Article(id=1316714640588002227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260232, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1773936000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776355200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineDate=1791858833690, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858833690, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858833690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858833690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5205, endPage=5222, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714640814494644, articleId=1316714640588002227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Selective inhibitory effects of docosahexaenoic acid on oral bacteria, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To evaluate the inhibitory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on oral microorganisms and to elucidate the response patterns of the oral microbiota to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment, as well as the genomic features associated with the sensitivity or tolerance. [Methods] The minimum inhibitory concentrations of four PUFAs were determined for five common species of oral bacteria. The effects of PUFAs at different concentrations on planktonic growth and biofilm formation were assessed in both single-species and mixed-species culture systems. Human intervention and metagenomic sequencing were employed to analyze the impact of DHA on oral microbiota composition and the abundance of specific bacterial taxa. The DHA sensitivity of Fusobacterium pseudoperiodonticum isolates from saliva was compared, followed by whole-genome analysis. [Results] The inhibitory effects of the four PUFAs varied among bacterial species. In single-species cultures, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were sensitive, whereas Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia showed tolerance. In mixed-species cultures, the overall antibacterial effects were reduced. In the human intervention study, an 8-day mouth rinse with DHA did not significantly alter oral microbiota at the phylum level, while selectively modulating the oral microbiota at the genus and species levels, with increased relative abundance of Neisseria and Porphyromonas and decreased relative abundance of Prevotella. Dynamic monitoring indicated that DHA selectively influenced certain taxa over time, inducing a downward trend in F. nucleatum abundance. Strain-level analysis revealed differential DHA sensitivity among F. pseudoperiodonticum isolates, which was closely associated with variations in genes related to cell envelope and lipid metabolism (e.g., lapB, pilE, and ftsZ). [Conclusion] The inhibitory effects of PUFAs on oral pathogens exhibit species- and system-dependent heterogeneity. DHA selectively suppresses specific bacteria while maintaining the overall stability of the oral microbiota, and the strain-dependent variation in sensitivity may be associated with genomic characteristics. These findings provide new evidence for understanding the role of PUFAs, particularly DHA, in oral microbiota modulation and support their potential applications in this field.

, authors=Sihan LI, Jiaqi YANG, Tian TANG, Qiuhan CHENG, Run WANG, Huimin FAN, Jinfeng WANG*, authorsList=Sihan LI, Jiaqi YANG, Tian TANG, Qiuhan CHENG, Run WANG, Huimin FAN, Jinfeng WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinfeng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 评估多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)对口腔微生物的抑制作用,揭示口腔菌群在二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)处理下的响应规律及其敏感/耐受相关的基因组特征。 【方法】 测定4种PUFAs对5种常见口腔细菌的抑菌浓度,衡量不同浓度PUFAs处理下单菌及混合菌培养体系的浮游生长和生物膜形成能力,结合人体实验和宏基因组测序分析DHA对口腔菌群结构及特定菌种丰度的影响,并对假牙周梭杆菌(Fusobacterium pseudoperiodonticum)分离株进行DHA敏感性比较及全基因组分析。 【结果】 4种PUFAs对不同菌种的抑制作用存在差异,单菌体系中口腔链球菌(Streptococcus oralis)、变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)和牙龈卟啉单胞菌较为敏感,而具核梭杆菌和中间普雷沃氏菌则具有相对较高的耐受性;在混合菌体系中整体抗菌作用减弱。人体干预实验显示,DHA含漱8 d未显著改变口腔菌群门水平结构,但在属和种水平上具有选择性调控作用,例如奈瑟氏球菌属和卟啉单胞菌属等相对丰度升高,而普雷沃氏菌属下降。动态监测显示,DHA在时间尺度上选择性影响部分菌种,包括具核梭杆菌的丰度呈下降趋势。进一步的菌株水平分析显示,唾液来源假牙周梭杆菌分离株对DHA存在敏感性和耐受性差异,其响应差异与细胞包膜及脂质代谢相关基因(如lapB、pilE、ftsZ等)组成密切相关。 【结论】 PUFAs对口腔致病菌的抑制作用具有菌种和体系异质性,DHA在维持口腔菌群基本稳定的前提下选择性抑制特定细菌,其菌株间敏感性差异与不同基因组特征相关。本研究为理解PUFAs及DHA在口腔菌群调控中的作用及拓展其用途提供了新的证据。

