Article(id=1304366156614230163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260309, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1776268800000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1780848000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-08, onlineDate=1788914725687, onlineDateStr=2026-09-09, pubDate=1788451200000, pubDateStr=2026-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788914725687, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788914725687, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788914725687, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304366133864321404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='9', pageStart='4291', pageEnd='4651', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788451200000', pubDateStr='2026-09-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1788914720263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788914779113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4341, endPage=4361, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304366158317117588, articleId=1304366156614230163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Design and construction of microbial carbon fixation pathways empowered by synthetic biology, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microbial carbon fixation represents a crucial negative emission technology for achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and serves as a primary source of raw materials for the next generation of biomanufacturing. However, naturally occurring carbon fixation pathways generally suffer from limitations such as slow carboxylation rates, harsh reaction conditions, and difficulties in heterologous reconstruction. In recent years, scientists have designed and constructed several synthetic carbon fixation pathways, establishing a foundation for developing efficient biological carbon fixation systems. This article systematically reviews the naturally discovered carbon fixation pathways and summarizes the key advances in the modification of natural pathways and the design of synthetic carbon fixation pathways empowered by synthetic biology. Furthermore, it summarizes recent progress in energy supply strategies for microbial carbon fixation. Finally, we discuss the bottlenecks and optimization strategies, providing scientific insights and perspectives for the development of efficient carbon fixation systems for practical applications.

, authors=Jiayin ZHANG1, 2, Yanping ZHANG1, Yin LI1, Huawei ZHU1, *, authorsList=Jiayin ZHANG, Yanping ZHANG, Yin LI, Huawei ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huawei ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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微生物固碳是实现“双碳”目标的重要负排放技术,也是下一代生物制造的主要原料来源。然而,目前发现的天然固碳途径普遍存在固碳速率慢、反应条件苛刻、异源重构困难等问题。近年来,科学家设计构建了多条人工固碳途径,为创建高效微生物固碳体系奠定了基础。本文系统回顾了自然界发现的天然固碳途径,重点阐述了合成生物学在天然途径改造与人工途径创建方面的研究进展。此外,本文总结了能量供给强化策略在微生物固碳中的最新实践,最后讨论了效率瓶颈与优化策略,为创制高效微生物固碳体系、实现人工生物固碳技术的实际应用提供科学依据和新的思路。

, authors=张佳音1, 2, 张延平1, 李寅1, 朱华伟1, *, authorsList=张佳音, 张延平, 李寅, 朱华伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱华伟, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

张佳音:研究构思、资料整理、文献分析、初稿撰写;张延平、李寅:论文审阅;朱华伟:研究构思、监督指导、稿件润色修改、经费支持。

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A: CETCH cycle; B: HOPAC cycle; C: CORE cycle; D: ASAP pathway; E: SACA pathway., figureFileSmall=EqPGCgtsYKHCaZZi8sEO+w==, figureFileBig=kD9QCSLyj7v3n+r9weIsXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389004271575804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366156614230163, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于新型固碳酶的人工固碳途径, figureFileSmall=EqPGCgtsYKHCaZZi8sEO+w==, figureFileBig=kD9QCSLyj7v3n+r9weIsXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389004342878973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366156614230163, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Exogenous energy-driven microbial carbon fixation. A: Reconstructing light reaction system in E. coli for converting CO2 to pyruvate[103]; B: Converting CO2 to single-cell protein via an integrated electro-biocatalytic system[104]; C: Upcycling of oceanic CO2 into bioplastic monomers via a decoupled electro-biocatalytic process[105]; D: Upcycling of CO2 into ectoine via a scalable electro-biosynthesis system[106]., figureFileSmall=EPGpbxs9TR/qsNPNMh3gVQ==, figureFileBig=AG4zSasgnXzVLE6Cz8KEBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389004401599230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366156614230163, language=CN, label=图4, caption=外源能量驱动生物固碳, figureFileSmall=EPGpbxs9TR/qsNPNMh3gVQ==, figureFileBig=AG4zSasgnXzVLE6Cz8KEBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389004485485311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366156614230163, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of natural CO2 fixation pathways

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathwaysOxygen sensitivityReaction numbersProductsCO2-fixing enzymesSubstrates

ATP/CO2

(mol/mol)

NAD(P)H/CO2

(mol/mol)

CBBAerobic113-PGARuBisCOCO23.02.0
rTCAAnaerobic9Acetyl-CoAAKGS; IDHCO21.02.0
3-HPAerobic19PyruvateACC; PCCHCO3-1.71.7
3-HP/4-HBAerobic16Acetyl-CoAACC; PCCHCO3-2.02.0
DC/4-HBAnaerobic14Acetyl-CoAPEPC/PFORCO2/HCO3-1.52.0
WLAnaerobic8Acetyl-CoACODH/ACSCO20.52.0
rGlyPAerobic6PyruvaterGCSCO22.03.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304389004573565696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366156614230163, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

天然固碳途径比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathwaysOxygen sensitivityReaction numbersProductsCO2-fixing enzymesSubstrates

ATP/CO2

(mol/mol)

NAD(P)H/CO2

(mol/mol)

CBBAerobic113-PGARuBisCOCO23.02.0
rTCAAnaerobic9Acetyl-CoAAKGS; IDHCO21.02.0
3-HPAerobic19PyruvateACC; PCCHCO3-1.71.7
3-HP/4-HBAerobic16Acetyl-CoAACC; PCCHCO3-2.02.0
DC/4-HBAnaerobic14Acetyl-CoAPEPC/PFORCO2/HCO3-1.52.0
WLAnaerobic8Acetyl-CoACODH/ACSCO20.52.0
rGlyPAerobic6PyruvaterGCSCO22.03.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304389004661646081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366156614230163, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of synthetic carbon fixation pathways

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathwaysIn vitro/in vivoReaction numbersSubstratesProductsCO2-fixing enzymesATP/CO2(mol/mol)NAD(P)H/CO2(mol/mol)
CETCHIn vitro12CO2GlyoxylateCcr0.52.0
THETAIn vitro & in vivo (modules)17CO2/HCO3-Acetyl-CoAPEPC; Ccr2.02.5
MCGIn vivo8CO2/PEPAcetyl-CoAPEPC3.03.0
rGPS-MCGIn vitro18CO2/HCO3-Acetyl-CoAPEPC; Ccr2.52.5
POAPIn vitro4CO2Oxalic acidPFOR; PYC1.00.5
HOPACIn vitro10CO2/HCO3-GlyoxylateCcr1.01.5
COREIn vitro6CO2FormateBKACE1.01.0
SACAIn vitro3HCHOAcetyl-CoAGALS0.00.0
ASAPIn vitro11CO2StarchChemocatalysis0.52.0
), ArticleFig(id=1304389004737143554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366156614230163, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

