Article(id=1316714734464909873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260510, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1782144000000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1782835200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-07-01, onlineDate=1791858856073, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858856073, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858856073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858856073, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5107, endPage=5121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714734674625074, articleId=1316714734464909873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification, and algicidal characterization of Bacillus velezensis L2, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To isolate and screen the algicidal strains from samples of a eutrophic water body and study their algicidal characteristics and mode against Microcystis aeruginosa, thus providing a theoretical basis for the biological control of cyanobacterial bloom. [Methods] Strain identification was performed through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, whole-genome sequencing, and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis. The algicidal effects under different inoculation amounts, bacterial growth phases, and initial algal densities were investigated. The algicidal mode was clarified by comparing the algicidal efficiency of cell-free filtrate and cell resuspension of the strain. The morphology of algal cells was explored by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, changes in physiological characteristics of algal cells were investigated through three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. GC-MS was employed to identify the major algicidal substances after n-hexane extraction. [Results] A highly efficient algicidal strain L2 was obtained and identified as Bacillus velezensis (CGMCC No. 38496, GenBank accession No. PP693440). At an inoculation amount of 10%, the strain achieved the algal inhibition rate of 89.35% against M. aeruginosa after seven days. The algal inhibition rates of the cell-free filtrate and fermentation broth of L2 were 90.51% and 91.75% after seven days, respectively. While the algal inhibition rate of the cell suspension was only 15.10%. This phenomenon indicated that L2 indirectly inactivated M. aeruginosa by secreting extracellular active substances. The major algicidal substances secreted by strain L2 were identified as fatty amides and cyclic dipeptides. Algal cells exhibited shrinkage and surface roughening, with significantly decreased phycobiliprotein content during the algicidal process. In addition, the composition of extracellular organic matter shifted from protein-like substances to humic-like substances. [Conclusion] B. velezensis L2 exhibits high algicidal activity against M. aeruginosa. Algal cells are inactivated primarily through the indirect mode of extracellular substance secretion, which cause damage to the morphology of algae cells and inhibit the activity of the photosynthetic system. The strain L2 exhibits good potential for the biological control of cyanobacterial bloom.

, authors=Kun LIU1, 2, Shaoguang DU3, Banghao DU1, 2, *, Chao CHENG1, 2, Limei XU1, 2, Fuxiang GUAN1, 2, Xiaochen LI1, 2, authorsList=Kun LIU, Shaoguang DU, Banghao DU, Chao CHENG, Limei XU, Fuxiang GUAN, Xiaochen LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Banghao DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 从富营养化水体中分离筛选高效溶藻菌株,研究其对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻特性,探究其作用方式,为蓝藻水华的生物防治提供理论依据。 【方法】 通过形态学观察、生理生化实验、16S rRNA基因测序分析、全基因组测序及平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)分析进行菌株鉴定;考察不同接菌量、菌株生长时期及初始藻密度下的抑藻效果;通过无细胞滤液与菌体重悬液抑藻实验阐明溶藻作用方式;利用扫描电子显微镜和三维荧光光谱分析等手段探究藻细胞形态与生理特性变化;经正己烷萃取后采用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)鉴定主要溶藻活性物质。 【结果】 筛选获得一株高效溶藻菌株L2,鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),保藏编号为CGMCC No. 38496,GenBank登录号为PP693440。10%接菌量下,7 d抑藻率超89.35%。无细胞滤液与菌液7 d抑藻率分别达90.51%和91.75%,而菌体重悬液抑藻率仅为15.10%,表明菌株L2主要通过分泌胞外活性物质间接溶藻,经鉴定主要溶藻活性物质为脂肪酰胺类和环二肽类化合物。溶藻过程中藻细胞形态皱缩、表面粗糙化,藻胆蛋白含量显著下降,胞外有机物的组成由类蛋白物质向类腐殖质转化。 【结论】 研究表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L2对铜绿微囊藻具有高效溶藻活性,主要通过分泌胞外物质的间接作用方式溶藻,破坏藻细胞形态并抑制光合系统活性,具备良好的蓝藻水华生物防治潜力。

, authors=刘坤1, 2, 杜韶光3, 杜邦昊1, 2, *, 程超1, 2, 徐丽梅1, 2, 关福祥1, 2, 李晓晨1, 2, authorsList=刘坤, 杜韶光, 杜邦昊, 程超, 徐丽梅, 关福祥, 李晓晨, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杜邦昊, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

刘坤:实验设计、实验操作、数据分析和论文撰写;杜韶光:实验指导和技术支持;杜邦昊:资源支持、研究构思、实验设计、实验指导和论文审阅修改;程超:实验指导;徐丽梅:实验指导;关福祥:协助实验操作;李晓晨:资源支持、实验指导和论文审阅。

