Article(id=1304366219868529303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260471, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1780761600000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1785772800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-08-04, onlineDate=1788914740768, onlineDateStr=2026-09-09, pubDate=1788451200000, pubDateStr=2026-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788914740768, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788914740768, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788914740768, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304366133864321404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='9', pageStart='4291', pageEnd='4651', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788451200000', pubDateStr='2026-09-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1788914720263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788914779113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4590, endPage=4600, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304366221445587608, articleId=1304366219868529303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Carbon footprint and techno-economic analysis of microbial carbon capture and utilization technology pathways: a prospective review, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an important branch of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology, microbial carbon capture and utilization technology has become a vital bridge linking carbon neutrality and the sustainable bioeconomy. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in four technical pathways for converting CO2 into starch, protein, microalgae biomass, and ethanol, and conducts carbon footprint and techno-economic analysis with ethanol as a typical case. The results indicate that the carbon reduction potential of microbial carbon capture and utilization technology depends on the supply mode of energy and value positioning of products. The in-depth integration of synthetic biology and electrocatalysis is reshaping the economic boundaries of carbon utilization. This study can provide references for technical pathway selection, research and development investment decision-making, and policy formulation.

, authors=Guofei SHEN, Jiaming GU, Tao TANG, Yuke HU, Qun SHEN*, Wei WEI*, authorsList=Guofei SHEN, Jiaming GU, Tao TANG, Yuke HU, Qun SHEN, Wei WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qun SHEN, Wei WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: SHEN Qun,
WEI Wei,
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微生物碳捕集与利用技术作为碳捕集利用与封存技术的重要分支,正成为连接“碳中和”与“可持续生物经济”的关键桥梁。本文系统梳理了CO2合成淀粉、蛋白、微藻生物质、乙醇4条技术路径的研究进展,并以乙醇为典型案例开展碳足迹和经济评估分析。研究发现:微生物碳捕集与利用技术的减碳潜力取决于能量供给方式与产品价值定位;合成生物学与电催化技术的深度融合正在重塑碳利用的经济性边界。研究可为技术路线选择、研发投入决策与政策制定提供参考依据。

, authors=沈国飞, 顾佳名, 唐涛, 胡钰珂, 沈群*, 魏伟*, authorsList=沈国飞, 顾佳名, 唐涛, 胡钰珂, 沈群, 魏伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=沈群, 魏伟, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

沈国飞:查询资料,总结信息,完成全文撰写工作;顾佳名:案例应用的文字表述,图片绘制;唐涛:微藻路线的文字表述和修改;胡钰珂:微藻路线的文字表述和修改;沈群:全文方向和框架设计,并修改全文;魏伟:全文框架把控,提出建设性意见。

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微生物碳捕集与利用技术路径碳足迹与经济性分析展望
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沈国飞 , 顾佳名 , 唐涛 , 胡钰珂 , 沈群 * , 魏伟 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(9): 4590-4600
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微生物学报 |综述 2026 , 66 (9) : 4590 -4600
微生物碳捕集与利用技术路径碳足迹与经济性分析展望
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沈国飞, 顾佳名, 唐涛, 胡钰珂, 沈群* , 魏伟*
作者信息
  • 中国科学院上海高等研究院,低碳转化科学与工程中心,上海
通讯作者:
沈群, 魏伟
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

沈国飞:查询资料,总结信息,完成全文撰写工作;顾佳名:案例应用的文字表述,图片绘制;唐涛:微藻路线的文字表述和修改;胡钰珂:微藻路线的文字表述和修改;沈群:全文方向和框架设计,并修改全文;魏伟:全文框架把控,提出建设性意见。

Carbon footprint and techno-economic analysis of microbial carbon capture and utilization technology pathways: a prospective review
Guofei SHEN, Jiaming GU, Tao TANG, Yuke HU, Qun SHEN* , Wei WEI*
Affiliations
  • Center for Low-Carbon Conversion Science & Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    *E-mail: SHEN Qun,
出版时间: 2026-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260471
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微生物碳捕集与利用技术作为碳捕集利用与封存技术的重要分支,正成为连接“碳中和”与“可持续生物经济”的关键桥梁。本文系统梳理了CO2合成淀粉、蛋白、微藻生物质、乙醇4条技术路径的研究进展,并以乙醇为典型案例开展碳足迹和经济评估分析。研究发现:微生物碳捕集与利用技术的减碳潜力取决于能量供给方式与产品价值定位;合成生物学与电催化技术的深度融合正在重塑碳利用的经济性边界。研究可为技术路线选择、研发投入决策与政策制定提供参考依据。

微生物碳捕集与利用  /  合成生物学  /  技术经济分析  /  CO2利用  /  乙醇

As an important branch of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology, microbial carbon capture and utilization technology has become a vital bridge linking carbon neutrality and the sustainable bioeconomy. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in four technical pathways for converting CO2 into starch, protein, microalgae biomass, and ethanol, and conducts carbon footprint and techno-economic analysis with ethanol as a typical case. The results indicate that the carbon reduction potential of microbial carbon capture and utilization technology depends on the supply mode of energy and value positioning of products. The in-depth integration of synthetic biology and electrocatalysis is reshaping the economic boundaries of carbon utilization. This study can provide references for technical pathway selection, research and development investment decision-making, and policy formulation.

