Article(id=1192149543564230718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250062, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737475200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750348800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-20, onlineDate=1762160200253, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160200253, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160200253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160200253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4241, endPage=4253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149543794917441, articleId=1192149543564230718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research advances on the role and mechanisms of gut microbiota in colorectal cancer therapy, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a focal point of research due to its consistently high incidence and mortality, as well as the substantial economic and healthcare burdens it imposes. In recent years, the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CRC has garnered increasing attention, offering promising avenues for the management of advanced stages of the disease. This article comprehensively reviews the involvement of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of CRC, elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, it examines the potential applications of the gut microbiota in the systemic treatment of advanced CRC, with the aim of proposing novel strategies and insights to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of advanced CRC.

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E-mail: HE Qibin,
WANG Xiaoyi,
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结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)因发病率和死亡率居高不下,且带来沉重的经济医疗负担而备受广泛关注。近年来,肠道微生物在结直肠癌预防、诊断及治疗过程中的关键作用逐渐受到人们广泛重视,为晚期疾病管理带来了希望。本文全面回顾了肠道微生物群在结直肠癌发病与进展中的作用及其潜在机制,并探讨了肠道微生物群在晚期结直肠癌全身系统治疗中的应用潜力,提出新策略和新见解,以改善晚期结直肠癌的诊断与治疗方法。

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作者贡献声明

张雪梅:数据收集与监管,数据分析,撰写文章;魏敏:提供撰写思路;夏菲:图片绘制;王慧:格式核对、修改;贺奇彬:提出概念,审阅;王晓艺:获取基金,监督管理,验证。

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肠道微生物在结直肠癌治疗中的作用和机制研究进展
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张雪梅 1 , 魏敏 1 , 夏菲 1 , 王慧 1 , 贺奇彬 1 , 王晓艺 2
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(10): 4241-4253
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(10): 4241-4253
肠道微生物在结直肠癌治疗中的作用和机制研究进展
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张雪梅1, 魏敏1, 夏菲1, 王慧1, 贺奇彬1 , 王晓艺2
作者信息
  • 1南京医科大学附属江宁医院,江苏 南京
  • 2南京医科大学 基础医学院,江苏 南京
Research advances on the role and mechanisms of gut microbiota in colorectal cancer therapy
Xuemei ZHANG1, Min WEI1, Fei XIA1, Hui WANG1, Qibin HE1 , Xiaoyi WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
  • 2School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250062
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结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)因发病率和死亡率居高不下,且带来沉重的经济医疗负担而备受广泛关注。近年来,肠道微生物在结直肠癌预防、诊断及治疗过程中的关键作用逐渐受到人们广泛重视,为晚期疾病管理带来了希望。本文全面回顾了肠道微生物群在结直肠癌发病与进展中的作用及其潜在机制,并探讨了肠道微生物群在晚期结直肠癌全身系统治疗中的应用潜力,提出新策略和新见解,以改善晚期结直肠癌的诊断与治疗方法。

肠道微生物  /  结直肠癌  /  系统治疗

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a focal point of research due to its consistently high incidence and mortality, as well as the substantial economic and healthcare burdens it imposes. In recent years, the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CRC has garnered increasing attention, offering promising avenues for the management of advanced stages of the disease. This article comprehensively reviews the involvement of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of CRC, elucidating the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, it examines the potential applications of the gut microbiota in the systemic treatment of advanced CRC, with the aim of proposing novel strategies and insights to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of advanced CRC.