人工固碳途径比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathwaysIn vitro/in vivoReaction numbersSubstratesProductsCO2-fixing enzymesATP/CO2(mol/mol)NAD(P)H/CO2(mol/mol)
CETCHIn vitro12CO2GlyoxylateCcr0.52.0
THETAIn vitro & in vivo (modules)17CO2/HCO3-Acetyl-CoAPEPC; Ccr2.02.5
MCGIn vivo8CO2/PEPAcetyl-CoAPEPC3.03.0
rGPS-MCGIn vitro18CO2/HCO3-Acetyl-CoAPEPC; Ccr2.52.5
POAPIn vitro4CO2Oxalic acidPFOR; PYC1.00.5
HOPACIn vitro10CO2/HCO3-GlyoxylateCcr1.01.5
COREIn vitro6CO2FormateBKACE1.01.0
SACAIn vitro3HCHOAcetyl-CoAGALS0.00.0
ASAPIn vitro11CO2StarchChemocatalysis0.52.0
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合成生物学赋能微生物碳固定途径设计构建
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张佳音 1, 2 , 张延平 1 , 李寅 1 , 朱华伟 1, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(9): 4341-4361
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微生物学报 |综述 2026 , 66 (9) : 4341 -4361
合成生物学赋能微生物碳固定途径设计构建
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张佳音1, 2, 张延平1, 李寅1, 朱华伟1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京
通讯作者:
朱华伟
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

张佳音:研究构思、资料整理、文献分析、初稿撰写;张延平、李寅:论文审阅;朱华伟:研究构思、监督指导、稿件润色修改、经费支持。

Design and construction of microbial carbon fixation pathways empowered by synthetic biology
Jiayin ZHANG1, 2, Yanping ZHANG1, Yin LI1, Huawei ZHU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260309
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微生物固碳是实现“双碳”目标的重要负排放技术,也是下一代生物制造的主要原料来源。然而,目前发现的天然固碳途径普遍存在固碳速率慢、反应条件苛刻、异源重构困难等问题。近年来,科学家设计构建了多条人工固碳途径,为创建高效微生物固碳体系奠定了基础。本文系统回顾了自然界发现的天然固碳途径,重点阐述了合成生物学在天然途径改造与人工途径创建方面的研究进展。此外,本文总结了能量供给强化策略在微生物固碳中的最新实践,最后讨论了效率瓶颈与优化策略,为创制高效微生物固碳体系、实现人工生物固碳技术的实际应用提供科学依据和新的思路。

生物固碳  /  合成生物学  /  固碳途径  /  能量供给

Microbial carbon fixation represents a crucial negative emission technology for achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and serves as a primary source of raw materials for the next generation of biomanufacturing. However, naturally occurring carbon fixation pathways generally suffer from limitations such as slow carboxylation rates, harsh reaction conditions, and difficulties in heterologous reconstruction. In recent years, scientists have designed and constructed several synthetic carbon fixation pathways, establishing a foundation for developing efficient biological carbon fixation systems. This article systematically reviews the naturally discovered carbon fixation pathways and summarizes the key advances in the modification of natural pathways and the design of synthetic carbon fixation pathways empowered by synthetic biology. Furthermore, it summarizes recent progress in energy supply strategies for microbial carbon fixation. Finally, we discuss the bottlenecks and optimization strategies, providing scientific insights and perspectives for the development of efficient carbon fixation systems for practical applications.