microbial carbon capture and utilization  /  synthetic biology  /  techno-economic analysis (TEA)  /  CO2 utilization  /  ethanol
沈国飞, 顾佳名, 唐涛, 胡钰珂, 沈群, 魏伟. 微生物碳捕集与利用技术路径碳足迹与经济性分析展望. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4590 -4600 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260471
Guofei SHEN, Jiaming GU, Tao TANG, Yuke HU, Qun SHEN, Wei WEI. Carbon footprint and techno-economic analysis of microbial carbon capture and utilization technology pathways: a prospective review[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4590 -4600 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260471
合成生物学通过设计合成生物元件、模块与网络,改造现有生物系统或从头合成人工生命体,实现预设功能,被广泛应用于解决能源、医疗、材料等领域。近几年产业发展呈爆发式增长态势,正在重塑全球制造业格局[1]。我国已将生物制造产业列为“十五五”规划五大未来产业之首,各地也密集出台专项政策支持产业发展,合成生物产业已经成为发展新赛道[2]。在碳达峰碳中和背景下,合成生物学过程因其环境友好、条件温和、产物多样等优势受到广泛关注。其中,微生物碳捕集与利用技术作为碳捕集利用与封存技术(carbon capture, utilization, and storage, CCUS)的重要分支极具特色,正在加速从实验室探索走向产业化应用。该技术指以微生物为转化载体,通过代谢途径将CO2转化为生物质或目标产物,在固定CO2的同时生产高值产品,实现碳捕集与利用一体化[3]。近年来,微生物碳捕集与利用技术已成为CO2利用领域的重要发展方向,不仅能够有效实现碳减排,还可同步产出高值产品,兼具环境效益与经济效益,对我国工农业的绿色低碳发展转型具有重大意义。
目前,研究者对微生物碳捕集与利用技术侧重于关键技术的突破。开展相关技术在研发阶段、产业初期的系统性、前瞻性评估对于支撑技术政策和技术路线的制定具有重要意义。生命周期评价(life cycle assessment, LCA)与技术经济分析(techno-economic analysis, TEA)作为系统性的评估工具,已被广泛应用于能源、工业、建筑、农业等领域低碳技术的研发与决策支持,成为衡量其环境足迹与经济可行性的关键方法[4-6]。合成生物学微生物领域也开始重视技术的产业化前景评估研究,并相继开展相关工作。比如Thomassen等[7]针对杜氏盐藻联产β-胡萝卜素/肥料的微藻炼制,联合TEA和LCA方法开展在比利时与印度工艺落地的技术、经济和环境评估,研究发现印度在经济效益上更优,而比利时在环境表现上更佳,β-胡萝卜素的含量和价格是利润最关键的参数,培养基回收利用对利润和可持续性非常重要。Fasaei等[8]针对微藻规模化收获与脱水系统,用TEA方法量化分析了28种工艺组合的运营成本与能耗,并指出人力成本占比最高,自动化可以有效降低成本。Ruiz等[9]则采用TEA法开展百公顷级微藻全链条多环节分析,指出高值品可盈利、大宗品10年内可行的评估结论。由此可见,基于LCA与TEA的评估方法开展微生物碳捕集利用技术的碳减排与经济可行性分析已经成为该技术迈向产业化应用的前置条件。
本文围绕微生物碳捕集与利用技术,首先梳理总结了典型的技术细分领域的现状发展,进一步采用LCA和TEA耦合的评估方法,以工业尾气生物发酵乙醇技术为应用案例,系统介绍了评估工作的流程框架,分析碳足迹和经济性评估结果,阐明技术评估在技术领域发展中的作用,识别出影响技术环境和经济效益的关键因素,以期为微生物碳捕集和转化利用领域的低碳、高效、高经济效益发展提供参考。