gut microbiota  /  colorectal cancer  /  systemic therapy
张雪梅, 魏敏, 夏菲, 王慧, 贺奇彬, 王晓艺. 肠道微生物在结直肠癌治疗中的作用和机制研究进展. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4241 -4253 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250062
Xuemei ZHANG, Min WEI, Fei XIA, Hui WANG, Qibin HE, Xiaoyi WANG. Research advances on the role and mechanisms of gut microbiota in colorectal cancer therapy[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4241 -4253 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250062
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是最常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一,全球范围内其发病率居第3位,死亡率排第2位[1]。据中国国家癌症中心数据显示,在我国2022年结直肠癌新发病例约51.71万,占全部恶性肿瘤的10.7%,发病率居第2位;死亡病例约24.00万,占全部恶性肿瘤死亡的9.3%,死亡率排第4位[2]。以上数据表明,结直肠癌已严重威胁人类身体健康,并给经济和医疗带来巨大负担。
结直肠癌的发生发展是一个复杂过程,除遗传因素外,还与生活方式、饮食、吸烟、肥胖、微生物暴露等因素有关[3-8]。由于结直肠癌早期缺乏典型症状,大多数病例确诊时已处于疾病中晚期。目前,结直肠癌治疗仍以手术切除为主;对于晚期或转移性结直肠癌患者可采用化疗药物、靶向药物、免疫检查点抑制剂(checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)药物、放疗、中医中药等全身系统治疗[9]。近10年来,随着肠道微生物相关研究的快速发展和深入,越来越多证据表明肠道微生物与结直肠癌密切相关。肠道微生物及其代谢产物不仅在结直肠癌发生发展过程中发挥重要作用,还可通过重塑肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME)、调节肠道微生态、缓解抗癌治疗副反应等方式对结直肠癌诊治产生重要影响。本文基于国内外最新研究进展,系统综述了肠道微生物群在结直肠癌发生发展中的关键作用及其对现有系统治疗方案的影响,以期为基于肠道微生物的结直肠癌诊疗策略改进提供新的理论依据。
肠道微生物直接参与结直肠肿瘤微环境的构成,这种位置上的特殊性是结直肠癌区别于其他恶性肿瘤的主要特征。肠道微生物与结直肠上皮细胞通过能量收集、代谢调节、免疫反应等基本生理活动相互影响[10]。正常的结肠上皮发展为结直肠癌需要一个致瘤微环境,该致瘤微环境由一系列遗传、炎症免疫、代谢反应等因素共同促成和塑造[11]。当肠道微生态失调时,菌群紊乱引发的炎症及产生的某些代谢物可通过激活或抑制免疫信号通路、调控免疫细胞反应来影响肿瘤微环境,进而在结直肠癌的发生发展中发挥关键作用(图1)。
