Article(id=1192149544122069097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250193, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741536000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747152000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-14, onlineDate=1762160200385, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160200385, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160200385, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772097646587, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4254, endPage=4271, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149544382115949, articleId=1192149544122069097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Advances in research on microbiomes related to endometriosis, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent gynecological condition often associated with pelvic pain, dyspareunia, difficulties of defecation and urination, and infertility. The disease poses significant treatment challenges and has a high recurrence rate, causing considerable distress to patients and substantial social and economic impacts. Currently, the exact etiology of endometriosis remains unclear, and the lack of specific biomarkers complicates early diagnosis. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have significantly propelled research into the human microbiome, revealing intricate connections between microbiota and diseases. Notably, the microbiota in the female oral cavity, genital tract, peritoneal cavity, and gut are closely linked to the development and progression of gynecological disorders. This article reviews the correlations between the human microbiome and endometriosis and explores the potential applications of microbiota in the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.

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E-mail:
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子宫内膜异位症是一种慢性、雌激素依赖性妇科疾病,常伴随盆腔疼痛、性交痛、排便和排尿困难以及不孕等症状。该病治疗难度大且复发率高,给患者带来巨大困扰,同时对社会和经济造成显著影响。目前,子宫内膜异位症的发病原因尚不十分清楚,且由于缺乏特异性的生物标志物,早期诊断存在困难。随着高通量测序技术的进步,人体微生物组研究取得了显著进展,揭示了人体微生物与疾病之间的密切联系,发现女性口腔、生殖道、腹腔及肠道微生物群与多种妇科疾病的发生发展密切相关。本文针对子宫内膜异位症,综述其与人体微生物组的相关性,并探讨微生物在子宫内膜异位症诊断和治疗中的潜在应用。

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作者贡献声明

王艺璇:提出概念,撰写文章;张书娟:数据收集与监管,完成呈现;付钰:编辑、撰写、审阅。

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National Science Review, 2024, 11(11): nwae325., articleTitle=Exploring the frontier of microbiome biomarker discovery with artificial intelligence, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192160743047967212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, awardId=IS23089, language=EN, fundingSource=the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS23089), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192160743106687469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, awardId=IS23089, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市自然科学基金(IS23089), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192160740699156926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160740707545535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, companyId=1192160740699156926, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160740711739840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, companyId=1192160740699156926, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院),山东 济南)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192160740778848705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160740787237314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, companyId=1192160740778848705, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160740791431619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, companyId=1192160740778848705, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192160740858540484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160740862734789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, companyId=1192160740858540484, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160740871123398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, companyId=1192160740858540484, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3沈阳药科大学 中药学院,辽宁 沈阳)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192160740934037960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160740938232265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, companyId=1192160740934037960, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192160740946620875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, companyId=1192160740934037960, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4中国科学院大学 医学院,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192160742733394408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Correlation between endometriosis and changes in the abundance of specific microorganisms in the human microbiome across different body sites., figureFileSmall=is0VHoAMOgsx8VtyO/30sg==, figureFileBig=0ZhHOvQiuwphcwxwUOUOBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192160742783726057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, language=CN, label=图1, caption=子宫内膜异位症与人体各部位微生物组中特定微生物丰度变化的相关性, figureFileSmall=is0VHoAMOgsx8VtyO/30sg==, figureFileBig=0ZhHOvQiuwphcwxwUOUOBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192160742859223530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of candidate microbial and metabolic biomarkers associated with endometriosis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
YearSample size (control vs. endometriosis)Sampling site(s)Potential biomarkersSequencing methodReferences
202419 vs. 21Vagina

Gardnerella, Prevotella, Ureaplasma, Anaerococcus, Bifidobacterium scardovii, Candida

Lactobacillus

Metagenomics[21]
201939 vs. 30CervixEnterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus16S rRNA gene[23]
202014 vs. 36Lower third of vagina, posterior vaginal fornix, cervix, endometrium, and peritoneal fluidPeptoniphilus, Bacteroides,P. alcaliphila, Sphingobacterium, Chryseobacterium, Delftia, Pseudomonadaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Cytophagaceae (cervix); Sphingomonas (endometrium); P. alcaliphila (peritoneal fluid); Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Peptoniphilus (cervix, endometrium, and peritoneal fluid)16S rRNA gene[20]
202321 vs. 19Vagina and cervixFannyhessea, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, Megasphaera, Sneathia16S rRNA gene[25]
202513 vs. 30Endometrium

Pseudomonas stutzeri, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

Lactobacillus iners, Bacillus pichinotyi, Alistipes putredinis, Bacteroides ovatus, Pseudoxanthomonas indica

16S rRNA gene[27]
202376 vs. 79Endometrium and ovarian endometriotic lesionsFusobacterium (endometrium)16S rRNA gene[29]
202431 vs. 26Endometrium and peritoneal fluidLactobacillus (endometrium); Pseudomonas (peritoneal fluid in moderate-to-severe endometriosis)16S rRNA gene[30]
20219 vs. 12EndometriumActinomycetota, Oxalobacteraceae, Streptococcaceae, Thermicanus16S rRNA gene[26]
201155 vs. 16OvaryL. iners, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium auromucosum, Fusobacterium, Peptinophilus asaccharolyticus, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Prevotella, Staphylococcus, Candida parapsilosisCulture[32]
202011 vs. 10Vagina, endometrium, and endometriotic lesion tissue

Alishewanella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas (endometriotic lesion tissue)

Lactobacillus (endometriotic lesion tissue)

16S rRNA gene[52]
202218 vs. 18Vagina, endometrium ovary, and peritoneal fluidNearly sterile peritoneal and ovarian sites; higher prevalence of infectious microbes in vaginal and endometrial sites; higher prevalence of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species16S rRNA gene[53]
202225 vs. 36Peritoneal fluid

Acidovorax, Devosia, Methylobacterium,Phascolarctobacterium, Streptococcus

Brevundimonas, Stenotrophomonas

16S rRNA gene[34]
202145 vs. 45Peritoneal fluid

Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Streptococcu, Enhydrobacter

Propionibacterium,Actinomyces, Rothia

16S rRNA gene[35]
202523 vs. 27Peritoneal fluidFlavobacterium, Pseudomonas,Bacillus were commonly present in endometriosis group16S rRNA gene[36]
202121 vs. 20Gut, cervix, and peritoneal fluidRuminococcus (gut) identified as non-invasive potential biomarker16S rRNA gene[37]
20246 vs. 6GutRikenellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Tannerellaceae, Bacteroides,Candidiatus Oscillospiraceae, Rikenella16S rRNA gene[39]
6 vs. 6 (endometriosis vs. model group)GutLachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnoclostridium, Candidatus Ruminococcaceae
20215 vs. 5Gut↓ N-butyrateMass spectrometry[40]
20234 vs. 4Gut↑ Quinic acidMass spectrometry[41]
202330 vs. 35Gut↑ β-glucuronidase16S rRNA gene[42]
202531 vs. 18Gut↓ 4-hydroxyindoleMetabonomics[43]
202519 healthy vs. 24 non-endometriosis vs. 21 endometriosisVagina, oral, gut