微生物碳捕集与利用技术将CO2作为碳源,通过微生物代谢转化为各类高价值产品。根据目标产物的不同,目前已发展出多条技术路径,其中CO2合成淀粉、CO2合成蛋白、CO2合成微藻、CO2合成乙醇是4条具有代表性的路径。这些路径在发展阶段、经济性方面各有特点,成为目前微生物碳捕集与利用技术体系的重要组成部分。
CO2人工合成淀粉技术路径是利用合成生物学理念,以CO2为原料,采用“化学-酶”级联策略,通过化学催化与生物酶催化直接完成能量转化、CO2固定、多碳聚合等关键过程的耦合,实现人工淀粉的超高效率合成。
2021年,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所首次实现电/氢能驱动CO2从头合成淀粉,其技术路线采用无细胞化学酶法:首先通过电化学还原将CO2生成甲醇,随后经逐步的酶促反应生成ADP-葡萄糖,最终在淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶的作用下聚合生成直链淀粉和支链淀粉;相较于自然淀粉合成,人工淀粉合成的特点是可以利用高能量密度的电能/氢能、高浓度CO2,且只需要11步反应,使得通过不依赖耕地的工业化方式生产淀粉成为可能;这一技术路径的核心创新在于设计并构建了全新非自然固碳途径,跳过了传统植物光合作用的低效环节(光能利用率不足1%),实现了从无机碳到有机大分子的高效转化[10]
CO2人工合成蛋白是另一条重要技术路径。与淀粉合成不同,微生物蛋白生产通常采用全细胞催化方式,利用微生物细胞作为“工厂”直接将CO2转化为菌体蛋白。所合成的微生物蛋白不仅可以将工业尾气中的CO2转化为蛋白质,而且可以替代传统畜牧业蛋白生产,大幅降低土地占用、水资源消耗和甲烷排放。同时,微生物蛋白也可作为可持续蛋白替代,用于食品、饲料等领域。
根据能量供给方式和碳同化路径的差异可分为三大技术路线。(1)气态CO2路线:利用氢氧化细菌、食气梭菌等化能自养微生物,以H2为还原剂,通过Calvin循环固定CO2并合成菌体蛋白。此类微生物的蛋白含量可占细胞干重的50%-70%[11]。(2)光驱动CO2路线:通过构建大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)中的“光-暗反应能量适配器”,实现光能直接驱动CO2转化的全细胞催化过程,规避了传统光合系统的效率瓶颈[12]。(3)电催化-生物耦合路线:通过电化学还原将CO2转化为甲酸盐,再将甲酸盐与微生物同化模块精准对接,由微生物进一步代谢转化为菌体蛋白[13]。这种“化学-生物”级联模式将电化学的高效性与生物合成的选择性有机结合。
除CO2外,甲醇、甲酸等C1化合物也可作为微生物蛋白合成的碳源。这些化合物可由CO2转化而来,且为液体形态,便于储运。中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所王钰研究员团队开发了一套系统的甲醇芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methanolicus)合成生物学使能技术,并改造底盘首次实现了以甲醇为唯一碳源生产L-精氨酸[14]。甲醇芽孢杆菌是可高效利用甲醇作为唯一碳源和能源的天然甲基营养菌,可利用甲醇为唯一碳源生产微生物蛋白(菌体)。吴信研究员团队通过碳氮协同耦合代谢工程与基因组扰动等多重策略,有效提升了天然甲基营养菌中甲醇向单细胞蛋白的定向转化效率,进而突破工业菌株性能极限,为利用甲醇作为碳源生物制造微生物蛋白大规模工业化生产提供了关键技术支持[15]