相关研究表明,结直肠癌患者与健康人群的肠道菌群,以及结直肠癌患者肿瘤组织、癌旁组织和正常组织之间的菌群构成均存在显著差异[12-14]。拟杆菌属[15-16]、梭杆菌属[17-18]、链球菌属[12,19]、埃希氏菌属/志贺氏菌属及克雷伯氏菌属[19]等在结直肠癌患者肠道中显著富集。将结肠癌患者的粪便或粪便中丰度显著增高的菌株移植给结直肠癌小鼠可促进小鼠结直肠癌的发生发展,在肿瘤进展的同时肠道组织中调控炎症的细胞因子表达增加,肿瘤组织中髓系抑制细胞聚集[12,20-21]。然而,若用非肿瘤组织中富集的菌群处理结直肠癌小鼠则可抑制肿瘤生长,且肿瘤中浸润的CD8+ T细胞活化增强[13]。研究显示,肺炎克雷伯氏菌[22]、具核梭杆菌[23]、微小小单胞菌[24]、牙龈卟啉单胞菌[25]、热带念珠菌[26]等可通过激活STAT6-KLF4-IL10、Toll样受体(Toll like receptors, TLR) 4、Ras/ERK/c-Fos等信号通路增加肿瘤微环境可髓系细胞浸润、促进巨噬细胞M2极化等方式促进小鼠结直肠癌的发生、发展和转移。相反,植物乳植杆菌[27]、类干酪乳酪杆菌[28]、母鸡乳杆菌[29]、唾液链球菌嗜热亚种[30]、短双歧杆菌[31] 等益生菌可通过调节宿主免疫反应恢复肠道屏障完整性,抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖和侵袭,并改善肠道菌群结构紊乱状态,表现为益生菌丰度升高和致病菌丰度降低。
除了肠道微生物本身,其某些代谢产物也可影响结直肠癌的发生发展。例如,干酪乳酪杆菌产生的铁色素可通过活化c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)信号诱导细胞凋亡,对结肠肿瘤细胞具有强抑制作用[32]。短双歧杆菌代谢物吲哚-3-乳酸可通过激活AKT信号通路和限制炎症反应调节巨噬细胞分化,从而抑制小鼠结直肠癌的发生[31]。植物乳植杆菌L168代谢物吲哚-3-乳酸可通过树突状细胞激发抗肿瘤的干扰素(interferon, IFN)-γ+CD8+ T细胞免疫,进而控制小鼠结直肠癌的生长[27]。表达胆盐水解酶的拟杆菌可通过激活β-catenin/CCL28轴诱导肿瘤内免疫抑制Treg细胞浸润增加,加剧小鼠结直肠癌的进展[14]
总之,大量研究已证实肠道微生物在结直肠癌发生发展过程中的重要性,但微生物影响肠道肿瘤的具体机制仍有待充分阐明。
目前对于进展期结直肠癌的治疗方案包括化疗、免疫治疗、靶向治疗、放疗、中医中药等,但因其有效率低、耐药性高以及不良反应多等局限性治疗效果并不理想[33]。因此,探索更有效的结直肠癌诊治方法势在必行。近年来越来越多的证据表明,肠道微生物与结直肠癌的治疗密切相关,它们通过直接或间接的方式,如重塑肿瘤微环境、调节肠道微生态、缓解抗癌治疗副反应以及作为无创诊疗工具等,对结直肠癌的治疗产生重要影响(图2)。
结直肠癌化学药物治疗常用药物包括5-氟尿嘧啶/亚叶酸钙(5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, 5-FU/LV)、伊立替康、奥沙利铂、卡培他滨、吉西他滨等[9]。相关研究数据显示,肠道微生物与化疗疗效及副反应程度密切相关。
Yu等[34]对结肠癌患者化疗后的肿瘤组织(包括16例复发患者和15例未复发患者)进行菌群分析发现,具核梭杆菌的数量在复发患者和未复发患者之间存在显著差异,复发患者中该菌数量明显高于未复发者,且数量越高的患者预后越差;体内外实验证明,具核梭杆菌通过调节先天免疫信号(TLR4、MYD88)以及microRNA的方式激活自噬途径,从而改变化疗药物对结直肠癌的治疗效果。Roberti等[35]研究发现,结肠癌的预后与滤泡辅助性T (follicular helper T, TFH)细胞累积和化疗诱导的免疫反应有关,而回肠中驻留的脆弱拟杆菌和丹毒丝菌科可影响结直肠癌的保护性免疫反应;在这些共生菌存在的情况下,凋亡的回肠上皮细胞(ileal intestinal epithelial cells, IECs)以白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1R1和白细胞介素-12依赖性方式激活PD-1+ TFH细胞,进而影响化疗在结肠癌中的疗效,且这种作用与微卫星不稳定性无关。Geller等[36]在结肠癌小鼠模型中发现,肿瘤内的γ假单胞菌门可将化疗药物吉西他滨代谢成无活性形式,使肿瘤对其产生耐药性,当使用抗生素清除γ变形菌后这种耐药性可消除。Hou等[37]接受FOLFOX化疗方案治疗效果不同的结肠癌小鼠,其粪便菌群组成存在差异,其中非敏感组普雷沃氏菌丰度较高,将该菌移植给结肠癌小鼠后FOLFOX的抗癌疗效受到明显抑制。以上研究表明,某些特定微生物可增加肿瘤组织对化疗药物的耐药性,导致化疗药物抗癌功能降低,这些发现为靶向清除致病菌、提高结直肠癌化疗疗效提供了新思路。
