Article(id=1304366268572791160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260361, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1777478400000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1782316800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineDate=1788914752380, onlineDateStr=2026-09-09, pubDate=1788451200000, pubDateStr=2026-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788914752380, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788914752380, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788914752380, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304366133864321404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='9', pageStart='4291', pageEnd='4651', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788451200000', pubDateStr='2026-09-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1788914720263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788914779113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4614, endPage=4625, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304366268803477881, articleId=1304366268572791160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Enzyme-bacteria synergistic conversion of methanol to 1,3-propanediol, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] 1,3-propanediol (PDO) is an important chemical monomer. Its biosynthetic routes mainly rely on carbon sources such as glycerol or glucose, which suffer from low carbon efficiency or reliance on food-based resources. Methanol, as a non-food renewable carbon source, offers advantages of a high reduction degree and low costs. However, the existing bioconversion of methanol to PDO is limited by low methanol utilization efficiency and cytotoxicity. [Methods] In this study, a novel route combining enzymatic and whole-cell catalysis for the conversion of methanol to PDO was designed. First, an in vitro multi-enzyme cascade system was used to convert methanol to glycerol, comprising alcohol oxidase (AOX), catalase (CAT), formaldehyde lyase (FLS), glycerol dehydrogenase (GldA), and formate dehydrogenase (FDH). After 4 h of reaction, the glycerol concentration reached 63.3 mmol/L, with a carbon conversion efficiency of 95.0% from methanol to glycerol. Second, the glycerol transporter GlpF, glycerol dehydratase DhaB123 and its activator GdrAB, and the NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase YqhD were introduced into Corynebacterium glutamicum to construct a recombinant strain, enabling the whole-cell conversion of glycerol to PDO. Under optimized conditions, the carbon conversion efficiency from glycerol to PDO reached 96.0%. [Results] To convert methanol to PDO, we coupled the two processes, which achieved a final PDO titer of 30.4 mmol/L and the overall carbon conversion efficiency of 90.2% from methanol to PDO. [Conclusion] This study achieves efficient conversion of methanol to PDO and provides a new strategy for the green biomanufacturing of methanol-based high-value chemicals.

, authors=Zhiru GUO1, Jiao LI1, Yuyao WANG1, Yu WANG1, 2, Peng CHEN1, 2, Yuanxia SUN1, 2, *, Jiangang YANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Zhiru GUO, Jiao LI, Yuyao WANG, Yu WANG, Peng CHEN, Yuanxia SUN, Jiangang YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuanxia SUN, Jiangang YANG, authorNote=

These authors contributed equally to this work.

, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: YANG Jiangang,
SUN Yuanxia,
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【目的】1,3-丙二醇(1,3-propanediol, PDO)是一种重要的化工单体,其生物合成主要依赖甘油或葡萄糖等碳源,存在碳原子经济性差、依赖粮食资源等问题。甲醇作为非粮可再生碳源,具有还原度高、价格低廉的优势,但现有甲醇生物转化合成PDO的效率较低,面临甲醇利用效率差、细胞毒性等瓶颈。【方法】本研究设计了一条酶-菌协同转化甲醇合成PDO的新路线:首先,采用体外多酶级联体系将甲醇转化为甘油,催化体系包含醇氧化酶(alcohol oxidase, AOX)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、甲醛裂合酶(formaldehyde lyase, FLS)、甘油脱氢酶(glycerol dehydrogenase, GldA)及甲酸脱氢酶(formate dehydrogenase, FDH),反应4 h后甘油浓度达63.3 mmol/L,甲醇至甘油的碳转化率为95.0%;其次,在谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)中引入甘油转运蛋白GlpF、甘油脱水酶DhaB123及其激活因子GdrAB、NADPH依赖型醇脱氢酶YqhD,构建重组菌株并建立全细胞反应体系,将生成的甘油转化为PDO。在优化条件下,甘油至PDO的碳转化率达到96.0%。【结果】为实现甲醇直接合成PDO,将上述2个过程偶联,最终PDO产量达30.4 mmol/L,甲醇至PDO的碳转化率为90.2%。【结论】本研究实现了甲醇高效转化合成PDO,为甲醇基高值化学品的绿色生物制造提供了新策略。

, authors=郭志茹1, 李娇1, 王玉瑶1, 王钰1, 2, 陈朋1, 2, 孙媛霞1, 2, *, 杨建刚1, 2, *, authorsList=郭志茹, 李娇, 王玉瑶, 王钰, 陈朋, 孙媛霞, 杨建刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙媛霞, 杨建刚, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

郭志茹:实验和数据收集;李娇:数据分析和论文撰写;王玉瑶:体外转化实验;王钰:概念提出和数据分析;陈朋:全细胞转化实验;孙媛霞、杨建刚:路线设计、数据分析和论文修改。

