Article(id=1316714664365510717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260253, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1774540800000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1779465600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-23, onlineDate=1791858839360, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858839360, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858839360, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858839360, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5255, endPage=5269, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714665753825342, articleId=1316714664365510717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Inductive effects of animal sera on predatory organ formation in nematode-trapping fungi and analysis of key factors, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Animal sera have the potential to induce predatory organ formation in nematode-trapping fungi, while the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study systematically compared the inductive effects of different animal sera on predatory organ formation in nematode-trapping fungi, determined the optimal serum type and concentration, and identified and validated key synergistic active metabolites, aiming to provide a basis for elucidating the chemical signaling mechanisms underlying predatory organ formation and for applications in agricultural biocontrol. [Methods] D. dactyloides capable of producing constricting rings was used as the model strain. Horse, pig, sheep, and bovine sera at different concentrations were applied in induction cultures to determine the optimal induction conditions. Constricting ring development was monitored over time. Ring inflation was assessed by stimulation with 55 ℃ hot water, and trapping and digestion activities against Caenorhabditis elegans were further evaluated. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed for horse, pig, and bovine sera with different inductive effects, followed by differential metabolite screening and clustering analysis. Lyso-platelet-activating factor C-16(lyso-PAF C-16), linoleic acid (LA), and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) were subsequently tested in synergistic induction assays. [Results] All the sera were able to induce constricting ring formation, although their induction efficiencies differed markedly. Horse serum showed the strongest induction activity at concentrations of 0.5%-1%. A small number of constricting rings appeared at 48 h, and ring formation peaked at 72-96 h. Rings formed at 48 h could not be stimulated to inflate, whereas those formed at 96 h exhibited efficient inflation and effective nematode trapping and digestion. Metabolomic analysis revealed clear separation among serum groups and identified several candidate metabolites enriched in horse serum. Functional validation showed that GCDCA significantly increased constricting ring formation when combined with 1% horse serum, producing the strongest effect at 0.04 μmol/L. [Conclusion] This study establishes a robust induction system for constricting ring formation in D. dactyloides, clarifies the optimal induction conditions and time, and identifies GCDCA as a key synergistic factor that promotes constricting ring formation.

