)进行系统综述,首次从“群落扰动-功能重塑-协同调控” 3个层面阐明根结线虫侵染对宿主植物根系微生态系统的多重效应,包括对植物根际和内生微生物群落的结构特征、功能特性及生物多样性的影响,植物微生物组对线虫寄生的反馈机制,以及植物对线虫入侵和植物微生物组扰动的调控作用机制等,以期为改进现有生防制剂和生防策略的效果、开发更为有效的线虫生防策略和技术手段提供新的视角和途径。
作为一类严格定殖于宿主植物根系组织内的专性固着内寄生生物,根结线虫常以二龄幼虫(second-stage juveniles, J2)经植物根尖侵入植物根系[28-29]。在根结线虫入侵时其蠕虫状的二龄幼虫会从植物根尖伸长区钻入宿主根部,在此过程中线虫会分泌一系列木质纤维素降解酶以辅助其侵染和在植物组织内移动,并最终抵达植物维管束附近取食点[30]。在取食点,线虫借助中空的口针将分泌的效应蛋白注入宿主植物体内,改变宿主细胞的功能,抑制植物的防御反应,并诱导取食点周围细胞重复进行有丝分裂却不发生胞质分裂,从而形成5-7个巨大细胞(giant cell, GC),这些巨大细胞是线虫的唯一营养来源,在形成取食点之前根结线虫在根部迁移阶段不会造成巨大损害[11] (图1)。然而,巨大细胞形成且取食位点建立后根结线虫侵染和寄生的植物根部会形成大小不一的根结或瘤,线虫在根结内完成最终的发育和繁殖产卵。在此期间线虫主要通过将口针刺入巨大细胞来获取营养,包括水、碳源和氮源[28]。根结的形成会严重妨碍植物根对营养和水分的吸收,致使植物出现枯萎、叶面变黄、生长发育速度迟缓等症状,导致产量损失,根结线虫感染还会降低植物的抗性,造成伤口,有利于其他病原体的感染,进而引发复合病害[31]
植物根及其周围土壤环境中存在种类丰富、功能多样的微生物群落,这些微生物统称为植物微生物组[32-34]。这些微生物通过竞争营养和空间、合成抗生素类次生代谢物、分泌激素或释放具有信号作用的挥发性小分子物质、诱导宿主植物系统抗性以及参与营养和矿物质代谢等方式与宿主植物和周围环境相互作用、共同适应,形成有益共生和有害的复杂相互作用网络,在促进植物生长发育、维护植物健康、保护植物免受病原体或昆虫侵害以及应对生物或非生物胁迫等方面发挥着重要作用(图2),因此植物微生物组也被称为植物的“第二基因组”[12,35-37]。根据与宿主植物的关系,植物微生物可分为根际微生物和根内生微生物。土壤微生物与植物微生物关系密切。植物微生物来源于周围土壤微生物,即土壤微生物为植物内生菌提供物种来源,然而植物本身的木质纤维素结构筛选决定哪些细菌可以进入植物体内成为内生菌。当相同的植物种植在不同的土壤中时,植物具有相似的根际和根内生菌组成及菌群结构,而植物的年龄和品系对根内生菌群体结构组成的影响较小。相对于土壤微生物组,植物具有一个截然不同的核心微生物组[36,38]
植物内生菌的群体结构组成及其功能并非一成不变。除了受环境和宿主本身的影响外,生态位(根际和根内细菌)、发育时间、植物病害的侵入与发生也会对植物内栖息的微生物群落组成和功能产生明显影响,甚至导致其破坏与重建。Tian等[39]以番茄为材料系统评价了生态位(根际细菌和根内生菌)、植物品种、土壤类型以及土壤因子对番茄根微生物组的菌群组成、多样性和形成机制的影响,结果表明生态位(根际和根内)和土壤对番茄微生物组形成均具有显著影响,是影响番茄根微生物组群落差异的最主要因素。不同品种和不同土壤类型的番茄样品首先依据其生态位分开,根际和内生细菌的主要菌群组成差异表现为放线菌纲(Actinomycetes)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)在根内生菌的高度富集;在不同类型土壤中根际和根内生细菌基本保持核心种群的稳定,但不同样本的菌群比例差异较大,多样性和物种丰富度差异显著。典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)表明,土壤有机质含量(organic matter, OM)、P和K对植物根际细菌菌群结构和多样性有显著影响,是决定番茄根际细菌菌群结构形成的主要环境因子[39-41]
进一步以番茄为材料解析了植物不同生长阶段和根结线虫侵染植物过程中植物微生物组群落变化过程及其影响因素,结果表明生态位(根际和根内)、生长时间和线虫侵染均对番茄根微生物组的菌群结构组成造成显著影响;番茄根际和根内生细菌菌群结构和多样性随时间变化模式明显不同。番茄根内生菌在番茄根内的定殖和形成是一个逐渐建立并稳定的过程,番茄根内生细菌的多样性和丰富度随时间推移逐渐降低并最终趋于稳定;根际细菌具有较稳定的菌群结构组成,细菌多样性和丰富度变化较小;通过方差分解(virtual population analysis, VPA)对造成番茄根微生物群落差异的各因子进行定量分析,发现生态位差异和线虫侵染是影响番茄根微生物组群落组成的最主要因素,其中空间变量(生态位)单独解释了26.2%的微生物群落差异,而线虫侵染解释了12.6%的微生物群落方差;空间变量和线虫侵染共同解释了4.3%的差异,表明线虫侵染对根微生物组的影响存在明显的空间差异;生长时间与线虫侵染共同解释的微生物群落方差为0或不存在,说明线虫侵染对根微生物组的影响不随时间变化或在不同时期的差异很小[42]
事实上,近年来对不同植物及其病虫害微生物组的研究表明,植物疾病的发生通常伴随着相关微生物群落结构、组成甚至功能的变化,植物微生物组不仅会影响植物的整体健康,还会影响病原体和害虫的关键感染过程[43-44]。植物微生物在促进植物生长、保护植物免受病原体或昆虫侵害,以及增强非生物或生物胁迫耐受性等方面发挥着重要作用[12],它们也可以通过产生毒素,或者通过与病原体建立伴生或共生关系参与宿主病虫害的生长发育、营养供应,以及抑制宿主植物免疫机制,从而促进植物病虫害的发生[45]。不仅是植物病害,即便是有益生防微生物的引入也会对植物体内已有的微生物结构和功能造成干扰[46]。对植物根微生物组的菌群结构组成及其形成机制的研究是理解微生物和植物、微生物和植物病害相互作用的基础,也是维持健康植物微生物以及制定成功的植物病害生防策略的基础。