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Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2025, 147(43): 39827-39837., articleTitle=Ultrafast conversion of CO2 into C3-C4 diols in a synergistic electrochemical and AI-assisted biosynthesis system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1304492626422555007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, awardId=XDC0110200, language=EN, fundingSource=the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC0110200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304492626510635392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, awardId=XDC0110200, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院关键核心技术攻坚先导专项(XDC0110200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304492626569355649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, awardId=32271545, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271545), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304492628947526018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, awardId=32271545, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32271545), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304492629039800707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, awardId=25JCJQJC00130, language=EN, fundingSource=the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (Youth Project, Type A)(25JCJQJC00130), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304492629371150725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, awardId=25JCJQJC00130, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市自然科学基金青年项目(A类)(25JCJQJC00130), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304492619841691966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304492619850080575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, companyId=1304492619841691966, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304492619858469184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, companyId=1304492619841691966, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,天津)]), AuthorCompany(id=1304492620143681857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304492620152070466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, companyId=1304492620143681857, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304492620160459075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, companyId=1304492620143681857, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304492625231372659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Bioconversion of methanol to 1,3-propanediol by enzymes and engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. A: Design of the route for the synergistic conversion of methanol to 1,3-propanediol; B: Standard Gibbs free energy change of each and overall reaction. AOX: Alcohol oxidase; CAT: Catalase; FLS: Formaldehyde lyase; DHA: Dihydroxyacetone; GldA: Glycerol dehydrogenase; FDH: Formate dehydrogenase; DhaB123: Glycerol dehydratase; GdrAB: Glycerol dehydratase reactivating factor; 3-HPA: 3-hydroxypropanal; YqhD: Aldehyde reductase; PDO: 1,3-propanediol., figureFileSmall=5p0XRBwpA3kNff/Z00sRMA==, figureFileBig=d13puM7YDlHXJ+XRSlu8og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304492625306870132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酶菌协同转化甲醇合成1,3-丙二醇, figureFileSmall=5p0XRBwpA3kNff/Z00sRMA==, figureFileBig=d13puM7YDlHXJ+XRSlu8og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304492625399144821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=In vitro enzymatic assays for the conversion of methanol to glycerol. A: SDS‑PAGE of recombinant protein FLS (Lanes 1-3 indicate whole-cell lysate, centrifugal supernatant, and purified protein, respectively); B: SDS-PAGE of recombinant proteins FDH and GldA (Lanes are the same as in A); C: Time course of FLS-catalyzed conversion of formaldehyde to DHA; D: Time course of GldA-catalyzed conversion of DHA to glycerol; E: Time course of one-pot enzymatic conversion of formaldehyde to glycerol; F: Time course of one-pot enzymatic conversion of methanol to glycerol., figureFileSmall=mM/frmId98MTnpIlOFb8+A==, figureFileBig=U2Sx7rCJaHyn2gA0Tcc/pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304492625457865078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=CN, label=图2, caption=甲醇-甘油体外酶合成体系构建, figureFileSmall=mM/frmId98MTnpIlOFb8+A==, figureFileBig=U2Sx7rCJaHyn2gA0Tcc/pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304492625604665719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for PDO production from glycerol. A: The pathway for PDO synthesis from glycerol; B: Schematic diagram of plasmids pEC-GDG and pXMJ19-YqhD; C: Effect of cell concentration on substrate glycerol consumption; D: Effect of cell concentration on PDO yield; E: Effect of cell concentration on PDO conversion rate; F: Changes in cell concentration during whole-cell conversion., figureFileSmall=SgLbQDIKe4U7lPaj3KIdzA==, figureFileBig=H6wQAcwv1t1PyfqS0UJdAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304492625688551800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=CN, label=图3, caption=重组菌株CglPDO全细胞转化甘油合成PDO, figureFileSmall=SgLbQDIKe4U7lPaj3KIdzA==, figureFileBig=H6wQAcwv1t1PyfqS0UJdAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304492625764049273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Whole-cell transformation of methanol-derived glycerol to PDO., figureFileSmall=yJJQ4ugG8WNVVfgAQCE7NQ==, figureFileBig=xUYChs7vgJb6deimAQLRzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304492625860518266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=CN, label=图4, caption=全细胞转化甲醇来源甘油合成PDO, figureFileSmall=yJJQ4ugG8WNVVfgAQCE7NQ==, figureFileBig=xUYChs7vgJb6deimAQLRzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304492625936015739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plasmids and strains constructed in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains or plasmidsDescriptionSources
Strains
E. coli DH5αGeneral cloning hostInvitrogen
E. coli BL21(DE3)Expression hostInvitrogen
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032Expression hostThis study
CglPDOC. glutamicum ATCC 13032 harboring pEC-GDG and pXMJ19-YqhDThis study
Plasmids
pET21aT7 promoter AmpR expression vectorStored in the laboratory
pEC-XK99ETrc-promoter KanRE. coli-C. glutamicum shuttle expression vectorStored in the laboratory
pXMJ19Tac-promoter CmRC. glutamicum-E. coli shuttle expression vectorStored in the laboratory
pET21a-FLSpET21a carrying FLS from Pseudomonas putidaThis study
pET21a-GldApET21a carrying GldA from E. coliThis study
pET21a-FDHpET21a carrying FDH from Mycolicibacterium vaccaeThis study
pEC-GDGpEC-XK99E carrying GlpF from E. coli and DhaB123-GdrAB from Klebsiella pneumoniaeThis study
pXMJ19-YqhDpXMJ19 carrying YqhD from E. coliThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1304492626007318908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究中构建的质粒与菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains or plasmidsDescriptionSources
Strains
E. coli DH5αGeneral cloning hostInvitrogen
E. coli BL21(DE3)Expression hostInvitrogen
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032Expression hostThis study
CglPDOC. glutamicum ATCC 13032 harboring pEC-GDG and pXMJ19-YqhDThis study
Plasmids
pET21aT7 promoter AmpR expression vectorStored in the laboratory
pEC-XK99ETrc-promoter KanRE. coli-C. glutamicum shuttle expression vectorStored in the laboratory
pXMJ19Tac-promoter CmRC. glutamicum-E. coli shuttle expression vectorStored in the laboratory
pET21a-FLSpET21a carrying FLS from Pseudomonas putidaThis study
pET21a-GldApET21a carrying GldA from E. coliThis study
pET21a-FDHpET21a carrying FDH from Mycolicibacterium vaccaeThis study
pEC-GDGpEC-XK99E carrying GlpF from E. coli and DhaB123-GdrAB from Klebsiella pneumoniaeThis study
pXMJ19-YqhDpXMJ19 carrying YqhD from E. coliThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1304492626091204989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The enzymes used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EnzymeSourceDatabase