, authors=Qian WANG, Yifan SHI, Jinmao CHEN, Xinnuo LI, Depei WANG, Yue CHEN*, authorsList=Qian WANG, Yifan SHI, Jinmao CHEN, Xinnuo LI, Depei WANG, Yue CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yue CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 动物血清具有诱导捕食线虫真菌形成捕食器官的潜力,但具体作用机制尚不明确。系统比较不同动物血清对捕食线虫真菌捕食器官形成的诱导效应,明确最佳血清种类与浓度,并筛选和验证关键诱导因子,为阐明捕食器官形成的化学信号机制及其农业生物防控应用提供依据。 【方法】 以产收缩环的Drechslerella dactyloides为模式菌株,采用马、猪、羊、牛血清在不同浓度下诱导培养,确定最佳诱导条件;观察收缩环在血清诱导下的形成情况,并以55 ℃热水刺激检测其膨胀能力,同时验证其对秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)的捕获与消解功能。选取诱导效果差异显著的马血清、猪血清与牛血清开展非靶向代谢组学分析,通过差异筛选与聚类分析锁定候选代谢物,并选取1-O-十六烷基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱(lyso-platelet-activating factor C-16, lyso-PAF C-16)、亚油酸(linoleic acid, LA)、甘氨鹅去氧胆酸(glycochenodeoxycholic acid, GCDCA)进行验证。 【结果】 不同血清均可诱导收缩环形成,但诱导效率差异明显,马血清在0.5%-1%浓度下诱导效果最佳。诱导48 h可见少量收缩环,72-96 h进入形成高峰;48 h收缩环不能被刺激膨胀,96 h几乎均可膨胀并能有效捕获并消解线虫。代谢组学显示3类血清代谢谱显著分离,并筛选出多种在马血清中富集的候选代谢物。功能验证表明GCDCA与1%马血清协同可显著提升收缩环数量,且0.04 μmol/L效果最为显著。 【结论】 成功构建出稳定高效的D. dactyloides收缩环诱导体系,明确了最佳诱导条件与时间,并鉴定出GCDCA是马血清中一个有效的协同诱导因子。

, authors=王倩, 石祎凡, 陈金茂, 李欣诺, 王德培, 陈月*, authorsList=王倩, 石祎凡, 陈金茂, 李欣诺, 王德培, 陈月, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈月, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

王倩:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改;石祎凡:协助实验操作、论文修改;陈金茂:协助实验操作、数据处理;李欣诺:方案优化、数据收集;王德培:审阅文章、项目支持;陈月:研究构思和设计、论文修改和项目技术与经费支持。

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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2025, 26(6): 456-475., articleTitle=The roles of mitochondria in global and local intracellular calcium signalling, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1316829925068353899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, awardId=32400033, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32400033), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829925135462764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, awardId=32400033, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32400033), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316829915429843242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829915467591979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, companyId=1316829915429843242, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829915782164780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, companyId=1316829915429843242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津科技大学 生物工程学院,天津)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1316829921847128409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Predatory structures of nematode-trapping fungi. A: Adhesive network; B: Adhesive column with a trapped nematode; C: Adhesive knob with a trapped nematode; D: Non-constricting ring associated with adhesive knobs and a trapped nematode; E: Non-expanded and expanded constricting rings with a trapped nematode., figureFileSmall=EN/PnFhz/wmjTQi6R9eeQw==, figureFileBig=RTg26roo2Qx2WVgp0x74Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829921922625882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=图1, caption=捕食线虫真菌的捕食器官, figureFileSmall=EN/PnFhz/wmjTQi6R9eeQw==, figureFileBig=RTg26roo2Qx2WVgp0x74Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922023289179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of serum type and concentration on constricting ring formation in Drechslerella dactyloides. A: Number of constricting rings formed after 96 h of induction with different concentrations of serum (NF: Not found); B: Microscopic images of constricting rings induced by different sera at 1% (top) and 5% (bottom) concentrations (Arrows indicate typical constricting rings); C: Negative control treated with sterile water (H2O), showing no