不同的微生物类群广泛且深入地参与到根结线虫生活史和致病过程的各个阶段,包括卵、不同阶段幼虫、成虫以及侵染结构——根结[7]。根结线虫常以J2或卵随植物残体在土壤中越冬,卵孵化后J2经植物根尖侵入植物根系[28-29]。因此,在植物、微生物和线虫相互作用体系中根系周围的土壤(根际土壤)是根结线虫和微生物相互作用的起点,并且影响随后的侵染和寄生过程。对根结线虫侵染后的番茄[42]、大豆、丝瓜、茄子[47]、烟草等植物的根结根际微生物群落进行高通量测序后发现,贝塔变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、芽孢杆菌属和放线菌纲是最常检测到且丰度最为丰富的细菌类群[39,47-48]。然而,抑制具有抗生素活性的真菌时最常检测到的是马拉色菌属(Malassezia)、侧耳菌科(Pleurotaceae)的真菌[31,49]。研究表明在植物根际,根结线虫的侵染导致植物根际细菌中假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌、放线菌和其他如伯克霍尔德氏菌以及黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)等菌群的富集[39,50-51]。根结线虫侵染的不同植物中细菌和真菌的组成和多样性也存在一定差异。在烟草中根结线虫感染降低了烟草根际细菌的多样性,提高了真菌的多样性,促使以细菌为主导的共生关系逐渐向真菌转变[6]。真菌中的优势菌群为镰孢菌属(Fusarium),表明线虫感染会改变优势共生关系的核心菌群,还表明随着种植时间的增加真菌逐渐占据部分共生关系[7]。然而在丝瓜中真菌和细菌的多样性则呈现出相反的趋势[31],这可能是由于不同作物间的根系分泌保护机制不同导致的差异。
根结线虫侵染导致根际微生物组中益生菌大量富集,原因可能是根结线虫侵染引发植物宿主生理变化,营养和代谢物以共质体途径通过线虫取食的根部细胞释放,改变了根际周围水溶性碳、金属离子等根系分泌物的组成,进而影响根际微生物的组成[11,52]。在感染根结线虫的植物根部,宿主植物倾向于保护在感染土壤中受抑制的有益细菌,如芽孢杆菌属和节细菌属(Arthrobacter),并增加杀虫或杀线虫细菌和植物生长促进菌的数量,如放线菌和甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)的数量;然而可能由于免疫系统增强,毒素分泌真菌在感染的植物根部被消除[53]。线虫通过共质体进食根细胞释放营养和代谢物质,从而改变根系分泌物的组成,进而使微生物群落向有利于侵染的方向改变[31,52]。草小螺菌属(Herbaspirillum)、噬几丁质菌属(Chitinophaga)是线虫的共生体,其中噬几丁质菌属可促进线虫生长[51]。根结线虫的分泌物能特异性富集具有抗生素抗性活性的细菌类群,包括金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)、脑膜脓毒伊丽莎白金菌(Elizabethkingia meningoseptica)、稳杆菌属(Empedobacter)、类香味菌属(Myroides)和鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium),但抑制具有抗生素活性的真菌,并增加与降低土壤从污染中恢复能力相关的细菌,同时微生物也会产生次生代谢产物来影响根结线虫的感染[31]
在根结线虫侵染的植物根际富集的假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌、放线菌等细菌类群中大多对根结线虫表现出明显的生防效果,或属于已报道的线虫生防细菌种群。例如,芽孢杆菌、放线菌、链霉菌科(Streptomycetaceae)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)通过抑制线虫卵孵化或杀线虫作用来抑制线虫感染[7,15,54]。例如,硬芽孢杆菌(Bacillusfirmus)可有效降低根结线虫对番茄植株的损害,减少根部瘿、卵块和土壤中的线虫数量[53];盆栽试验中假单胞菌菌株对南方根结线虫表现出显著的杀线虫活性[55]。这些植物根际富集的微生物类群可通过不同机制来控制或杀死根结线虫[11,56-57]。例如,一些特定根际功能微生物可通过激活植物系统抗性信号通路、干扰病原菌群体感应,抑制或杀死靶向土传害虫(如根结线虫)展现显著的生物防治功能[8,56]。根际微生物产生的次生代谢产物也在抑制根结线虫方面发挥重要作用[6,31,58]。另一方面,植物根际富集的微生物对植物生长并非都有利。尽管近年来对植物根际微生物的研究大多集中在植物生长促进细菌或杀线虫细菌上,但研究表明植物微生物也可能参与或促进了根结线虫病的发生。根结线虫病的发生并非仅由根结线虫单一因素导致,微生物组和线虫的相互协作也起到关键作用[59-60]。以黑胡椒为例,其产量不仅受线虫、真菌各自影响,二者共同作用时更会导致胡椒产量急剧下降。除了直接取食和迁移危害外,线虫取食还会与真菌和细菌等次生疾病相结合。黑胡椒的严重衰退是由线虫病、真菌病以及营养素缺乏共同作用导致的,2种生物对植物具有协同致病作用,导致植物枯萎,而最初的线虫感染加剧了生长抑制[57]