Activity/

(U/mg)

AOXPichia pastoris-10.00-40.00
CATBovine liverP0043237 000.00
FLSPseudomonas putida-0.49
GldAEscherichia coliP0A9S55.78
FDHMycolicibacterium vaccaeQ93GV13.24
YqhDEscherichia coliQ4685680.00
), ArticleFig(id=1304492626170896766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366268572791160, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究中涉及的酶元件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EnzymeSourceDatabase

Activity/

(U/mg)

AOXPichia pastoris-10.00-40.00
CATBovine liverP0043237 000.00
FLSPseudomonas putida-0.49
GldAEscherichia coliP0A9S55.78
FDHMycolicibacterium vaccaeQ93GV13.24
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-菌协同转化甲醇合成1,3-丙二醇
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郭志茹 1 , 李娇 1 , 王玉瑶 1 , 王钰 1, 2 , 陈朋 1, 2 , 孙媛霞 1, 2, * , 杨建刚 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(9): 4614-4625
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (9) : 4614 -4625
-菌协同转化甲醇合成1,3-丙二醇
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郭志茹1, 李娇1, 王玉瑶1, 王钰1, 2, 陈朋1, 2, 孙媛霞1, 2, * , 杨建刚1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,天津
  • 2.低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津
通讯作者:
孙媛霞, 杨建刚
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

郭志茹:实验和数据收集;李娇:数据分析和论文撰写;王玉瑶:体外转化实验;王钰:概念提出和数据分析;陈朋:全细胞转化实验;孙媛霞、杨建刚:路线设计、数据分析和论文修改。

Enzyme-bacteria synergistic conversion of methanol to 1,3-propanediol
Zhiru GUO1, Jiao LI1, Yuyao WANG1, Yu WANG1, 2, Peng CHEN1, 2, Yuanxia SUN1, 2, * , Jiangang YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    *E-mail: YANG Jiangang,
    SUN Yuanxia,
出版时间: 2026-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260361
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【目的】1,3-丙二醇(1,3-propanediol, PDO)是一种重要的化工单体,其生物合成主要依赖甘油或葡萄糖等碳源,存在碳原子经济性差、依赖粮食资源等问题。甲醇作为非粮可再生碳源,具有还原度高、价格低廉的优势,但现有甲醇生物转化合成PDO的效率较低,面临甲醇利用效率差、细胞毒性等瓶颈。【方法】本研究设计了一条酶-菌协同转化甲醇合成PDO的新路线:首先,采用体外多酶级联体系将甲醇转化为甘油,催化体系包含醇氧化酶(alcohol oxidase, AOX)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、甲醛裂合酶(formaldehyde lyase, FLS)、甘油脱氢酶(glycerol dehydrogenase, GldA)及甲酸脱氢酶(formate dehydrogenase, FDH),反应4 h后甘油浓度达63.3 mmol/L,甲醇至甘油的碳转化率为95.0%;其次,在谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)中引入甘油转运蛋白GlpF、甘油脱水酶DhaB123及其激活因子GdrAB、NADPH依赖型醇脱氢酶YqhD,构建重组菌株并建立全细胞反应体系,将生成的甘油转化为PDO。在优化条件下,甘油至PDO的碳转化率达到96.0%。【结果】为实现甲醇直接合成PDO,将上述2个过程偶联,最终PDO产量达30.4 mmol/L,甲醇至PDO的碳转化率为90.2%。【结论】本研究实现了甲醇高效转化合成PDO,为甲醇基高值化学品的绿色生物制造提供了新策略。