microbial carbon fixation  /  synthetic biology  /  carbon fixation pathway  /  energy supply
张佳音, 张延平, 李寅, 朱华伟. 合成生物学赋能微生物碳固定途径设计构建. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4341 -4361 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260309
Jiayin ZHANG, Yanping ZHANG, Yin LI, Huawei ZHU. Design and construction of microbial carbon fixation pathways empowered by synthetic biology[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4341 -4361 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260309
二氧化碳(CO2)是人类活动(如燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气)排放的主要温室气体。近年来,大气中CO2含量持续攀升,据统计,2024年全球温室气体排放量达到53.2 Gt CO2 eq,较2023年增长了1.3%,较20年前增长了30%[1]。由此导致的气候变暖已对全球生态系统构成严重威胁,具体表现为冰川消融、海平面上升、极端天气频发等[2]。2020年9月22日,我国正式提出“双碳”目标,即“二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和”。在此背景下,如何从源头减少CO2排放、增强其固定与利用能力,已成为各领域亟待解决的重要任务。
碳固定是通过化学或生物手段将CO2转化为有机物或无机碳酸盐的过程。化学固碳主要有矿化固定、催化加氢、电化学还原等技术,存在能耗高、环境污染严重、固碳产物简单且混杂等问题[3-4]。相比之下,生物固碳利用酶的催化作用在常温常压下进行CO2固定与碳链延长,具有能耗低、环境友好、催化选择性高、可生成长碳链化合物等特点,成为CO2固定与高值化利用的有效途径[5-6]
自然界目前发现了7条天然生物固碳途径,主要存在于光能或化能自养微生物中。这些途径利用不同的酶体系将CO2转化为生物质或高附加值化学品。然而,受生理特性、能量代谢、碳固定效率等多因素共同作用,自养微生物的生长速率普遍偏低,难以满足高效固定CO2和缓解温室效应的需要[7]。因此,如何改进天然固碳途径、创建新型高效固碳体系成为该领域的研究重点。近年来,随着“双碳”目标的提出与合成生物学的发展,人工生物固碳领域研究取得了诸多进展。通过理性设计与工程化改造,不仅提升或重塑了天然固碳途径(如固碳酶定向进化[8]、异养微生物重构[9]),更打破了自然限制,从头设计并构建出多条人工固碳途径,为开发高效微生物固碳体系开辟了新路径[10-11]
本文旨在系统梳理微生物中发现的天然固碳途径,重点阐述合成生物学在固碳途径设计、改造与重构中的方法及应用,并介绍提高碳固定能量供给的新策略,剖析当前面临的关键挑战,以期为未来微生物固碳体系研究提供理论参考。
目前已经明确的微生物天然CO2固定途径有7条(图1),分别是卡尔文循环(Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, CBB)、还原性TCA循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, rTCA)、3-羟基丙酸双循环(3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, 3-HP)、3-羟基丙酸/4-羟基丁酸循环(3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, 3-HP/4-HB)、二羧酸/4-羟基丁酸循环(dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, DC/4-HB)、Wood-Ljungdahl途径(Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, WL)、还原性甘氨酸途径(reductive glycine pathway, rGlyP)。这些途径在能量需求、固碳酶、固碳产物及环境适应性等方面各具特点(表1),为自然界的碳循环提供了多样化基础。
CBB循环是目前自然界中最主要、研究最为深入的二氧化碳固定途径。该循环广泛存在于光能自养和化能自养微生物中,主要类群包括蓝细菌、好氧的化能自养型α-、β-和γ-变形菌纲[如硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)等],以及硫化芽孢杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)等部分革兰氏阳性菌[12]。CBB循环通过羧化、还原及CO2受体1,5-二磷酸核酮糖(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, RuBP)的再生3个阶段实现CO2的固定,其核心是将1分子CO2与1分子RuBP在核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, RuBisCO)催化下生成2分子3-磷酸甘油酸(3-phosphoglyceric acid, 3-PGA),最终合成细胞构建模块——磷酸丙糖,进而转化为糖类等有机物。整个循环涉及13种酶,其中RuBisCO催化效率较低且易受氧气的竞争性抑制,是限制CBB循环的关键限速酶[9,13]。目前已发现4种类型的RuBisCO,其中I、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型能够捕获CO2,而Ⅳ型属于类RuBisCO蛋白,不能固定CO2。磷酸核酮糖激酶(phosphoribokinase, PRK)是CBB途径的第二关键酶,对RuBP的再生至关重要[14]。从能量需求看,该循环每固定1分子CO2需消耗3分子ATP和2分子NAD(P)H,是天然固碳途径中能耗较高的途径。
rTCA循环是一种重要的化能自养固碳途径,于1966年在光合绿硫细菌中被发现[15]。该循环以琥珀酰-CoA为起始物,逆氧化TCA循环方向运行,通过2步关键的羧化反应固定2分子CO2,消耗2分子ATP和4分子等价的NAD(P)H,净生成1分子乙酰-CoA。涉及的羧化反应具体为:(1)琥珀酰-CoA在α-酮戊二酸合酶(2-oxoglutarate synthase, AKGS)催化下还原羧化生成α-酮戊二酸;(2) α-酮戊二酸经异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH)还原羧化生成异柠檬酸[16-17]。其生化本质是通过循环将CO2高效转化为用于合成氨基酸、糖类及脂类等细胞组分的前体物质,这种将CO2固定与中心代谢直接偶联的机制是其能量效率高于CBB循环的基础。