Lactobacillus, Haemophilus (gut); Cardiobacterium (oral-mild cases); Fusobacterium (oral-severe cases)

Lactobacillus, Haemophilus(oral, vaginal)

16S rRNA gene[46]
202415 healthy vs. 23 CPP vs. 35 CPP-EndoVagina, oral, and rectum

S. anginosus (vagina),Ruminococcus (rectum)

Candidatus Desulfovibrio sp. (rectum)

16S rRNA gene[51]
202413 vs. 8Oral, vagina, endometrium, and gutStreptococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria (oral; not statistically significant)16S rRNA gene[47]
), ArticleFig(id=1192160742930526699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149544122069097, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

与子宫内膜异位症相关的微生物组及代谢产物候选生物标志物汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
YearSample size (control vs. endometriosis)Sampling site(s)Potential biomarkersSequencing methodReferences
202419 vs. 21Vagina

Gardnerella, Prevotella, Ureaplasma, Anaerococcus, Bifidobacterium scardovii, Candida

Lactobacillus

Metagenomics[21]
201939 vs. 30CervixEnterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus16S rRNA gene[23]
202014 vs. 36Lower third of vagina, posterior vaginal fornix, cervix, endometrium, and peritoneal fluidPeptoniphilus, Bacteroides,P. alcaliphila, Sphingobacterium, Chryseobacterium, Delftia, Pseudomonadaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Cytophagaceae (cervix); Sphingomonas (endometrium); P. alcaliphila (peritoneal fluid); Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Peptoniphilus (cervix, endometrium, and peritoneal fluid)16S rRNA gene[20]
202321 vs. 19Vagina and cervixFannyhessea, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, Megasphaera, Sneathia16S rRNA gene[25]
202513 vs. 30Endometrium

Pseudomonas stutzeri, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

Lactobacillus iners, Bacillus pichinotyi, Alistipes putredinis, Bacteroides ovatus, Pseudoxanthomonas indica

16S rRNA gene[27]
202376 vs. 79Endometrium and ovarian endometriotic lesionsFusobacterium (endometrium)16S rRNA gene[29]
202431 vs. 26Endometrium and peritoneal fluidLactobacillus (endometrium); Pseudomonas (peritoneal fluid in moderate-to-severe endometriosis)16S rRNA gene[30]
20219 vs. 12EndometriumActinomycetota, Oxalobacteraceae, Streptococcaceae, Thermicanus16S rRNA gene[26]
201155 vs. 16OvaryL. iners, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium auromucosum, Fusobacterium, Peptinophilus asaccharolyticus, Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, Prevotella, Staphylococcus, Candida parapsilosisCulture[32]
202011 vs. 10Vagina, endometrium, and endometriotic lesion tissue

Alishewanella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas (endometriotic lesion tissue)

Lactobacillus (endometriotic lesion tissue)

16S rRNA gene[52]
202218 vs. 18Vagina, endometrium ovary, and peritoneal fluidNearly sterile peritoneal and ovarian sites; higher prevalence of infectious microbes in vaginal and endometrial sites; higher prevalence of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species16S rRNA gene[53]
202225 vs. 36Peritoneal fluid

Acidovorax, Devosia, Methylobacterium,Phascolarctobacterium, Streptococcus

Brevundimonas, Stenotrophomonas

16S rRNA gene[34]
202145 vs. 45Peritoneal fluid

Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Streptococcu, Enhydrobacter

Propionibacterium,Actinomyces, Rothia

16S rRNA gene[35]
202523 vs. 27Peritoneal fluidFlavobacterium, Pseudomonas,Bacillus were commonly present in endometriosis group16S rRNA gene[36]
202121 vs. 20Gut, cervix, and peritoneal fluidRuminococcus (gut) identified as non-invasive potential biomarker16S rRNA gene[37]
20246 vs. 6GutRikenellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Tannerellaceae, Bacteroides,Candidiatus Oscillospiraceae, Rikenella16S rRNA gene[39]
6 vs. 6 (endometriosis vs. model group)GutLachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnoclostridium, Candidatus Ruminococcaceae
20215 vs. 5Gut↓ N-butyrateMass spectrometry[40]
20234 vs. 4Gut↑ Quinic acidMass spectrometry[41]
202330 vs. 35Gut↑ β-glucuronidase16S rRNA gene[42]
202531 vs. 18Gut↓ 4-hydroxyindoleMetabonomics[43]
202519 healthy vs. 24 non-endometriosis vs. 21 endometriosisVagina, oral, gut

Lactobacillus, Haemophilus (gut); Cardiobacterium (oral-mild cases); Fusobacterium (oral-severe cases)

Lactobacillus, Haemophilus(oral, vaginal)

16S rRNA gene[46]
202415 healthy vs. 23 CPP vs. 35 CPP-EndoVagina, oral, and rectum

S. anginosus (vagina),Ruminococcus (rectum)

Candidatus Desulfovibrio sp. (rectum)

16S rRNA gene[51]
202413 vs. 8Oral, vagina, endometrium, and gutStreptococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria (oral; not statistically significant)16S rRNA gene[47]
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子宫内膜异位症相关微生物组的研究进展
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王艺璇 1, 2 , 张书娟 2, 3 , 付钰 2, 4
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(10): 4254-4271
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(10): 4254-4271
子宫内膜异位症相关微生物组的研究进展
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王艺璇1, 2, 张书娟2, 3, 付钰2, 4
作者信息
  • 1山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院),山东 济南
  • 2中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3沈阳药科大学 中药学院,辽宁 沈阳
  • 4中国科学院大学 医学院,北京
Advances in research on microbiomes related to endometriosis
Yixuan WANG1, 2, Shujuan ZHANG2, 3, Yu FU2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  • 4Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250193
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子宫内膜异位症是一种慢性、雌激素依赖性妇科疾病,常伴随盆腔疼痛、性交痛、排便和排尿困难以及不孕等症状。该病治疗难度大且复发率高,给患者带来巨大困扰,同时对社会和经济造成显著影响。目前,子宫内膜异位症的发病原因尚不十分清楚,且由于缺乏特异性的生物标志物,早期诊断存在困难。随着高通量测序技术的进步,人体微生物组研究取得了显著进展,揭示了人体微生物与疾病之间的密切联系,发现女性口腔、生殖道、腹腔及肠道微生物群与多种妇科疾病的发生发展密切相关。本文针对子宫内膜异位症,综述其与人体微生物组的相关性,并探讨微生物在子宫内膜异位症诊断和治疗中的潜在应用。