trap formation., figureFileSmall=9Iw/0kRJ26hLP4t3lKRc1Q==, figureFileBig=yiiW4PCcMIplzdUSwOw7Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922098786652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=图2, caption=血清种类与浓度对 Drechslerella dactyloides 收缩环形成的影响, figureFileSmall=9Iw/0kRJ26hLP4t3lKRc1Q==, figureFileBig=yiiW4PCcMIplzdUSwOw7Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922203644253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Time-dependent induction of constricting ring formation in Drechslerella dactyloides by 1% horse serum. A: Quantification of constricting rings formed at different time points after treatment with 1% horse serum (NF: Not found); B: Microscopic observation of fungal growth and trap formation at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours., figureFileSmall=Z+l9KDHF8qlYnGZQ615O+g==, figureFileBig=vk3Pe3cWHOexLh+Ft7PA9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922279141726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同诱导时间下1%马血清对 Drechslerella dactyloides 收缩环形成的影响, figureFileSmall=Z+l9KDHF8qlYnGZQ615O+g==, figureFileBig=vk3Pe3cWHOexLh+Ft7PA9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922371416415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Evaluation of constricting ring inflation and nematode-trapping capability. A: Percentage of inflated constricting rings after 48, 72, and 96 hours of induction with 1% horse serum (NF: Not found, no inflated rings observed; Representative microscopic images at each time point are shown; Arrow “a” indicates uninflated rings; arrow “b” indicates inflated rings); B: Inflated rings (black arrow) formed after 96 h induction successfully trapped nematodes (blue arrow) (Right panel shows magnified view of boxed area); C: At 24 h post-trapping, fungal hyphae were observed penetrating and degrading nematodes (blue arrows)., figureFileSmall=vGXQodv8FbK7RexxHWPCSg==, figureFileBig=reo060Qfqym3r9IYiVDrYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922480468320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=图4, caption=收缩环膨胀能力及对线虫的捕杀验证, figureFileSmall=vGXQodv8FbK7RexxHWPCSg==, figureFileBig=reo060Qfqym3r9IYiVDrYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922560160097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparative analysis of horse serum-induced trapping structures in different nematode-trapping fungi. Enlarged views of selected regions are shown below, with adhesive knobs and adhesive columns indicated by arrows., figureFileSmall=T1Lcc824xPqTep5/WUDzRw==, figureFileBig=7AMTpysIntUJW0vFqCDDpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922648240482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=图5, caption=马血清对不同类型捕食器官诱导能力的比较, figureFileSmall=T1Lcc824xPqTep5/WUDzRw==, figureFileBig=7AMTpysIntUJW0vFqCDDpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829922723737955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Differential metabolite analysis in positive ion mode. A: PCA score plot showing distinct metabolic profiles among HS, PS, and BS groups; B: Volcano plots of differential metabolites in HS vs. BS and PS vs. BS comparisons (*: P<0.05; |log2 fold change|>2); C: Venn diagram of significantly upregulated metabolites identified using stringent criteria (**: P<0.01; |log2 fold change|>4; VIP>1); D: Hierarchical clustering heatmap of the 8 overlapping upregulated metabolites; E: Violin plots showing the abundance of representative candidate metabolites across different serum groups (*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=3vanSgZD2skCcC6A/bhJWQ==, figureFileBig=U/g5vHnPc6uf19HFRSo9GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829924388876644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=图6, caption=阳离子模式下差异代谢物的筛选与分析, figureFileSmall=3vanSgZD2skCcC6A/bhJWQ==, figureFileBig=U/g5vHnPc6uf19HFRSo9GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829924481151333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Differential metabolite analysis in negative ion mode. A: PCA score plot showing distinct metabolic profiles among HS, PS, and BS groups; B: Volcano plots of differential metabolites in HS vs. BS and PS vs. BS comparisons (*: P<0.05; |log2 fold change|>2); C: Venn diagram of significantly upregulated metabolites identified using stringent criteria (**: P<0.01; |log2 fold change|>4; VIP>1); D: Hierarchical clustering heatmap of the 10 overlapping upregulated metabolites; E: Violin plots showing the abundance of representative candidate metabolites across different serum groups (*: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=AiSs+KQW+6m6D4aCImky2A==, figureFileBig=p0LFxhTxAdCoTWk4I07trw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829924565037414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=图7, caption=阴离子模式下差异代谢物的筛选与分析, figureFileSmall=AiSs+KQW+6m6D4aCImky2A==, figureFileBig=p0LFxhTxAdCoTWk4I07trw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829924690866535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=GCDCA synergizes with 1% horse serum to promote trap formation. A: Quantification of trap numbers under treatment with different concentrations of GCDCA (**: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ns: Not significant; NF: Not found); B: Microscopic images showing the formation of trapping structures under different treatment conditions (Arrows indicate constricting rings)., figureFileSmall=CARFhvFiPMSZyACxi9H+3w==, figureFileBig=x6wdgp0EEIb4+hdGrL7lhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829924770558312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=图8, caption=GCDCA协同1%马血清促进捕食结构形成, figureFileSmall=CARFhvFiPMSZyACxi9H+3w==, figureFileBig=x6wdgp0EEIb4+hdGrL7lhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829924837667177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Analysis of constricting ring induction by differential metabolites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsConstricting ring production at 96 h
1% HS+
0.03 ng/mL lyso-PAF C-16+1% HS+
0.05 ng/mL lyso-PAF C-16+1% HS+
0.1 ng/mL lyso-PAF C-16+1% HS+
1 ng/µL LA+1% HS+
2 ng/µL LA+1% HS+
4 ng/µL LA+1% HS+
0.02 µmol/L GCDCA+1% HS+
0.04 µmol/L GCDCA+1% HS++
0.08 µmol/L GCDCA+1% HS++
), ArticleFig(id=1316829924925747562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714664365510717, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

差异代谢物诱导收缩环形成分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentsConstricting ring production at 96 h
1% HS+
0.03 ng/mL lyso-PAF C-16+1% HS+
0.05 ng/mL lyso-PAF C-16+1% HS+
0.1 ng/mL lyso-PAF C-16+1% HS+
1 ng/µL LA+1% HS+
2 ng/µL LA+1% HS+
4 ng/µL LA+1% HS+
0.02 µmol/L GCDCA+1% HS+
0.04 µmol/L GCDCA+1% HS++
0.08 µmol/L GCDCA+1% HS++
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动物血清对捕食线虫真菌捕食器官形成的诱导作用及其关键因子分析
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王倩 , 石祎凡 , 陈金茂 , 李欣诺 , 王德培 , 陈月 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5255-5269
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5255 -5269
动物血清对捕食线虫真菌捕食器官形成的诱导作用及其关键因子分析