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Marine Environmental Research, 2026, 219: 108062., articleTitle=Coordinated algicidal mechanism of rosenonolactone and fatty acids from Pseudoalteromonas sp. against Karenia mikimotoi, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1316829903274754186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, awardId=42507114, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(42507114), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829903388000395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, awardId=42507114, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42507114), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829903492857996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, awardId=42577097, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42577097), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829903585132685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, awardId=ZR2025QC383, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2025QC383), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829903664824462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, awardId=ZR2025QC383, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2025QC383), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316829897671163964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829897679552573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, companyId=1316829897671163964, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829897696329790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, companyId=1316829897671163964, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山东农业大学 水利土木工程学院,山东 泰安)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829897817964607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829897826353216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, companyId=1316829897817964607, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Shandong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-saving Technology and Equipment, Tai’an, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829897838936129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, companyId=1316829897817964607, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山东省农业节水技术与装备重点实验室,山东 泰安)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829897918627906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829897931210819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, companyId=1316829897918627906, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Handan Ecological Environment Bureau, Handan, Hebei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829897935405124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, companyId=1316829897918627906, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.邯郸市生态环境局,河北 邯郸)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1316829901840302200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Changes of chlorophyll-a concentration (A) and algicidal efficiency (B) during the algicidal process of re-screened strains., figureFileSmall=lVVi0IZ60C5X1GDKM1BwvA==, figureFileBig=NsTgcZGUbwW8xBFzFhq7lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829901911605369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=图1, caption=复筛菌株溶藻过程叶绿素a浓度(A)及抑藻率(B)变化, figureFileSmall=lVVi0IZ60C5X1GDKM1BwvA==, figureFileBig=NsTgcZGUbwW8xBFzFhq7lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902008074362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) (A), growth curve (B), and phylogenetic tree (C) of strain L2. 47, 52, and 46 represent bootstrap values; 0.001 0 represents genetic distance scale bar; Red triangle represents target strain L2 (PP693440)., figureFileSmall=o/kA8wkecvZPayOCryB66Q==, figureFileBig=1KaR2uickGHsJhF+CIGqPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902083571835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株L2的扫描电镜形态(A)、生长曲线(B)和系统发育树(C), figureFileSmall=o/kA8wkecvZPayOCryB66Q==, figureFileBig=1KaR2uickGHsJhF+CIGqPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902163263612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effect of inoculation amount (A), different growth phases of strain L2 (B), and initial algal density (C) on the algicidal activity., figureFileSmall=kJEtlLCwOzz2AQcdr3H9Ug==, figureFileBig=4v78CZFrLut6EI1fMkzPJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902230372477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=图3, caption=接菌量(A)、菌株L2不同生长时期(B)和初始藻密度(C)对抑藻效果的影响, figureFileSmall=kJEtlLCwOzz2AQcdr3H9Ug==, figureFileBig=4v78CZFrLut6EI1fMkzPJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902297481342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Changes in algicidal efficiency by different components of Bacillus velezensis L2 culture (A) and cell-free filtrates at different growth phases (B) during the algicidal process., figureFileSmall=4FgPlu/mg4a/kGxgJNS+Ig==, figureFileBig=wDGh81YMaVk6b8YkAsCalA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902381367423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=图4, caption=贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L2菌液不同组分(A)和不同生长时期无细胞滤液(B)溶藻过程抑藻率变化情况, figureFileSmall=4FgPlu/mg4a/kGxgJNS+Ig==, figureFileBig=wDGh81YMaVk6b8YkAsCalA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902452670592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Microcystis aeruginosa morphology in control group (A-C) and treatment group (D-F) under scanning electron microscope during the algicidal process., figureFileSmall=vjf7pX0FKnV8/kxBaw7JSA==, figureFileBig=4begenQKuGTjRDswgcJFLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902532362369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=图5, caption=溶藻过程中扫描电子显微镜下对照组(A-C)和实验组(D-F)铜绿微囊藻藻细胞形态变化, figureFileSmall=vjf7pX0FKnV8/kxBaw7JSA==, figureFileBig=4begenQKuGTjRDswgcJFLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902599471234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The inhibition efficiency of phycobiliprotein (PB) during the algicidal process., figureFileSmall=nn61Flwqkhzgl/e56VtEXg==, figureFileBig=TokRzq/sKjXbTn025+Cz6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902662385795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=图6, caption=溶藻过程中藻胆蛋白抑制率变化情况, figureFileSmall=nn61Flwqkhzgl/e56VtEXg==, figureFileBig=TokRzq/sKjXbTn025+Cz6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902725300356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Changes in EOM content of algal cells during the algicidal process., figureFileSmall=yOFIaejChw07rr9gYBZzEQ==, figureFileBig=kx0c4Z7virtrHLTpD64mFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902792409221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=图7, caption=溶藻过程中藻细胞胞外有机物含量变化, figureFileSmall=yOFIaejChw07rr9gYBZzEQ==, figureFileBig=kx0c4Z7virtrHLTpD64mFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829902855323782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Morphological characteristics of initially screened bacterial colony

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Colony nameColorSizeShapeTransparencyMoistureMarginOther characteristics
L1BlackLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregularFew spores
L2Light yellowSmallCircularOpaqueMoistIrregular-
L3Light yellowSmallCircularOpaqueMoistIrregular-
L4Milky whiteLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregularFolded in the center
L5WhiteLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregular-
L6BrownLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregularAbundant spores
K1Light redSmallCircularOpaqueMoistRegular-
K2BrownLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregular-
K3Light yellowLargeCircularTransparentMoistRegular-
K4Light yellowSmallCircularOpaqueMoistRegular-
K5Light yellowLargeIrregularOpaqueMoistIrregular-
K6WhiteLargeCircularOpaqueDryRegularFew spores
K7WhiteSmallCircularOpaqueDryRegularDepressed in the center
), ArticleFig(id=1316829902930821255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初筛菌落形态特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Colony nameColorSizeShapeTransparencyMoistureMarginOther characteristics
L1BlackLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregularFew spores
L2Light yellowSmallCircularOpaqueMoistIrregular-
L3Light yellowSmallCircularOpaqueMoistIrregular-
L4Milky whiteLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregularFolded in the center
L5WhiteLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregular-
L6BrownLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregularAbundant spores
K1Light redSmallCircularOpaqueMoistRegular-
K2BrownLargeIrregularOpaqueDryIrregular-
K3Light yellowLargeCircularTransparentMoistRegular-
K4Light yellowSmallCircularOpaqueMoistRegular-
K5Light yellowLargeIrregularOpaqueMoistIrregular-
K6WhiteLargeCircularOpaqueDryRegularFew spores
K7WhiteSmallCircularOpaqueDryRegularDepressed in the center
), ArticleFig(id=1316829903018901640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameCAS numberMolecular formulaMolecular weightStructural formulaProportion/%
Fatty acid amides
9-octadecenamide, (Z)-301-02-0C18H35NO281.272 20.80±0.19
Hexadecanamide629-54-9C16H33NO255.256 3.21±0.11
Octadecanamide124-26-5C18H37NO283.288 2.27±0.14
Cyclic dipeptides
Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(phenylmethyl)-14705-60-3C14H16N2O2244.121 8.55±0.52
(3S,8aS)-3-propan-2-yl-2,3,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione2854-40-2C10H16N2O2196.121 6.27±0.28