除了诱导肿瘤化疗耐药性之外,某些肠道微生物也会对化疗药物的抗癌功能产生积极作用。Li等[38]通过向巯基透明质酸酶基水凝胶(hyaluronid-based hydrogel, HA-SH)中加入亚硝酸硫杆菌制成细菌水凝胶,在小鼠结肠癌模型中发现这种细菌水凝胶可以清除结肠癌中多余的H2S,促进肿瘤血管正常化,增加化疗药物喜树碱的递送,提高化疗效果,进而抑制肿瘤进展。
肠道菌群还有助于预防和缓解化疗过程中产生的不良反应,如胃肠道反应、菌群失调、骨髓抑制等。Huang等[39]研究发现,接受根治性手术和术后化疗的结肠癌患者口服益生菌制剂后,化疗引起的胃肠道不良反应症状得到明显改善(尤其是腹泻最为明显),此外服用益生菌可显著提高肠道微生物群的多样性指标。He等[40]发现粪便乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的消耗与奥沙利铂介导的毒性加重有关,而补充这些益生菌可减轻结肠癌化疗诱导的毒性。
总而言之,以上这些发现为提高结直肠癌化疗的有效性、逆转耐药性以及缓解副反应开辟了新的辅助干预途径。
肿瘤微环境的特征是免疫检查点激活,驱动浸润T细胞衰竭,进而限制了免疫细胞攻击生长中癌细胞的能力[41]。肿瘤免疫疗法是通过激发和增强机体抗肿瘤免疫应答,从而抑制/杀死肿瘤细胞的一种治疗手段,包括免疫检查点抑制剂、过继细胞疗法、癌症疫苗、小分子免疫药物等。免疫治疗为晚期结肠癌的治疗带来了新的希望,但免疫治疗也存在一定局限性,只有错配修复缺陷(mismatch repair deficient, dMMR)/微卫星不稳定高频型(microsatellite instability high-frequency, MSI-H)或DNA聚合酶ε (polymerase epsilon, POLE)/DNA聚合酶δ1 (polymerase delta 1, POLDl)突变的结肠癌患者可能对ICIs反应良好,且dMMR/MSI-H患者的客观有效率(objective response rate, ORR)也仅为40%[42]。既往研究已证实,肠道微生物组参与机体先天免疫系统和适应性免疫系统的调节[43-44],并可能通过释放病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)或代谢产物(如短链脂肪酸、肌苷、色氨酸衍生物和胆汁酸)等方式调节抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cells, APCs)、CD8+ T细胞、CD4+ T细胞等免疫细胞活性进而增强或抑制抗肿瘤免疫[45] (图3)。
免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)是目前研究最广泛的一类免疫疗法,主要包括程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1 (programmed cell death protein-1, PD-1)抗体、程序性细胞死亡蛋白-配体1 (programmed cell death protein-ligand 1, PD-L1)抗体和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4, CTLA-4)抗体[46]。目前已有大量研究证实肠道微生物组可以对免疫检查点抑制剂的抗癌效果产生重要影响。Peng等[47]对74名接受抗PD-1/PD-L1治疗的晚期胃肠道癌患者的粪便进行16S rRNA基因分析发现,应答组普雷沃氏菌/拟杆菌比值升高,且能够产生短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)的肠道细菌(包括真杆菌、乳酸菌和链球菌)与抗PD-1/PD-L1反应呈正相关。