子宫内膜异位症  /  微生物组  /  肠道  /  生殖道  /  微生物群

Endometriosis is a chronic, estrogen-dependent gynecological condition often associated with pelvic pain, dyspareunia, difficulties of defecation and urination, and infertility. The disease poses significant treatment challenges and has a high recurrence rate, causing considerable distress to patients and substantial social and economic impacts. Currently, the exact etiology of endometriosis remains unclear, and the lack of specific biomarkers complicates early diagnosis. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have significantly propelled research into the human microbiome, revealing intricate connections between microbiota and diseases. Notably, the microbiota in the female oral cavity, genital tract, peritoneal cavity, and gut are closely linked to the development and progression of gynecological disorders. This article reviews the correlations between the human microbiome and endometriosis and explores the potential applications of microbiota in the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.

endometriosis  /  microbiome  /  gut  /  genital tract  /  microbiota
王艺璇, 张书娟, 付钰. 子宫内膜异位症相关微生物组的研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4254 -4271 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250193
Yixuan WANG, Shujuan ZHANG, Yu FU. Advances in research on microbiomes related to endometriosis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4254 -4271 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250193
子宫内膜异位症是一种慢性炎症性妇科疾病,其主要特征为子宫内膜样细胞或组织在子宫腔以外的部位生长和浸润,形成异位病灶[1-2]。这些病变常见于盆腔内,尤其在卵巢、腹膜甚至胸腔等远离子宫的部位[3]。这种疾病可导致慢性盆腔疼痛、深度性交痛、痛经和不孕等一系列症状,严重影响女性身心健康以及社交和工作能力[3]。此外,子宫内膜异位症还与较高的远期过早死亡风险相关[4]。在全球范围内,子宫内膜异位症的患病率可高达10%[5],且治疗成本高、易复发,凸显了该疾病对女性健康构成的重大挑战[6]。目前,子宫内膜异位症的具体病因尚不完全明确,关于其病因主要包括逆行月经[7]、体腔化生[8]以及血液和淋巴转移[9]三大公认假说。其中,逆行月经假说由Sampson于1927年提出,认为月经期间脱落的子宫内膜细胞可通过输卵管逆流至盆腔,黏附并种植于腹膜或卵巢表面,形成异位病灶[7]。体腔化生假说认为子宫外的细胞在某些刺激(如慢性炎症、激素失衡)下可化生为子宫内膜样细胞,并开始生长[8]。血液和淋巴转移假说认为子宫内膜细胞可能通过血液或淋巴系统转移至远离子宫的部位,形成异位病灶[9]。尽管逆行月经假说被广泛认可,但部分女性即便经历月经逆行也未必会发展为子宫内膜异位症[3],表明该疾病的发生是多因素交织的复杂过程。此外,免疫[10]、内分泌[11]、遗传[12]及微生物[13]等因素可能在子宫内膜异位症的发生与发展中扮演重要角色。
腹腔镜手术是当前明确诊断子宫内膜异位症的金标准[14],但其准确性、风险和成本效益值得重新评估。腹腔镜诊断依赖于肉眼识别,这不仅受到观察者经验的影响,还受到病灶外观的挑战,尤其在早期诊断中病灶微小且难以发现;此外,手术的侵入性及高成本使其难以作为无症状高危人群的常规筛查手段[5,14],从而导致了诊断的延迟。因此,需要发展更多的技术手段以加强临床诊断和治疗。随着人体微生物组研究的深入,多项研究表明女性生殖道微生物群落是一个连续体,在维持生殖健康以及疾病发生中发挥重要作用[11,15]。近年来,生殖道微生物组的研究显示出其在子宫内膜异位症诊断中的潜力,甚至有研究提出可将其作为一种诊断工具[16]。此外,肠道菌群在子宫内膜异位症诊断中同样发挥着重要作用,这一观点也已得到多个研究的验证[17]。本综述基于人体微生物组的最新研究进展,探讨子宫内膜异位症与人体微生物组之间的关联,并深入分析微生物组在子宫内膜异位症早期诊断、病理机制解析及治疗中的潜在应用。
女性生殖道分为下生殖道(包括阴道和宫颈)和上生殖道(从子宫至卵巢),这些部位的微生物群落(即生殖道菌群)是女性生殖系统的重要组成部分,并在维持女性生殖健康中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来,微生物组学的研究为子宫内膜异位症等女性生殖道疾病的研究提供了新的视角和方向。Chen等[15]的研究证实,子宫内膜异位症患者中存在潜在的细菌标志物及其特定功能,这些发现为深入理解子宫内膜异位症与子宫腺肌病及不孕症之间的潜在联系提供了重要线索。此外,随后的多项研究进一步证实,因子宫内膜异位症等疾病需接受手术治疗的育龄期女性生殖道内存在共同的微生物群落[18-20]。因此,这些研究结果提示女性生殖道菌群可能在子宫内膜异位症的发生和进展中具有重要的研究价值和应用潜力。
多项研究揭示,子宫内膜异位症患者的阴道微生物群落与健康对照组存在显著差异。MacSharry等[21]针对患子宫内膜异位症和有类似主诉但无明显疾病特征的育龄期女性,采用鸟枪法宏基因组测序技术解析阴道微生物群,发现子宫内膜异位症与乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)水平显著降低相关(P=0.048 4)。另一项研究纳入397例患者的阴道和宫颈拭子样本,同样明确了这一相关性(P=0.021)[22]。乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的减少导致物种多样性增加,并伴随一些已知病原体的富集,如加德纳氏菌属(Gardnerella)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、脲支原体属(Ureaplasma)、厌氧球菌属(Anaerococcus)、别样斯卡多维氏菌属(Alloscardovia)和假丝酵母菌属(Candida)等[21]。尽管这些研究结果支持了阴道菌群失调与子宫内膜异位症的发生密切相关,但尚需多学科综合研究,深入探讨微生物群在代谢功能研究、免疫调控等方面的作用机制才能最终确定子宫内膜异位症的病因[21-22]