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王倩, 石祎凡, 陈金茂, 李欣诺, 王德培, 陈月*
作者信息
  • 天津科技大学 生物工程学院,天津
通讯作者:
陈月
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

王倩:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改;石祎凡:协助实验操作、论文修改;陈金茂:协助实验操作、数据处理;李欣诺:方案优化、数据收集;王德培:审阅文章、项目支持;陈月:研究构思和设计、论文修改和项目技术与经费支持。

Inductive effects of animal sera on predatory organ formation in nematode-trapping fungi and analysis of key factors
Qian WANG, Yifan SHI, Jinmao CHEN, Xinnuo LI, Depei WANG, Yue CHEN*
Affiliations
  • College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260253
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【目的】 动物血清具有诱导捕食线虫真菌形成捕食器官的潜力,但具体作用机制尚不明确。系统比较不同动物血清对捕食线虫真菌捕食器官形成的诱导效应,明确最佳血清种类与浓度,并筛选和验证关键诱导因子,为阐明捕食器官形成的化学信号机制及其农业生物防控应用提供依据。 【方法】 以产收缩环的Drechslerella dactyloides为模式菌株,采用马、猪、羊、牛血清在不同浓度下诱导培养,确定最佳诱导条件;观察收缩环在血清诱导下的形成情况,并以55 ℃热水刺激检测其膨胀能力,同时验证其对秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)的捕获与消解功能。选取诱导效果差异显著的马血清、猪血清与牛血清开展非靶向代谢组学分析,通过差异筛选与聚类分析锁定候选代谢物,并选取1-O-十六烷基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱(lyso-platelet-activating factor C-16, lyso-PAF C-16)、亚油酸(linoleic acid, LA)、甘氨鹅去氧胆酸(glycochenodeoxycholic acid, GCDCA)进行验证。 【结果】 不同血清均可诱导收缩环形成,但诱导效率差异明显,马血清在0.5%-1%浓度下诱导效果最佳。诱导48 h可见少量收缩环,72-96 h进入形成高峰;48 h收缩环不能被刺激膨胀,96 h几乎均可膨胀并能有效捕获并消解线虫。代谢组学显示3类血清代谢谱显著分离,并筛选出多种在马血清中富集的候选代谢物。功能验证表明GCDCA与1%马血清协同可显著提升收缩环数量,且0.04 μmol/L效果最为显著。 【结论】 成功构建出稳定高效的D. dactyloides收缩环诱导体系,明确了最佳诱导条件与时间,并鉴定出GCDCA是马血清中一个有效的协同诱导因子。

捕食线虫真菌  /  Drechslerella dactyloides  /  收缩环  /  马血清  /  代谢组  /  差异代谢物

[Objective] Animal sera have the potential to induce predatory organ formation in nematode-trapping fungi, while the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study systematically compared the inductive effects of different animal sera on predatory organ formation in nematode-trapping fungi, determined the optimal serum type and concentration, and identified and validated key synergistic active metabolites, aiming to provide a basis for elucidating the chemical signaling mechanisms underlying predatory organ formation and for applications in agricultural biocontrol. [Methods] D. dactyloides capable of producing constricting rings was used as the model strain. Horse, pig, sheep, and bovine sera at different concentrations were applied in induction cultures to determine the optimal induction conditions. Constricting ring development was monitored over time. Ring inflation was assessed by stimulation with 55 ℃ hot water, and trapping and digestion activities against Caenorhabditis elegans were further evaluated. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed for horse, pig, and bovine sera with different inductive effects, followed by differential metabolite screening and clustering analysis. Lyso-platelet-activating factor C-16(lyso-PAF C-16), linoleic acid (LA), and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) were subsequently tested in synergistic induction assays. [Results] All the sera were able to induce constricting ring formation, although their induction efficiencies differed markedly. Horse serum showed the strongest induction activity at concentrations of 0.5%-1%. A small number of constricting rings appeared at 48 h, and ring formation peaked at 72-96 h. Rings formed at 48 h could not be stimulated to inflate, whereas those formed at 96 h exhibited efficient inflation and effective nematode trapping and digestion. Metabolomic analysis revealed clear separation among serum groups and identified several candidate metabolites enriched in horse serum. Functional validation showed that GCDCA significantly increased constricting ring formation when combined with 1% horse serum, producing the strongest effect at 0.04 μmol/L. [Conclusion] This study establishes a robust induction system for constricting ring formation in D. dactyloides, clarifies the optimal induction conditions and time, and identifies GCDCA as a key synergistic factor that promotes constricting ring formation.