Huang等[48]将健康志愿者的肠道菌群移植给结肠癌小鼠后,可增强PD-1抗体的抗肿瘤效果,并提高小鼠的生存率。Gao等[49]发现益生菌鼠李糖乳酪杆菌Probio-M9和PD-1单抗联合治疗结肠癌荷瘤小鼠后肿瘤生长明显受到抑制,且补充Probio-M9后小鼠肠道内有益菌(如乳酸菌和动物双歧杆菌)丰度及丁酸等有益代谢物增多,它们通过促进肿瘤微环境中的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的浸润和活化,抑制调节性T细胞的功能,进而增强肿瘤免疫治疗反应。此外,Jia等[50]通过结肠癌等多种小鼠肿瘤模型验证了补充约翰逊氏乳杆菌或其色氨酸衍生的代谢物吲哚-3-丙酸(indole-3-propionic acid, IPA)可增强CD8+ T细胞介导的PD-1抗体免疫疗法的疗效。肠道微生物除了与ICIs具有协同作用外,某些微生物还可以与ICIs产生拮抗作用。Jiang等[51]通过宏基因组测序发现,对PD-1抗体不应答的转移性结直肠癌患者的肠道菌群中具核梭杆菌丰度明显高于应答组,将无应答者粪便或具核梭杆菌移植给结肠癌荷瘤小鼠后PD-1抗体的抗肿瘤效果明显下降,并且伴随着肿瘤浸润CD8+ T细胞和分泌IFN-γ和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α的效应性CD8+ T显著减少,此外,其代谢物琥珀酸也可发挥同样的效果。
限制嵌合抗原受体T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, CAR-T)疗法是一种通过基因工程改造的免疫细胞疗法,属于过继细胞疗法的一种。相比之下,TME免疫抑制是CAR-T治疗效果的关键因素[52]。因此,克服TME相关的免疫抑制以及激活抗肿瘤免疫一直是CAR-T治疗的研究重点。Guo等[53]开发了一种用于临床的减毒细菌菌株(布鲁氏菌16M∆vjbR),该菌与CAR-T疗法联合应用可明显增加结肠癌小鼠肿瘤内CD8+ T细胞数量和活性,促进肿瘤巨噬细胞向促炎M1极化,重塑TME,进而抑制肿瘤的生长,提高存活率。
靶向治疗是一种针对肿瘤特异性靶点来杀死和抑制肿瘤细胞的治疗方式,它能在使肿瘤细胞特异性死亡的同时避免对正常组织细胞造成损伤。目前已批准应用于晚期结直肠癌的药物包括针对表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)的单克隆抗体,代表药物分别为西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab)和贝伐珠单抗。目前尚缺乏针对肠道菌群与单独结直肠癌靶向治疗相关性的研究,但靶向联合化疗或免疫治疗的疗效可能与肠道菌群存在一定的相关性。
Chen等[54]对接受化疗和靶向联合治疗的转移性结直肠癌患者的肠道菌群进行测序分析发现,对贝伐珠单抗+FOLFIRI (亚叶酸、5-氟尿嘧啶和伊立替康)联合治疗呈部分反应(partial response, PR)的患者的肠道菌群β多样性与疾病进展(progressive disease, PD)组相比存在显著差异,其中PD组的具核梭杆菌丰度约为PR组的32倍,在转移性结直肠癌患者中较高的肠道微生物群多样性与更有利的治疗结果相关。此外,Martini等[55]在一项单臂、多中心的Ⅱ期临床研究中探讨了肠道菌群与西妥昔单抗联合阿维鲁单抗(AVElumab)抗肿瘤活性的相关性,通过对来自CAVE-mCRC (Cetuximab-AVElumab-metastatic CRC, CAVE-mCRC)试验的14例叶绿体DNA (chloroplast DNA, ctDNA) RAS/BRAF野生型微卫星稳定性转移性结直肠癌患者的基线粪便样本进行全面的肠道菌群遗传分析显示,在这14例患者中,5例长期缓解的患者体内2种产丁酸细菌[有益杆状菌属(AgathobacterM104/1)和布劳特氏菌属(BlautiaSR1/5)]显著增加。