Akiyama等[23]研究了30名子宫内膜异位症患者与39名未患子宫内膜异位症(患有子宫肌瘤或良性卵巢肿瘤)的育龄期妇女,通过革兰氏染色法确认宫颈样本中存在微生物,随后采用实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,子宫内膜异位症患者的宫颈黏液中肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)和链球菌属(Streptococcus)这2种主要候选微生物的检出率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但由于样本量有限,仍需在更大规模的研究中进一步探讨这2种候选分类群在子宫内膜异位症中的作用机制[23]。Chang等[24]也对宫颈部位的微生物群落进行了研究,包括10名健康女性和23名子宫内膜异位症患者(11名为微型/轻型,12名为中型/重型),通过16S rRNA基因测序分析发现芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)丰度增高,而放线菌门(Actinomycetota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的丰度呈现减少趋势,这一变化与子宫内膜异位症的进展密切相关。此外,Wei等[20]采用16S rRNA基因测序技术开展多部位微生物组的研究,发现子宫内膜异位症组的菌群多样性从阴道上行至宫颈时开始出现显著差异,并随部位上移不断增加;Wilcoxon秩和检验发现子宫内膜异位症患者宫颈部位的漫游球菌属(Vagococcus)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、浅绿黄假单胞菌(Pseudomonasviridiflava)、鞘氨醇菌属(Sphingobium)、丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)和代尔夫特菌属(Delftia)以及假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)、丹毒丝菌科(Erysipelotrichaceae)和柄杆菌科(Caulobacteraceae)显著富集(P<0.05)。这一发现表明,宫颈黏液中的微生物群落特征可能成为预测子宫内膜异位症发病风险的潜在指标[20]。Yang等[25]采用相同的方法对19名子宫内膜异位症患者与21名健康女性的阴道与宫颈拭子样本进行分析,发现阴道和宫颈部位之间的低丰度非乳杆菌属菌群迁移在子宫内膜异位症的发生中发挥了重要作用,这些菌群包括范妮黑塞菌属(Fannyhessea)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、韦荣氏球菌属(Veillonella)、巨球形菌属(Megasphaera)和斯尼思氏菌属(Sneathia)。其中,双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)作为肠道中的有益菌,其在女性生殖道中的功能显示了治疗潜力,期待进一步研究明确[25]
下生殖道的菌群检测取样方便、痛苦较少,因此有可能替代具有创伤性且成本较高的腹腔镜检查,发展成为子宫内膜异位症的无损诊断手段。然而也有研究者指出,今后的研究需要纳入更多健康对照,以排除其他妇科疾病的干扰因素,从而提升下生殖道的菌群检测的临床应用价值[20]
尽管传统观念认为女性的上生殖道是无菌的,但近年来的研究逐渐揭示了上生殖道微生物群的存在,并提出微生物组可能在某些妇科疾病的发生过程中发挥关键作用。越来越多的研究表明,上生殖道的微生物失衡可能与子宫内膜异位症的病理发展密切相关。
研究发现,子宫内膜异位症患者的子宫内膜微生物群呈现显著紊乱。一项研究利用16S rRNA基因测序技术对12名经手术确诊为子宫内膜异位症的女性与9名无该病女性的子宫内膜样本进行分析,并结合线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)方法识别差异菌群,结果显示子宫内膜异位症患者子宫内膜微生物群中富集的细菌类群包括放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、草酸杆菌科(Oxalobacteraceae)、链球菌科(Streptococcaceae)和栖温境单胞菌属(Tepidimonas) (P≤0.05)[26]。此外,Guo等[27]对43例因盆腔疼痛(包括子宫内膜异位症)接受腹腔镜手术的育龄期女性进行子宫内膜活检,并通过16S rRNA基因测序分析发现,子宫内膜异位症患者的子宫内膜组织中微生物多样性显著增加;基于随机森林模型与接收者操作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)研究识别出了与子宫内膜异位症相关的关键菌种,其中最显著的是普氏栖粪杆菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) [曲线下的面积(area under the curve, AUC)=0.724],该菌可能在子宫内膜异位症发病机制中发挥关键作用,并且在子宫内膜异位症的进展过程中具有重要影响[27]。研究人员因此提出,有必要进一步探索普氏栖粪杆菌(F. prausnitzii)和子宫内膜异位症之间复杂关系的潜在机制[27]
后续研究进一步支持了子宫内膜菌群与子宫内膜异位症之间的密切关联,鉴于补体系统是子宫内膜异位症这一慢性炎症性疾病中常见的失调通路,有研究对38名患子宫内膜异位症和20名健康对照组女性的全血与子宫内膜样本分别进行酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)和16S rRNA基因测序分析,结果发现在子宫内膜异位症患者中有较多比例(子宫内膜异位症组50%,对照组45%)人群存在凝集素通路(lectin pathway, LP)功能低下,其子宫内膜中的加德纳氏菌属(Gardnerella)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、陌生菌属(Atopobium)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)以及埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)等致病菌的丰度增加,表明LP功能低下可能与子宫内膜菌群失调之间存在相关性[28]。遗憾的是,目前尚缺乏理想的实验模型来验证LP缺陷与子宫内膜生态失调之间的相互作用[28]。此外,Muraoka等[29]对公共数据库中子宫内膜异位症组与健康对照组人群的子宫内膜16S rRNA基因测序数据进行了Wilcoxon秩和检验分析,并结合荧光原位杂交技术对76名无子宫内膜异位症病史的患者和79名患子宫内膜异位症患者的子宫内膜样本进行验证,结果发现子宫内膜异位症患者的子宫内膜细胞中的梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)检出率显著升高(P<0.01)[29]。免疫组织化学和生化分析显示,梭杆菌属感染子宫内膜细胞后能够激活转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β)信号通路,促进静止的成纤维细胞转化为转凝胶蛋白阳性的肌成纤维细胞,从而使其具备体外增殖、黏附和迁移的能力[29]。这一过程促进了子宫内膜异位症的发生与进展。值得注意的是,Muraoka等[29]的研究还发现抗生素甲硝唑能够抑制梭杆菌属的生长,有效缓解子宫内膜异位症的症状,为疾病治疗提供了新的思路[29]。尽管靶向清除与子宫内膜异位症相关的致病菌可能成为治疗该疾病的潜在策略,但目前仍需更多临床研究以明确抗生素干预是否能成为子宫内膜异位症的有效治疗方案。