1,4-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2,5-dione,

3-methyl

36357-32-1C8H12N2O2168.090 4.66±0.16
Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-19179-12-5C7H10N2O2154.074 4.36±0.29
), ArticleFig(id=1316829903106982025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714734464909873, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

GC-MS分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameCAS numberMolecular formulaMolecular weightStructural formulaProportion/%
Fatty acid amides
9-octadecenamide, (Z)-301-02-0C18H35NO281.272 20.80±0.19
Hexadecanamide629-54-9C16H33NO255.256 3.21±0.11
Octadecanamide124-26-5C18H37NO283.288 2.27±0.14
Cyclic dipeptides
Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(phenylmethyl)-14705-60-3C14H16N2O2244.121 8.55±0.52
(3S,8aS)-3-propan-2-yl-2,3,6,7,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione2854-40-2C10H16N2O2196.121 6.27±0.28

1,4-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2,5-dione,

3-methyl

36357-32-1C8H12N2O2168.090 4.66±0.16
Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-19179-12-5C7H10N2O2154.074 4.36±0.29
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贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L2的分离鉴定及其溶藻特性
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刘坤 1, 2 , 杜韶光 3 , 杜邦昊 1, 2, * , 程超 1, 2 , 徐丽梅 1, 2 , 关福祥 1, 2 , 李晓晨 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5107-5121
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5107 -5121
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L2的分离鉴定及其溶藻特性
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刘坤1, 2, 杜韶光3, 杜邦昊1, 2, * , 程超1, 2, 徐丽梅1, 2, 关福祥1, 2, 李晓晨1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山东农业大学 水利土木工程学院,山东 泰安
  • 2.山东省农业节水技术与装备重点实验室,山东 泰安
  • 3.邯郸市生态环境局,河北 邯郸
通讯作者:
杜邦昊
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

刘坤:实验设计、实验操作、数据分析和论文撰写;杜韶光:实验指导和技术支持;杜邦昊:资源支持、研究构思、实验设计、实验指导和论文审阅修改;程超:实验指导;徐丽梅:实验指导;关福祥:协助实验操作;李晓晨:资源支持、实验指导和论文审阅。

Isolation, identification, and algicidal characterization of Bacillus velezensis L2
Kun LIU1, 2, Shaoguang DU3, Banghao DU1, 2, * , Chao CHENG1, 2, Limei XU1, 2, Fuxiang GUAN1, 2, Xiaochen LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
  • 2.Shandong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water-saving Technology and Equipment, Tai’an, Shandong, China
  • 3.Handan Ecological Environment Bureau, Handan, Hebei, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260510
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【目的】 从富营养化水体中分离筛选高效溶藻菌株,研究其对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻特性,探究其作用方式,为蓝藻水华的生物防治提供理论依据。 【方法】 通过形态学观察、生理生化实验、16S rRNA基因测序分析、全基因组测序及平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)分析进行菌株鉴定;考察不同接菌量、菌株生长时期及初始藻密度下的抑藻效果;通过无细胞滤液与菌体重悬液抑藻实验阐明溶藻作用方式;利用扫描电子显微镜和三维荧光光谱分析等手段探究藻细胞形态与生理特性变化;经正己烷萃取后采用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)鉴定主要溶藻活性物质。 【结果】 筛选获得一株高效溶藻菌株L2,鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),保藏编号为CGMCC No. 38496,GenBank登录号为PP693440。10%接菌量下,7 d抑藻率超89.35%。无细胞滤液与菌液7 d抑藻率分别达90.51%和91.75%,而菌体重悬液抑藻率仅为15.10%,表明菌株L2主要通过分泌胞外活性物质间接溶藻,经鉴定主要溶藻活性物质为脂肪酰胺类和环二肽类化合物。溶藻过程中藻细胞形态皱缩、表面粗糙化,藻胆蛋白含量显著下降,胞外有机物的组成由类蛋白物质向类腐殖质转化。 【结论】 研究表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L2对铜绿微囊藻具有高效溶藻活性,主要通过分泌胞外物质的间接作用方式溶藻,破坏藻细胞形态并抑制光合系统活性,具备良好的蓝藻水华生物防治潜力。