根结线虫生活史的大部分及其侵染作用主要发生在植物根组织与根结内,与根内生菌生态位相同或重叠,因此植物根内生菌可能与根结线虫病的发生和控制有更密切的关系;研究表明线虫侵染对根微生物组的影响存在明显的空间差异,线虫侵染对根内生菌的影响远大于根际细菌;植物根系核心微生物群落主要包括假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)、链霉菌目(Streptomycetales)、肠杆菌目(Enterobacterales)、微球菌目(Micrococcales)、分枝杆菌目(Mycobacteriales)、芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)及假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)等;通过对不同阶段健康和患病番茄根微生物组菌群组成的分析和对比发现,线虫侵染对植物根际和根内生菌菌群结构组成和多样性造成了显著影响[42]。根结线虫侵染导致贝塔变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteriales),主要是茄科罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstoniasolanacearum)、根瘤菌目、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)和芽孢杆菌在患病番茄根以及根结内高度富集;相反,健康番茄根样品中富集的菌群主要隶属于放线菌目(Actinomycetales)、假单胞菌目、芽孢杆菌目等;其中,芽孢杆菌属主要在线虫侵染早期病根中富集,而根瘤菌目则在不同时期病根以及根结内显著富集[16,42]。利用随机森林鉴别发现,根瘤菌目、红细菌目(Rhodobacterales)、噬纤维菌目(Cytophagales)、纤维弧菌目(Cellvibrionales)等是区分患病和健康植物的关键生物标志物类群,而根瘤菌目和红细菌目是与根结线虫侵染特别相关的关键生物标志物类物种。其中,茄科罗尔斯通氏菌是已知的植物病原菌,主要随根结线虫侵染进入植物根导致复合病害。根瘤菌目、红细菌目是已知报道的固氮菌菌群,噬纤维菌目、纤维弧菌目则被广泛报道为产纤维素酶细菌[59-60]。此外,Tian等[39]也发现根结线虫对番茄的侵染导致鞘氨醇杆菌目(Sphingobacteriales)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)、肠杆菌目以及红环菌目(Rhodocyclales)等细菌在根结内高度富集,而假单胞菌目和放线菌目在健康番茄根中的丰富度显著降低。其中,固氮菌红环菌(Azozpira)是根结内最为丰富的细菌类群。
通过基于微生物菌群的功能预测对植物病根和根结中富集的微生物功能进行分析。结果显示化能异养、厌氧化能异养、植物致病、木质纤维素降解和生物固氮等代谢通路在患病的番茄根和根结微生物组中显著富集;其中,与植物致病相关的菌群主要来自β-变形菌目(主要是茄科罗尔斯通氏菌),与木质纤维素降解相关的微生物主要来源于根瘤菌目、噬纤维菌目、纤维弧菌目,与生物固氮等氮循环途径相关的微生物则主要来源于根瘤菌目和红杆菌目等;通过固氮酶基因的免疫荧光定位技术(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)发现固氮酶基因/固氮菌在线虫体表和根结内富集,表明固氮菌/酶基因很可能伴随线虫的侵染而在植物体内富集[42]。同样地,在绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)标记的根瘤菌中也观察到了该菌与根结线虫的相互作用及其在根结中的富集[61]。总的来说,对不同来源的根结线虫侵染的植物根或根结组织的分析表明,特定功能菌群在线虫侵染的植物根内高度富集,特别是一些固氮菌和纤维素降解细菌在线虫侵染结构——根结中的高度特异性富集,表明植物微生物组中的一些细菌极可能参与了根结线虫的侵染过程[59-60]
植物微生物中有许多种类具有促进植物生长发育的作用,统称为植物生长促进细菌(plant growth promoting bacteria, PGPB)。PGPB广泛分布于植物根际土壤以及不同宿主植物的各个组织器官中,具有丰富的物种多样性和多种多样的功能。例如,合成对植物生长有促进作用的植物激素类物质,进行生物固氮作用,促进土壤中难以利用的无机盐等养分的吸收和利用;产生铁载体、次生代谢产物,或者诱导植物系统抗性,帮助植物宿主增强抵抗疾病的能力等[8,10,18,32,37,62-63]。许多PGPB同样被证明具有防控根结线虫与促进生长的双重功效。一方面,PGPB能直接杀死或抑制根结线虫,从而有效减少根结线虫病对植物的侵害;另一方面,PGPB也可以通过促进植物生长、提高植物健康水平,间接减缓根结线虫病的危害[16-17,56,64]。基于16S rRNA基因测序分析,根结线虫侵染导致根际细菌中的植物益生菌群,如根瘤菌目、链霉菌目等优势菌目,以及假单胞菌属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属与芽孢杆菌属等细菌类群的丰度显著增加[39,50-51]。相反,线虫侵染导致了植物根内生菌中的植物益生菌,如放线菌目、假单胞菌目、芽孢杆菌目等微生物丰度显著降低[65]。这些富集的细菌大多被报道具有植物益生或者杀线虫活性。例如,假单胞菌属细菌通过产生铁载体、营养限制、产生毒素或其他机制来抑制线虫的孵化和存活,表现出显著的杀线虫活性和促进植物生长的效果[6,65]。鞘氨醇杆菌通过分泌拮抗物质直接杀死线虫或显著抑制线虫侵染,同时促进植物生长和抗逆性[31,39]。黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)细菌通过产生抗菌效应因子和物质、胞外大分子降解酶等在生物防治中起重要作用,能够拮抗包括根结线虫在内的多种植物病原体,促进不同作物的生长[66]。芽孢杆菌属成员可以通过合成唑啉酮类化合物或者激活植物系统抗性等途径展现出抑制线虫侵染的生物防控功能[8]。链霉菌等放线菌可以产生抗生素和有毒代谢物,控制真菌病原体和线虫[6,31,39]。植物根际益生菌的富集更多表明在根结线虫侵染初期,或者植物面对病原菌侵害时的一种“cry for help”反应机制,即植物通过释放化学信号吸引或者招募益生菌进行保护[67]。相反,根结线虫侵染导致植物根内生菌益生微生物群体丰度降低,则表明植物病害的发生以及植物内生微生物群体结构的破坏[42]
