Article(id=1297571050955493723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260241, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1774281600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1778169600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineDate=1787294646252, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294646252, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294646252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294646252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4076, endPage=4096, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571051190374748, articleId=1297571050955493723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Inflammatory signaling and pyroptosis mediate the mucosal adjuvant effect of
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin subunits, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective] The heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is widely recognized as a potent mucosal immunoadjuvant. However, the mechanisms underlying its interaction with host epithelial cells remain incompletely understood, which makes it difficult to separate its toxicity from its adjuvant activity. This limitation has severely hampered its clinical application. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the differential regulatory effects of LT and its A (LTA) and B (LTB) subunits on epithelial cells, as well as the mechanism underlying the initiation of their initial adjuvant activity. [Methods] The biologically active LTB, LTA, and its mutant LTA(R192G) were prepared via prokaryotic expression. Using the human small intestinal epithelial cell line FHs 74 Int and a mouse jejunal ex vivo intestinal segment model, we examined cell viability and apoptosis, analyzed inflammatory cytokine expression, and investigated changes in the NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. [Results] The three prepared proteins all possessed biological activity and could be effectively internalized by cells. LTB primarily induced early apoptosis, significantly up-regulated the expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and activated the NF-κB pathway. LTA triggered significant pyroptosis, specifically up-regulated the expression of IL-18 and IL-1β, and activated the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. The mutant LTA(R192G) exerted weakened effects but could still activate the NLRP3 pathway. [Conclusion] The adjuvant activity of LT stems from its subunits activating immune responses in epithelial cells through different mechanisms: LTB primarily promotes pro-inflammatory cytokine production via the NF-κB pathway, while LTA mainly relies on the NLRP3 pathway to induce IL-1β/IL-18 secretion and pyroptosis. This discovery not only reveals the initial molecular events of LT-initiated mucosal immunity, but more importantly, lays a solid theoretical foundation for developing novel, safe, and efficient mucosal vaccine adjuvants through targeted modification of LTA and LTB subunits.
, authors=Di LIU
1, 2, Qiancheng WANG
1, Hongping QIAO
1, 2, Xiaoying WU
1, 2, authorsList=Di LIU, Qiancheng WANG, Hongping QIAO, Xiaoying WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Di LIU, Xiaoying WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297571052373168487, articleId=1297571050955493723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=炎症信号通路激活与细胞焦亡介导大肠杆菌热不稳定肠毒素亚基黏膜佐剂效应, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】 热不稳定肠毒素(heat-labile enterotoxin, LT)是公认的强效黏膜免疫佐剂,但其与宿主上皮细胞的相互作用机制尚不明确,导致毒性与佐剂性难以拆分,严重限制了其临床应用。本研究致力于阐明LT及其LTA、LTB亚基对人上皮细胞的差异性调控,旨在揭示其初始佐剂活性的引发机制。 【方法】 通过原核表达技术制备具有生物活性的LTB、LTA及其突变体LTA(R192G)。以人小肠上皮细胞系FHs 74 Int和小鼠空肠离体肠段为研究模型,检测细胞活力与凋亡水平,分析炎性因子的表达差异,并探究NF-κB及NLRP3炎症小体通路的变化。 【结果】 本研究制备的3种蛋白均具备生物活性,可被细胞有效内化。LTB主要诱导早期凋亡,显著上调IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β、TNF-α的表达,并激活NF-κB通路。LTA则显著引发细胞焦亡,特异性上调IL-18、IL-1β,并激活NLRP3炎症小体通路。突变体LTA(R192G)作用减弱,但仍可激活NLRP3通路。 【结论】 LT的佐剂活性源于其亚基经差异化通路激活上皮细胞免疫应答,LTB主要经由NF-κB通路诱导促炎因子产生;LTA则主要依赖NLRP3通路诱导IL-1β/18分泌及细胞焦亡。该发现不仅揭示了LT启动黏膜免疫的初始分子事件,更为定向改造LTA与LTB亚基,研发新一代安全、高效的黏膜疫苗佐剂奠定了坚实的理论基础。
, authors=刘地
1, 2, 王前程
1, 乔宏萍
1, 2, 武晓英
1, 2, authorsList=刘地, 王前程, 乔宏萍, 武晓英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘地, 武晓英, authorNote=
作者贡献声明
刘地:研究构思、设计、论文撰写和修改;王前程:数据收集和处理;乔宏萍:论文撰写和修改;武晓英:实验设施与经费支持。
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1.太原师范学院 生物科学与技术学院,天然生物活性成分创制兽药工程中心,山西 晋中
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1.Center for Veterinary Medicine, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
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1.太原师范学院 生物科学与技术学院,天然生物活性成分创制兽药工程中心,山西 晋中
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1.Center for Veterinary Medicine, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
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1.太原师范学院 生物科学与技术学院,天然生物活性成分创制兽药工程中心,山西 晋中
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Lu X,
Zhang MX,
Ma YZ,
Li GH,
Zhao X,
Qian WS. Protective effect of
Limosilactobacillus reuteri-fermented yogurt on mouse intestinal barrier injury induced by enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli [J].