铜绿微囊藻  /  分离鉴定  /  贝莱斯芽孢杆菌  /  溶藻方式  /  溶藻特性

[Objective] To isolate and screen the algicidal strains from samples of a eutrophic water body and study their algicidal characteristics and mode against Microcystis aeruginosa, thus providing a theoretical basis for the biological control of cyanobacterial bloom. [Methods] Strain identification was performed through morphological observation, physiological and biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, whole-genome sequencing, and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis. The algicidal effects under different inoculation amounts, bacterial growth phases, and initial algal densities were investigated. The algicidal mode was clarified by comparing the algicidal efficiency of cell-free filtrate and cell resuspension of the strain. The morphology of algal cells was explored by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, changes in physiological characteristics of algal cells were investigated through three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. GC-MS was employed to identify the major algicidal substances after n-hexane extraction. [Results] A highly efficient algicidal strain L2 was obtained and identified as Bacillus velezensis (CGMCC No. 38496, GenBank accession No. PP693440). At an inoculation amount of 10%, the strain achieved the algal inhibition rate of 89.35% against M. aeruginosa after seven days. The algal inhibition rates of the cell-free filtrate and fermentation broth of L2 were 90.51% and 91.75% after seven days, respectively. While the algal inhibition rate of the cell suspension was only 15.10%. This phenomenon indicated that L2 indirectly inactivated M. aeruginosa by secreting extracellular active substances. The major algicidal substances secreted by strain L2 were identified as fatty amides and cyclic dipeptides. Algal cells exhibited shrinkage and surface roughening, with significantly decreased phycobiliprotein content during the algicidal process. In addition, the composition of extracellular organic matter shifted from protein-like substances to humic-like substances. [Conclusion] B. velezensis L2 exhibits high algicidal activity against M. aeruginosa. Algal cells are inactivated primarily through the indirect mode of extracellular substance secretion, which cause damage to the morphology of algae cells and inhibit the activity of the photosynthetic system. The strain L2 exhibits good potential for the biological control of cyanobacterial bloom.