PGPB可以直接通过不同的机制侵染或毒杀线虫。一般来说,真菌可以通过产生捕食器官或者分泌杀线虫物质直接杀死线虫,许多真菌也能起到抑制作用。轮枝孢属(Verticillium)、淡紫紫孢菌(Purpureocillium lilacinum)和厚垣孢普可尼亚菌(Pochonia chlamydosporia)可以抑制根结线虫寄生。隔指孢属真菌(Dactylella)在线虫侵染后特异性出现,且白僵菌属(Beauveria) (尤其是白僵菌)的丰度也有所增加。球孢白僵菌(B. bassiana)是一种丝状真菌,能够分泌多种胞外酶,帮助真菌侵入并杀死线虫[68-69]。细菌可以通过直接感染或释放杀线虫挥发物来消灭线虫[70]。一些线虫病原菌,如绿脓杆菌(P. aeruginosa)、巨大芽胞杆菌(B. megaterium)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)可以先定殖于线虫肠腔内,然后分泌毒素快速杀死线虫,或通过定殖在秀丽隐杆线虫的肠道持续感染导致线虫慢性死亡[71]。有些微生物可以通过释放某些化合物充当引诱剂引诱线虫靠近它们,然后产生毒素杀死线虫[70]。除了直接杀死线虫,一些PGPB,如植物生长促进根际细菌和机会性生防真菌可以通过在植物根部定殖并刺激植物免疫系统间接抑制或者控制根结线虫病的发生[8]
同时也有研究发现,线虫入侵会对植物益生菌或者PGPB产生抑制效果。有研究报道线虫侵染会破坏根瘤菌(Rhizobium)的互利共生,受线虫感染的植物与未感染的植物相比形成的根瘤更少,生物固氮生物量也更少[65]。生态毒理学研究显示,具有农用化学品降解功能的关键菌群(如节杆菌属)在土壤环境中的种群丰度与植物寄生线虫的侵染强度呈现显著负相关[44,50]。这表明根结线虫不仅阻碍植物的生长,而且损害了土壤对污染的恢复能力。也有研究报道,根结线虫侵染的植物根际土壤中的3种杀线虫真菌属,包括隔指孢属(Dactylellina)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)和青霉菌属(Penicillium)的生长受到抑制[31]。总的来说,根际环境中根结线虫与益生菌群构建动态互作网络,其作用模式涵盖拮抗(营养竞争)与协同(代谢互惠)双重生态关系。
植物病害的发生是病原体或害虫、宿主植物及相关微生物组相互作用的结果,其中相关微生物组对植物健康和病原体感染起着核心调节作用[24]。除了植物益生菌的抑制作用外,近年来的研究也表明线虫的入侵与植物病原菌或伴生/共生微生物具有密切联系[59-60]。一方面,根结线虫可能与其他植物病原微生物协同作用导致复合病害,如黄单胞菌、丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)、茄科罗尔斯通氏菌等[31];另一方面,近年来的研究还表明植物微生物组中的一些细菌极有可能参与了根结线虫的侵染过程,例如分泌酶参与线虫在植物根组织中的迁移以及线虫侵染结构根结的重构,或为根结线虫的生长发育提供营养等[42,59-60]。了解病原微生物及根结线虫侵染之间的相互作用机制可为进一步理解根结线虫病的发生机制以及推进生物防治手段和农业生态系统管理的发展奠定坚实的理论和技术支持。
根结线虫除通过机械损伤对侵染植物造成直接危害外,其取食行为造成的伤口为随后植物病原细菌或真菌的侵入提供了便利,从而导致真菌性/细菌性复合病害形成协同效应[7]。当线虫与植物病原菌发生生态位重叠时,双重侵染模式可触发特征性病理表型的特异性表达。植物寄生线虫与病原真菌或细菌相互协调作用会增加植物病害的危害严重度,造成更大的农业和经济损失。调查显示,弯孢霉属(Curvularia)、葡萄孢属(Botrytis)及曲霉属(Aspergillus)等在土壤中广泛定殖,虽单独接种烟草时未表现出致病性,但在与根结线虫协同侵染条件下可触发根腐病理表型表达[72]。线虫、真菌病害以及营养素缺乏会共同导致黑胡椒严重衰退感染,进而导致作物产量下降[73]。烟草细菌性枯萎病由茄科罗尔斯通氏菌引起,是烟草生产中的一种主要疾病,常常给农民造成重大的经济损失,而线虫感染通常伴随着高发病率的细菌性枯萎病[74]。对健康和患根结线虫病番茄根微生物组的分析和对比表明,茄科罗尔斯通氏菌在线虫侵染番茄根和根结内高度富集,这意味着根结线虫对植物发起侵染后会导致外来植物病原菌更容易进入植物根,进而引发复合病害[42]。在有根结线虫和螺旋线虫的土壤中番茄易受茄科罗尔斯通氏菌侵染,而在无线虫的土壤中番茄生长良好;病理学分析表明,根结线虫与茄科罗尔斯通氏菌协同侵染时宿主植物呈现显著加速的病程进程,其复合侵染组的致死率较单一病原处理组提升,揭示两者存在显著病理协同效应[75-76]
近年来研究发现,植物病害可以通过与微生物建立伴生或共生关系参与宿主病虫害的生长发育、营养供应,以及抑制宿主植物免疫机制,从而促进植物病虫害的发生[43-44,77-78]。植食性昆虫或害虫在氮营养缺乏的情况下可以利用共生或伴生细菌弥补生长发育过程中氮源营养的不足,实现功能互补,如蚜虫、蟑螂、白蚁等[79-80]。作为植物专性寄生害虫,根结线虫侵染过程中形成的巨大细胞是其生长发育的唯一营养来源。因此,同大多数以氮营养贫乏的植物组织或植物汁液为食的植食性昆虫一样,氮是限制根结线虫生长和发育的最为重要的营养要素之一[45]。因此,在根结线虫侵染的病根以及侵染结构——根结中发现了固氮菌高度特异性富集,表明固氮菌可能参与了根结线虫的生长发育和致病过程,可能通过与根结线虫侵染过程中氮营养的不足实现功能互补,从而在线虫致病过程中发挥重要作用[59-60]。此外,研究也发现微生物可以通过分泌细胞壁(纤维素)降解酶来提高线虫入侵能力或产生毒素。Tian等[39]通过宏基因组分析发现,根结线虫侵染的番茄根的根结中具有大量与木质纤维素降解相关的功能基因。同样地,Yergaliyev等[47]揭示了根结线虫侵染导致的植物根结中具有丰富的木质纤维素降解细菌,这可能有助于线虫取食。Lu等[79]报道,噬几丁质菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和根瘤菌属的根际细菌与根结线虫密度呈正相关,可能是因为这些细菌能破坏植物细胞壁,并通过产生细胞壁降解酶促进根结线虫在烟草根部的定殖。根际代谢组学研究表明,微生物群落通过合成并释放特定挥发性有机化合物精准调控根结线虫的宿主识别与侵染位点定位行为,进而显著提升其病原性表达水平[51]。同样地,关于其他植物寄生线虫的研究也表明其可以通过共生或伴生细菌促进生长或致病的发生,如松材线虫可以通过伴生细菌分泌纤维素酶,促进其对植物组织的侵染和致病过程[81]