1,3-丙二醇  /  甲醇  /  谷氨酸棒杆菌  /  生物转化

[Objective] 1,3-propanediol (PDO) is an important chemical monomer. Its biosynthetic routes mainly rely on carbon sources such as glycerol or glucose, which suffer from low carbon efficiency or reliance on food-based resources. Methanol, as a non-food renewable carbon source, offers advantages of a high reduction degree and low costs. However, the existing bioconversion of methanol to PDO is limited by low methanol utilization efficiency and cytotoxicity. [Methods] In this study, a novel route combining enzymatic and whole-cell catalysis for the conversion of methanol to PDO was designed. First, an in vitro multi-enzyme cascade system was used to convert methanol to glycerol, comprising alcohol oxidase (AOX), catalase (CAT), formaldehyde lyase (FLS), glycerol dehydrogenase (GldA), and formate dehydrogenase (FDH). After 4 h of reaction, the glycerol concentration reached 63.3 mmol/L, with a carbon conversion efficiency of 95.0% from methanol to glycerol. Second, the glycerol transporter GlpF, glycerol dehydratase DhaB123 and its activator GdrAB, and the NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase YqhD were introduced into Corynebacterium glutamicum to construct a recombinant strain, enabling the whole-cell conversion of glycerol to PDO. Under optimized conditions, the carbon conversion efficiency from glycerol to PDO reached 96.0%. [Results] To convert methanol to PDO, we coupled the two processes, which achieved a final PDO titer of 30.4 mmol/L and the overall carbon conversion efficiency of 90.2% from methanol to PDO. [Conclusion] This study achieves efficient conversion of methanol to PDO and provides a new strategy for the green biomanufacturing of methanol-based high-value chemicals.