上述数据表明,肠道微生物群与结直肠癌靶向治疗之间存在相互作用,但尚需一项具有更大样本量的前瞻性随机研究来验证微生物群与结直肠癌靶向治疗之间的相关性。
放疗是治疗结直肠癌的主要方法之一,电离辐射不仅可以直接或间接破坏DNA杀死肿瘤细胞,还能通过激活抗原呈递细胞和效应性T细胞、分泌募集T细胞的趋化因子、抑制Treg细胞增殖等方式增强局部或全身的抗肿瘤免疫反应[56-57]。目前推荐放疗的主要模式为新辅助/辅助治疗、根治性治疗和姑息治疗[9]。近些年来,肠道菌群与放疗反应、毒副反应之间的相关性已逐渐受到人们的关注。
Xu等[58]对接受新辅助放疗的直肠癌患者的粪便菌群与健康人的粪便菌群进行测序分析发现,新辅助放疗显著改变了肠道微生物群组成和功能,并且发现部分口腔病原体可易位至肠道。Zhou等[59]对接受术前局部放疗的晚期直肠癌患者的粪便和血清样本进行16S rRNA基因测序和质谱分析,筛选出与放射增敏相关的候选肠道微生物群衍生代谢物甲基乙二醛(methylglyoxal, MG),随后经过细胞实验及结肠癌异位移植小鼠模型证实,MG可增强X-ray诱导DNA双链断裂的功能,并通过促进细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)介导的内质网应激引起肿瘤细胞免疫原性死亡,此外MG还诱导和提高了肿瘤免疫微环境中CD8+ T细胞和自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell, NK)的浸润。Dong等[60]发现肠道共生菌盲肠罗斯拜瑞氏菌通过丁酸盐/OR51E1/RALB轴增强CRC对放疗的敏感性,并可减轻放疗诱导的肠道毒性。
由于小肠上皮细胞对辐照高度敏感,所以小肠损伤是结直肠癌或其他腹腔恶性肿瘤放疗的主要损伤部位,也是放射治疗剂量受到限制的主要因素[61]。Riehl等[62]研究发现鼠李糖乳酪杆菌GG (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, LGG)可激活小肠隐窝周围巨噬细胞的TLR2通路,并诱导黏膜固有层中的COX-2+间充质干细胞(COX-2 expressing mesenchymal stem cells, MSC)迁移至肠隐窝上皮干细胞附近,MSC通过释放前列腺素E2起到保护肠上皮干细胞、减少辐射损伤的作用,此外研究还发现LGG对接受腹部放疗的小鼠的正常肠隐窝有保护作用,但对同样接受放疗的结肠癌组织无明显影响,这证明了LGG的放射保护作用不会扩展到辐射靶向的结肠癌细胞。
上述数据表明,肠道微生物具有作为结直肠癌放疗疗效增敏剂及放射性损伤防护剂的内在潜力,也为恶性肿瘤辐射治疗的发展提供了新的辅助治疗策略。然而,目前我们仍对肠道菌群如何影响放疗反应的具体机制知之甚少,尚需进一步探索研究。
中医药治疗是我国的传统医学,因其疗效显著、副作用小的优点逐渐受到广泛重视。然而,由于中医药缺乏现代科学理论体系的系统支撑,且生物活性成分复杂,其使用范围仍受到一定限制。近几十年来,随着人们对中医药的深入研究,越来越多的证据表明中医药在抑制肿瘤增殖转移、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、调节免疫功能及肿瘤微环境、改善放化疗副反应等方面均发挥重要作用[63-65]。研究表明中药可通过调节肠道菌群的结构和改变微生物代谢物成分的方式达到疾病治疗的效果[66-67]。由此可见,肠道菌群与中药的疗效之间存在密切相关性,详细了解中药与肠道菌群之间相互作用的具体机制对于中药在疾病预防和治疗中的应用推广至关重要。