此外,分娩史可能会影响子宫环境中微生物群落的定殖。Zhu等[30]的研究以26名子宫内膜异位症患者与31名输卵管阻塞性不孕的患者作为对照组,收集子宫内膜液进行16S rRNA基因测序分析,发现子宫内膜异位症患者中子宫腔定殖的乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)的比例显著升高。进一步通过方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)发现,与继发性不孕症患者相比,原发性不孕症患者的子宫内膜的乳杆菌属水平显著增加(P<0.05)[30]
卵巢由于具有丰富的血液供应,为微生物提供了良好的生态环境,卵巢中的微生物群与多种妇科疾病密切相关[18,31]。一项针对接受辅助生殖技术治疗患者卵泡液的培养分析研究中,16例患有子宫内膜异位症的女性被纳入研究,结果发现卵泡液并非无菌环境,且定殖在卵泡液中的微生物与子宫内膜异位症患者的不孕症密切相关[32]。具体而言,卵泡液中定殖的微生物包括懒惰乳杆菌(Lactobacillus iners)、放线菌属(Actinomyces)、Corynebacterium auromucosum、梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)、Peptinophilus asaccharolyticus、消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)、丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium)和普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)以及近平滑假丝酵母(Candida parapsilosis)[32]。这些微生物的存在可能通过影响卵泡微环境或诱发局部炎症反应,进而与子宫内膜异位症患者的不孕症发生关联。
过去,人体腹腔被认为是基本无菌的环境,但最近的研究表明子宫内膜异位症患者的腹腔内不仅存在微生物群落,而且这些微生物群落可能与疾病的发生和发展密切相关。早期研究揭示,子宫内膜组织可以在月经周期中逆行进入腹腔,形成异位病灶[33]。此外,患有子宫内膜异位症的女性腹腔通常处于慢性炎症状态。因此,分析腹腔微生物群落对理解子宫内膜异位症的发病机制具有重要的临床和科学意义。腹膜液中的菌群失衡可能是导致子宫内膜异位症的重要因素之一[34]。一项研究对36名子宫内膜异位症患者和25名因卵巢肿块切除而接受手术的非子宫内膜异位症患者的腹腔液样本进行了16S rRNA基因测序分析,通过Wilcoxon秩和检验发现子宫内膜异位症患者腹膜液中的微生物群落与健康对照组存在显著差异;具体而言,食酸菌属(Acidovorax, P=0.01)、德沃斯氏菌属(Devosia, P=0.03)、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium, P=0.03)、考拉杆菌属(Phascolarctobacterium, P=0.03)和链球菌属(Streptococcus, P=0.04)在腹膜液中的丰度显著升高,而短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas, P=0.04)和寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas, P=0.04)的丰度则显著低于对照组。研究者指出仍需扩大样本量,并基于物种水平进行更精确的分析,以进一步揭示微生物与子宫内膜异位症之间的潜在联系[34]
另一项研究也对腹膜液中的菌群特征进行了深入分析,该研究采用与前述研究相同的方法分析了90名女性的腹膜液中细胞外囊泡,其中包括45名具有卵巢子宫内膜异位症组织学证据的患者和45名无子宫内膜异位症的手术对照者,结果显示不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)和水栖菌属(Enhydrobacter)的丰度在子宫内膜异位症组中显著增加,而丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium)、放线菌属(Actinomyces)和罗斯氏菌属(Rothia)的丰度则显著降低[35]。这些结果表明,腹膜液中存在子宫内膜异位症特有的微生物群落。值得注意的是,相同的16S rRNA基因测序方法也被应用于另一项研究,该研究包括27名深部子宫内膜异位症患者及23名因良性妇科病接受腹腔镜手术的对照者,结果发现黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)在子宫内膜异位症的腹腔液中普遍存在[36]。此外,腹腔菌群与子宫内膜异位症的严重程度也存在相关性,通过对8名微型/轻型和18名中型/重型子宫内膜异位症患者的腹腔液进行16S rRNA基因测序分析发现假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的丰度在中型或重型子宫内膜异位症患者中显著增加[30]。然而,目前相关研究多存在样本量有限、缺乏健康对照、未充分考虑年龄等混杂因素等不足,尚需进一步开展大规模、前瞻性研究,系统验证腹腔微生物群落变化与子宫内膜异位症之间的关联性[30,35-36]
这些发现不仅支持了子宫内膜异位症患者腹膜环境中微生物群落的显著变化,还揭示了该疾病特有的腹膜液微生物特征,可能成为早期诊断的潜在生物标志物。尽管腹腔液菌群在子宫内膜异位症的诊断中具有较高的诊断价值,但其采集过程具有侵入性,相比之下,生殖道微生物和肠道微生物的样本采集更为便捷且非侵入性,因此可能更适合作为子宫内膜异位症的诊断手段。
人体肠道内栖息着复杂且多样化的微生物群落,这些微生物群落不仅在维持宿主健康方面发挥重要作用,还与多种疾病的发生和发展密切相关,其中包括子宫内膜异位症。肠道菌群的改变可能在子宫内膜异位症的发病机制中起到关键作用,特别是某些特定菌属,如瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus),已通过稳健的机器学习方法筛选出具有较高诊断价值的分类群(P<0.05, AUC=0.84)[37]。作为潜在生物标志物,肠道菌群在无创诊断子宫内膜异位症方面显示出比宫颈和腹腔菌群更优越的表现[37]