Microcystis aeruginosa  /  isolation and identification  /  Bacillus velezensis  /  algicidal mode  /  algicidal characterization
刘坤, 杜韶光, 杜邦昊, 程超, 徐丽梅, 关福祥, 李晓晨. 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L2的分离鉴定及其溶藻特性. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5107 -5121 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260510
Kun LIU, Shaoguang DU, Banghao DU, Chao CHENG, Limei XU, Fuxiang GUAN, Xiaochen LI. Isolation, identification, and algicidal characterization of Bacillus velezensis L2[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5107 -5121 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260510
近年来,随着现代经济与工农业的快速发展,水体富营养化问题不断加剧,世界范围内蓝藻水华暴发频率和强度越来越高,我国河湖、水库的富营养化问题不容乐观[1-2]。藻华暴发会消耗水体溶解氧、造成种群单一化和微囊藻毒素积累,严重危害水生态环境和人类健康[3-5]。当前,传统蓝藻藻华防治包括物理(人工或机械打捞、超声波技术)、化学(杀藻剂、絮凝剂)以及生物(水生动植物)等方法[6-8],但这些方法在实际推广应用中仍存在成本高、二次污染以及可持续性低等缺点。
微生物在藻华生消过程中起着重要作用,细菌与藻类之间存在着复杂动态关系[9-10],其中能够抑制或杀灭藻类的溶藻细菌作为潜在的微生物控藻剂,因其生态安全性高、作用特异性强和易于原位应用等优点而备受关注。溶藻细菌主要来源于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)[11]、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)[12-13]、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等[14]。其中,在已报道的溶藻细菌中芽孢杆菌属最常见,其能够形成抗逆性极强的芽孢,对环境胁迫具有较强的适应性,对多种有害藻华均表现出较强的抑藻能力[15-16]。程捷[17]分离出的纺锤状赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis) DMC-2对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率在6 d内能够达到86.4%;胡晓娟等[18]研究的蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus) CZBC1能够适应硫酸盐型盐碱水,在初始藻密度为105 cells/mL时,6 d溶藻率高达99%。然而,目前针对溶藻细菌的作用方式及其对藻细胞生理形态影响的研究仍相对有限,其溶藻特性与环境适应性尚需进一步探讨。
本研究以典型蓝藻铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为研究对象,分离、驯化了一株高抑藻活性的溶藻菌L2,并对其进行生理生化、16S rRNA基因测序、全基因组测序及平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)分析。探究了接菌量、菌株生长时期以及初始藻密度对溶藻效果的影响,深入研究菌株L2的溶藻特性与作用方式,以及对藻细胞形态和生理特性的影响,鉴定了菌株L2分泌的溶藻活性物质成分,以期为开发绿色、高效的蓝藻水华防治措施提供良好的菌种资源与研究基础。
本研究所用的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)购自中国科学院水生生物研究所(武汉)国家淡水藻种库,编号为FACHB-315。采用无菌BG-11培养基培养[17],恒温光照培养箱参数设定为光照强度2 500 lx,光暗周期12 h光照/12 h黑暗,温度设定为(25±1) ℃,每日定时摇动锥形瓶2-3次,以促进气体交换并防止细胞沉降,减少光照不均的影响。藻液培养至对数生长期(4×106 cells/mL或OD680=0.5)用于后续实验。
从山东省泰安市富营养化池塘(36.22°N,117.12°E)取水样,分别采用0.7 μm混合纤维滤膜、0.22 μm醋酸纤维滤膜过滤,滤膜剪成小份后置于100 mL LB培养基中,30 ℃、150 r/min恒温条件下培养24 h进行菌株富集。
初筛菌株以体积分数为10%接菌量与藻液共培养(即10 mL菌液与90 mL藻液),培养条件与藻液培养条件一致,肉眼观察藻液黄化情况。黄化藻液经PBS (0.1 mol/L,pH 7.0)梯度稀释102、104、105、106倍后,分别取100 μL涂布于LB营养琼脂平板上,于30 ℃培养36 h,记录菌落形态特征并编号。
将单菌落接种于100 mL LB培养基中进行复筛、纯化,30 ℃、150 r/min培养24 h,以体积分数为10%接菌量与藻液共培养,对照组添加等体积分数的10% LB培养基与藻液共培养。叶绿素a浓度的测定采用丙酮浸提法,通过叶绿素a浓度变化计算抑藻率,计算如公式(1)所示。
抑藻率=(C对照组-C实验组)/C对照组×100%
式中:C对照组和C实验组分别为对照组和菌液处理组的叶绿素a浓度,单位为mg/L。
对筛选、纯化所得菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化测定、16S rRNA基因测序、全基因组测序及平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)分析。采用扫描电子显微镜[卡尔蔡司光学(中国)有限公司]观察菌体形态特征。生理生化鉴定包括革兰氏染色鉴定、甲基红实验、乙酰甲基醇(V-P)实验以及过氧化氢酶实验。16S rRNA基因测序鉴定流程为:挑取平板菌落提取菌株DNA,利用微生物通用引物27F (5′- AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′- GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)进行PCR扩增。PCR扩增由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成,PCR反应体系(20 μL):10×ExTaq Buffer 2.0 μL,ExTaq (5 U/μL) 0.2 μL, dNTP Mixture (2.5 mmol/L) 1.6 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA 0.5 μL,ddH2O 13.7 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,56 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,共25个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。测序结果上传至Nucleotide BLAST数据库(https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)进行序列同源性比对,采用Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台完成全基因组测序。进一步,采用FastANI v1.33计算菌株L2与模式菌株的ANI值,以ANI值≥95%作为物种界定阈值。利用MEGA 11软件构建目标菌株系统发育树,分析其进化趋势,确定同源性最高的菌属,并同步测定菌株生长曲线。