CO2合成微藻生物质是微藻通过光合作用将CO2转化为生物质,经下游利用最终实现CO2的高值资源化。微藻的繁殖速度快,光合固碳效率是陆地植物的10-50倍[16],每年由微藻经光合作用固定的CO2占全球CO2固定量的40%以上[17]。微藻固碳的核心过程包括烟气中的CO2溶解于培养液,溶解态CO2 (及HCO3-)被藻细胞吸收,通过Calvin循环固定为有机碳,最终转化为蛋白质、脂类、多糖、维生素、色素及生物刺激素等物质[18-20],其可用于生物燃料[21]、食品保健品和营养品[22-24]、水产养殖和动物饲养的饲料或添加剂[25-26]、生物肥料[27]以及生物塑料[28]等方面。然而,微藻固碳并未实现大规模应用,主要技术瓶颈问题包括:(1)光能利用率低,光在水体中的衰减严重,光生物反应器内部光分布不均,整体光能利用率仅有约6%-13%[29];(2) CO2传质效率低,烟气CO2在藻液中的溶解和传质效率有限,大量CO2逃逸[30];(3)培养成本高,光生物反应器投资成本高,甚至可达数万元/吨年产能,采收能耗也较高[31-32];(4)烟气耐受性差,燃煤烟气中的SOx、NOₓ等杂质对微藻生长具有抑制作用[33]
微藻生物质的下游利用方式决定了微藻碳减排技术的规模性及经济性,进而决定了该技术的应用推广。近年来,微藻生物肥料、生物刺激剂与生物农药因在提高农业生产能力和可持续性方面的潜力,正日益受到关注[34]。中国科学院上海高等研究院围绕微藻烟气碳捕获联产微藻肥技术开展了大量工作,并进行了技术验证与示范应用:采用适应性进化方法获得了可耐受高浓度CO2及高浓度烟气的藻株[35-37],并在华能山东发电有限公司八角发电厂完成国内首套燃煤电厂烟气碳减排联产微藻生物肥示范;在研究不同藻类、不同土壤、不同作物互作机制的基础上[38-42],开发了微藻肥减施化肥技术,在上海、内蒙古等多个区域开展大田作物利用示范;基于微藻代谢产物抗逆和促生作用,开发了针对经济性作物的提升肥料利用率、高低温抗逆、促进果实增甜、转色等系列微藻功能性肥料,在上海临港运行微藻规模化养殖工厂,年产微藻肥2万t,应用面积达666.67 hm2;开发了“微藻固碳-矿坑原水利用-生态修复”三位一体原创性技术,在国家能源集团雁宝煤矿建立国内首套矿山微藻固碳系统,完成50 000 m2生态修复示范,植物促生在20%以上。
CO2合成乙醇的核心在于食气梭菌所拥有的Wood-Ljungdahl途径。该途径是已知天然固碳通路中能量效率最高的代谢路径之一,且唯一兼具固碳与能量保存(ATP合成)的双重功能。这使得该类化能自养微生物能够以工业废气中的CO2 (或CO)为碳源、H2为电子供体,经由乙酰辅酶A中间体高效合成乙醇。与淀粉或蛋白合成不同,该路径直接面向大宗燃料化学品市场,若能通过提升菌株乙醇耐受性、开发原位产物分离技术及优化气体传质与发酵工艺,以克服当前产物浓度偏低(<2%)导致的分离能耗瓶颈,并将成本降至粮食乙醇(约5 000-6 000元/t)或煤制乙醇(约4 000-5 000元/t)水平,其以钢铁、冶金、化工等行业尾气为原料的规模化应用前景将十分广阔。实际上,工业尾气为多组分混合体系,包含CO、CO2、H2及CH4等气体,但关键组分比例差异显著,而当前工业化生产仍主要将CO作为有效底物[43-48]。研究表明,气体组成可通过热力学与酶学机制调控微生物代谢行为,在适宜H2:CO物质的量比下可实现CO与CO2的协同利用[49],甚至以CO2作为独立碳源[50]
以工业尾气中的CO2为原料的生物发酵技术逐渐由实验室研究向工程示范发展,成为CO/CO2资源化利用的重要技术方向。目前,北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司开展了钢铁尾气(转炉煤气和焦炉煤气混气)发酵制乙醇工程应用,利用钢铁生产过程中产生的尾气(主要成分为CO/CO2)进行厌氧发酵,将其转化为乙醇产品,已实现万吨级规模运行。
基于LCA与TEA研究方法耦合开展技术的碳足迹和经济性评估,首先要明确开展评估工作的目的和范围定义,同时确定系统边界和功能单元。在此基础上,对不同技术路线进行工艺级别的单元刻画,采用Aspen Plus、SuperPro Designer等流程模拟软件开展全流程建模,获取基于物料衡算与能量衡算的清单数据,并与已有的项目和文献数据进行对比,确保清单的可靠性。具体内容如图1所示,在碳足迹评估层面,遵循ISO 14040/14044标准,采用“从摇篮到大门”的系统边界,以单位产品为功能单位,基于GaBi数据库开展生命周期评价。选取GWP为评估指标,系统量化不同技术路径的碳足迹特征,并通过阶段分解分析识别各工艺单元对环境绩效的贡献程度。在经济评估层面,构建涵盖投资成本、运营成本与收益模型的财务分析框架,采用贴现现金流模型计算各技术路径的净现值(net present value, NPV)与最低乙醇销售价格(minimum ethanol selling price, MESP)。通过成本解构分析,揭示不同技术路径的成本构成特征与核心驱动因素,并结合敏感性分析识别影响经济性的关键参数。在此基础上,引入蒙特卡罗模拟对碳足迹与经济成本进行不确定性分析,通过为关键输入参数设定合理的概率分布并进行大规模随机抽样计算,获得目标指标的概率分布特征,将研究结论从单一数值估计拓展为包含置信区间的风险描述,显著提升决策参考的科学性与稳健性。