肠道菌群不仅可能增加子宫内膜异位症的发病风险,还直接参与其病理生理过程。在小鼠实验中,5只患子宫内膜异位症的小鼠应用抗生素(如甲硝唑,该药物可靶向拟杆菌属)治疗后病灶体积明显缩小[38]。相比之下,当这些小鼠接受来自患病小鼠的粪菌移植后异位病变的生长(P<0.05)及相关炎症反应(P<0.01)又得以恢复[38]。这一结果进一步支持了肠道微生物在子宫内膜异位症中的潜在作用。另一项小鼠实验使用中药少腹逐瘀汤对6只子宫内膜异位症小鼠进行干预21 d,并对其粪便样本进行16S rRNA基因测序分析,结果显示该中药可通过调节小鼠肠道的碳水化合物、氨基酸和脂质代谢提高肠道菌群的多样性,并显著降低毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae, P<0.05)、理化所菌科(Rikenellaceae, P<0.01)、Ruminococcaceae (P<0.01)、Lachnoclostridium (P<0.05)及Candidatus Ruminococcaceae (P<0.05)的丰度,从而有效减少异位病灶的体积和纤维化程度;随后进行的两两比较显示,在无子宫内膜异位症组与子宫内膜异位症组,以及子宫内膜异位症组与服用中药的子宫内膜异位症组小鼠之间,理化所科(Rikenellaceae, P<0.01)、颤螺菌科(Oscillospiraceae, P<0.05)、坦纳氏菌科(Tannerellaceae, P<0.05)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes, P<0.05)、待定颤螺菌科(Candidiatus Oscillospiraceae, P<0.05)、理化所菌属(Rikenella, P<0.05)均存在显著统计学差异[39]。以上研究表明,特定菌群与子宫内膜异位症的发生密切相关,并可能在其发病机制中发挥作用[39],但中药少腹逐瘀汤治疗子宫内膜异位症是否通过调节微生物群发挥疗效尚需进一步实验验证。
研究表明肠道菌群的存在对于子宫内膜异位病变的生长是必不可少的。例如,在基于子宫内膜异位症小鼠模型的研究中肠道微生物群衍生的短链脂肪酸(如正丁酸盐)可抑制异位病灶的体积(P<0.001)和大小(P<0.01),并减少炎症细胞的浸润[40]。然而,该作者在另一项研究中同样基于小鼠模型发现,肠道菌群代谢产生的另一种代谢物奎尼酸在连续灌胃14 d后可显著促进异位病变的进展(P<0.001)[41]。这些研究提示,肠道代谢产物可能在子宫内膜异位症的病理过程中发挥双向调节作用。此外,一项研究采集35名患有子宫内膜异位症与30名无子宫内膜异位症病史的对照者的粪便样本进行16S rRNA基因测序,发现子宫内膜异位症可能引发肠道生态失调,导致肠道菌群产生高水平的β-葡糖醛酸酶(β-glucuronidase),进一步的体外和体内实验表明该酶可导致巨噬细胞功能障碍,从而促进子宫内膜异位症的发展[42]
一项代谢组学研究分析了18名子宫内膜异位症患者和31名对照组女性的粪便样本,结果显示患者的粪便代谢物组成具有特异性,其中肠道菌群衍生的4-羟基吲哚(4-hydroxyindole, 4HI)被认为是一种潜在的治疗候选物;将4HI喂养子宫内膜异位症小鼠模型14 d后,结果显示其可通过抑制异位病灶中增殖(Ki-67+)细胞和巨噬细胞(F4/80+)的数量显著下调与子宫内膜异位症进展相关的基因表达,如IGF1NF-κBTGF-β1GATA3基因;这些作用共同减少了异位病灶的生长、炎症反应及相关疼痛的进展,表明4HI在缓解子宫内膜异位症病理改变中具有潜在治疗价值[43]
肠道菌群及其代谢产物在子宫内膜异位症的发生、发展和治疗中扮演了多重角色。从调节炎症反应到影响雌激素代谢,再到通过代谢物直接干预病灶生长,肠道微生物群的作用机制复杂且多样。这些发现不仅深化了对子宫内膜异位症病理机制的理解,也为开发基于微生物组的新型诊断工具和治疗方法提供了重要依据。
除了肠道微生物组的研究,近年来口腔微生物组也逐渐成为子宫内膜异位症研究的新焦点[44]。口腔作为人体微生物群落的重要组成部分,是女性生殖道微生物组的来源之一,其微生物组可能与子宫内膜异位症的发生和发展存在潜在关联[44-45]。近年来的研究表明,口腔微生物可能通过血液循环或淋巴系统迁移至女性上生殖道并定殖,从而参与多种妇科疾病的发生发展[44-45]。例如,一项针对130例足月产、早产及早产合并先兆子痫孕妇的唾液、牙菌斑、血清和胎盘样本开展的全基因组测序研究,利用来源追踪技术发现,口腔细菌可能通过血液循环进入胎盘,触发免疫信号通路,进而导致妊娠并发症的发生[44]。这一机制提示,口腔微生物群可能通过类似的途径影响子宫内膜异位症的发生和发展。
研究发现口腔菌群的组成与子宫内膜异位症的严重程度存在显著相关性。例如,Hicks等[46]通过16S rRNA基因测序结合LEfSe比较分析研究了12名微型/轻型与9名中型/重型子宫内膜异位症患者的口腔样本。结果显示,心杆菌属(Cardiobacterium)在微型/轻型子宫内膜异位症患者的口腔样本中显著富集(P=0.039 2),而与牙周病密切相关的致病菌梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)在中型/重型子宫内膜异位症的口腔样本中丰度显著增加(P=0.027 6)[46]。在另一项研究中,研究者纳入了21名不孕患者,并将其分为2组:8名患有子宫内膜异位症的女性,以及其他类型不孕症的患者(包括卵巢功能衰竭、息肉、红斑、输卵管积水、慢性子宫内膜炎和多囊卵巢综合征),在这些患者接受进一步治疗前研究者采集了她们的子宫内膜、子宫内膜液、阴道、口腔和粪便样本,并进行了16S rRNA基因测序分析,结果显示口腔微生物群落组成与生殖道不同,其中链球菌属(Streptococcus)、嗜血杆菌属(Haemophilus)和奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)的丰度更高[47]。特别是嗜血杆菌属(Haemophilus),这一与牙周病密切相关的致病菌,研究采用嵌套性(nestedness)分析方法揭示这一微生物是子宫内膜异位症患者口腔与肠道的特异性共享分类群[47-48]。值得注意的是,牙周病与口腔微生物群失调密切相关,而这种失调可能进一步影响全身健康。研究表明牙周病是子宫内膜异位症的并发症[49]。这些发现表明口腔微生物群可能通过炎症反应或细菌迁移参与子宫内膜异位症的发生和发展。
尽管目前关于子宫内膜异位症与口腔微生物群之间关系的研究仍有限,但其他慢性炎症性疾病(如炎症性肠病、类风湿性关节炎)的研究表明持续的炎症可导致口腔微生物群失调,进而可能促进子宫内膜异位症的发生[50]。未来需要进一步阐明口腔微生物群失调与子宫内膜异位症之间的因果关系及其具体机制,期冀发展通过调节口腔微生态以恢复菌群平衡、进而提高生育能力的潜在干预策略。
人体内各个部位的微生物群落并非孤立存在,而是形成了一个相互依存、动态平衡的复杂生态系统。对子宫内膜异位症与人体微生物组相关性的研究需要纳入多个部位的微生物群数据,进行整体的综合分析(图1)。
Hicks等[46]应用16S rRNA基因测序和LEfSe分析研究了19名健康对照、24例经腹腔镜证实为非子宫内膜异位症的患者,以及21例经腹腔镜确诊的子宫内膜异位症患者的口腔、阴道和肠道微生物群,结果显示乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、嗜血杆菌属(Haemophilus)和普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)的丰度呈现显著差异,且这些差异在不同部位的表现趋势各异。例如,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)在肠道中显著增多(P=7.99×10-4),而在口腔和阴道样本中显著降低;嗜血杆菌属(P=0.032 1)和普雷沃氏菌属(P=0.017 9)的变化趋势也呈现类似情况[46]。这一现象可能与不同身体部位所存在的物种构成差异有关。研究也强调子宫内膜异位症具有高度异质性,尽管研究中纳入了健康对照人群,但由于该病可能存在无症状病例,仍无法完全排除潜在的混杂因素,因此需要进一步的精细分层研究[46]。