nematode-trapping fungus  /  Drechslerella dactyloides  /  constricting ring  /  horse serum  /  metabolome  /  differential metabolite
王倩, 石祎凡, 陈金茂, 李欣诺, 王德培, 陈月. 动物血清对捕食线虫真菌捕食器官形成的诱导作用及其关键因子分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5255 -5269 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260253
Qian WANG, Yifan SHI, Jinmao CHEN, Xinnuo LI, Depei WANG, Yue CHEN. Inductive effects of animal sera on predatory organ formation in nematode-trapping fungi and analysis of key factors[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5255 -5269 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260253
捕食线虫真菌(nematode-trapping fungi)是一类具有高度生态适应性的功能真菌,能够通过感知、捕获并消解线虫获取额外氮源,是自然生态系统中调控线虫种群数量的重要生物因子[1]。该类真菌兼具腐生与捕食2种营养方式:在线虫资源匮乏时以腐生方式维持生长,而当线虫密度升高时菌丝迅速特化形成捕食器官,实现对环境变化的快速响应与资源的高效利用[2-3]。植物寄生线虫被认为是全球危害最重的植物寄生线虫类群之一,可侵染4 000多种植物,每年造成的农作物经济损失约为1 730亿元,对农业生产构成严重威胁[4-5]。在此背景下,捕食线虫真菌因其特异的捕食能力、可直接作用于线虫,被视为有效的天然拮抗因子,替代化学杀线虫剂的理想候选[6]。捕食线虫真菌的核心生物学特征在于其能够将普通营养菌丝特化为结构和功能高度专一的捕食器官用于捕获线虫,主要有黏网、黏性分枝、黏球、非收缩环和收缩环等[7]。其中,黏网、黏性分枝和黏球依赖胞外黏性物质黏附并固定线虫,而收缩环则是一类高度特化的机械型捕食结构。当线虫进入环内后,收缩环可在0.1-1.0 s内剧烈膨胀,产生强大的机械力将线虫瞬间锁定,是目前已知捕食速度最快的捕食器官之一(图1)[8-9]。
捕食线虫真菌对线虫的捕杀过程通常包括线虫趋化、捕食器官诱导形成、识别与捕获以及侵染消解线虫等阶段[10-11],其中捕食器官的诱导形成是决定捕食效率的关键环节。除线虫本身的诱导作用外,越来越多的研究表明小分子代谢物、氨基酸或小肽等环境信号同样能够有效触发捕食器官的形成。例如,线虫分泌的蛔甙能解除6-甲基水杨酸对捕食器官形成的抑制,从而促进Duddingtonia flagrans产生黏网捕获线虫[12]。线虫提取物、培养滤液中也富含可诱导Arthrobotrys属真菌形成黏网的小肽或氨基酸成分(如“nemin”)[13-15]。Rosenzweig[16]发现天冬酰胺、天冬氨酸、缬氨酸和苯丙氨酸具有一定的诱导效果,对于肽类,含有缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和天冬氨酸的肽诱导产生的捕食器官最多。Lu等[17]发现赖氨酸合成通路敲除可降低Arthrobotrys oligospora捕食器官数量及摄食效率,提示氨基酸代谢对诱导过程具有调控作用。此外,Wang等[18]分离出可释放尿素的细菌,其代谢产物氨可作为信号分子诱导A. oligospora由腐生向捕食状态转变。Xu等[19]则证实在培养基中添加100 μmol/L脱落酸可显著提升捕食器官密度及捕食效率。近年来,多组学技术迅速发展,从复杂环境信号中解析活性成分成为揭示捕食器官诱导机制的有效途径。Zhou等[20]结合靶向/非靶向代谢组学与遗传学分析发现铁载体去铁铁色素参与A. oligospora捕器形成调控。
除了上述物质外,有研究提出马血清可诱导Drechslerella dactyloides产生收缩环[21],但尚未明确其最适作用浓度、关键活性成分及其对其他类型捕食器官的诱导效果。本研究以产收缩环的D. dactyloides为模式菌株,采用马血清、牛血清、羊血清和猪血清作为诱导剂,系统比较不同血清的诱导能力,明确最佳诱导条件。通过非靶向代谢组学解析血清中可能参与诱导的关键活性小分子。本研究不仅建立了一种稳定、高效的捕食器官诱导方法,也为捕食线虫真菌对外源化学信号的感知与捕食器官分化机制提供了新的代谢学线索,并为其在农业线虫绿色防控中的机制驱动型应用奠定基础。
本研究所用捕食线虫真菌D. dactyloides分离自西藏墨脱土壤样品,菌种保藏编号为CGMCC 3.18198。其他真菌材料包括A. oligospora、Gamsylella cionopaga 3.6776和Dactylellina drechsleri 3.6773,C. elegans由南开大学资源与应用微生物团队惠赠。
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA) (g/L):PDA粉末39.0;水琼脂培养基(water agar, WA) (g/L):琼脂粉20.0;线虫生长培养基(nematode growth medium, NGM) (g/L):氯化钠3.0,蛋白胨2.5,琼脂20.0,121 ℃灭菌20 min,室温静置冷却后,依次加0.5%胆固醇1.0 mL,1 mol/L氯化钙1.0 mL,1 mol/L硫酸镁1.0 mL和磷酸盐缓冲液(1 mol/L, pH 6.0) 25.0 mL。
马血清、羊血清、猪血清,购自和元李记(上海)生物技术有限公司;牛血清,上海达特希尔生物科技有限公司;lyso-PAF C-16,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;LA,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;GCDCA,上海陶素生化科技有限公司;PDA,BD公司。
恒温培养箱,韶关市泰宏医疗器械有限公司;正置荧光显微镜,Olympus公司;台式离心机,Eppendorf公司。
D. dactyloides、A. oligospora、G. cionopaga、D. drechsleri菌株从甘油管接种至PDA平板培养基中,25 ℃下活化培养。C. elegans在涂布有大肠杆菌OP50的NGM培养基中生长,最适生长温度为22 ℃。
1%马(牛、猪、羊)血清:500 μL血清原液加入ddH2O定容至50 mL,60 mm平板中加入约5 mL。0.5%、2%、5%血清按相同比例配制。
Lyso-PAF C-16[22]:母液浓度为500 ng/mL,工作浓度为0.03、0.05、0.1 ng/mL;LA[23]:母液浓度为100 ng/µL,工作浓度为1、2、4 ng/µL;GCDCA[24]:母液浓度为1 µmol/L,工作浓度为0.02、0.04、0.08 µmol/L。