设置3组单因素实验开展溶藻影响因子探究:(1)将菌株L2接种至100 mL LB培养基中,30 ℃、150 r/min培养12 h至对数生长期,分别以体积分数0.1%、1%和10%的接菌量与藻液(OD680=0.5)共培养,设置对照组;(2)分别取培养4 h (适应期)、12 h (对数生长期)以及20 h (稳定期)的菌液,以体积分数10%接菌量与藻液(OD680=0.5)共培养,设置对照组;(3)取对数生长期菌液,以体积分数10%接菌量与初始藻密度分别为5.4×106 cells/mL (OD680=0.5)、8.4×106 cells/mL (OD680=0.8)、1.0×107 cells/mL (OD680=1.0)的藻液共培养,分别设置对应藻密度的空白对照组,通过测定叶绿素a浓度计算各组抑藻率。
挑取菌株L2单个菌落接种至100 mL LB培养基中,30 ℃、150 r/min培养20 h至稳定期,取10 mL菌液于4 °C、5 000 r/min离心10 min,分别收集上清液和菌体沉淀物。上清液经0.22 μm聚醚砜(polyethersulfone, PES)滤膜过滤获得无细胞滤液。菌体沉淀物经PBS (0.1 mol/L,pH 7.0)冲洗3次后,重悬于10 mL PBS中得到菌体重悬液。将未处理菌液、无细胞滤液和菌体重悬液分别以体积分数10%的接种量与藻液(OD680=0.5)共培养。
为探究不同生长时期菌株分泌胞外活性物质的抑藻效果,将菌株L2分别培养至适应期(4 h)、对数生长期(12 h)和稳定期(20 h),取各生长时期菌液于4 °C、5 000 r/min离心10 min,经0.22 μm PES滤膜过滤,所得无细胞滤液以体积分数10%与藻液共培养,分别于培养1、3、5、7 d取样测定叶绿素a浓度并计算抑藻率。
为观察菌藻共培养过程中藻细胞的形态变化,分别采集对照组和添加L2全菌液(含菌体及胞外代谢物)的实验组培养0、3、7 d的共培养液,加入终体积分数为2.5%的戊二醛溶液中,4 ℃固定2 h。随后用PBS (0.1 mol/L,pH 7.0)洗涤3次去除残留戊二醛,依次使用体积分数为50%、70%、80%、90%、95%的乙醇进行梯度脱水,最后用无水乙醇浸没样本并于4 ℃降温10 min,涡旋混匀后滴于0.5 cm×0.5 cm单晶硅片上,室温干燥过夜,喷金处理后采用扫描电子显微镜观察藻类细胞形态。
藻胆蛋白(phycobiliprotein, PB)由藻蓝蛋白(phycocyanin, PC)、别藻蓝蛋白(allophycocyanin, APC)及藻红蛋白(phycoerythrin, PE) 3类组分组成。将培养至对数生长期的菌株L2菌液以体积分数10%的接菌量接种至预培养的铜绿微囊藻藻液(OD680=0.5)中共培养。定时取5 mL藻液,在4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心10 min,弃去上清液,加入5 mL PBS缓冲溶液(0.1 mol/L,pH 7.0)重悬,在-20 ℃/25 ℃下冻融循环3次,冰浴状态下超声破碎(功率300 W,工作5 s/间隔10 s)10 min后4 ℃、5 000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液分别在565、620和650 nm波长下测定吸光度,通过公式(2)-(5)计算PC、APC、PE和PB的浓度。
PC (mg/L)=OD620-0.7×OD6507.38
APC (mg/L)=OD650-0.19×OD6205.65
PE (mg/L)=OD565-2.8×PC-1.34×APC1.27
PB (mg/L)=PE+PC+APC
通过藻细胞胞外有机物(extracellular organic matter, EOM)含量与组分变化反映菌株L2溶藻过程中的产物特性,定时取5 mL藻液,4 ℃、4 500 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液经0.22 μm PES滤膜过滤得到EOM待测液。三维荧光光谱仪(杭州天美控股集团有限公司)参数设定为:激发波长(excitation wavelength, Ex) 210-460 nm,发射波长(emission wavelength, Em) 250-550 nm,狭缝宽度3.5 nm,步距5 nm。
取600 mL无细胞滤液,经45 ℃减压旋转蒸发浓缩至100 mL,随后加入等体积正己烷振荡萃取12 h,混合液完成液液萃取后收集上层有机相,重复萃取3次后合并所有有机相,置于40 ℃下减压旋转蒸发浓缩,经真空冷冻干燥获得粉末状待测物质。应用气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)联用仪[安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司]分析溶藻活性物质成分,色谱柱HP-5MS规格为30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm,升温程序设定为:50 ℃保持2 min,以5 ℃/min速率升至300 ℃,恒温保持8 min;进样口温度300 ℃,进样量1 μL;采用电子电离(electron ionization, EI)离子源70 eV,MS离子源230 ℃,扫描范围m/z 35-550。
所有实验设置3次生物学重复,数据结果以平均值±标准差表示。采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析,通过单因素方差分析中的Tukey多重比较检验分析组间差异,处理组间不同字母标记表示组间差异达到显著(P<0.05)。采用Origin 2021软件完成所有实验数据绘图。
从富营养化水体采集水样,经过富集、初筛共获得13株形态各异的菌株,其菌落形态特征总结见表1。挑取单菌落于LB培养基中培养,接种至预培养的铜绿微囊藻藻液中,肉眼观察发现,L1、L2、K6、K7 4株菌株处理组的藻液出现明显黄化现象。
初筛菌株与铜绿微囊藻共培养进行复筛,结果如图1所示,在具有明显抑藻效果的L1、L2、K6、K7菌株中获得1株溶藻效果最佳的菌株L2,7 d抑藻率可达(89.35±3.22)%。
菌株L2菌落呈淡黄色、不透明,边缘不规则,表面光滑湿润、略有凸起。扫描电镜观察显示菌体呈杆状,两端钝圆,无鞭毛,长×宽约为0.5 μm×1.5 μm (图2A)。经生理生化鉴定,菌株L2的革兰氏染色实验与过氧化氢酶实验结果为阳性,甲基红实验与乙酰甲基醇(V-P)实验结果为阴性。经16S rRNA基因序列及全基因组测序分析,该菌与芽孢杆菌属的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)相似性达99.55%,将菌株L2的16S rRNA基因序列与NCBI数据库中21株近缘菌株序列采用邻接法构建系统发育树,结果如图2C所示。ANI分析结果表明,菌株L2与Bacillus velezensis NRRL B-41580标准菌株的ANI值为99.16%。综合上述结果,菌株L2鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),其保藏编号为CGMCC No. 38496,GenBank登录号为PP693440。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L2 (以下简称“菌株L2”)生长曲线如图2B所示,0-5 h处于适应期,5-16 h处于对数生长期,16-20 h进入稳定期。由于对数生长期菌体活性最高,后续实验统一将菌株L2培养12 h (OD600=0.8, 3.5×109 CFU/mL)收集菌液开展溶藻实验。