3-HP双循环主要存在于橙色绿屈挠菌(Chloroflexus aurantiacus)等光合绿色非硫细菌中[18-19]。该循环以HCO3-为底物,每进行1次循环投入3分子HCO3-,消耗5分子ATP和5分子NAD(P)H,生成1分子丙酮酸。途径中的固碳酶为乙酰-CoA羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase, ACC)和丙酰-CoA羧化酶(propionyl-CoA carboxylase, PCC)。该循环具有与其他途径显著不同的特点。(1)该循环是一个双循环偶联的固碳过程,2分子乙酰-CoA首先固定2分子HCO3-,生成2分子丙酰-CoA。后者分别进入2个反应循环,其中一个循环再固定1分子HCO3-,生成1分子乙醛酸并再生1分子乙酰-CoA;乙醛酸作为第二个循环的底物,通过多步反应生成1分子丙酮酸,并再生1分子乙酰-CoA。(2)该循环共涉及19步反应,由13种酶催化,多个多功能酶(如双功能的丙二酰辅酶A还原酶、三功能的丙酰辅酶A合酶)构成了简洁高效的催化体系。(3)其特征代谢中间物为3-羟基丙酸,具有高工业价值,可用于合成丙烯酸、1,3-丙二醇等[20]
3-HP/4-HB循环是一种好氧型化能固碳途径,最初发现于硫化叶菌目(Sulfolobales)勤奋生金球菌(Metallosphaera sedula)[21]。该固碳途径在贫营养环境中分布广泛[22-23],主要依靠氢气和单质硫提供能量,其固碳酶与3-HP双循环相同,均为乙酰-CoA羧化酶和丙酰-CoA羧化酶。该循环可分为2个阶段:(1) 1分子乙酰-CoA分步固定2分子HCO3-生成1分子琥珀酰-CoA;(2)琥珀酰-CoA转化为乙酰乙酰-CoA,随后被裂解成2分子乙酰-CoA,完成固碳循环。在能量消耗方面,该途径每进行1次循环固定2分子CO2 (以HCO3-形式),消耗4分子ATP和4分子NAD(P)H。特别地,来自奇古菌门的海亚硝化侏儒菌(Nitrosopumilus maritimus)利用3-HP/4-HB循环变体进行碳固定,生成1分子乙酰-CoA只需消耗4分子ATP[24]
WL途径是生成乙酰-CoA所需反应步骤最少、能量需求最低的天然固碳途径,广泛分布于可利用氢气作为电子供体的严格厌氧微生物中,包括产乙酸菌、硫酸盐还原菌、产甲烷菌等。WL途径实质是2分子CO2 (或1分子CO2和1分子CO)以非循环方式直接结合生成乙酰辅酶A,同时消耗1分子ATP和4分子NAD(P)H,可进一步合成乙酸、乙醇、丙酮、丁酸和丁二醇等化学品[25-26]。该途径可分为2个分支:(1)甲基分支:1分子CO2经甲酸脱氢酶(formate dehydrogenase, FDH)催化,逐步还原为结合于四氢叶酸(或四氢蝶呤)辅因子上的甲基基团;(2)羰基分支:另1分子CO2/CO在一氧化碳脱氢酶(CO dehydrogenase, CODH)催化下被还原为酶结合的羰基化合物[27]。WL途径中的关键酶为CODH和乙酰辅酶A合酶(acetyl-CoA synthase, ACS),二者常以CODH/ACS复合体形式存在,CODH催化CO2还原为CO,ACS则将所得CO与甲基结合生成乙酰辅酶A。
DC/4-HB循环是一条严格厌氧的固碳途径,由Huber等[28]于2008年在适宜粒状火球古菌(Ignicoccus hospitalis)中首次阐明,主要分布于泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota)的脱硫古球菌目(Desulfurococcales)和嗜热多形菌目(Thermoproteales)。该途径的一个显著特征是同时利用2种形式的无机碳——分别固定1分子CO2和1分子HCO3-。固碳酶分别为丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, PFOR)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC)。前者以CO2为底物,催化乙酰辅酶A还原羧化生成丙酮酸;后者以HCO3-为底物,催化磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP)羧化生成草酰乙酸[28]。随后,草酰乙酸通过不完全的还原性TCA循环转化为琥珀酰辅酶A,最终生成2分子乙酰辅酶A,消耗3分子ATP和4分子NAD(P)H。由于该途径对反应条件要求较高,依赖高温、厌氧环境,且需要对氧气极度敏感的铁氧还蛋白作为电子供体,在合成生物学中的应用较少。
rGlyP是一条线性固碳途径,2018年由Figueroa等[29]通过宏基因组数据分析发现其为天然固碳途径。2020年,Sánchez-Andrea等[30]首次证实rGlyP可以维持脱硫脱硫弧菌(Desulfovibrio desulfuricans)的自养生长。rGlyP的常见天然宿主包括硫酸盐还原菌、梭菌及部分古菌。该途径可将甲酸盐和二氧化碳直接纳入中心代谢:首先,甲酸与四氢叶酸(tetrahydrofolate, THF)结合,经脱水、还原生成5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸;在还原性甘氨酸裂解系统(reductive glycine cleavage system, rGCS)逆反应的催化下,一分子5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸与NH3、CO2生成甘氨酸;随后,甘氨酸再结合另一分子5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸生成丝氨酸,转化为丙酮酸进入中心代谢[31]。过程中同化2分子甲酸和1分子CO2,生成1分子丙酮酸,共消耗2分子ATP与3分子NAD(P)H。该途径已在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)中成功构建,获得了以甲酸或甲醇为碳源的自养型菌株[32-33]
综上所述,7条天然固碳途径在物种分布、底物偏好、能量效率、氧敏感性、终产物类型以及拓扑结构等方面呈现多样性,如CBB循环是好氧型自养微生物的主要固碳途径,在自然界分布最为广泛;3-HP和3-HP/4-HB途径兼具氧气适应性和高能量效率;rTCA、DC/4-HB和WL途径主要分布于厌氧微生物,能量消耗较低但受氧气严格抑制;rGlyP可同时固定CO2和甲酸,主要分布于脱硫弧菌属和梭菌属中。天然途径的多样化特征为人工设计、重构与改造提供了关键元件和重要参考。
自然界进化出了多条固碳途径将CO2转化为有机碳,推动着全球碳素循环。然而,由于二氧化碳分子非常惰性、活化能较高,天然途径普遍存在催化效率低[34-35]、反应条件苛刻[10]以及产物谱系单一[36]等问题。在此背景下,利用合成生物学对固碳途径进行改造、重构甚至从头设计,对实现高效生物固碳具有重要意义。
改造或重构固碳途径需遵循2项核心原则:(1)选用催化效率高且底物特异性强的酶降低副反应活性以减少代谢分流;(2)确保途径与宿主代谢兼容,规避中间产物的细胞毒性,避免因代谢失衡导致细胞生长抑制或途径失效。合成生物学在生物固碳途径的应用可分为3个方面:(1)天然固碳途径优化改造:对关键酶、调控元件等进行定向进化或理性设计;(2)途径适配整合:在模式微生物中重构天然固碳途径或功能性固碳细胞器等;(3)从头设计并构建人工固碳途径。