根结线虫侵染会驱动植物根际土壤和根内生微生物群落结构的重塑。根结线虫入侵时根际土壤微生物群落主要受到根结线虫分泌的次生代谢产物和植物根系分泌物2个因素的影响。根结线虫的分泌物可能增加具有抗生素抗性活性细菌的丰度,但抑制具有抗生素活性真菌的生长,并降低与土壤从污染中恢复能力相关的细菌丰度;同时,为应对根结线虫的入侵,根系分泌物可能为线虫生物或植物促生菌的生长提供更好的环境[31]。例如,根结线虫侵染植物根系时会通过释放特定代谢产物(如类黄酮、水杨酸等次生代谢物)定向调控根际微生物组结构,进而富集抗性相关菌群(如假单胞菌属),形成抑制根结线虫侵染的生态屏障[2,4]。非寄生根际细菌可通过2种最常见的方式对抗线虫:(1) 产生抑制线虫孵化和吸引线虫进入根部的代谢化合物;(2) 降解一些影响线虫行为的根部化合物(如一些细菌会产生影响卵的酶或毒素)或损害宿主植物的孵化因子[15]
微生物的多样性是评估土壤健康状况的重要指标。根际微生物的活性和功能多样性有利于植物生长、防御、缓解营养胁迫和应对病原微生物入侵[82-84]。微生物种群的多样性对抵御线虫侵染也起到积极作用,较高微生物多样性对应较低的线虫感染率,较低的多样性则会导致较高的根结线虫感染率和土传植物病害发生率[85-87]。此外,微生物组还可通过诱导植物防御机制来抵御线虫。根边界细胞和根分泌物在塑造根际微生物群落方面起着至关重要的作用。在根结线虫侵染初始阶段,宿主植物细胞膜特异性受体被病原体激活,引发免疫反应,茉莉酸、乙烯和水杨酸等植物激素通常以拮抗方式协调植物防御反应[5]
当植物遭受线虫侵袭时会通过生成诱导抗性物质营造有利于有益微生物繁衍的环境,实现根际微生物群落结构的优化;或者激活自身免疫系统抵御线虫侵害。植物体内产生的诱导抗性物质作用方式分为2类:(1) 直接对入侵线虫展现毒性;(2) 通过间接途径干扰线虫的生长和发育进程,如入侵时根际增加了土壤中通常存在的微生物数量,植物通过分泌特定的根系分泌物招募、富集或选择有益微生物改善根系结构、促进养分吸收、增强耐受非生物胁迫能力以及引发更快、更强的免疫反应[8]
根系分泌物包括糖、氨基酸、有机酸、脂肪酸和次生代谢产物,是植物与微生物交流的重要方式,对根际微生物组的组成有重大影响[6]。不同作物的根系分泌物可能导致根际微生物的差异。根系分泌物将微生物从土壤中招募到根际,其中初级代谢物主要负责吸引微生物,次生代谢物主要负责筛选招募的微生物[88]。因此,植物调节在微生物组抵御根结线虫侵害中起到至关重要的作用[89]
植物可以通过激活自身的免疫系统来抵抗根结线虫的侵害。植物对线虫侵染产生一系列信号传导和免疫反应,从而限制线虫的生长和发育。植物通过细胞表面模式识别受体识别胞外的病原衍生分子、损伤衍生分子或病原产生的胞外效应分子,引发模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor, PRR)介导的免疫[90]。这些策略可能单独或联合起来帮助植物抵抗根结线虫的侵害。这也凸显了植物与根际微生物之间复杂而重要的相互作用,这一领域的研究对于发展生物防治策略和提高作物抗逆性具有重要意义。
植物根结线虫的生物防治是指利用线虫的天敌来抑制、控制和杀死线虫的防治手段,具有环境友好、安全性高、特异性强、防治周期长等优点。其中,利用线虫天敌微生物发展线虫生防制剂越来越受到重视。这些微生物可以通过与线虫竞争空间、营养和水分,以及分泌次生代谢产物来降低线虫的繁衍和生长活动[8]。例如,利用根际细菌,如枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis)、产紫篮状菌(Talaromyces purpurogenus)、链霉菌、假单胞菌和根瘤菌等可抑制植物病原体,并在感染阶段产生并释放毒素或抗生素,从而对线虫产生影响[91]。放线菌和拮抗真菌[92]能够产生具有杀线虫作用的化合物或酶,抑制线虫的发育。红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas)作为微生物肥料中的一种,不仅能促进作物生长,还能切实降低土传病害发生率,与其他农药处理相结合可有效抑制生姜根结线虫病的发生并提高生姜产量[93]。应用特定的共生微生物,如菌根真菌、固氮细菌(根瘤菌),能有效增进植物健康。例如,菌根真菌能够增强植物摄取土壤中磷等养分的能力,提升植物对线虫的抵抗能力[31]。某些细菌能穿透角质层,利用酶的作用杀死线虫,假单胞菌具有破坏线虫卵群基质的活性,可降低线虫卵孵化水平,并特异性激活过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POX)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL)等抗性相关酶的作用[94-95]。此外,微生物通过提高营养物质的溶解度、摄取和吸收来促进植物发育,从而有助于提高植物根部对植物寄生线虫的耐受性[6]。因此,生物防治策略与根微生物组的关系密不可分,生物制剂可以显著提高植物对病害的抵抗能力,进而实现农业生产的可持续发展[35]。在过去的几十年里,一系列基于微生物的根结线虫生物杀线剂已在国内外登记上市,并在农业实践中证明了其生防效果[10,56,69]