D. dactyloides在PDA培养基上培养约2周可获得大量孢子,将4-5 mL ddH2O加到平板中,涂布棒轻轻刮取孢子,Miracloth滤布过滤除去菌丝,孢子悬液于1.5 mL EP管中,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,浓缩至1 mL。取1 µL孢子悬液在显微镜下计数,将约1×104个孢子分别均匀滴加到含有不同浓度的马、牛、猪和羊血清稀释液的平板中,于96 h显微镜下观察收缩环形成情况,随机选取至少7个视野(40×)计数。A. oligospora、G. cionopaga和D. drechsleri在PDA培养基上培养约7 d可获得大量孢子,采用同样方法获得孢子悬液,将约1×104个孢子加到1%的马血清中,96 h后显微镜下观察捕食器官的形成情况。
如1.5节所述,D. dactyloides的孢子加到1%的马血清中,分别在诱导48、72、96 h后,使用55 ℃热水刺激收缩环[25],在显微镜下统计膨胀收缩环数与总数,计算膨胀率。取NGM平板上培养4 d的C. elegans,ddH2O漂洗后经500目网筛过滤获得纯净线虫,取2 μL计数。将在马血清稀释液中诱导96 h的菌丝挑取到新平皿中,加入约1 500条线虫,显微镜下观察捕获情况。
制备好的1%马血清、猪血清、牛血清分别取1 mL于1.5 mL EP管中,液氮速冻后干冰运输至北京诺禾致源公司进行非靶向代谢组检测。原始数据经质量控制与预处理后,使用R语言进行后续统计分析。首先进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA),使用prcomp函数对样本间代谢物表达数据进行降维处理,评估不同血清组样本间的整体代谢差异与聚类分布情况;利用limma包对各组间代谢物进行差异分析,筛选差异代谢物,通过火山图展示差异代谢物的上调、下调分布情况,通过Venn图展示其交集与特异性;选取显著差异代谢物,标准化表达数据(Z-score),使用pheatmap绘制热图,展示其在不同组样本间的表达模式,进行热图聚类分析,并进一步对筛选出的关键代谢物进行单独统计分析,使用ggplot2包绘制小提琴图展示其在不同组间的表达丰度变化。
将孢子接种至WA平板25 ℃培养5 d后获得菌丝,将牛津杯置于平板中,加入不同浓度的代谢物与1%马血清混合液,或仅加入相应浓度的代谢物(对照组仅含1%马血清),25 ℃培养96 h后观察收缩环形成情况。
所有实验设置不少于3个重复,所得数据表示为平均值±标准偏差。GraphPad Prism 8用于作图,图中的星号表示使用双尾非配对Student’s t检验确定的统计显著性水平。
为验证马血清诱导D. dactyloides产生收缩环的能力是否具有特异性,选取牛血清、猪血清和羊血清作为对照,比较不同来源血清的诱导效果及其最适诱导浓度。结果表明4种血清均能在一定程度上诱导收缩环的产生,但诱导效率存在明显差异。其中,马血清诱导效果最为显著,0.5%和1%浓度下诱导效果最佳,在显微镜下可观察到大量收缩环;猪血清和羊血清次之,0.5%和1%浓度下也能诱导较多收缩环,但总体诱导能力低于马血清;牛血清诱导效果最弱,各浓度下均诱导少量收缩环形成;随着浓度升高,各血清的诱导能力均下降(图2A、2B),表明高浓度可能对诱导产生抑制作用。在ddH2O处理的空白对照组中未观察到收缩环形成(图2C)。综上所述,不同来源血清均具有一定的诱导能力,其中马血清诱导效果最强,且在0.5%和1%浓度下效果较好。考虑到1%马血清制备简便且诱导效果稳定,后续实验均采用1%马血清作为诱导D. dactyloides形成收缩环的最适条件。
在明确1%马血清为诱导D. dactyloides形成收缩环的最适浓度后,进一步观察其诱导过程中不同时间点孢子萌发与收缩环形成情况以明确收缩环形成的最佳诱导时间。结果显示,孢子在加入1%马血清后于12 h开始萌发,形成短小而稀疏的菌丝;24 h时菌丝继续伸长且出现分枝,但尚未观察到收缩环结构;48 h时菌丝快速生长,个别视野中可见极少量收缩环;72 h时收缩环数量明显增加;96 h时可见菌丝呈密集缠绕状,单个视野中最高可观察到约45个收缩环,数量显著上升(图3A、3B)。综合分析表明,1%马血清处理72-96 h为收缩环形成的高峰时期,是后续诱导观察的最佳时间窗口。
已有研究表明,收缩环在形成后需经历一个发育成熟过程,只有成熟的收缩环才能被刺激膨胀,该膨胀反应可由线虫接触或55 ℃热水刺激诱发。首先通过热水刺激的方法,评估马血清诱导形成的收缩环的膨胀能力。结果显示,48 h时已有收缩环形成(图3A),但不能被刺激膨胀(图4A);72 h时部分收缩环可被刺激膨胀(图4A);至96 h时,几乎所有收缩环均可膨胀(图4A),说明96 h诱导获得的收缩环已基本成熟。进一步评估马血清诱导形成的收缩环对线虫捕杀能力,1%马血清处理96 h后,收集形成大量收缩环的菌丝至新平板,加入约1 500条线虫,观察发现收缩环能够感应并迅速膨胀,捕获附近经过的线虫(图4B)。在线虫被捕获24 h后,可观察到收缩环处萌发的菌丝已穿透并开始分解虫体(图4C),表明该诱导条件下形成的收缩环具备完整的机械捕食和消化功能。
捕食线虫真菌可产生多种类型的捕食器官,除了收缩环外,还有黏网、黏性分枝和黏球等。为进一步探究其是否具有更广谱的诱导能力,本研究以产生不同类型捕食器官的真菌为材料,考察马血清对其他捕食结构的诱导效果。分别选用可产生黏球的D. drechsleri、可产生黏性分枝的G. cionopaga,以及可产生黏网的A. oligospora,在1%马血清条件下进行孢子诱导培养。结果发现,D. drechsleri能产生大量黏球,G. cionopaga能产生少量黏性分枝,而A. oligospora未见明显黏网形成(图5)。上述结果表明,马血清对捕食器官的诱导具有一定广谱性,尤其对收缩环、黏球和黏性分枝具有明显诱导效果,但对黏网的诱导能力有限。
前期实验表明,马血清、猪血清和羊血清可有效诱导捕食结构收缩环的形成,而牛血清诱导效果较弱,提示诱导效果较强的血清中可能含有更高丰度的诱导成分。为识别这些潜在诱导物,采用非靶向代谢组学对马血清(horse serum, HS)、猪血清(porcine serum, PS)和牛血清(bovine serum, BS)进行差异代谢物分析。
首先进行阳离子模式下的差异代谢物分析,对3组血清的代谢物进行主成分分析(PCA),结果显示每组样本在PCA图中聚集紧密,重复性良好,3组间分离明显,表明马血清、猪血清和牛血清的代谢谱存在显著差异(图6A)。基于*P<0.05,且|log2 fold change|>2的标准,马血清与牛血清比较共鉴定出253个阳离子差异代谢物(166上调,87下调),猪血清与牛血清比较鉴定出194个差异代谢物(118上调,76下调) (图6B)。进一步以更严格标准(**P<0.01, |log2 fold change|>4, VIP>1)筛选关键代谢物,并绘制Venn图,发现共有8种代谢物在马血清和猪血清中均显著上调(图6C)。这些代谢物主要富集于马血清,层次聚类分析结果进一步支持其丰度差异(图6D)。小提琴图显示,lyso-PAF C-16、2,3-dinor-prostaglandin F2α (dinor-PGF 2α)、illudacetalic acid、全顺式-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)和姜烯酮A (gingerenone A) 5种代谢物在马血清中高表达,在猪血清中中等表达,在牛血清中则极低(图6E)。这些代谢物可能为诱导捕食器官形成的关键因子。