天然固碳酶催化效率普遍较低,是限制整体碳通量的主要瓶颈。RuBisCO作为CBB循环的核心酶,在全球碳固定中占据主导地位,但其羧化速率较低,成为CBB途径改造的重要靶点[37-38]。针对RuBisCO的定向改造,早期研究主要集中于提升其催化效率,通过将CO2固定与细胞生长相偶联建立RuBisCO-dependent E. coli (RDE)筛选系统,利用RuBP积累引发的胞内还原力和代谢失衡[39]使菌株存活严格依赖功能性RuBisCO,可实现RuBisCO突变文库的高通量筛选。Mueller-Cajar等[40]利用RDE系统成功筛选出多个能显著提高蓝细菌RuBisCO在大肠埃希氏菌中功能性表达的突变体;但其比活并未同步提高,部分甚至有所下降,提示在RuBisCO异源表达水平极低的背景下,进化压力更倾向于可溶性表达与正确折叠,而非羧化活性本身。为此,Cai等[41]开发了基于大肠埃希氏菌的活性导向筛选系统,通过过表达RuBisCO特异性伴侣蛋白RbcX使野生型RuBisCO的功能性表达趋于饱和,从而将筛选压力导向羧化活性的提升,获得的突变体对CO2的比酶活提高了85%。
在此基础上,近年来发展出多种RuBisCO定向改造和高通量筛选的新策略。Buck等[42]在大肠埃希氏菌中共表达烟草叶绿体中与RuBisCO相关的7种分子伴侣,成功实现了多种植物RuBisCO的可溶性表达与正确组装,为突变体筛选提供了新工具。McDonald等[43]应用连续定向进化平台MutaT7,在氧压力下对Ⅱ型RuBisCO进行多轮进化,筛选出氧耐受性提升的突变体,羧化效率提高了8%-25%。此外,OrthoRep[44]和PACE[45]等连续进化方法也在RuBisCO改造中具有广阔应用前景。
RuBisCO活性中心可同时结合CO2和O2,引发羧化与加氧竞争反应,进而降低固碳效率[38]。因此,增强RuBisCO对CO2/O2的选择性是另一种提高固碳效率的有效方法。研究表明,通过组装不同来源RuBisCO的大小亚基获得的杂合RuBisCO可实现对CO2的高选择性催化[46]。此外,RuBisCO的羧化速率与CO2/O2选择性之间存在权衡关系,蓝细菌中的RuBisCO固碳效率高,而对CO2/O2的选择性较低,与C3植物中RuBisCO的特征相反。基于此,Lin等[47]敲除烟草中的内源RuBisCO基因,并替换为细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongatus) PCC 7942的RuBisCO,通过共表达组装因子(伴侣蛋白RbcX或羧酶体蛋白CcmM35)实现蓝细菌RuBisCO在植物叶绿体中的功能性折叠与装配,所得转基因植物需在高浓度CO2下存活且生长较慢。随后,Occhialini等[48]通过改变基因调控序列对该烟草品系进行改良,获得的转基因植物仍需要较高的CO2浓度,但生长速度达到野生型水平。该研究表明,高等植物可利用蓝细菌RuBisCO生长,为后续重构羧酶体(carboxysomes)以进一步提高固碳效率奠定了基础。
RuBisCO必须经活化才能实现功能,这一过程涉及多个调控元件的协同作用[49]。RuBisCO活化酶(RuBisCO activase, Rca)在其中发挥核心功能,而高温下Rca损伤会导致RuBisCO活性降低。有研究表明,通过基因重排技术[50]或嵌合Rca构建体[51]产生耐热型Rca亚型,在拟南芥中表达后可提高Rca的热稳定性,从而改善转基因植株在热胁迫下的生长及光合效率。此外,将澳洲野生稻(Oryza australiensis)的耐热型Rca转入栽培稻中过表达,最终增强了栽培稻在高温下的碳固定能力[52]
相比RuBisCO,其他固碳酶的改造研究相对较少。Wood-Ljungdahl途径的关键酶复合物——CODH/ACS是一种五亚基酶复合体,在羰基分支中发挥核心作用[53]。Kang等[54]通过适应性实验室进化(adaptive laboratory evolution, ALE)在产乙酸菌黏液真杆菌(Eubacterium limosum)中筛选到CODH/ACS复合体编码基因的有益突变体A97E,成功提高了菌株对高浓度CO的耐受性和利用效率。近期,研究利用冷冻电镜解析了来自产乙醇梭菌(Clostridium autoethanogenum)的CODH/ACS复合体在反应过程中的系列构象变化及电子传递等分子机制,为理性设计更高效的厌氧固碳酶提供了结构基础[55]。Liu等[56]通过定向进化对3-HP及3-HP/4-HB循环中的丙酰辅酶A羧化酶进行改造,使其羧化活性提高了94倍,实现了从乙酰辅酶A高效合成丁二酸。Lou等[57]综合运用分子动力学模拟、FoldX能量计算和PROSS算法对大麻来源的PEPC进行虚拟筛选,最终获得突变体C886R,其催化活性提高了2倍,稳定性提高了5倍。
生物固碳是多酶协同、区室分隔的复杂过程,某一节点的效率提升受限于上游底物供应不足或下游产物积累的反馈抑制。由于蓝细菌、产乙酸菌等自养微生物存在生长速率慢、遗传改造困难等问题,研究者尝试在异养微生物底盘中重构碳固定途径,以期进一步突破固碳效率瓶颈。
目前,天然固碳途径已被成功引入多种异养微生物,如大肠埃希氏菌、酿酒酵母、毕赤酵母等。由于CBB循环承担着地球90%以上的碳固定通量[58],成为在异养底盘中重构固碳模块的首要选择。在异养宿主中构建CBB循环通常需异源表达2种关键酶,即PRK和RuBisCO,而其他酶与磷酸戊糖途径共享。2013年,研究人员首次将蓝细菌来源的PRK和RuBisCO导入大肠埃希氏菌,重构了CBB循环并在胞内实现CO2固定[59]。Antonovsky等[60]同样将这2种酶的编码基因导入大肠埃希氏菌中,通过内源代谢重构使大肠埃希氏菌利用功能性CBB循环将CO2合成糖类。此外,CBB循环也被引入酿酒酵母等真核底盘菌株中[61-64]。值得注意的是,仅引入关键酶并不能实现完全自养,Gleizer等[65]在上述研究基础上通过实验室适应性进化将大肠埃希氏菌转变为化能自养型,使其能够利用甲酸氧化提供能量,并以CO2作为唯一碳源进行生长,证实了在异养微生物中重构完整固碳通路的可行性。
此外,针对3-HP双循环和rTCA循环的异源重构也有相关研究。Mattozzi等[66]将橙色绿屈挠菌(C. aurantiacus)中的3-HP途径拆分为4个亚途径在大肠埃希氏菌中进行构建。通过绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent proteins, GFP)生物传感器检测丙酰-CoA生成、丙酸解毒能力测试及sucAD突变株的DAP营养缺陷互补等策略,证实4个亚途径均能在大肠埃希氏菌中发挥功能。另一项研究则将绿硫细菌微温绿杆状菌(Chlorobaculum tepidum)来源的10个rTCA关键酶基因导入大肠埃希氏菌,改造后的菌株在外源CO2供应下生长提升,表明其具有无机碳同化能力[67]。近期,Peng等[68]发现只需在大肠埃希氏菌中引入绿硫细菌来源的α-酮戊二酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(α-ketoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, KOR)和ATP依赖的柠檬酸裂解酶(ATP-citrate lyase, ACL),就能使大肠埃希氏菌获得利用氢气和CO2进行化能自养生长的能力。