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,
2023,
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Purification and bioactivity characterization of LT subunit proteins. A: SDS-PAGE analysis of purified LTA, LTA(R192G), and LTB proteins [Lane M: Protein molecular weight marker; Lanes 1, 2: LTA protein; Lanes 3, 4: LTA(R192G) protein; Lanes 5, 6: LTB protein]; B: Native-PAGE analysis of LTB protein (Lane 1: Protein under non-denaturing conditions; Lane 2: Protein under heat-denaturing conditions); C: ELISA results for the binding of LTB protein to the GM1 receptor; D: Changes in intracellular cAMP levels after treatment of cells with LTA, LTA(R192G), and LTB proteins; E: Statistical analysis of mean intracellular fluorescence intensity; F: Cellular uptake of fluorescently labeled LTA, LTA(R192G), and LTB proteins (magnification: 200×). Data are presented as mean±SD, and significance is determined relative to the control group. *: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=8Fc7DnE/Ut9IfCL2v0YBew==, figureFileBig=2G4aFaQZZPMeAdo9VNFYMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571054852002191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
LT亚基蛋白的纯化与生物活性表征, figureFileSmall=8Fc7DnE/Ut9IfCL2v0YBew==, figureFileBig=2G4aFaQZZPMeAdo9VNFYMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055019774352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Effects of LT subunit protein treatment on cell morphology, viability, and apoptosis. A: Effects of LT subunit protein treatment on cell morphology (magnification: 200×); B: Effects of LT subunit protein treatment on cell viability; C: Effects of LT subunit protein treatment on cell apoptosis; D: Statistical analysis of apoptosis rate (Sum of early and late apoptosis; Yellow boxes indicate the percentage of early apoptosis); E: Western blotting analysis of GSDMD‑related proteins in apoptosis; F: Statistical analysis of Western blotting band gray values. Data are presented as mean±SD, and significance is determined relative to the control group. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=itOYT1tSV9/F1kKTeIUiXg==, figureFileBig=KGEtA77wCe8FpW6Z91MPng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055091077521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
LT亚基蛋白处理对细胞形态、活力及凋亡的影响, figureFileSmall=itOYT1tSV9/F1kKTeIUiXg==, figureFileBig=KGEtA77wCe8FpW6Z91MPng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055162380690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Effects of LT subunit proteins on the expression of intracellular inflammatory cytokines and related signaling pathways. A: mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokine genes after treatment with LT subunit proteins; B: Changes in intracellular IL-1β content after treatment with LT subunit proteins; C: Changes in intracellular IL-18 content after treatment with LTA and LTA(R192G) proteins; D-F: Changes in intracellular IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α content after treatment with LTB protein; G: Western blotting detection of key proteins in the signaling pathway after treatment with the subunit protein; H: Statistical analysis of band gray values for Figure G; I: Western blotting detection of key proteins in the signaling pathway after inhibitor treatment; J: Statistical analysis of band gray values for Figure I; K: Western blotting detection of key proteins in the signaling pathway after swapping the proteins; L: Statistical analysis of band gray values for Figure K. Data are presented as mean±SD. In significance analysis, Figure J represents comparisons among experimental groups, while all other comparisons are relative to the blank control group. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; -: No target protein; +: Low amount; ++: High amount., figureFileSmall=f9GTl82HnmFmQvbS5ptEMw==, figureFileBig=0VRNkX3WRQ7SVu4fyTHp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055229489555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