在工业尾气制乙醇工艺路径的探索中,中国科学院上海高等研究院魏伟团队围绕不同气体成分的工业尾气开展了系统深入的工作,同时将工业尾气发酵制乙醇技术与电催化CO2还原技术耦合提出新的工艺路线[51-53]。本文以不同来源气体经不同技术路径制乙醇的技术评估工作为例展开介绍。典型原料气通常为多组分混合物,除目标组分CO外,还含有CO2、H2、CH4及其他气体成分,且不同气体组分比例存在显著差异。目前,CO被认为是工业尾气发酵制乙醇技术可被有效转化的气体组分。然而,研究表明,气体组成会从热力学与酶学机制层面影响CO发酵微生物的代谢行为,在特定条件下,H2、CO及CO2均可作为原料气体被微生物利用,可通过式(1)式(6)所示的不同反应路径进行[54]。H2与CO的物质的量比是决定不同反应路径与碳转化效率的关键因素。当H2/CO≤1时,反应遵循式(1)和(2),CO作为唯一碳源转化为乙醇并伴有CO2生成。当H2/CO=2时,CO可完全转化为乙醇,如式(3)所示。随着H2含量进一步提高,CO2可作为补充碳源参与发酵,如式(4)和(5)所示。在H2充足条件下,甚至可实现以CO2为唯一碳源的乙醇合成,如式(6)所示。
6CO+3H2OC2H5OH+4CO2ΔG0=-217.8 kJ/mol
3CO+3H2C2H5OH+CO2ΔG0=-157.6 kJ/mol
2CO+4H2C2H5OH+H2OΔG0=-137.6 kJ/mol
3CO+CO2+9H22C2H5OH+3H2OΔG0=-225.1 kJ/mol
CO+CO2+5H2C2H5OH+2H2OΔG0=-117.5 kJ/mol
2CO2+6H2C2H5OH+3H2OΔG0=-97.5 kJ/mol
上述不同发酵技术路径的选择依赖于原料气组成。为确保工业尾气满足特定反应路径的气体配比需求,需根据应用场景筛选适宜的尾气来源,并实施必要的气体预处理过程。由此产生的额外成本构成了该技术路径经济可行性的重要制约因素。因此,开展针对不同工业尾气来源的乙醇生产技术比较研究,系统论证其减碳潜力与经济竞争力,为科研攻关与产业化方向选择提供科学依据。
本研究以工艺建模的方式,设计并构建了涵盖上述6条反应路径的工业尾气生物发酵制乙醇完整工艺流程体系(图2),具体包括以下核心工序:(1)原料气预处理单元针对4种不同来源的工业尾气,分别采用多级压缩、干重整、乙醇胺法碳捕集及电解制氢进行定向预处理;(2)满足路径1至路径6反应需求的气体进入发酵单元,在一定温度和压力条件下通过微生物催化将CO/H2/CO2转化为粗乙醇与菌体蛋白,过程中需持续补充pH调节剂并维持体系温度;(3)粗乙醇溶液经精馏单元提纯后,通过分子筛吸附获得高纯度工业级乙醇;(4)菌体蛋白经生物质处理单元进行高温干燥,制取高价值蛋白产品;(5)发酵与精馏过程产生的未反应气体及乙醇蒸气导入尾气处理单元,回收的余热可向精馏单元供给蒸气。
六条技术路线LCA与TEA评估所需的设施级物质流、能量流、排放流和产品输入等基础数据清单通过Aspen Plus建模获取。在此基础上,引入蒙特卡罗模拟方法,对评估结果进行不确定性分析。在分析框架设计上,参照既有不确定性分析方法[55-57],设定所有关键参数在其基准值±20%的波动范围内随机变化,以反映工艺波动、原料变异及市场偏差等现实不确定性来源;所有变量均假定服从三角分布,该分布形式适用于仅有最小值、最可能值和最大值3种估计值的情况,且对数据不对称性具有较强的适应能力。更具体详细的数据清单及关键参数分布可参见文献[53]的附件材料,此处不再赘述。