实验证实,仅需导入KOR这一个酶,即可支持细胞利用CO2维持基础生命活动。此外,rTCA循环也是微生物发酵生产丁二酸的主要途径,具有途径短、理论得率高的优势。Tao等[69]在解脂耶氏酵母中引入碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrase, CA),提高了局部CO2浓度,增强了羧化反应效率,丁二酸产量达到89.75 g/L。传统的rTCA途径高度依赖NADH,导致胞内氧化还原失衡。为此,Tao等[70]进一步在解脂耶氏酵母中构建了一条非常规rTCA途径(noncanonical rTCA, Nc-rTCA),将磷酸戊糖途径生成的NADPH用于C4二羧酸合成主干,有效缓解了NADH约束,丁二酸产量达到98.16 g/L。Zeng等[71]利用人工智能改造富马酸水合酶的催化特异性,强化了苹果酸到富马酸的反应效率,突破了rTCA循环的限速步骤,在马克斯克鲁维酵母中实现了103.9 g/L的丁二酸产量。
引入碳浓缩机制(CO2-concentrating mechanism, CCM)提高固碳酶局部微环境中的无机碳浓度,抑制光呼吸能量损耗,是提升羧化活性的另一种重要策略。绿藻和蓝细菌中已进化出多种类型的CCM,目前研究也最为深入。其核心过程是碳酸氢盐的高效运输,以及CA催化的碳酸氢盐到二氧化碳快速转化[72-74]。在原核系统中,蓝细菌将RuBisCO和CA封装在羧酶体中,这种蛋白质细胞器通过延长气体扩散路径来提升局部CO2浓度,从而提高羧化效率[75]。基于此,研究者尝试将CCM的核心元件导入异养宿主。Xiao等[76]首次将聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.) PCC 7002的碳酸氢盐转运蛋白BicA和CA导入产琥珀酸大肠埃希氏菌中,单独表达BicA或CA使琥珀酸产量分别提升了22%和35%,两者共表达则提升了44%,证实增强CO2供应是提升羧化效率的有效策略。此外,相关研究聚焦于羧酶体的异源组装,Bonacci等[77]首次证实蓝细菌β-羧酶体的全套组分可在大肠埃希氏菌中实现自组装。在此基础上,Zhang等[78]和Sun等[79]分别实现了不同来源羧酶体在大肠埃希氏菌中的组装及功能性重构。在真核藻类中,CCM涉及更复杂的多组件协同作用,如衣藻的CCM包括HCO3-转运蛋白HLA3、LCIA,HCO3-通道蛋白BST1-3,以及类囊体腔碳酸酐酶CAH3[80-82]。Förster等[83]建立了基于大肠埃希氏菌和拟南芥突变株的CCM元件筛选平台,用于高效验证LCIA和CA的体内功能。值得注意的是,将单一LCIA转入烟草未能显著提高光合效率,表明构建功能性CCM可能需要多组件协同导入,并考虑系统的能量供给。
除改造天然固碳途径外,提升固碳效率的根本策略是利用合成生物学重新设计人工固碳途径。其设计初衷是突破天然途径能量效率低、代谢路径长等固有瓶颈,构建高效且适配工业底盘菌株的新型固碳体系。相较于天然途径,人工固碳途径借助理性设计与模块重构,能够实现更高的固碳速率、更低的能量需求以及更强的可操控性,为CO2高效生物转化提供新的解决方案。根据固碳酶来源不同,人工固碳途径可分为2类:(1)利用天然途径中的固碳酶设计构建新的人工固碳途径;(2)挖掘其他固碳酶构建人工固碳途径。目前,国际上已报道了多条人工固碳途径,表2列举比较了这些途径的主要特点和能量需求。
天然途径固碳酶大多比较复杂,但也有少数如PEPC具有结构简单且活性高等优点,研究者可利用这些固碳酶重新设计碳固定途径以提高固碳效率(图2)。Bar-Even等[84]通过约束建模对5 000余种代谢酶进行组合,设计出丙二酰辅酶A-草酰乙酸-乙醛酸(malonyl-CoA-oxaloacetate-glyoxylate, MOG)途径。该途径以PEPC为核心,其底物是磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸,该酶催化过程中不直接消耗NADPH和ATP,且无加氧酶活性,催化效率可达RuBisCO的数十倍。从理论设计来看,该途径的终产物是乙醛酸,可通过乙醛酸途径进一步转化为甘油醛-3-磷酸(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, GAP),整体固碳效率比CBB循环高2-3倍。然而,MOG途径目前尚未实现功能构建。除MOG途径外,2018年报道的丙二酰辅酶A-甘油酸(malyl-CoA-glycerate, MCG)途径同样以PEPC为核心酶[85],该途径与CBB循环协同作用,可将1分子PEP转化为2分子乙酰辅酶A,在此过程中固定1分子HCO3-,消耗3分子ATP和3分子NAD(P)H。目前,该途径已在大肠埃希氏菌和蓝细菌中成功构建并发挥功能。其独特优势在于能够同时利用RuBisCO的羧化产物(3-磷酸甘油酸)和加氧产物(乙醇酸),前者通过代谢转化为MCG途径提供PEP底物,后者则将原本浪费的光呼吸副产物以零碳损的方式转化为乙酰辅酶A,减少了碳损耗和能量损失。
为了将CO2固定与细胞生长调控解耦,Luo等[86]提出无细胞二氧化碳固定系统,将还原性乙醛酸和丙酮酸合成途径(reductive glyoxylate and pyruvate synthesis, rGPS)与MCG途径整合,在体外构建了氧气耐受的自催化循环rGPS-MCG;该循环以PEPC和巴豆酰-CoA羧化酶/还原酶(crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase, Ccr)为固碳酶,每轮循环可同化2分子HCO3-,生成1分子乙酰辅酶A。值得注意的是,该系统具有自我补给能力,产物乙酰辅酶A、丙酮酸和苹果酸同时是循环的中间体,并引入光感机制调控辅因子再生。随后,Luo等[87]进一步设计了还原性三羧酸分支/4-羟基丁酰辅酶A/乙基丙二酰辅酶A/乙酰辅酶A循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid branch/4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA/ethylmalonyl-CoA/acetyl-CoA cycle, THETA cycle),该途径同样以PEPC和Ccr为固碳酶,构建了一个包含17种酶的体外固碳系统;每轮循环可固定1分子CO2和1分子HCO3-,生成1分子乙酰辅酶A,同时消耗4分子ATP和5分子NAD(P)H,是截至目前最复杂的人工固碳循环之一。目前该途径已在体外成功构建并进行了优化,固碳效率远高于CBB循环等天然固碳途径。另外,构成该循环的3个功能子模块也分别在大肠埃希氏菌中得到了功能验证,为在体内构建完整固碳循环奠定了基础。