将菌株L2培养至对数生长期后与铜绿微囊藻共培养,结果如图3A所示,抑藻率随接菌量增加呈上升趋势,二者呈正相关关系。培养7 d后,1%和10%处理组的抑藻率较高,分别为(78.11±2.50)%和(86.81±1.06)%,显著高于0.1%处理组(-5.10±9.77)%。为保证菌株L2的稳定抑藻效果,后续实验选用体积分数为10%的接菌量。上述结果表明,在一定范围内接菌量直接影响菌株L2的溶藻效果。
将菌株L2分别培养至适应期、对数生长期和稳定期后与铜绿微囊藻共培养,结果如图3B所示,对数生长期的菌株L2作用响应迅速,接种1 d后即表现出(21.3±4.73)%的抑藻率,7 d抑藻率可达(89.69±0.37)%;适应期及稳定期的菌液作用速率相对平缓,但7 d抑藻率仍维持较高水平,分别为(86.28±0.29)%和(87.32±0.79)%。菌株L2在不同生长时期均表现出较高的抑藻效率,其中处于对数生长期的菌株抑藻响应速率最优。
将菌株L2培养至对数生长期,与不同初始藻密度的铜绿微囊藻共培养(图3C),各处理组抑藻率均随培养时间延长呈上升趋势,7 d抑藻率分别为(89.69±0.37)%、(87.65±0.31)%和(86.69±0.39)%。结果表明,初始藻密度并非影响菌株L2溶藻效率的关键限制性因素,其溶藻活性可在较宽的藻密度范围内有效发挥,显示出该菌株具备稳定的抑藻应用潜力。
为探究菌株L2的溶藻作用方式,分别将未处理菌液、无细胞滤液以及菌体重悬液与铜绿微囊藻共培养,结果如图4A所示。作用7 d后未处理菌液、无细胞滤液处理组的抑藻率分别达(91.75±1.68)%和(90.51±1.51)%,而菌体重悬液处理组抑藻率仅为(15.10±7.57)%。实验结果表明,菌株L2主要通过分泌胞外溶藻活性物质的间接作用方式灭活藻细胞,实现高效抑藻效果。进一步分别采用适应期(4 h)、对数生长期(12 h)和稳定期(20 h)菌液制备无细胞滤液开展抑藻实验,结果如图4B所示,3个生长时期的无细胞滤液均表现出良好的溶藻效果,7 d抑藻率分别达(74.33±0.26)%、(82.27±1.01)%和(85.44±1.87)%,表明菌株L2在不同生长时期分泌的溶藻物质均具有较强的抑藻能力。
通过扫描电子显微镜观察铜绿微囊藻形态变化(图5),对照组藻细胞呈球形,形态饱满,表面光滑,细胞壁完整,部分细胞带有微小突起或波纹,部分细胞处于分裂增殖状态(箭头标记处),藻细胞数量随培养时间逐步增多。实验组第0天即可观察到大量细菌附着包围藻细胞(图5D),培养3 d后,藻细胞周围附着的细菌数量明显增多;培养7 d后藻细胞形态发生改变(图5F),细胞整体皱缩、表面凹凸不平,藻细胞周围胞外分泌物大量积累。
藻胆蛋白是蓝藻光合作用的关键色素蛋白复合物,具备捕获光能、能量传递及维持光系统结构稳定的功能,其含量变化可直接反映藻细胞光合系统的活性[19]。本研究通过分析藻胆蛋白(PC、APC和PE)的含量变化,从生理水平探究菌株L2的溶藻作用机制。如图6所示,与对照组相比,培养周期内实验组的PC、APC和PE的抑制率呈稳定增长趋势,7 d后三者抑制率分别为(75.10±5.64)%、(64.49±4.85)%和(53.43±4.94)%。总体上,藻胆蛋白7 d抑制率达到(57.46±4.86)%。实验结果表明,菌株L2的溶藻作用能够显著抑制藻细胞藻胆蛋白的合成,藻胆蛋白含量大幅下降,说明菌株L2的溶藻作用严重干扰了藻细胞光合系统的正常功能,甚至造成光合系统不可逆损伤。
藻细胞胞外有机物(EOM)含量随藻类生长、代谢和死亡过程动态变化,可在一定程度上直观反映藻细胞的生长状态。本研究通过三维荧光光谱考察菌株L2溶藻过程中的产物特性变化,结果如图7所示。EOM的三维荧光光谱根据激发和发射波长可划分为5个区域,分别对应芳香蛋白与酪氨酸、色氨酸类物质(区域Ⅰ和Ⅱ),类富里酸和疏水性酸类物质(区域Ⅲ),类酪氨酸/色氨酸以及可溶性微生物副产物类物质(区域Ⅳ),类腐殖质有机物和疏水性酸类相关物质(区域Ⅴ)[20-21]。实验过程中,对照组与实验组的区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的荧光强度相对较弱,且溶藻过程中未见明显波动。对照组培养过程中,Ⅳ区荧光强度略有增强,该区域物质与微生物正常代谢活动相关,表明藻细胞在连续培养过程中生长状态良好、代谢旺盛。与之相反,实验组Ⅳ区的荧光强度随培养时间延长逐渐减弱,而代表类腐殖质类有机物和疏水性酸类相关物质的Ⅴ区荧光强度持续增强,呈现出明显的从Ⅳ区向Ⅴ区过渡的趋势,表明藻类在菌株L2作用下细胞数量大幅减少,正常代谢通路被破坏,藻细胞胞内有机物大量释放,该过程的主要溶藻产物为类腐殖质和类富里酸类物质。
菌株L2无细胞滤液经正己烷萃取后开展GC-MS分析,结果如表2所示,鉴定得到的主要活性物质包括脂肪酰胺类和环二肽类,二者相对占比分别为26.28%和23.84%,其中占比最高的化合物为9-十八碳烯酰胺,占比为(20.80±0.19)%,六氢-3-(苯甲基)-吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1,4-二酮占比次之,为(8.55±0.52)%。9-十八碳烯酰胺、十六烷酰胺和硬脂酰胺均带有伯酰胺基团(-CONH2),属于脂肪族伯酰胺类化合物。六氢- 3-(苯甲基)-吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1,4-二酮、(3S,8aS)-3-异丙基六氢吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1,4-二酮、3-甲基-1,4-二氮杂双环[4.3.0]壬烷-2,5-二酮和六氢吡咯并[1,2-a]吡嗪-1,4-二酮均属于脯氨酸型环二肽(二酮哌嗪类化合物)。
随着全球水体富营养化问题日益严重,蓝藻水华频发已成为威胁水生态系统安全与公共健康的重大环境问题,其绿色防控已成为环境领域的热门研究方向。在众多控藻手段中,溶藻细菌因其生态安全性高、适应性强且易于原位应用而备受关注[22-23]。芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)因其抗逆性强(可形成芽孢)以及具有较广的溶藻谱等综合优势备受关注[24]。然而,芽孢杆菌属内不同菌种的溶藻效率、作用方式以及环境适应性仍存在显著差异,其溶藻特性与适用条件有待进一步探究。
贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillusvelezensis)作为芽孢杆菌属中的重要成员,已有研究报道其对铜绿微囊藻具有一定的抑藻效果。本研究从富营养化池塘中筛选出一株高效溶藻菌株L2,其对典型蓝藻铜绿微囊藻具有显著溶藻效应,经鉴定其为芽孢杆菌属的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌。Rybalchenko等[24]分离出一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌IMV B-7571,作用48 h后破坏了铜绿微囊藻和尘埃微囊藻(Microcystis pulverea)的光合系统,其抑藻率达74%。本研究中菌株L2在接菌量体积分数为10%条件下7 d抑藻率超过89%,表明贝莱斯芽孢杆菌在蓝藻防控中展现出良好的应用潜力。此外,10%的接菌量若直接应用于富营养化水体所需菌液体积过大,经济成本过高,未来可通过固定化技术或构建工程菌株等途径提升技术的经济可行性,并开展菌株L2的生态风险评估,考察菌株L2胞外代谢产物对不同营养级非靶标水生生物的毒理效应,评估菌体在水环境中的空间扩散潜能与环境定植风险,进一步提升其环境应用安全性。