1,3-propanediol  /  methanol  /  Corynebacterium glutamicum  /  bioconversion
郭志茹, 李娇, 王玉瑶, 王钰, 陈朋, 孙媛霞, 杨建刚. 酶-菌协同转化甲醇合成1,3-丙二醇. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4614 -4625 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260361
Zhiru GUO, Jiao LI, Yuyao WANG, Yu WANG, Peng CHEN, Yuanxia SUN, Jiangang YANG. Enzyme-bacteria synergistic conversion of methanol to 1,3-propanediol[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4614 -4625 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260361
1,3-丙二醇(1,3-propanediol, PDO)作为一种重要的化工原料,在聚合物及新材料制造领域具有广泛的应用前景[1]。其最主要的用途是作为合成聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯(polytrimethylene terephthalate, PTT)的单体,该聚合物因优异的热稳定性和机械性能而备受关注[2]。此外,PDO还被广泛应用于化妆品、食品、润滑剂及药品等领域[3]。随着绿色制造与碳减排需求的日益迫切,利用微生物转化可再生碳源生产PDO的研究已成为生物制造领域的热点之一。
目前,PDO的生物合成主要围绕2种碳源展开。第一类以甘油为底物,利用天然菌株[如肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)等]的甘油歧化代谢途径,通过甘油脱水酶和PDO氧化还原酶的级联催化实现转化[4-8]。然而,该途径伴随乳酸、乙酸、2,3-丁二醇等副产物的生成,导致碳损失增加、转化率受限,提高了下游分离成本[2]。第二类以葡萄糖为底物,在模式菌株中构建异源甘油合成模块与PDO合成模块,实现从葡萄糖到PDO的转化[1,9-15]。例如,杜邦公司开发的工程菌株产量已达135 g/L,但葡萄糖还原度低于PDO,反应过程需耦合副产物生成或碳氧化以维持电子平衡,理论转化率受到固有限制[12]。以甘油和葡萄糖为共底物的策略虽能部分改善能量供给与碳效率[16-17],但仍未从根本上摆脱对粮食基碳源的依赖,且发酵体系中底物配比与代谢调控较为复杂。
甲醇作为一种非粮可再生碳源,来源广泛(可由合成气、生物质气化或甲烷转化获得)、价格低廉,被视为下一代生物制造的理想碳源[18-20]。与传统糖基碳源相比,甲醇具有更高的还原度(每个碳原子的还原当量为6),理论上更有利于合成高还原度化学品[21]。因此,甲醇的代谢利用与转化已成为绿色生物制造领域的研究热点[22]。近年来,以甲醇为底物生产PDO的研究逐渐受到关注,主要策略是在大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)等平台菌株中构建人工合成甲基营养途径。例如Wang等[23]设计了基于甲醛与丙酮酸缩合生成2-酮基-4-羟基丁酸(2-keto-4-hydroxybutyrate, KHB)的途径,实现了甲醇到PDO的转化,但产量仅32.7 mg/L,且需葡萄糖作为共底物提供丙酮酸。Meng等[24]构建了甲醛与乙醛缩合生成3-羟基丙醛(3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, 3-HPA)的路线,理论碳转化率可达100%,但因甲醇脱氢酶和脱氧核糖-5-磷酸醛缩酶活性不足,产量仅为79.8 mg/L。上述研究证实了甲醇转化合成PDO的可行性,但现有体系普遍存在甲醇利用效率低、关键酶催化活性差、甲醇细胞毒性制约菌株的生长与生产性能等问题,距离工业化应用仍有较大差距[25]
本研究设计了一条酶-菌协同转化甲醇合成PDO的新路线,即构建体外酶级联催化体系将甲醇高效转化为甘油,进一步通过异源表达甘油脱水酶与醇脱氢酶的重组菌株,基于全细胞转化将生成的甘油转化为PDO。该策略集合酶法转化和细胞转化的高碳得率优势,实现高效转化甲醇合成PDO,同时将高毒性的甲醇转化为低毒性的甘油,可降低C1毒性对细胞的影响,为甲醇生物转化利用提供新的研究策略。
大肠埃希氏菌DH5α用于构建重组蛋白表达载体及质粒扩增,E. coli BL21(DE3)用于重组蛋白的表达。E. coli DH5α、E. coli BL21(DE3)、重组谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum) ATCC 13032以及载体pET21a、pEC-XK99E和pXMJ19均由本实验室保存。
LB液体培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 10.0。BHI液体培养基(g/L):BHI脑心浸粉37.0。CGXII minimal培养基(g/L):硫酸铵20.0,尿素5.0,磷酸二氢钾1.0,磷酸氢二钾1.0,3-(N-吗啉基)丙磺酸[3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid, MOPS] 42.0,二水氯化钙0.1,七水硫酸镁0.25,七水硫酸亚铁0.1,一水硫酸锰0.1,七水硫酸锌0.001,硫酸铜0.000 2,六水合氯化镍0.000 02,生物素0.000 2。
针对体外转化甲醇合成甘油体系,从NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中搜索来源于恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)的甲醛裂合酶(formaldehyde lyase, FLS)[26]和母牛分枝菌酸小杆菌(Mycolicibacterium vaccae)的甲酸脱氢酶(formate dehydrogenase, FDH) (UniProtKB登录号为Q93GV1)[27],并将其进行密码子优化和基因合成,构建表达载体pET21a,获得重组表达载体pET21a-FLS和pET21a-FDH;数据库中搜索来源于E. coli的甘油脱氢酶(glycerol dehydrogenase, GldA)基因gldA (b3945),设计引物,以E. coli BL21基因组为模板扩增gldA基因,构建至表达载体pET21a中得到重组表达质粒pET21a-GldA。上述表达载体将转化至E. coli BL21中,获得目标蛋白的表达菌株。