从生物技术角度看,反应步骤增多通常伴随能量损耗和效率下降,因此构建精简的固碳循环是提高效率的一个重要方向。Xiao等[88]构建了一个仅由4步反应构成的人工固碳循环,催化反应的酶分别为丙酮酸羧化酶(pyruvate carboxylase, PYC)、草酰乙酸乙酰水解酶(oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase, OAH)、乙酰-CoA连接酶(acetate-CoA ligase, ACS)和丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(PFOR),该循环被命名为PYC-OAH-ACS-PFOR (POAP)循环,是目前最短的生物固碳途径。其中,PFOR和PYC是该途径的2个固碳酶,PFOR来源于热解纤维醋酸弧菌(Acetivibrio thermocellus),是rTCA循环及DC/4HB循环中的关键酶之一。PFOR对氧气十分敏感,且需要铁氧还蛋白作为电子供体,催化乙酰辅酶A羧化生成丙酮酸[89]。POAP循环已在体外成功构建,可在厌氧和50 ℃条件下实现CO2固定,每轮循环将2分子CO2固定为1分子草酸,同时消耗2分子ATP和1分子NAD(P)H。
与上述基于天然固碳酶的途径不同,另一类策略则是从非固碳途径中挖掘新固碳酶,以此构建全新人工固碳途径(图3)。巴豆酰-CoA/乙基丙二酸-CoA/羟基丁酰-CoA (crotonyl-CoA/ethylmalonyl-CoA/hydroxybutyryl-CoA, CETCH)循环是第1条非天然人工固碳途径[90]。该途径由来自古菌、细菌、植物等9种生物的17种酶组成,经多轮酶工程优化实现以CO2为底物合成乙醛酸。其核心固碳酶为巴豆酰-CoA羧化酶/还原酶,是已知活性最高的固碳酶,对氧不敏感[91]。研究在体外验证了其固碳功能,证实可以通过人工设计整合来自不同生物的酶组装成效率超过天然途径的人工固碳途径。在CETCH循环基础上,该团队进一步设计了HOPAC循环(hydroxypropionyl-CoA/acrylyl-CoA cycle),该循环同样以巴豆酰-CoA羧化酶/还原酶为固碳酶,催化丙烯酰-CoA的羧化反应;研究分成氧化和还原2个部分进行设计筛选:氧化部分将丙二酰-CoA转化为甲基丙二酰-CoA,关键固碳步骤为丙烯酰-CoA的羧化反应;还原部分则催化甲基丙二酰-CoA转化回丙二酰-CoA,关键步骤是乙酰-CoA羧化生成丙二酰-CoA;每轮循环可固定2分子无机碳,最终生成1分子乙醛酸[92]。HOPAC循环与3-HP循环存在相似性,但能量效率更高,体现了人工途径的优势。
2025年,该团队进一步设计了CORE循环(CO2-reduction cycle),该循环仅由6步反应构成,首次实现了在有氧、常温及环境CO2浓度条件下将1分子CO2还原成1分子甲酸的过程,同时消耗1分子NADPH和1分子ATP;该循环通过ATP水解来克服直接还原CO2的热力学障碍,将这一高能耗步骤分解为多个更容易发生的反应;其固碳酶——β-酮酸裂解酶(β-keto acid cleavage enzyme, BKACE)并非来源于天然固碳途径,而是通过对124种来自芳香族化合物降解途径的同源酶进行高通量筛选获得的[93]。BKACE在途经中催化乙酰-CoA与丙二酸半醛反应生成甲酰-CoA和乙酰乙酸,为在特殊环境条件下实现固碳提供了新的路径。
乙酰辅酶A是微生物碳代谢的重要中间体,是合成多种生物化学品的前体。Lu等[94]设计了一条从甲醛生成乙酰辅酶A的合成途径,命名为SACA途径(synthetic acetyl-CoA assimilation pathway)。SACA途径是不依赖于ATP的最短乙酰辅酶A合成路线,通过工程化改造的乙醇醛合酶(glycolaldehyde synthase, GALS)将2分子甲醛缩合为2分子乙醇醛,再经乙酰磷酸合酶转化为乙酰磷酸,最后由磷酸转乙酰酶催化生成乙酰辅酶A,碳得率达到50%,有望将其接入中心代谢途径,实现从一碳底物到多碳化学品的合成。除了创制更高效的非天然固碳途径,人工固碳体系研究也向生产更高价值产品方向拓展。2021年,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所及其合作团队报道了人工合成淀粉途径(artificial starch anabolic pathway, ASAP)[95]。该途径由4个核心模块和11步反应构成,首次实现了以CO2为原料合成淀粉的重大突破,展示了人工固碳技术在农业、食品、材料等领域的巨大潜力。
生物固碳是一个高耗能过程,需要大量ATP和还原力输入为途径关键酶提供能量。Hu等[96]指出,无论是提高自养微生物的固碳效率,还是从头改造异养微生物,能量供给都是核心挑战之一。自养微生物通常利用光能或无机物(如氢气、金属离子、硫化物等)氧化产生的化学能,将无机碳转化为有机代谢物,如乙酰辅酶A/丙酮酸[97]。为突破天然固碳系统的能量限制,近年来发展了多种能量强化策略,主要包括2类:基于生物元件的能量强化和基于非生物元件的能量强化。
光能是生物体的原初能量来源,自然界也进化出了高效的光反应机器[98]。研究人员尝试利用天然的光能转换元件为人工固碳微生物创造多样化的光能利用路径,主要形成了3种技术路线。(1)引入功能性能量模块如细菌视紫红质,利用其光驱质子泵功能合成ATP。Chen等[99]在集胞藻(Synechocystis sp.) PCC 6803中成功表达了外源视紫红质,证实其可在不改变原有光系统的情况下为细胞提供额外的质子驱动力,从而增强光能利用效率。类似地,研究人员在大肠埃希氏菌中表达视紫红质也实现了光能驱动的ATP合成,促进了细胞生长[100-101]。(2)将蓝细菌等光合微生物直接引入非光合宿主细胞内,形成人工内共生系统,为宿主细胞供应能量以支持生长[102]。(3)构建全细胞人工光合系统,Tong等[103]通过模仿绿色绿芽菌(Blastochloris viridis)的光系统,在大肠埃希氏菌中异源引入光合反应中心核心蛋白PufL和细菌叶绿素a分子类似物MgP,为大肠埃希氏菌定制了一个光反应,能够将光能转化为胞内ATP和NADH (图4A)。进一步通过组装光反应、暗反应和能量适配器实现ATP和NADH的定制化分配,在大肠埃希氏菌中构建出全新的人工光合作用系统,实现了利用CO2合成丙酮、苹果酸和α-酮戊二酸等3种化学品。
化学能同样是驱动生物元件的重要能量来源。甲酸盐作为一种可由CO2还原获得的可再生化学能载体,经甲酸脱氢酶氧化可生成NADH,为固碳途径提供还原力。通过在大肠埃希氏菌中异源表达来自杀虫贪铜菌(Cupriavidus necator)的可溶性FDH增强了甲酸盐向NADH的转化效率,使细菌可利用甲酸盐作为唯一能源进行生长[107]。Heinrich等[108]C. necator中异源表达来自食碳酸阿菲波菌(Afipia carboxidovorans)的CO脱氢酶复合体,使工程菌株能够利用合成气中的CO进行供能,显著提升了工程菌株的生长速率和聚羟基丁酸酯产量。
生物捕光元件存在吸收光谱窄、能量效率低、结构复杂等问题,而半导体材料具有吸收光谱可调、电荷分离效率高、尺寸较小等优势。因此,近年来大量研究尝试将微生物与半导体材料相结合,创建微生物-半导体材料杂合系统,也称为半人工光合作用系统(semi-artificial photosynthetic system, SAPS)[109]。2016年,Sakimoto等[110]首次提出SAPS概念,将硫化镉(cadmium sulfide, CdS)纳米颗粒沉积于热醋穆尔氏菌(Moorella thermoacetica)表面,使其能够利用光能驱动WL固碳途径将CO2还原为乙酸。Zhang等[111]和Wang等[112]进一步研究了CdS在SAPS中的作用,证明CdS纳米颗粒在电子产生和能量传导中均发挥了重要作用。在此基础上,研究者进一步构建了光催化剂-蛋白笼-细菌三元协同系统[113]、量子点-分子催化剂-细菌级联体系[114]等生物杂合固碳体系。