Gou等[68]使用氧化偶氮甲烷(azoxymethane, AOM)/葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium salt, DSS)小鼠模型和无菌小鼠模型证实,片仔癀(Pien Tze Huang, PZH)以剂量依赖性方式抑制结直肠肿瘤生长,经过PZH处理后不仅改变了肠道菌群谱(益生菌丰度增加,致病菌丰度降低),还增加了有益的细菌代谢产物(牛磺酸和次牛磺酸、胆汁酸和不饱和脂肪酸);进一步转录组学分析显示,PZH是通过抑制PI3K-Akt、白细胞介素-17、肿瘤坏死因子等致癌、促炎通路进而抑制结直肠癌的发生。Chen等[69]研究发现小檗碱(berberine, BBR)可明显延缓高脂饮食相关小鼠结肠癌模型肿瘤的生长,BBR在修复肠道屏障功能、抑制高脂饮食引发的结肠炎症和相关致癌途径的同时,还改善了肠道菌群失调状态,如嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌、副拟杆菌等益生菌丰度增加。此外,Sui等[70]探讨了中药方剂薏苡附子败酱散(YYFZBJS) (薏苡仁10份、败酱草5份、附子2份)对结直肠癌发生发展及肠道菌群的影响,研究人员将YYFZBJS志愿者或对照供体的人的粪便移植给C57BL/6 J ApcMin/+小鼠,结果显示YYFZBJS通过重塑肠道菌群和抑制调节T细胞生成阻断了ApcMin/+小鼠肿瘤的发生发展。
光动力治疗(photodynamic therapy, PDT)是一种新型的癌症治疗方式,它是通过特定波长的光照射肿瘤组织,激活聚集在肿瘤内的光敏剂,产生高氧化活性的活性氧,导致肿瘤细胞和微血管发生不可逆的损伤,最终诱导肿瘤细胞死亡,具有时空可控性、非侵入性、能够激活机体免疫的优点[71-72],但因受激光穿透深度及肿瘤微环境内缺氧等因素的限制仍未能得到广泛推广[73]。研究证实大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、双歧杆菌等可优先在肿瘤内定植,鉴于这些细菌对肿瘤部位的高选择性,它们可以可靠地用于靶向肿瘤组织的精准治疗[74]
目前,肠道微生物与CRC光动力治疗的相关研究尚处于早期阶段,虽然相关研究较少,但近年来已逐渐引起关注。肠道微生物在PDT中的潜在作用主要体现在以下方面:作为无创诊疗工具、调节肿瘤微环境、维持肠道微生态稳定等。Xu等[75]开发了一种响应活性氧(ROS)的细菌基纳米平台LR-S-CD/CpG@LNP,该系统将免疫佐剂(CpG)和以桑叶为碳源的碳点(carbon dots, CDs)共载的桑叶脂质纳米粒子(CD/CpG@LNPs)通过ROS响应性连接物连接到有益菌罗伊特氏黏液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillusreuteri,LR)表面。实验结果表明,LR-S-CD/CpG@LNPs可抑制原位结直肠肿瘤和肝转移,进一步的机制研究发现该治疗方案显著增加了有益菌群[如Lacticaseibacillus和别样杆菌属(Alistipes)]的丰度,同时降低了有害菌群[如肠杆菌科(Enterobaçteriaceae)]的比例[75]。Zhu等[76]首次开发了一种新型基于大肠杆菌聚集诱导发射激活发光物(AIEgen)杂交系统,这个系统利用大肠杆菌将聚集诱导发光(aggregation-induced emission, AIE)光敏剂硫氧还蛋白结合蛋白2 (recombinant thioredoxin binding protein 2, TBP-2)输送到肿瘤内,TBP-2能够在缺氧微环境中产生羟基自由基,然后通过激光照射对这种缺氧肿瘤进行PDT治疗,进而抑制原位结肠癌的生长。上述研究结果为原位肿瘤的光动力治疗提供了新的思路,也为光动力治疗的临床推广奠定了基础。
声动力疗法(sonodynamic therapy, SDT)是癌症治疗领域一种新型的非侵入性治疗方法,其作用原理是将低频率、低强度的超声聚焦于病灶区的声敏剂,诱导ROS产生,从而引发癌细胞凋亡。目前,SDT的应用主要聚焦于实体肿瘤治疗、动脉粥样硬化防治以及灭菌等方面[77]