此外,Jimenez等[51]采用16S rRNA基因测序技术,对35例合并子宫内膜异位症的慢性盆腔疼痛(chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis, CPP-Endo)患者、23例仅有慢性盆腔疼痛(chronic pelvic pain, CPP)但无子宫内膜异位症的患者及15名无慢性盆腔疼痛或子宫内膜异位症的健康对照者,分别采集阴道和直肠样本进行微生物组分析,同时采集宫颈阴道灌洗液进行炎症因子的分析,研究发现CPP-Endo组在阴道和直肠均呈现出与CPP组及健康对照不同的群落结构,提示宿主-微生物相互作用共同参与疾病的发生过程;基于偏差校正的微生物组成分析(analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction, ANCOM-BC)结果表明,与CPP患者相比,CPP-Endo组阴道中的咽峡炎链球菌[S. anginosus, q<0.000 1,对数倍数变化(log2 fold change)=1]的丰度增加与慢性盆腔疼痛合并子宫内膜异位症的发生相关;值得注意的是,直肠样本中与结肠炎和肠易激综合征相关的瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)的丰度增加不仅在CPP患者中观察到,在CPP-Endo组患者中同样显著;与对照组相比,待定脱硫弧菌种(Candidatus Desulfovibrio sp.)在CPP和CPP-Endo组中差异最显著,其丰度显著下降;此外,Spearman相关性分析表明阴道样本中链球菌属(Streptococcus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)的丰度变化,以及直肠样本中与阴道共存的阴道范妮黑塞菌(Fannyhessea vaginae)和诺伊氏温克氏菌(Winkia neuii)的丰度变化均伴有炎症因子失调[51]。这些跨部位的微生物群失调可能通过影响局部免疫反应和炎症通路,共同促进慢性盆腔疼痛合并子宫内膜异位症的发生和发展。
由于上生殖道微生物组被认为可能由阴道菌群上行迁移形成,多项研究尝试通过同步分析生殖道及腹腔多部位的微生物组,以期能够识别出一种与子宫内膜异位症相关的共同微生物模式。这种模式不仅可能为疾病的早期诊断提供潜在的生物标志物,还可能为揭示微生物群在子宫内膜异位症发生和发展中的具体作用机制提供重要线索。Wei等[20]对36名盆腔子宫内膜异位症患者和14名因妇科良性肿瘤需行腹腔镜手术的对照组患者进行研究,揭示了生殖道菌群在阴道下1/3、阴道后穹窿、宫颈黏液、子宫内膜和腹腔液部位的动态变化,研究发现下生殖道(从阴道下1/3到宫颈黏液)以乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)为优势菌群,而宫颈以上的部位中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和漫游球菌属(Vagococcus)的丰度显著增加(P<0.05);然而子宫内膜异位症患者在宫颈黏液和上生殖道部位拥有更多样化的微生物群落;此外,子宫内膜异位症患者的子宫内膜与腹腔中显著富集的鞘氨醇菌属(Sphingobium)与浅绿黄假单胞菌(Pseudomonas viridiflava, P<0.05)可作为潜在的微生物标志物[20]。这些发现提示,不同部位的微生物群可能根据微环境的变化(如pH值、氧气浓度或激素水平)发生适应性改变,进而参与子宫内膜异位症的发生和发展。Hernandes等[52]在研究中排除了自身免疫性、炎症性或肿瘤性疾病,同时也排除了采样前30 d内使用过抗生素者,最终研究对象包括10名深部子宫内膜异位症患者以及11名因妇科良性疾病需行腹腔镜手术、或经腹腔镜证实无子宫内膜异位症但需行输卵管结扎术的女性,对这些入组患者的阴道液、在位子宫内膜和异位病变的微生物群分析显示,异位病灶的微生物群组成与其他部位显著不同,表现为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)丰度减少,而别样希瓦氏菌属(Alishewanella)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的丰度显著增加,这一发现提示异位病灶可能形成了一个独特的微环境,促进了特定菌群的定殖和增殖。Oishi等[53]对接受腹腔镜手术的18名子宫内膜异位症患者和18名无该病的女性进行研究,进一步证实子宫内膜异位症患者的阴道分泌物、子宫内膜液、卵巢囊性液和腹膜液中均存在菌群分布,且阴道和子宫内膜部位的微生物群显著失衡,其中链球菌属(Streptococcus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)和普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)等感染性微生物的富集可能是驱动子宫内膜异位症发生的关键因素之一。以上这些发现表明,子宫内膜异位症的发生可能与多部位微生物群的失调及其相互作用密切相关。
基于对当前系列研究结果的归纳总结(表1),提出猜想:阴道、口腔和肠道微生物菌群的失调可能通过多重机制导致局部炎症的发生,引起全身的免疫变化,影响激素的分泌水平,进而参与子宫内膜异位症的发生与发展。
具体而言,肠道菌群生态失调可能导致短链脂肪酸等关键代谢物减少,破坏抗炎稳态,同时菌群失调导致胆汁酸代谢紊乱可能进一步干扰雌激素的代谢过程,导致激素水平失衡[54]。与此同时,口腔菌群失调加剧局部炎症,促使单核细胞、B细胞和T细胞等免疫细胞进入血液循环,并上调干扰素调节因子3等促炎因子的表达[55]。此外,阴道菌群的代谢失调可能产生大量脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS),破坏黏膜屏障,激活局部免疫反应,诱导肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α)和白介素-1α (interleukin-1alpha, IL-1α)等促炎介质的释放[51,56-57]。最终,这些炎症因子和异常水平的激素通过血液循环到达女性上生殖道,可能诱
发局部炎症,为异位病灶的发生和进展提供了条件。基于“微生物-宿主”相互作用的现有研究,进一步推测上生殖道和异位病灶中特定菌群的富集可能通过改变盆腔微环境进一步加剧局部炎症和免疫反应,从而推动异位病灶的形成与恶化。当然,这一猜想仍需更多动物实验和临床研究加以验证。
传统的16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和宏基因组测序在研究子宫内膜异位症相关微生物组方面提供了重要基础,但也存在局限性。虽然16S rRNA基因测序在检测宿主占比高或低生物量样本方面具有优势,但难以实现高分辨率的鉴定,例如菌株水平的鉴定[58]。相比之下,宏基因组测序虽然能更精准地鉴定微生物到种的水平,但结果容易受到宿主DNA污染的影响[58]。此外,宏基因组测序的准确拼装依然是一个重大的挑战,极大妨碍了分析的精准度[59]。物种分类的注释必须依赖于数据库[60],而数据库的覆盖度和更新频率会直接影响结果的准确性。与此同时,宏基因组数据无法捕捉基因的实际表达或代谢活性,因此无法判断微生物群体是否真正处于功能活跃(functionally active)状态[61]。此外,测序成本高、数据分析计算资源消耗大也限制了其在大规模队列研究中的广泛应用[58]。鉴于子宫内膜异位症等慢性复杂疾病的特点,未来可考虑将测序技术与临床来源样本的微生态分析相结合,以识别具有诊断和治疗潜力的特异性微生物标志物。特别是在常规方法难以明确病原学证据、影响治疗决策的情况下,也可考虑借助高通量测序作为补充诊断手段。在临床排除常见病原体后有目的地引入高通量测序,有助于提升病原检出率,优化救治策略。随着测序成本逐步降低、分析流程不断标准化,这些技术在临床诊疗中的应用前景也将日益广阔。