除光能外,电能驱动生物固碳也是近年来的研究热点,主要有2条技术路线。(1)通过电催化过程将CO2还原为甲酸、甲醇、乙酸、乙醇等一碳/二碳化合物,进而通过微生物代谢将其进一步转化为长碳链化学品。(2)微生物细胞通过跨膜电子传递将电极电子直接传导到胞内并转化为细胞可利用的能量形式如ATP和NAD(P)H[115]。目前,第一种技术路线的发展相对更成熟。Hann等[116]利用铜催化剂电解CO2生成乙酸,乙酸进一步被酿酒酵母、食用真菌、莱茵衣藻或作物植物利用并转化为生物质,初步打通了从二氧化碳到食品的生产链条。Zheng等[117]结合晶界铜催化剂和固态电解质反应器,通过电催化将CO2和水合成高纯乙酸,进而以乙酸为碳源经酿酒酵母合成葡萄糖和脂肪酸等长碳链分子。Cui等[104]设计制备了一种高稳定Cu/Cu2O电催化剂,通过电催化CO2还原产生甲酸,进一步与副球菌(Paracoccus sp.) MA5同化利用甲酸过程进行系统集成与适配,实现了CO2到单细胞蛋白的转化(图4B)。Liu等[118]以铋纳米线作为电催化剂,在多孔固态电解质反应器中将CO2转化为甲酸,并通过一系列酶促反应将甲酸转化为L-山梨糖。近期,Li等[105]开发了可在真实海水环境下稳定运行的电解装置,实现以较低的能耗高效捕获海水中的CO2,经电催化转化为高纯甲酸,再由工程化微生物转化为琥珀酸等平台分子(图4C)。除了电催化产生甲酸、乙酸等液态中间体,Guo等[106]利用碳负载铜催化剂将二氧化碳电催化还原为甲烷,后者通过甲烷微生物升级为高价值化妆品原料依克多因(图4D)。上述研究展示出电催化和生物催化相结合的模式在二氧化碳高效、高值转化方面的巨大潜力。
从自然发现到人工设计,合成生物学赋能的生物碳固定途径已经接近20条,相关的生物元件库和数据库也在不断扩大。这些研究不仅推动了重要科学问题的突破,也展现了生物固碳在生物制造、环境治理等领域的应用潜力。当然,当前人工固碳体系在效率和成本上还无法满足实际应用需求,下一步应重点围绕以下几个方面开展研究。
(1)挖掘或设计高效固碳酶元件。CO2是含碳化合物中最稳定的分子,固碳本质上是将CO2中高度氧化的碳原子还原为低价态的有机碳。这不仅需要输入大量ATP和还原力,还需要一个高效的固碳酶利用输入的能量对CO2分子进行活化和还原。然而,由于固碳酶元件较少,目前人工途径中的固碳酶仍然是天然途径中的固碳酶或从自然界挖掘到的新固碳酶。这些固碳酶普遍存在底物亲和力差、固碳速率慢、对氧气敏感等问题。为此,下一步应致力于挖掘或设计新的高效固碳酶。一方面,自然界固碳微生物种类和分布广泛,是固碳酶的重要资源库,利用人工智能从全球宏基因组数据中有望挖掘到高效固碳酶;通过数据挖掘不断扩充固碳酶库,还可以为研究其构效关系奠定基础。另一方面,目前针对固碳酶的理性改造或人工设计研究非常匮乏,未来应围绕关键固碳酶,开展理性设计、定向进化、结构生成等研究工作。
(2)推动高效人工途径在胞内应用。目前,人工固碳途径的数量已经超过天然途径,但大部分人工途径尚未在体内实现功能。主要原因是人工途径与宿主本身代谢之间存在复杂相互作用,导致途径失效或特定酶活性降低,引发代谢网络失衡、调控网络冲突等问题[11,119]。针对此问题,可通过实验室适应性进化来平衡或协调外源途径与内源代谢。以CORE循环为例,其通过约190 d的连续传代培养,逐步降低培养液中的甲酸浓度,最终筛选出能在无甲酸条件下利用乙酰乙酸生长的突变株Evo4,倍增时间缩短至3.9 h;全基因组测序发现AtoA蛋白发生I25L突变,使得其在甲酰辅酶A条件下的相对活性较乙酰辅酶A提高了3-5倍,能更好地整合到CORE循环中;进化形成的质粒多聚体降低了MCR基因的有效表达水平,从而平衡了途径通量[93]。此外,通过敲除干扰人工途径的内源基因,构建基因组简化底盘,可以显著提升外源途径的兼容性[120-122]
(3)开发外源能量直接供给技术。光能和电能在代谢正交性和成本上优于化能供给方式。实现光能、电能的直接生物利用是解决生物固碳过程能量供给不足的优选方案,目前主要存在电子传递效率低和定向转化困难等问题。在光能利用方面,开发可高效内化到胞内的无毒半导体纳米材料是根本解决方案,内化后光电子可以直接被细胞利用。相较于光能,电能具有能量密度高的优势。为实现微生物细胞直接利用电能,需通过合成生物学手段对细胞被膜进行工程化改造,如引入跨膜导电蛋白、设计人工纳米导线或利用导电纳米材料构建跨膜导电通道,创建出高效电能细胞。此外,需考虑光电子或电极电子传递到胞内后如何定向转化为ATP或还原力,这是非生物能量与细胞代谢偶联的关键一环。
生物固碳是支撑地球生命活动的关键反应过程。近10年来,科学研究取得了许多重要突破,实现了从发现固碳途径到认识固碳反应,再到人工设计固碳体系的跨越,生物固碳正从为人所知转变成为人所用。随着合成生物学与人工智能等技术的快速发展与深度融合,未来将获得更高效的固碳酶,设计出更高效的碳固定途径,创造出更多具有实际应用价值的生物固碳体系,促进人工生物固碳在碳中和与绿色生物制造领域发挥更大作用。
  • 京津冀自然科学基金合作专项(25JJJJC0036)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32571657)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32201194)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260309
  • 接收时间:2026-04-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-09
  • 出版时间:2026-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-16
  • 录用日期:2026-06-08
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the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Natural Science Foundation Cooperation Project(25JJJJC0036)
京津冀自然科学基金合作专项(25JJJJC0036)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32571657)
国家自然科学基金(32571657)
国家自然科学基金(32201194)
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    1.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    2.中国科学院大学,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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