LT亚基蛋白处理对细胞内炎症因子表达及相关信号通路的影响, figureFileSmall=f9GTl82HnmFmQvbS5ptEMw==, figureFileBig=0VRNkX3WRQ7SVu4fyTHp8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055321764244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Effects of LT subunit protein treatment on jejunal tissue morphology and inflammatory cytokine secretion in mice. A: Schematic diagram of the experimental protocol for the mouse ex vivo intestinal loop ligation model and LT subunit protein treatment; B: HE staining of jejunal tissue sections (magnification: 200×); C: TUNEL staining of jejunal tissue sections (magnification: 200×); D-H: Changes in IL-1β, IL-18, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in jejunal tissue following LT subunit protein treatment. Data are presented as mean±SD, and significance is determined relative to the control group. *: P<0.05, ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=/YL0QLNT6GlTY7WtL+Ms9A==, figureFileBig=DmMUGYahd8MRNtlEPUwSWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055388873109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
LT亚基蛋白处理对小鼠空肠组织形态及炎症因子分泌的影响, figureFileSmall=/YL0QLNT6GlTY7WtL+Ms9A==, figureFileBig=DmMUGYahd8MRNtlEPUwSWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055464370582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which LTA and LTB subunits regulate epithelial cell immunity. In the epithelial immune response, the LTB subunit functions by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, while the LTA subunit acts through the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway., figureFileSmall=lZ2a28nULF02igJAVnlssA==, figureFileBig=433CUVRJakogo3dZ5C7zRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055514702231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
LTA与LTB亚基调节上皮细胞免疫作用的机制示意图, figureFileSmall=lZ2a28nULF02igJAVnlssA==, figureFileBig=433CUVRJakogo3dZ5C7zRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571055606976920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Fluorescence quantitative PCR primer sequences for inflammatory factors
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Primer | Sequence (5′→3′) | Amplification length/bp | References |
|---|
| IL-1β | F | AGGCTGCTCTGGGATTCTCT | 236 | [15] |
| R | CCCTTGCTGTAGTGGTGGTC |
| IL-6 | F | GTGTGAAAGCAGCAAAGAGGC | 234 | [16] |
| R | TGCAGGAACTGGATCAGGACT |
| IL-8 | F | CTGCGCCAACACAGAAATTA | 234 | [15] |
| R | CATCTGGCAACCCTACAACA |
| IL-18 | F | CAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATT | 255 | [17] |
| R | TCCTGGGACACTTCTCTGAA |
| TNF-α | F | ATGAGCACTGAAAGCATGATCC | 217 | [18] |
| R | GAGGGCTGATTAGAGAGAGGTC |
| β-actin | F | CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC | 250 | [19] |
| R | CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT |
), ArticleFig(id=1297571055678280089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571050955493723, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
炎症因子荧光定量PCR引物序列
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Primer | Sequence (5′→3′) | Amplification length/bp | References |
|---|
| IL-1β | F | AGGCTGCTCTGGGATTCTCT | 236 | [15] |
| R | CCCTTGCTGTAGTGGTGGTC |
| IL-6 | F | GTGTGAAAGCAGCAAAGAGGC | 234 | [16] |
| R | TGCAGGAACTGGATCAGGACT |
| IL-8 | F | CTGCGCCAACACAGAAATTA | 234 | [15] |
| R | CATCTGGCAACCCTACAACA |
| IL-18 | F | CAAGGAAATCGGCCTCTATT | 255 | [17] |
| R | TCCTGGGACACTTCTCTGAA |
| TNF-α | F | ATGAGCACTGAAAGCATGATCC | 217 | [18] |
| R | GAGGGCTGATTAGAGAGAGGTC |
| β-actin | F | CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC | 250 | [19] |
| R | CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT |
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