新兴的单细胞技术为解决这些问题提供了更高分辨率的解决方案。微生物组的单细胞测序能够在无须培养的条件下直接从复杂样本中分离并解析单个微生物细胞的基因组信息,揭示其进化关系、功能潜能及与宿主的相互作用。单细胞测序技术应用于微生物的研究不仅能够获得与宏基因一致的微生物多样性信息,还能在单细胞水平表征难培养微生物的潜在功能并估算其代谢特征[62-63]。单细胞拉曼光谱具有无需样品前处理、灵敏度高、分析时间短等优点,能够对微生物直接进行到种甚至是株的鉴定和无损检测代谢特征,特别适用于临床或环境中难培养微生物的检测,为微生物-宿主互作研究提供更精准的数据支持。拉曼光谱结合人工智能卷积神经网络算法能够在单细胞水平对微生物进行高精度的鉴定,解析微生物的耐药性和毒力特征,追踪胞内特定代谢产物的变化[64-66]。此外,拉曼光谱可以在显微镜下直接对样本进行微生物单细胞分析,在解决通量问题后能够大大增强复杂微生物组解析的准确性。然而,单细胞拉曼光谱分析目前尚处于实验室阶段,未进一步应用于临床实践。相信在不久的将来伴随着拉曼光谱数据的标准化与光谱大数据整合,结合成本、通量及自动化水平的持续提升,其在临床中的转化路径将日益清晰。研发自动化的拉曼数据采集,构建标准化的单细胞拉曼光谱数据库,开发可与电子病历系统对接的光谱分析人工智能算法,并通过多中心临床研究验证其诊断准确性,可推动该技术从实验室研究迈向实际的临床决策支持系统。
这些新兴单细胞技术的应用将更加精准地解析不同部位的微生物群落和代谢特征,为解析子宫内膜异位症的微生物-宿主互作提供全新视角,有望揭示特定微生物在异位病灶形成和免疫调节中的关键作用,为精准治疗提供潜在靶点。
近年来,多项研究表明微生物组在子宫内膜异位症的发生发展中起着关键作用,具有成为诊断标志物或治疗靶点的潜力。因此围绕微生物组的临床转化应用逐渐成为研究热点,相关策略包括非侵入性诊断方法、微生态干预、代谢产物补充以及粪菌移植等,正在由基础研究向临床实践逐步推进。
已有研究尝试开发辅助诊断子宫内膜异位症的无创性诊断工具。例如,特定菌群如肠道中瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)的富集,已被识别为诊断价值高于宫颈菌群的潜在微生物学标志物[37]。尽管目前尚缺乏大规模临床验证,但为未来构建以微生物组特征为基础的诊断模型奠定了基础。
动物实验和基础研究揭示了多种通过调节肠道微生态改善子宫内膜异位症的方法。例如,Chadchan等[38]的研究发现,在5只子宫内膜异位症模型小鼠的肠道中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)丰度升高,使用靶向该属细菌的抗生素甲硝唑治疗后异位病灶显著减少(P<0.001);相比之下,将健康小鼠的肠道菌群灌胃移植到子宫内膜异位症小鼠体内,也能显著抑制病灶生长(P<0.05);此外,已康复的子宫内膜异位症小鼠经粪便灌胃后异位病灶及炎症反应再次出现[38]。近年来的研究还指出,采用含有产正丁酸菌的益生菌、补充正丁酸类似物或正丁酸膳食补充剂等干预方式有望通过改善肠道微生态环境预防并缓解子宫内膜异位症的进展[40]。这类策略为未来饮食干预和微生态治疗研究提供了新思路。与此同时,研究表明梭菌属(Clostridium)感染子宫内膜可促进子宫内膜异位症的发生[29],而甲硝唑和氯霉素能抑制致病菌具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum),从而对子宫内膜异位症进行治疗。中药少腹逐瘀汤可通过调节碳水化合物、氨基酸和脂肪酸代谢通路间接调节肠道菌群,进而改善子宫内膜异位症相关的组织纤维化[39]。此外,肠道微生物群代谢物4HI被证实具有缓解子宫内膜异位症症状的作用,有望作为新的治疗子宫内膜异位症的候选物[43]
需要指出的是,上述研究主要来自动物模型,尽管这些研究为基于微生物的无创诊断子宫内膜异位症检测以及通过改善肠道菌群达到治疗目的等一系列临床转化提供了新的思路,并展示了巨大的前景,但未来还需要更多的实验和更详尽的队列研究以推动人体微生物组在子宫内膜异位症上的临床转化应用。
本文综述了与子宫内膜异位症相关的微生物组学研究。重点探讨了口腔、肠道、生殖道和腹腔微生物群与子宫内膜异位症之间的关联。现有研究表明,这些人体微生物群落在子宫内膜异位症的发生和发展中发挥着重要作用。微生物群失调在子宫内膜异位症的发病机制中扮演重要角色,可能通过诱发局部炎症反应、破坏免疫平衡或改变激素代谢促进疾病的发生[23,51-52,67]。多部位的菌群丰度变化不仅与子宫内膜异位症的病理生理过程密切相关,还可能为疾病的诊断提供新的生物标志物,为子宫内膜异位症的诊断和治疗提供新的思路和潜在的治疗策略。然而,鉴于人体微生物在不同个体间存在很大的异质性,不同研究的结果尚存在不一致性。
未来的研究应通过多中心合作、扩大样本量以及设置阴性对照等严格的实验设计,深入探讨微生物组在子宫内膜异位症的病因和发病机制中的潜在作用。同时,人工智能技术在菌群分析中的应用将为该领域带来新的突破。人工智能通过特征选择和模型训练识别出与疾病表型具有显著关联的菌群特征,挖掘出基于差异丰度分析和共现网络分析无法发现的潜在模式和复杂的相互作用[68-69]。例如,通过比较正常人和患者的菌群差异,人工智能能够更加准确地筛选出具有诊断价值的菌群标志物,从而提高疾病预测和诊断的准确性。此外,人工智能模型还可以整合不同组学和多模态的数据[69],进一步深度融合不同来源的数据信息,为揭示子宫内膜异位症的发生和发展机制提供新的视角。这不仅为子宫内膜异位症的诊断和治疗提供新的靶点,还将为微生物组与其他妇科疾病相关性的研究提供新的思路和方向。
展望未来,单细胞技术将成为微生物组研究的重点发展方向。通过高分辨率的单细胞测序和拉曼光谱分析能够揭示子宫内膜异位症患者微生物群落中单个微生物的功能状态和异质性。这将为理解微生物群与子宫内膜异位症之间的精细相互作用机制提供新的工具和方法。
  • 北京市自然科学基金(IS23089)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250193
  • 接收时间:2025-03-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-10
  • 录用日期:2025-05-14
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the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS23089)
北京市自然科学基金(IS23089)
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    1山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院),山东 济南
    2中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    3沈阳药科大学 中药学院,辽宁 沈阳
    4中国科学院大学 医学院,北京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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