针对全细胞转化甘油合成PDO的系统,数据库搜索来源于肺炎克雷伯氏菌的甘油脱水酶DhaB123 (KPN_03487、KPN_03488、KPN_03489)和K. pneumoniae的甘油脱水酶激活因子GdrAB (KPN_03208、KPN_03209)的核苷酸序列。从数据库中搜索来源于E. coli的甘油通道蛋白GlpF (KEGG登录号为b3927)和醇脱氢酶基因yqhD (KEGG登录号为b3011)。设计引物分别从E. coli BL21基因组和K. pneumoniae基因组中PCR扩增glpFDhaB123操纵子和GdrAB操纵子序列,构建至表达载体pEC-XK99E中,得到重组表达质粒pEC-GDG;以E. coli BL21基因组为模板PCR扩增yqhD基因,将其构建至载体pXMJ19中,得到重组表达质粒pXMJ19-YqhD;将pEC-GDG和pXMJ19-YqhD共转化至C. glutamicum ATCC 13032中,得到重组CglPDO菌株(表1)。
为获取重组蛋白,挑取重组E. coli BL21菌株单菌落,接种于含氨苄青霉素(100 µg/mL)的LB液体培养基中,于37 ℃、200 r/min培养过夜。将培养过夜的种子液按1%的接种量转接至新鲜配制的含相应浓度氨苄青霉素的LB培养基中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养,待菌液OD600值达到0.6-0.8时,向培养体系中加入IPTG至终浓度1 mmol/L,随后将摇床温度调低至16 ℃,继续振荡培养16-20 h,诱导目标蛋白的表达。
诱导培养结束后,将菌液于6 000 r/min离心10 min,弃去上清液收集菌体。向菌体中加入适量预冷的50 mmol/L TEA缓冲液(pH 7.0)吹打洗涤,重复洗涤2次以去除残留培养基成分。最后用相同缓冲液重悬菌体,置于冰上备用。将重悬后的菌液置于冰浴中,使用超声破碎仪进行细胞裂解,具体条件为破碎功率200 W、超声5 s,间隔2 s,总时间10 min。裂解完成后,将裂解液转移至预冷离心管中,于4 ℃、14 000 r/min离心30 min,小心收集上清液转移至新离心管中。
取适量磁珠于5 mL离心管中,置于磁性分离器上吸附后弃去储存液。用双蒸水重复处理2次,加入结合缓冲液(50 mmol/L三乙醇胺、100 mmol/L氯化钠、20 mmol/L咪唑,pH 7.5)重悬磁珠,再次磁性分离并弃上清,重复洗涤2次。将预处理后的磁珠与粗酶液混合,置于冰上旋转孵育1 h。孵育结束后,加入结合缓冲液冲洗杂蛋白,重复该步骤至上清液中无明显泡沫出现。加入洗脱缓冲液(50 mmol/L三乙醇胺、100 mmol/L氯化钠、1 mol/L咪唑,pH 7.5),收集洗脱液,即为初步纯化的酶液。将洗脱液转移至10 kDa截留分子量的超滤管中,在4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心20 min进行浓缩与脱盐,最终获得脱盐后的纯酶液。分别取适量全菌液、离心后上清液和纯化样品,加入蛋白上样缓冲液制备样品,用于SDS-PAGE分析目标蛋白的表达情况。
反应体系(100 μL)含有200 mmol/L甲醛、1 mmol/L焦磷酸硫胺素(thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP)、5 mmol/L MgSO4、1 mg/mL FLS纯酶和50 mmol/L TEA缓冲液(pH 7.0)。在30 ℃、800 r/min振荡反应30 min后,加入2 μL质量分数为10%硫酸溶液终止反应,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心30 min后取上清,通过HPLC检测二羟基丙酮(dihydroxyacetone, DHA)的生成量。酶活性定义:每分钟每毫克蛋白生成DHA的量(μmol)。
反应体系(100 μL)含有20 mmol/L DHA、5 mmol/L NADH、0.1 mg/mL GldA纯酶、5 mmol/L MgSO4、50 mmol/L PBS缓冲液(pH 7.0)。在30 ℃、800 r/min振荡反应10 min后,加入2 μL质量分数为10%硫酸溶液终止反应,离心取上清,通过HPLC检测甘油的生成量。酶活性定义:每分钟每毫克蛋白生成甘油的量(μmol)。
反应体系(100 μL)含有20 mmol/L 3-羟基丙醛,5 mmol/L NADPH,0.1 mg/mL YqhD纯酶,5 mmol/L MgSO4,50 mmol/L PBS缓冲液(pH 7.0)。在30 ℃、800 r/min振荡反应10 min后,加入2 μL质量分数为10%硫酸溶液终止反应,离心取上清,通过HPLC检测PDO的生成量。酶活性定义:每分钟每毫克蛋白生成PDO的量(μmol)。
采用两阶段反应过程,首先,在反应体系中添加200 mmol/L甲醛、10 mg/mL FLS、1 mmol/L TPP、5 mmol/L MgCl2、50 mmol/L HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.0),用ddH2O补齐至200 μL,30 ℃反应2 h。随后向反应体系中加入终浓度为1 mg/mL GldA、1 mg/mL FDH、80 mmol/L甲酸钠和2 mmol/L NADH,相同温度条件下继续反应2 h。
采用两阶段反应过程,首先,在反应体系中添加200 mmol/L甲醇、0.75 mg/mL醇氧化酶(alcohol oxidase, AOX)、0.42 mg/mL过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、10 mg/mL FLS、1 mmol/L TPP、5 mmol/L MgCl2、10 μmol/L ZnCl2、50 mmol/L HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.0),用ddH2O补齐至200 μL,30 ℃反应3 h。随后向反应体系中加入终浓度为1 mg/mL GldA、1 mg/mL FDH、80 mmol/L甲酸钠和2 mmol/L NADH,继续反应2 h。
为排除非酶促反应对合成体系的干扰,设置了对照实验组:(1)热失活酶对照组(将所有酶于95 ℃加热10 min后加入反应体系);(2)单酶对照组(分别只添加级联反应中的单一酶,其余用缓冲液补足)。