近年来,基于群体和系统水平对植物病害微生物组以及植物根系微域植物-病害-微生物组的复杂相互作用关系的研究表明,植物病害以及植物根结线虫的生物防治不仅是一个或几个微生物或者功能特性的单个行为,也不仅限于生防微生物与病害之间的作用,而是复杂环境下微生物-植物宿主-病害以及环境之间复杂相互作用的完整系统的一部分[96]。因此,有针对性地操纵植物根际或根内核心微生物组、核心健康微生物群或者关键菌群,通过人工方法构建或者设计合成微生物群落(synthetic microbial communities, SynComs)已经成为调控根际微生物互作、增强植物防御能力、抑制病原活性、改进未来可持续作物生产的有效策略和重要研究方向[97]。SynComs是指通过筛选具有明确功能的微生物,按特定比例和条件人工设计与构建特定微生物组合形成的功能化群落,旨在模拟或实现自然微生物群落的特定功能[98]。Qiao等[99]通过基于宏基因组学和代谢组学筛选具有杀线虫活性的核心菌株(如假单胞菌、链霉菌),并通过体外共培养验证其可通过协同效应抑制土传病害。Zhou等[94]筛选假单胞菌、链霉菌等核心拮抗菌株构建SynComs,通过温室试验验证其线虫抑制率达73%。穆朋等[100]研究表明,通过复合菌剂可以明显抑制病原菌生长,并分泌激素、有机酸等次生代谢产物促进植物根系生长,显著提升根际微生物多样性,通过竞争排斥效应降低植物病原线虫丰度,有效防治西洋参根腐病和锈腐病等。La等[101]从根结线虫感染的根中分离多种具有线虫拮抗活性的细菌菌株,通过对由6株细菌组成的多个简化SynComs进行筛选和验证,证明合成菌落可以通过直接抑制感染、分泌抗线虫物质和调节植物防御反应等多种机制抑制植物根结线虫的感染。Li等[42]利用随机森林从健康和患根结线虫病番茄中鉴别出根瘤菌目、红细菌目、噬纤维菌目、纤维弧菌目等是区分患病和健康植物的关键生物标志物类群,而根瘤菌目和红细菌目是与根结线虫侵染特别相关的关键生物标志物物种。总的来说,目前对于根结线虫病发生以及防控机制的研究已从单一菌株开发转向微生物组整体功能调控。未来需要进一步整合多组学与人工智能技术,针对根结线虫侵染关键菌群构建SynCom,发展新的线虫生防制剂和生防策略,为根结线虫的生物防治开辟新的方向。
根结线虫侵入植物根部并在其中形成根结,从而破坏植物根系,导致植物生长受限、营养吸收减少,最终影响作物的产量和质量[102]。微生物组在植物-根结线虫的互作中发挥着重要的生态功能,能够维护植物根微域以及植物微生物组的健康,抑制根结线虫病的发生。
一方面,植物微生物中某些拮抗微生物(如特定的细菌和真菌)可直接抑制根结线虫的生长和繁殖;一些有益微生物还能通过竞争营养物质和根际空间限制线虫及其寄生菌的生存环境,进而降低它们的侵染机会,抑制根结线虫在土壤中的传播。另一方面,微生物可提高植物的健康水平、抗性以及根部微环境。通过促进植物的营养吸收(如通过菌根共生)、增强植物的生长和耐逆性帮助植物更好地抵御根结线虫的侵害[16-17,56,103]。微生物还能通过激活植物免疫系统来增强植物的抗性,提高植物对根结线虫的免疫反应[30]。某些根际微生物能够激活植物的防御机制,使植物产生更多的抗性物质,如类黄酮[104]、酚类化合物等;同时,招募和富集益生微生物菌群,并通过分解有机物、改善土壤结构等方式优化根际环境,创造对根结线虫不利的环境。例如,某些微生物能够降低土壤的酸碱度或改变土壤的湿度,从而影响线虫的生存和活动[16-17,103]。此外,保持根际微生物的多样性和稳定性有助于维持生态平衡,减少病原微生物的优势地位。健康的根微生物组有利于维持土壤生态系统功能,支持植物的整体健康。高微生物多样性通常与对线虫的更好控制相关,能增强植物对根结线虫的抵抗力[6-7,56]。因此,根微生物组除了含有丰富多样的杀线虫微生物外,还广泛参与维护植物根际微环境生态系统的多样性和稳定性,影响植物健康与病害发展、土壤健康等多种生态功能,进而影响植物对根结线虫的抗性、根结线虫病的发生以及植物-根结线虫互作等[16-17,42,65,103]
目前,根结线虫的生物防治研究主要集中在根结线虫本身或宿主植物上,即通过抑制或杀死根结线虫病原,或者保护植物健康来达到抑制和控制根结线虫病发生的目的。然而,近年来的研究发现一些微生物也参与了根结线虫病的发生,是影响根结线虫病发生的关键菌群。例如,目前在番茄、大豆、烟草、丝瓜、茄子等受根结线虫侵染的植物根或根结内生菌研究中发现了根瘤菌目、红环菌目以及慢生根瘤菌目等固氮细菌的显著富集,也有研究发现一些木质纤维素降解细菌也在植物寄生线虫侵染的植物中富集,如根结线虫和松材线虫等[7,30,39,42,44,59-60,81,105]。在根结线虫侵染的病根以及根结中固氮菌和木质纤维降解细菌高度特异性富集,这表明这些功能细菌可能作为根结线虫的共生或伴生细菌参与了根结线虫的侵染和致病过程[39,42,47,59-60]
长久以来,固氮菌作为植物益生菌能将空气中的氮气转化为NH4+为植物生长发育提供所需的氮源,这一特性广为人知[106]。有研究揭示,植物内生固氮菌参与了根结线虫的侵染和致病过程,是影响根结线虫病发生的关键菌群,这为植物根结线虫的生物防治提供了新的方向和策略。由于土壤氮源浓度和pH是影响植物固氮菌及其固氮酶活性的主要因素,氮肥的施加会显著改变植物中固氮菌的数量和种群结构,降低固氮酶水平[107-109]。因此,在实践中可通过在土壤中添加氮源来改变植物根内固氮菌群及其固氮酶活性,进而控制根结线虫病的发生;通过测试13种不同氮源对根结线虫病的影响,结果发现其中10种氮源可显著减少根结数目或控制根结线虫病的发生,而另外3种则显著增加了植物根的根结数目。对健康和患病植物根内生菌群的对比分析结果表明,相对于健康番茄(包括健康对照和氮源处理后的健康样品),根瘤菌目所属的操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)在患病植物样品中显著富集[110]。这一结果证明,通过改变植物根内固氮菌菌群及其固氮功能可显著影响根结线虫的发病率[42]。事实上,使用有机肥和氮源控制根结线虫病已在线虫生防实践中得到认识和研究,并作为一种防控线虫病害的传统农业措施得到广泛应用[111-112]。研究表明有机氮源、无机氮源、有机肥、沼液以及其他有机物单独或配合其他生防措施均可显著抑制或控制根结线虫病的发生[113-114]。将植物根内固氮菌群的变化作为影响根结线虫病发生的关键因素,不仅可以围绕固氮菌变化开发新的线虫生防策略,改善目前线虫生防制剂的生防效果,而且为解析和阐释田间氮源管理防控根结线虫的机制提供了坚实的理论依据。未来可以进一步以固氮菌或木质纤维素降解细菌作为核心物种,围绕根结线虫侵染相关的微生物菌群,通过“自上而下”或“自下而上”的策略发展具有线虫生防效果的人工微生物合成菌群。