六条技术路线的生命周期碳足迹评估以1 t乙醇生产作为功能单位。如图3所示,路线1的碳足迹最高,为5.7 t CO2 eq/t乙醇,主要源于发酵和尾气处理工段产生的大量CO2。路线2和路线3展现出显著的负碳特性,碳足迹分别低至-14.3 t CO2 eq/t乙醇和-13.4 t CO2 eq/t乙醇。这一结果主要源于预处理单元的干重整反应:通过将原料气中的CH4与CO2定向转化为CO与H2,不仅提升了发酵单元的碳可利用性,更将原本作为温室气体排放的CH4与CO2转化为产品碳。尽管干重整过程需消耗一定能源,但其温室气体转化能力足以覆盖全流程碳排放,形成净负值。路线4、路线5和路线6的碳足迹分别为1.8、0.9、1.2 t CO2 eq/t乙醇。通过对关键参数进行波动幅度为±20%的蒙特卡罗模拟进一步揭示各路线碳足迹的不确定性。其中,路线2、路线3和路线5的碳足迹具有高度确定性,而路线6、路线4和路线1的不确定性较明显,其中路线6的不确定性最大,主要归因于其电解水制氢和碳捕集过程对电力和蒸汽的大量需求。总体而言,路线2和路线3在碳足迹上具有明显优势,且确定性较强。
经济性评估同样以1 t乙醇生产成本为基准。如图4所示,路线3的平均生产成本最低,为3 200元/t,其次是路线2 (3 300元/t)、路线1 (3 500元/t)和路线5 (4 100元/t),这几条路线的经济成本优势主要得益于原料气(费托合成气、转炉煤气)作为工业副产物的低成本特性;若未来实现装置规模扩大、设备国产化率提升及余热回收系统优化,其成本有望进一步下降。路线4和路线6的成本显著偏高,缺乏竞争力。主要原因是路线4所用转炉煤气与焦炉煤气混合气热值较高,导致原料气成本昂贵;而路线6需要电解水制氢,氢气成本同样较高。通过对关键参数进行波动幅度为±20%的蒙特卡罗模拟进一步揭示了各路线经济成本的不确定性。其中,路线3有100%的概率优于其他5条技术路线,其成本优势极为稳固。路线2同样表现出高度的确定性。综合来看,通过对不同潜在的技术路线进行碳足迹和经济性分析,明确揭示了路线2和路线3相比其他4条路线,兼具碳减排和经济效益,是值得未来推广应用的2条技术路线。因此,在技术研发阶段,建议开发者围绕着路线2和路线3所需的发酵菌种、条件优化、工艺组合等做系统的研究工作。
微生物碳捕集与利用技术在捕获二氧化碳的同时实现其资源化利用,是实现“双碳”目标的重要技术手段。当前,微生物碳捕集技术正处于从实验室走向产业化的关键阶段。LCA与TEA耦合评估方法是识别技术中环境和经济效益关键因素的重要方法,可在技术研发、工艺优化、投资决策和政策制定中发挥多重关键作用,助力微生物碳捕集和转化利用走出一条“高值产品先行、大宗市场跟进、负碳制造闭环”的可持续稳健发展道路。未来,微生物碳捕集与利用技术将会更多地实现与人工智能的深度融合,提高微生物菌株的稳定性和抗逆性,降低生产成本,拓展应用领域,为全球碳中和目标提供重要技术支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918100)
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2026年第66卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260471
  • 接收时间:2026-06-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-09
  • 出版时间:2026-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-07
  • 录用日期:2026-08-04
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the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA0918100)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918100)
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    中国科学院上海高等研究院,低碳转化科学与工程中心,上海

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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