在阳离子模式分析的基础上,进一步进行阴离子模式下的分析。PCA分析结果显示,3组样本在PCA空间中分别聚集且彼此分离,组内重复性良好,组间差异明显(图7A)。基于*P<0.05,且|log2 fold change|>2的标准,马血清与牛血清比较共鉴定出103种阴离子差异代谢物,其中52种上调、51种下调;猪血清与牛血清比较共鉴定出86种差异代谢物,其中50种上调、36种下调(图7B)。进一步以更严格标准(**P<0.01, |log2 fold change|>4, VIP>1)筛选关键代谢物,结果显示马血清vs.牛血清中特有上调代谢物16种,猪血清vs.牛血清中特有上调代谢物4种,2组共有上调代谢物10种(图7C)。对筛选得到的10种共同差异代谢物进行层次聚类分析,结果显示马血清、猪血清和牛血清之间代谢物丰度存在显著差异(图7D)。其中,皮质酮- 21-乙酸酯(corticosterone acetate)、5-羟基二十碳四烯酸(5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-HETE)、阿法多龙(alfadolone)、LA、GCDCA、trichodermatide A和硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate, IS)在马血清中显著富集,而在猪血清和牛血清中丰度较低,小提琴图进一步验证了上述结果(图7E)。这些代谢物可能为马血清中参与捕食器官诱导的重要候选因子。
为验证筛选出的差异代谢物是否具有诱导收缩环形成的活性,选取lyso-PAF C-16、LA、GCDCA等3种代谢物进行功能分析。在1%马血清中添加不同浓度lyso-PAF C-16、LA,收缩环的形成数量与单独使用1%马血清的对照组无显著差异,说明额外补充这2种物质并未进一步增强诱导效果(表1)。相比之下,当0.04 µmol/L GCDCA、0.08 µmol/L GCDCA与1%马血清协同作用时收缩环数量显著增加,且0.04 µmol/L GCDCA的诱导效果最为显著,但仅施加GCDCA时无法诱导收缩环形成(图8A、8B)。上述结果表明GCDCA不具有独立的诱导活性,而是与1%马血清协同作用,显著促进收缩环的形成。
捕食线虫真菌捕食器官的形成与调控机制一直是该领域的重要研究方向[26-27]。本研究表明,1%马血清可稳定诱导D. dactyloides形成收缩环,并且血清诱导形成的收缩环具备正常的机械捕食与消解功能。该结果不仅为收缩环诱导提供了可重复的实验体系,也表明血清中存在可触发捕食器官分化与成熟的关键外源信号或活性组分。不同动物来源血清诱导能力存在显著差异,马血清在0.5%-1%范围内诱导效果最强,猪血清与羊血清次之,而牛血清诱导能力较弱。该差异说明有效诱导可能依赖某些在马血清中更富集或更易被真菌感知的活性成分。与此同时,较高浓度血清诱导能力下降,可能是因为渗透压的改变、黏度或营养状态影响菌丝分化;也可能由于触发代谢与信号通路的负反馈,从而抑制捕食器官程序启动。
基于血清诱导差异,非靶向代谢组学分析筛选出多种在马血清中富集的候选小分子,其中GCDCA虽不具有独立的诱导活性,但与1%马血清表现出显著的协同促进作用,且在0.04 μmol/L条件下效果最突出,其可能属于“阈值型放大信号”或“增效信号”,而非单独即可完全替代血清作用的诱导物。另一方面,lyso-PAF C-16与LA的补充未进一步增强诱导效果,可能与其在血清中已达到功能阈值,或其发挥作用需要与其他因子协同有关,也提示“血清诱导”更可能是多组分共同作用的结果。
钙介导的信号通路是真核细胞中普遍存在的调控机制,其功能依赖于Ca2+浓度的动态变化[28-29]。在捕食线虫真菌中,Ca2+已被证实对捕食器官的形成具有关键作用。例如,Zhao等[30]敲低低亲和性钙吸收系统成员DhFIG-2后导致A. oligospora孢子和捕器数量显著降低;Chen等[31]提出的模型指出线虫对收缩环的压力可激活收缩环中的G蛋白信号,引起胞质中Ca2+水平升高,进而激活钙调蛋白并打开水通道,最终驱动收缩环膨胀;Zhao等[32]敲除钙调素转录因子基因DdaCrz1后发现D. dactyloides收缩环形成及膨胀能力降低。本研究发现的潜在诱导代谢物之一的GCDCA,作为一种结合性胆汁酸,已有研究指出其在细胞内积累可能引发Ca2+升高[24];Samartsev等[33]阐述了胆汁酸类物质能直接结合Ca2+形成中性复合物,使Ca2+能够自由穿过磷脂膜,显著加速Ca2+跨膜流动并重塑胞内钙稳态;同时,疏水胆汁酸也能促使内质网释放Ca2+。基于上述机制,进一步推测GCDCA可能通过模拟线虫诱导信号促进胞外Ca2+内流,或诱导内质网、液泡等胞内钙库释放Ca2+,快速提升胞质内游离Ca2+浓度,从而激活捕食线虫真菌的钙信号通路,进而调控与捕器形成相关的功能基因表达。因此,GCDCA可能是一种能够模拟线虫信号、激活钙信号通路并诱导捕食器官形成的新型外源性诱导因子。这一假设不仅与已有钙信号调控捕器发育的研究结论高度一致,也为理解捕食线虫真菌识别环境线索、启动捕食行为提供了全新的化学与分子机制解释。
与传统线虫诱导体系相比,血清诱导可在不引入线虫干扰的条件下获得富集捕食器官的样本,显著降低线虫残留、线虫代谢物以及潜在伴生微生物造成的背景噪声。这一优势使其更适合开展捕食器官的细胞学与结构生物学研究,例如膜、细胞壁、液泡及Ca2+相关探针染色,以及收缩环细胞超微结构的TEM/SEM观察等。因此,血清诱导体系不仅具有生物学发现意义,也可作为后续机制研究的重要实验平台。
捕食线虫真菌作为潜在的绿色生防资源,其捕食器官形成效率直接关系到其在农业线虫绿色防控中的应用潜力。血清及其关键代谢物(如GCDCA)可作为外源诱导因子,为提升捕食器官形成效率、优化诱导培养体系与应用策略提供新的思路。同时,这一发现为解析捕食器官诱导过程中的化学信号调控机制提供了重要线索,并为捕食线虫真菌在农业生物防控中的机制驱动型开发奠定基础。
本研究系统比较不同动物血清对捕食线虫真菌D. dactyloides收缩环形成的诱导效应,结果表明马血清诱导能力最强,0.5%-1%效果最佳,综合稳定性与可操作性确定1%马血清为最适诱导条件。马血清诱导的收缩环可完全膨胀并具备捕获、消解线虫的正常捕食功能。1%马血清对捕食器官的诱导具有一定广谱性,除收缩环外,还可明显诱导黏球和黏性分枝形成。非靶向代谢组学筛选出多种马血清富集代谢物,鉴定出GCDCA是马血清中一个有效的协同诱导因子,能与1%马血清协同诱导收缩环形成,且0.04 μmol/L促进作用最为显著。
尽管本研究成功建立了稳定高效的收缩环诱导体系,并鉴定出GCDCA为马血清中的有效协同诱导因子,但仍存在一定局限性。(1)马血清对黏网的诱导效果不佳,说明不同类型捕食器官在外界信号感知及形成调控机制上可能存在差异。(2) GCDCA是否为自然界中真实存在的捕食诱导信号尚不明确。可通过检测线虫体表分泌物、土壤浸提液中的物质以及测试GCDCA在土壤微环境中对真菌捕食器官的诱导效果进行验证。(3)虽然本研究证实GCDCA是一个有效的协同诱导因子,能够与马血清协同促进收缩环形成,但其具体作用靶点及下游调控机制尚未明晰,尤其是其与Ca2+信号之间的因果关系需进一步阐明。后续可通过Ca2+探针成像、Ca2+螯合剂与通道抑制剂干预等策略[34-35]验证GCDCA是否通过增强胞内钙信号启动收缩环发育。未来可在本研究建立的血清诱导体系基础上,结合转录组学、蛋白质组学及基因敲除等手段,重点围绕钙信号通路、膜转运蛋白及转录调控相关基因,系统解析从GCDCA感知到收缩环形成的完整信号转导通路,从而加深对捕食线虫真菌捕食器官形成机制的认识,并为其在生物防控中的应用提供更坚实的理论基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32400033)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260253
  • 接收时间:2026-03-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-27
  • 录用日期:2026-05-23
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(32400033)
国家自然科学基金(32400033)
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    天津科技大学 生物工程学院,天津

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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