自2015年以来,高通量测序技术(如基于微生物标记和功能基因的测序以及宏基因组测序)已发展成为在群体和系统水平上研究植物微生物生态学、根结线虫致病微生物组以及线虫寄生病理学的重要工具。这些技术不仅能提供根结线虫侵染胁迫下植物微环境微生物群落的全面数据,涵盖细菌、真菌和古菌等群落和功能的分布特征、变化及形成机制,还让我们对根结线虫侵染植物过程中微生物与微生物、微生物与宿主以及环境之间的复杂相互作用网络有了更深入的认识[39,42,47,59-60,115-116]。进一步结合代谢组学技术[117]有助于研究人员探究根结线虫感染如何影响植物根部的代谢产物,以及宿主植物如何通过分泌次生代谢产物调节植物根部生理状态和微生物菌群结构,进而影响根结线虫的致病过程。利用蛋白质组学和转录组学技术(如RNA-Seq)[17,42,58]可以分析植物在根结线虫感染下的基因表达变化,有助于揭示植物对线虫侵染的反应机制,以及微生物群落如何参与这些反应。总体而言,近年来基于系统和群体水平的植物微生物组研究使我们对根结线虫胁迫下植物微生物群落的变化、根结线虫的致病机制以及植物根域植物-线虫-微生物之间的相互作用关系及其机制有了更深入和全面的了解。
在菌群分析方面,近年来研究者从根结线虫侵染对植物根际和根内微生物组的影响、侵染过程中线虫与微生物的相互作用关系、宿主植物及其微生物组对病害发生的响应机制及调控等多个方面进行了详细研究。结果发现根结线虫感染会显著改变植物根部的微生物群落结构,较高的微生物多样性会降低根结线虫入侵的影响,例如导致某些细菌或真菌群落的丰度增加[75]。Zou等[76]研究表明,根部微生物组中的特定微生物可对根结线虫产生抑制作用,如一些根际细菌能够产生抗线虫的化合物,或通过竞争营养和空间来抑制线虫的生长。同时,也有研究表明根结线虫侵染导致的根内生或根结内微生物的富集可能与根结线虫的侵染和致病相关,一些微生物可能通过提供营养或分泌酶参与根结线虫的侵染和致病过程[39,42,47,59-60,115-116]。然而,目前关于根结线虫侵染植物微生物组的研究绝大部分集中在根际和根内细菌组,而忽略了植物微环境下其他微生物,如真菌、古细菌、病毒以及其他土壤生物的研究[13,17,73-75,118-119]。实际上,先前对生防微生物的分离筛选以及功能分析表明,真菌可通过分泌毒素、产生捕食器官以及其他生态机制杀死或抑制线虫群体生长,并在控制根结线虫侵染以及与根结线虫相互作用过程中发挥至关重要的作用[17,68-69,75]。研究表明,线虫作为地球上数量最多、物种和功能多样性最丰富的土壤动物,占据土壤食物网的不同营养级,在促进土壤生态系统功能稳定性以及通过生态位竞争控制植物病害线虫群体等方面发挥了不容忽视的作用[75,118-119]。此外,目前对不同根结线虫侵染植物微生物的研究信息较为片段化,缺乏统一规范,也缺乏在不同地理、空间和时间尺度上对不同植物研究结果进行系统和统一规范的比较与综合,因而难以得出普遍性结论。例如,由于受采样时间、采样方式、不同宿主植物以及采样地点的土壤和理化环境差异的影响,不同研究者最终得出的根结线虫侵染植物的微生物结构组成以及侵染后的微生物变化并不一致[17,59-60,96]。过往研究通常将线虫侵染病根作为一个整体进行分析,事实上,根结作为根结线虫侵染结构是根结线虫生长发育和繁殖以及病理过程发生的主要场所,将根结作为单独的研究材料更有利于发现与根结线虫侵染相关微生物群落功能的关键信息[39,42,120]。总体来说,在更大地理、空间、时间以及物种尺度上全面深入地调查根结线虫侵染胁迫下植物微生物群落结构变化,尤其关注侵染结构——根结内微生物组的变化,以及不同生物成分之间的相互作用和协同作用机制,对于理解根结线虫侵染植物过程中植物根际微域微生物-宿主植物-线虫以及环境之间的复杂相互作用网络,理解根结线虫病发生机制,以及维持环境生态和植物健康都具有非常重要的科学和应用价值。
目前对于植物病害微生物组的研究普遍偏重对微生物群落结构的描述,而缺乏对根结线虫侵染植物过程中微生物组形成机制和生态过程的研究。Li等[42]通过对番茄根微生物组群落组装的生态学过程分析表明,在番茄根际土壤和根内生环境中细菌群落组装过程主要受随机过程主导;在根结以及患病根(非根结)和患病土中细菌群落的组装过程与时间梯度呈显著正相关,健康根际土壤的细菌群落与时间梯度呈显著负相关;相对于健康样品病根和根结的群落组装过程由确定性过程主导,其确定性过程主要由变量选择和未被支配过程驱动。因此,对番茄根微生物组的群落组装和生态过程的分析表明,线虫侵染导致的根微生物组的菌群变化主要源于线虫侵染导致的环境变化以及线虫侵染导致的外来微生物的迁入。
未来进一步对不同土壤环境下根结线虫侵染植物微生物组生态过程的研究,有助于解析微生物群落组成和变化形成的原因及其主要影响因素,探究根结线虫侵染植物过程中核心微生物群落的形成以及某些微生物类群的出现是线虫侵染植物过程中的必然事件还是偶然事件,从而有助于我们更好地理解根结线虫致病机制以及微生物在根结线虫侵染植物中的作用,并采取针对性措施预防植物线虫病的发生。
近年来,许多研究表明宿主植物可以通过分泌特定的代谢产物招募、富集有益菌群,维持健康微生物菌群,促进植物生长发育以及抵御植物病虫害[121]。也有研究表明,根结线虫可以通过改变植物分泌的次生代谢物质招募或富集特定的微生物菌群。例如,研究发现过表达产生类黄酮物质的番茄导致某些微生物在番茄根内富集,并促进了根结线虫侵染[30]。总体而言,根结线虫侵染的植物是否分泌类黄酮物质或其他小分子代谢产物招募特定的微生物菌群,抑制或促进根结线虫病的发生,以及根结线虫的侵染是否会影响植物根分泌物从而形成特定的根结线虫致病微生物组,目前研究仍处于初步阶段,尚无确定性结论。未来在系统解析根结线虫侵染植物微生物组结构组成和变化的基础上,进一步研究线虫、宿主植物及其相互作用对根微生物组形成的调控机制和分子基础,将成为根结线虫致病微生物组研究的重要方向和主要热点。