在50 mL BHI培养基中按1%的接种量,接种重组菌株CglPDO,添加终浓度为1 mmol/L的IPTG,诱导相关蛋白的表达,在30 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养24 h;其次,离心收集培养后的CglPDO,用2 mL CGXII培养基重悬菌液;建立如下转化体系(0.5 mL):重组细胞CglPDO菌体终浓度OD600为10、20、30、40、50,甘油浓度为100 mmol/L,乙酸钠浓度为20 g/L,维生素B12浓度为8 μmol/L,用CGXII培养基补齐至0.5 mL,在30 ℃、200 r/min条件下转化36 h。反应过程中取样,离心后通过HPLC检测甘油及PDO的浓度。
为测试以甲醇转化得到的甘油合成PDO的效率,建立如下转化体系(0.2 mL):重组细胞GglPDO菌体终浓度OD600=20,甲醇来源的甘油(100 µL,约32 mmol/L),乙酸钠为10 g/L,维生素B12浓度为8 μmol/L,用CGXII培养基补齐至0.2 mL,在30 ℃、200 r/min条件下转化36 h。反应过程中取样,离心后通过HPLC检测甘油及PDO的浓度。
采用高效液相色谱法对甲醇、甲醛、DHA、甘油和PDO进行定量分析。其中,甲醇和PDO的测定选用Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H色谱柱(300 mm×7.8 mm, 9 µm),以5 mmol/L H2SO4为流动相进行等度洗脱,流速设定为0.5 mL/min,进样量为10 μL,柱温维持在55 ℃,采用示差折光检测器(differential refractive index detector, RID)进行检测。甲醛、DHA和甘油的定量分析则采用Sugar-Pak分析柱(6.5 mm×300 mm, 10 µm),流动相为超纯水,流速为0.4 mL/min。该检测系统柱温设定为80 ℃,进样量同为10 μL,检测器为示差折光检测器,检测池温度控制在35 ℃。甲醛-甘油的碳摩尔转化率、甲醇-甘油的碳摩尔转化率、甲醇-PDO的碳摩尔转化率、甲醇-PDO的质量转化率计算如公式(1)-(4)所示。
甲醛-甘油的碳摩尔转化率(%)=甘油产物(mmol/L)×3/初始甲醛浓度(mmol/L)
甲醇-甘油的碳摩尔转化率(%)=甘油产物(mmol/L)×3/初始甲醇浓度(mmol/L)
甲醇-PDO的碳摩尔转化率(%)=PDO产物(mmol/L)×3/初始甲醇浓度(mmol/L)
甲醇-PDO的质量转化率(g/g)=PDO产物(mmol/L)×76/[初始甲醇浓度(mmol/L)×32]
为实现甲醇到PDO的高效生物转化,本研究设计了一条酶-菌协同催化路线(图1A)。该路线分为2个阶段:体外酶法催化甲醇合成甘油和全细胞转化甘油合成PDO。在体外酶法转化阶段,甲醇首先在AOX催化下氧化为甲醛,同时消耗氧气并生成过氧化氢;生成的过氧化氢被CAT分解为水和氧气,解除H2O2的毒性作用,同时实现氧气循环利用。甲醛在FLS催化下自身缩合生成DHA。随后,DHA在GldA催化下,以NADH为还原力还原为甘油。同时,反应过程中还将引入甲酸脱氢酶,以甲酸为底物还原NAD+为NADH,为DHA-甘油催化反应提供充足的还原当量。在全细胞转化过程中,甘油通过甘油通道蛋白GlpF进入C. glutamicum细胞内,在甘油脱水酶(DhaB123)催化下转化为3-羟基丙醛,该过程需辅酶B12参与;生成的3-HPA进一步在NADPH依赖的醇脱氢酶(YqhD)催化下还原为PDO。与甲基营养微生物相比,该路线中甲醇到甲醛的氧化反应在胞外由酶催化完成,生成的甲醛被迅速缩合为DHA,避免了甲醛在胞内积累对微生物造成的损伤。
为评估该路线的热力学可行性,本研究计算了各步反应及总反应的标准吉布斯自由能变化(ΔG°),结果如图1B所示。以3分子甲醇为起始底物经过上述反应生成PDO,总反应ΔG°为-449.4 kJ/mol。上述结果表明,整体反应在热力学上高度有利。
将构建成功的重组表达载体pET21a-FLS、pET21a-GldA和pET21a-FDH分别转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)中进行异源表达,获得目标重组蛋白(表2)。SDS-PAGE分析结果(图2A2B)显示,FLS、FDH和GldA重组蛋白的分子量分别在61.0、44.0和38.7 kDa处呈现清晰条带,与理论预期值一致,表明3种重组蛋白均可通过纯化获得目标蛋白。
为验证纯化所得FLS和GldA的催化功能,分别以甲醛和DHA为底物进行体外酶促反应。如图2C所示,在FLS催化下,反应1 h后甲醛转化为DHA的碳摩尔转化率可达90%以上。如图2D所示,在GldA催化下,反应1 h后DHA转化为甘油的碳摩尔转化率可达95%以上,表明2种重组酶均具有良好的催化活性。
所设计的合成路线中,甲醛是甲醇的氧化产物,也是进一步缩合生成C3的关键中间体,为了验证甲醇-甘油合成模块的有效性,本研究首先测试以甲醛为底物合成甘油的可行性。本研究构建了由FLS和GldA组成的双酶级联反应体系,为降低甲醛对体系中酶蛋白活性的影响,采用两步法进行转化。首先通过FLS催化甲醛合成DHA,反应2 h后,向体系中添加GldA、FDH、NADH和甲酸钠,将生成的DHA转化为甘油,最终甲醛-甘油的碳摩尔转化率达到95.6% (图2E)。
进一步测试了多酶体系以甲醇为原料合成甘油的效率,为降低CAT对NADH的氧化作用,同样采用两步法进行转化。首先由AOX、CAT和FLS协同作用催化甲醇合成DHA,后续向体系中添加GldA、FDH、NADH和甲酸钠,将生成的DHA转化为甘油,最终甲醇-甘油的碳摩尔转化率达到95%,甘油浓度为63.3 mmol/L (图2F)。对照组热失活酶和单酶实验均未检测到目标产物的合成,证明产物完全来源于多酶协同催化作用。
甘油脱水酶(DhaB)是催化甘油合成PDO的关键酶,该酶由3个亚基组成,发挥催化功能高度依赖维生素B12,同时还需要甘油脱水酶激活因子GdrAB。本研究曾尝试将来源于K. pneumoniae的DhaB123 (KPN_03487、KPN_03488、KPN_03489)和GdrAB (KPN_03208、KPN_03209)在E. coli BL21中进行表达,并体外测试酶活性,但是始终未测到活性,可能因为甘油脱水酶是对氧敏感的酶[28]。目前,微生物发酵甘油合成PDO研究较多[29],证实甘油脱水酶在细胞内可以很好地发挥功能,基于此,本研究拟采用全细胞转化策略合成PDO。考虑到甘油是多个微生物的发酵原料,可被生物体代谢利用,降低产物碳转化效率。为解决这个问题,本研究选择天然无法代谢利用甘油同时遗传操作较为成熟的C. glutamicum作为底盘[30],构建重组菌株。