为进一步明确菌株L2的溶藻特性,本研究考察了接菌量、菌株生长时期及初始藻密度对其抑藻效果的影响。结果显示,菌株L2的溶藻效果随接菌量增加有所提升,且在对数生长期表现出更快的响应速率,这与王佳[25]筛选的溶藻菌沙雷氏菌(Serratia sp.) WJ6在对数生长期溶藻效率最佳的研究结果一致。此外,菌株L2在较宽初始藻密度范围内(5.4×106-1.0×107 cells/mL)均能保持较高的抑藻率(86.69%-89.69%),表明其对藻华不同发展阶段均具有一定控制潜力。朱原[26]分离鉴定的2株高效溶藻菌在初始藻密度低于106 cells/mL时,7 d后抑藻率最高分别能达到83.82%和84.82%,初始藻密度较低时抑藻率更高,也表现出较宽的作用范围,显示出应对藻华密度波动的应用潜力。
溶藻细菌的溶藻方式可分为直接与藻细胞接触或侵入使其死亡的直接作用方式[27-28],以及分泌胞外活性物质、竞争有限营养物质或者产生絮凝剂的间接作用方式[29]。本研究中贝莱斯芽孢杆菌L2的无细胞滤液与未处理菌液的溶藻效果相近,7 d抑藻率超过90%,而菌体本身的抑藻作用相对较弱,7 d抑藻率仅为(15.1±7.57)% (图4A),表明菌株L2主要通过分泌溶藻活性物质的间接方式抑制藻细胞生理活动。这一结果与Zhang等[30-31]分离的肠球菌(Enterococcus sp.) JL7、莓实假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fragi) YB2报道的作用方式相同。此外,与对数生长期菌株L2抑藻响应速率最佳的特征(图3B)相比,菌株L2稳定期的无细胞滤液溶藻效果优于对数生长期与适应期(图4B),主要由于稳定期菌株累积分泌了更多的胞外代谢产物[32]。不同生长时期无细胞滤液均展现出较好的溶藻效果,可为进一步规模化生产提供较宽的时间窗口。
在藻细胞生理响应方面,在菌株L2的作用下藻细胞的形态结构发生改变,呈现出细胞皱缩、表面粗糙化等特点,这与多种溶藻细菌的作用现象一致[31,33]。Xie等[12]分离得到的链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.) HY能够在24 h内致使拉氏藻细胞变得粗糙、收缩,甚至裂解成碎片。此外,作为蓝藻光合系统的关键组分,藻胆蛋白的合成受到抑制,直接影响了藻细胞的光合效率与能量代谢,进而引发光系统Ⅱ的氧化损伤,这是引发藻细胞死亡的重要生理途径之一[34]。Sang等[35]在研究青蒿素联合硝化与反硝化细菌抑制蓝藻生长时发现藻胆蛋白含量的减少直接导致藻细胞光合活性的降低。Jia等[36]发现一株交替单胞菌(Alteromonas abrolhosensis) JY-JZ1的上清液可显著下调藻细胞光合作用相关蛋白合成的基因表达,从而抑制藻细胞的光合活性。本研究中,菌株L2溶藻过程中第1天藻胆蛋白抑制率和抑藻率分别为8.11%和16.20%,反应进行至第7天分别达到57.46%和89.35% (图6),二者变化呈现出相似趋势,表明菌株L2可通过抑制藻胆蛋白的合成进而引起藻细胞损伤。此外,EOM荧光光谱显示,对照组藻细胞生长状态良好,而实验组中表征类腐殖质物质的荧光信号增强,表明溶藻过程中藻细胞死亡后伴随类蛋白与类腐殖质物质的产生,可能因蛋白酶对类酪氨酸/色氨酸的降解所致[37]。在菌株L2的作用下,铜绿微囊藻的正常生理活动受到干扰,细胞趋于衰亡,其胞内物质在溶藻过程中向分子量更大、结构更复杂的类腐殖质物质转化[34]。刘丽等[37]探究了丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas sp.) GH-3溶藻菌剂对铜绿微囊藻的抑藻效果,三维荧光光谱分析结果表明,反应后由于蛋白酶对酪氨酸类和色氨酸类蛋白质的降解,铜绿微囊藻藻液中类蛋白和腐殖酸积累增加。邓信爽[38]在研究肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.)与不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)联合黏土矿物去除铜绿微囊藻过程时进行了溶藻产物的分析,EOM含量变化表现出相似趋势,这反映了铜绿微囊藻细胞被破坏并释放出胞内有机物。
孙颖颖等[39]探究了14种环二肽化合物对赤潮微藻的抑制作用,其中包含丙氨酸和苯丙氨酸的环二肽化合物抑藻范围较宽,主要通过透过细胞膜的方式进入藻细胞发挥抑藻作用。Xu等[40]从假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.) FDHY-MZ2胞外代谢物中鉴定出9-十八碳烯酸为主要活性物质组分,通过破坏光合系统抑制米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)的生长,100 mg/L条件下反应6 h后抑藻率达98.49%。菌株L2的主要溶藻活性物质为脂肪酰胺类和环二肽类(表2),后续可进一步探究2类化合物对铜绿微囊藻细胞膜的穿透性和光合系统破坏的协同抑藻作用机制。
(1)本研究从富营养化池塘中成功分离并鉴定出一株溶藻菌株L2,经形态学观察、生理生化实验、16S rRNA基因序列和全基因组测序分析以及ANI分析,鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis),其对铜绿微囊藻具有高效溶藻活性,7 d抑藻率超过89%。
(2)菌株L2在不同生长时期和藻密度条件下均表现出稳定的溶藻能力,体积分数为10%的接菌量条件下抑藻效果最佳,具备良好的环境适应性。菌株L2主要通过分泌胞外活性物质发挥溶藻作用,主要活性物质为脂肪酰胺类和环二肽类,无细胞滤液7 d抑藻率达90.51%。
(3)菌株L2可破坏藻细胞形态结构,抑制藻胆蛋白合成进而损伤光合系统,同时促使藻细胞EOM从类蛋白物质向类腐殖质转化,该菌株具备良好的蓝藻水华生物防治应用潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42507114)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42577097)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2025QC383)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260510
  • 接收时间:2026-06-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-23
  • 录用日期:2026-07-01
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42507114)
国家自然科学基金(42507114)
国家自然科学基金(42577097)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2025QC383)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2025QC383)
作者信息
    1.山东农业大学 水利土木工程学院,山东 泰安
    2.山东省农业节水技术与装备重点实验室,山东 泰安
    3.邯郸市生态环境局,河北 邯郸

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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