目前,对根结线虫侵染植物微生物组研究工作的另一个局限性在于针对微生物功能基因的预测和解析工作仍存在较大短板。尽管过去几年有大量研究表明,植物根际细菌和内生细菌可通过合成植物激素类物质、进行生物固氮作用、促进宿主植物对养分的吸收和利用,从而促进植物健康;或者通过产生侵染酶、次生代谢产物,或者诱导植物系统抗性帮助植物抑制线虫病的发生等[8,18,31-32,62-63,121]。研究人员发现了一些与根结线虫抗性相关的功能基因,这些基因可能通过调节植物根部微生物群落的组成增强植物对线虫的抗性[77]。总体而言,在群体水平上对植物微生物功能的系统研究工作仍然相对较少。对于植物微生物功能的认识大多来源于对少数模式生物的体外实验以及单个微生物基因组的测序分析,研究内容也主要集中在对微生物促生作用的理解上。这些片段化的、来源于不同植物不同内生菌种的信息很难与先前已知的植物内生菌核心种群对应起来,也难以全面认识不同类群在植物中的作用。未来需要进一步将微生物水平、基因水平以及蛋白质和表达水平的研究方法(包括宏基因组学、宏蛋白质组学和转录组学以及其他系统生物学研究手段)有机结合起来,并应用到植物微生物功能的研究中,在群体和系统水平上揭示植物微生物的功能,理解微生物在维护宿主植物健康以及在根结线虫侵染植物和植物-线虫-微生物相互作用关系中的作用等。例如,Li等[42]通过基于微生物菌群的功能预测发现化能异养、厌氧化能异养、植物致病、木质纤维素降解以及生物固氮等代谢通路在患病的番茄根和根结微生物组中显著富集;Tian等[39]通过宏基因组学测序发现,生物固氮以及与木质纤维素降解相关的功能在根结线虫侵染植物病根及根结中大量富集。近年来已有一些基于系统生物学方法的微生物群体功能解析和进展被报道,但远远不够,并且对于这些微生物及其功能在根结线虫致病以及维护植物健康中的作用及其分子机制尚需进一步深入研究。
在根结线虫的生物防治方面,目前对于根结线虫生物控制的研究偏重单一生防微生物的功能筛选和生防菌剂的开发,而忽视了在群体水平上对植物微生物-生防微生物相互作用关系的研究。近年来许多研究表明,植物病害的生物防治不仅仅是一个或几个微生物或者功能特性的单个行为,也不仅限于生防微生物与病害之间的作用,而是微生物-植物宿主-病害之间复杂相互作用网络的一部分[96]。例如,生防微生物与土壤以及根内土著微生物之间关于营养和生态位的竞争是线虫生防微生物的土壤抑菌作用以及生防制剂应用中存在问题的主要根源[16,103]。因此,未来需要在群体水平上研究植物根结线虫侵染过程中微生物群落变化及微生物-宿主植物-线虫以及微生物-微生物之间的相互作用网络,解析根结线虫胁迫下植物微生物组的核心物种以及与根结线虫致病相关的物种,并以此为核心,通过“自下而上”或“自上而下”策略构建人工合成生防微生物群落,或基于网络分析解析与核心物种关联微生物,并通过筛选和验证开发具有线虫生防效果的复合菌群。例如,La等[101]通过筛选和验证构建了由6株细菌组成的具有抑制根结线虫侵染能力的人工合成菌群,以推进人工合成菌群技术在基于调控机制的生态型生物防治中的开发与应用。植物在感染过程中能够调节根部微生物组的组成。例如,植物可能通过分泌特定的化学物质来促进有益微生物的生长,同时抑制潜在的有害微生物,或启动植物免疫反应来抵御病虫害。除构建人工合成菌群和利用氮源/有机肥调控根内固氮菌以控制根结线虫病害等策略外,未来可以进一步研究根结线虫侵染植物过程中宿主植物的响应机制及其对植物微生物组的影响,在解析根结线虫-植物相互作用招募和富集微生物并建立共生/伴生关系的分子和生化机制的基础上,通过田间管理或者添加小分子物质干预微生物组的群落结构组成或者形成,开发更为有效的线虫生态防治策略。
综上所述,根结线虫侵染对植物根际微生物组的影响是多维度的,不仅重塑微生物群落的结构与功能,还通过微生物-线虫-植物三方互作网络反馈调控病害进程,进而波及生态系统功能与农业可持续发展。因此,解析根结线虫-微生物互作机制、构建新型防控策略,亟需在群体与系统层面厘清各要素的内在关联,明确不同组分在线虫治理中的独立效能与协同机制,并有机融合农业、物理、化学等多元手段,制定全面、高效的线虫生态防治策略,以提升防治成效与可持续性,推动绿色有害生物综合治理,助力我国现代农业高质量、可持续发展。
作者声明不存在任何可能会影响本文所报告工作的已知经济利益或个人关系。本文部分插图使用BioRender.com平台绘制,特此声明该平台学术出版授权适用于本非商业性研究(授权范围参见:https://biorender.com/license/academic)。
  • 福建省林业科技研究项目(2021FKJ31)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31670125)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250199
  • 接收时间:2025-03-12
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  • 录用日期:2025-05-18
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the Forestry Science and Technology Research Project of Fujian Province(2021FKJ31)
福建省林业科技研究项目(2021FKJ31)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31670125)
国家自然科学基金(31670125)
作者信息
    福建师范大学 生命科学学院,细胞逆境响应与代谢调控省高校重点实验室,福建 福州
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250199
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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