研究证实具核梭杆菌通过调控β-catenin、Wnt、TLR、核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)、Hippo等通路影响髓系细胞聚集,抑制NK细胞抗肿瘤免疫应答,进而导致肿瘤细胞增殖、肿瘤免疫逃逸、复发和抗癌耐药性等情况[78-79]。由此可知,肿瘤中定殖的具核梭杆菌不仅促进了肿瘤的发生发展,还影响了抗癌药物的治疗效果。Qu等[80]提出了一种将清除瘤内具核梭杆菌与SDT相结合的新的结直肠癌治疗策略:首先,他们设计了具有抗菌功能的超声刺激响应纳米颗粒(Au@BSA-CuPpIX),这种纳米颗粒具有良好的超声激发ROS生成和抑菌活性;然后,通过异位和原位CRC小鼠模型证明了Au@BSA-CuPpIX可有效地消除致病菌具核梭杆菌,显著提高了SDT的治疗效果,抑制CRC肿瘤肺转移;此外,Au@BSA-CuPpIX还降低了肿瘤治疗过程中声敏剂的光毒性,预防了严重的炎症和对皮肤的损伤。目前,肠道微生物与CRC声动力治疗的相关研究尚处于萌芽阶段,上述研究结果为肠道微生物在肿瘤SDT中的进一步研究和潜在应用奠定了基础。
随着医疗诊治技术及新型药物研发的快速发展,结直肠癌治疗策略的多样性、精确化和个体化为肿瘤患者带来了希望。然而,由于肿瘤具有高度异质性,且患者存在个体差异,治疗过程中出现的耐药性、副反应等问题限制了抗肿瘤治疗的效果。此外,化疗、放疗、免疫治疗等也会扰乱肠道微生物群,导致微生态失调。
肠道微生态构成复杂,包括古细菌、真核生物和病毒。由于其数量庞大且功能强大,它也被称为人体的“第二套基因组”。相关研究已证实,生态失调与多种疾病有关,包括肿瘤发生和癌症进展[81]。截至目前,大量研究已经证实微生物及其代谢产物通过抑制/激活免疫细胞、信号通路等方式发挥调节全身及局部免疫反应、重塑肿瘤微环境、维持肠道屏障功能以及改善肠道菌群结构失调的作用,进而影响结直肠癌的发生发展和抗癌药物的治疗效果。因此,如何更好地利用肠道微生物提高结直肠癌的治疗效果,以及探索其临床转化的意义是未来微生物研究的重要方向。
目前,肠道微生物在结直肠癌的潜在应用可能有以下几方面:预防结直肠癌、增强现有抗癌治疗方案疗效、缓解抗癌治疗副反应、修复肠道菌群失调以及作为无创诊疗工具等[11]。针对以上肠道微生物的治疗潜能已得到大量的动物实验研究支持,但相关的临床试验证据仍较为缺乏。因此,未来仍需开展大量的、大规模的、多中心的临床试验以进一步评估和验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82402645)
  • 南京医科大学附属江宁医院青年创新科研基金(JNYYZXKY202202)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250062
  • 接收时间:2025-01-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-22
  • 录用日期:2025-06-20
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the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82402645)
国家自然科学基金(82402645)
the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Youth Innovation Research Fund(JNYYZXKY202202)
南京医科大学附属江宁医院青年创新科研基金(JNYYZXKY202202)
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    1南京医科大学附属江宁医院,江苏 南京
    2南京医科大学 基础医学院,江苏 南京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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