C. glutamicum中天然不存在甘油脱水酶和甘油代谢途径,为了在C. glutamicum中实现甘油到1,3-丙二醇(PDO)的转化(图3A),分别扩增来源于E. coli的甘油通道蛋白基因GlpF,来源于K. pneumoniae的甘油脱水酶操纵子DhaB123和甘油脱水酶再激活因子GdrAB,构建至表达载体pEC-XK99E上,得到重组表达载体pEC-GDG。进一步,扩增来源于E. coli的醇脱氢酶基因yqhD,构建至载体pXMJ19上,得到重组表达载体pXMJ19-YqhD (图3B)。将获得的pEC-GDG和pXMJ19-YqhD共转化至C. glutamicum ATCC 13032细胞中,得到重组菌株CglPDO。
重组菌株CglPDO首先使用BHI进行培养,添加IPTG诱导外源蛋白GlpF、DhaB123、GdrAB和YqhD的表达,随后用CGXII培养基重悬,获得静息细胞,并建立全细胞转化体系。菌体浓度是影响甘油-PDO合成速率和效率的关键,因此优化了反应体系中菌体浓度(OD600=10、20、30、40、50),研究结果显示当OD600=20时转化率最高,达到96.0%,当反应溶液中菌体浓度OD600超过20后(OD600=30-50),转化率和产量均下降。因此,选择OD600=20作为后续反应条件(图3C-3F)。
为实现从甲醇到PDO的合成,本研究采用一锅两步法:首先采用体外多酶法将甲醇转化为甘油,随后加入工程化的重组菌株CglPDO,转化生成的甘油合成PDO。在体外多酶反应中,经3 h将甲醇合成甘油,通过HPLC分析碳转化率达到95.0%。随后,取甲醇来源的甘油100 μL,加入全细胞转化体系中,初始菌体浓度OD600为20,甲醇来源的甘油浓度约32 mmol/L。如图4所示,随着反应时间的延长,体外酶促反应生成的甘油不断被消耗,PDO逐渐积累。反应36 h后,由甘油至PDO的转化率达到94.8%,PDO产量达到30.4 mmol/L。经换算得出甲醇- PDO的碳转化率为90.2%,折合质量比为0.71 g PDO/g甲醇。
甲醇、甲醛、乙醇等低碳原料的生物转化利用是构建非粮原料生物合成PDO技术的有效途径。目前已有公开报道生物转化上述原料合成PDO的案例,例如西湖大学曾安平团队提出采用丙酮酸依赖的醛缩酶催化丙酮酸和甲醛生成2-酮基-4-羟基丁酸,进一步经脱羧反应生成3-羟基丙醛,经还原酶生成1,3-丙二醇,基于上述反应路线,以E. coli为底盘菌株构建了重组菌株,实现以甲醛和葡萄糖为原料合成PDO,产物浓度为508 mg/L,证实了该路线的可行性;在此基础上将原料延伸至甲醇和葡萄糖,全细胞转化25 h,PDO产物浓度达到32.7 mg/L[23]。该团队还提出基于脱氧核糖-5-磷酸醛缩酶催化甲醛和乙醛缩合生成3-羟基丙醛,进一步经氧化还原反应生成1,3-丙二醇的研究思路:通过以E. coli为底盘菌株构建PDO合成途径,成功实现以甲醛和乙醇(提供乙醛原料)为原料合成PDO,全细胞转化30 h,产物浓度达到17.35 mmol/L,摩尔转化率为0.057 mol/mol;然而当将反应体系中甲醛替换为甲醇时产物浓度仅为1.05 mmol/L (80 mg/L),可能原因是采用的甲醇脱氢酶催化活性低[24]。采用该策略进一步实现了以电催化二氧化碳来源的甲醛和乙醇为原料合成PDO,产物浓度达到55.2 mmol/L (4.2 g/L),合成速率达到1.8 g/(L·h)[31]。综上所述,已报道的研究工作采用乙醇和甲醛合成PDO取得了较好的效果,但是当以甲醇为原料时产物浓度仅维持在毫克级别。本研究设计并构建了一种酶-菌协同转化甲醇合成PDO的新策略,通过耦合体外多酶转化和全细胞转化技术,实现高效转化甲醇合成PDO,碳摩尔转化率达到90.2%,产物浓度达到30.4 mmol/L (2.31 g/L),高于已报道的甲醇-PDO路线(<100 mg/L)。本研究同时提出了一种针对C1甲醇和甲醛的生物转化利用策略,即通过多酶催化将高毒性的甲醇或甲醛转化为低毒性的C3 DHA或甘油,后者可作为关键原料用于发酵合成其他化学品,可绕过甲基营养菌等底物耐受机制,提供了一条有潜力的C1原料生物转化利用路线。
尽管本研究提供了一条碳转化效率较高的甲醇-PDO合成途径,但是目前仅完成概念验证,未来工业应用需要解决多重挑战。(1)甲醇-甘油合成体系中关键酶如甲醛裂合酶FLS催化活性低,导致酶用量较大。未来将通过人工智能辅助的酶挖掘和分子改造策略获得催化活性和稳定性显著提升的新酶元件,进一步结合酶固定化技术提高酶的循环利用次数,从而降低酶用量和成本。(2)在甘油-PDO微生物合成体系中,甘油透过酶、甘油脱水酶及其激活因子和醇脱氢酶的胞内表达水平有待进一步优化,从而降低细胞用量,提升合成速率。(3)目前合成路线采用分段式即甲醇-甘油和甘油-PDO两步反应,未来可通过细胞表面展示技术,将多酶催化体系展示于细胞表面,真正实现菌株一步转化和发酵,完成甲醇-PDO的高效合成。综上所述,本研究所采用的酶-菌协同转化方法为C1原料的生物转化利用提供了一种新的方案。
  • 中国科学院关键核心技术攻坚先导专项(XDC0110200)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32271545)
  • 天津市自然科学基金青年项目(A类)(25JCJQJC00130)
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2026年第66卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260361
  • 接收时间:2026-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-09
  • 出版时间:2026-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-30
  • 录用日期:2026-06-25
基金
the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC0110200)
中国科学院关键核心技术攻坚先导专项(XDC0110200)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32271545)
国家自然科学基金(32271545)
the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (Youth Project, Type A)(25JCJQJC00130)
天津市自然科学基金青年项目(A类)(25JCJQJC00130)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,天津
    2.低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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