, authors=李思寒, 杨佳奇, 唐甜, 程秋涵, 王润, 樊洄敏, 王金锋*, authorsList=李思寒, 杨佳奇, 唐甜, 程秋涵, 王润, 樊洄敏, 王金锋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王金锋, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

李思寒:论文撰写以及实验设计和执行;杨佳奇:数据整理与分析;唐甜:负责部分实验设计及执行;程秋涵:论文润色并指导实验工作;王润:论文润色并提供数据分析思路指导;樊洄敏:提供数据分析思路指导;王金锋:整体设计构思和指导,审阅和修改论文。

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Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2019, 17(7): 429-440., articleTitle=Type IV pili: dynamics, biophysics and functional consequences, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1316829885176328290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316829879866339364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829879878922277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, companyId=1316829879866339364, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829879887310886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, companyId=1316829879866339364, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国农业大学 食品科学与营养工程学院,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1316829884052254804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of four PUFAs on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of five common oral bacteria and a synthetic bacterial community. A: Growth curves of single-species cultures and the synthetic microbial community; B: Dose-response curves of PUFAs on biofilm formation. Five concentration levels (0-4) correspond to 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L for DHA, or 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL for ALA, ARA, and LA. Biofilm formation was expressed as a percentage relative to the control (0 μmol/L or 0 μg/mL). Data are based on six independent experiments., figureFileSmall=8iccu1hmk+m0QSRMHGEO+Q==, figureFileBig=5K2F/9xokuXoQXD5m7XKlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884131946581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=CN, label=图1, caption=四种PUFAs对5种常见口腔细菌及混合菌浮游生长和生物膜形成的影响, figureFileSmall=8iccu1hmk+m0QSRMHGEO+Q==, figureFileBig=5K2F/9xokuXoQXD5m7XKlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884220026966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Genus-level phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic composition of the human oral microbial community. Ca.: Candidatus (candidate taxon); uncl.: Unclassified., figureFileSmall=RJ8uVO/aEO2PrqEO3cR4uw==, figureFileBig=vzDbc9HaKeebjoOr1QgqJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884282941527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DHA干预前后人体口腔微生物群落属水平系统发育关系及分类组成特征, figureFileSmall=RJ8uVO/aEO2PrqEO3cR4uw==, figureFileBig=vzDbc9HaKeebjoOr1QgqJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884345856088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Differential microbial features of the human oral microbiota pre- and post-DHA intervention. A: Key differential genera identified based on VIP scores from PLS-DA analysis (Genera with VIP>1 are highlighted in red, while those with VIP≤1 are shown in gray). B: Relative abundance distribution of differential species ranked by effect size, showing the mean difference in relative abundance between post-intervention (Day 8) and pre-intervention (Day 0); positive values indicate an increase, while negative values indicate a decrease., figureFileSmall=P7bnVSHkE9kgBERagB5SHQ==, figureFileBig=KmtJ8MJilUIsRLlA5GJksw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884412964953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=CN, label=图3, caption=DHA干预前后人体口腔微生物群落差异菌群分析, figureFileSmall=P7bnVSHkE9kgBERagB5SHQ==, figureFileBig=KmtJ8MJilUIsRLlA5GJksw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884488462426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Temporal dynamics in the relative abundances of Streptococcus oralis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. A: Smoothed trajectories of fold changes in relative abundance; B: AUC calculated from individual trajectories. Data are based on six independent experiments. Statistical differences were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. **: P<0.01; ns: Not significant., figureFileSmall=Ej1uYU539D70rbL6AO1Axw==, figureFileBig=7BffGT0nwwxLY2Cr/UfaPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884547182683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=CN, label=图4, caption=口腔链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和具核梭杆菌相对丰度的时间动态, figureFileSmall=Ej1uYU539D70rbL6AO1Axw==, figureFileBig=7BffGT0nwwxLY2Cr/UfaPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884631068764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Screening of DHA-sensitive and -tolerant Fusobacterium pseudoperiodonticum strains from salivary isolates. A: Phylogenetic tree of isolated strains; B: Growth curves of 10 F. pseudoperiodonticum strains; C: Screening and validation of DHA-sensitive and DHA-tolerant strains based on peak OD600 inhibition rates. Data are based on six independent experiments. Statistical significance between sensitive and tolerant groups was assessed by two-tailed unpaired Welch’s t-test: * P<0.05., figureFileSmall=+wsVMU0Av7yTgoWOxk7CcQ==, figureFileBig=PKdwp08/obsaqrNBrTxd3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884698177629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=CN, label=图5, caption=唾液分离菌株及假牙周梭杆菌的DHA敏感与耐受株筛选, figureFileSmall=+wsVMU0Av7yTgoWOxk7CcQ==, figureFileBig=PKdwp08/obsaqrNBrTxd3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884769480798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Genomic features of Fusobacterium pseudoperiodonticum isolates. A: Genome maps of F. pseudoperiodonticum isolate FP04; B: Phylogenetic tree based on core gene sequences; C: Presence/absence matrix of genes involved in membrane/cell envelope and lipid metabolism; D: Abundance of differential genes in salivary metagenomic samples following DHA intervention. Data points represent gene abundance in each sample (n=3), with lines connecting paired measurements pre-intervention (Day 0) and post-intervention (Day 8)., figureFileSmall=oxjBeRO6BP45ZS23L/PPNA==, figureFileBig=UtUcrsebNME4jsl5Fm90uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884840783967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=CN, label=图6, caption=假牙周梭杆菌分离株的基因组特征, figureFileSmall=oxjBeRO6BP45ZS23L/PPNA==, figureFileBig=UtUcrsebNME4jsl5Fm90uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829884924670048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used for qPCR analysis of oral bacteria in saliva samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BacteriaPrimer sequences (5'→3')
16S rRNA V3[28]F: ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGT
R: TATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGC
S. oralis[29]F: TTGGCTCAATTCCCTTTGAC
R: GTCCAAACAAGCCACCACTT
P. gingivalis[30]F: GGAAGAGAAGACCGTAGCACAAGGA
R: GAGTAGGCGAAACGTCCATCAGGTC
F. nucleatum[31]F: AGTTGCTCCAGCTTGGAGACCAAAT
R: AAGTTTACTTTTGTTAAAGTTTGTAATCTTCC
), ArticleFig(id=1316829885012750433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714640588002227, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于唾液样本中口腔细菌qPCR分析的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BacteriaPrimer sequences (5'→3')
16S rRNA V3[28]F: ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGT
R: TATTACCGCGGCTGCTGGC
S. oralis[29]F: TTGGCTCAATTCCCTTTGAC
R: GTCCAAACAAGCCACCACTT
P. gingivalis[30]F: GGAAGAGAAGACCGTAGCACAAGGA
R: GAGTAGGCGAAACGTCCATCAGGTC
F. nucleatum[31]F: AGTTGCTCCAGCTTGGAGACCAAAT
R: AAGTTTACTTTTGTTAAAGTTTGTAATCTTCC
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二十二碳六烯酸对口腔细菌的选择性抑制作用
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李思寒 , 杨佳奇 , 唐甜 , 程秋涵 , 王润 , 樊洄敏 , 王金锋 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5205-5222
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5205 -5222
二十二碳六烯酸对口腔细菌的选择性抑制作用
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李思寒, 杨佳奇, 唐甜, 程秋涵, 王润, 樊洄敏, 王金锋*
作者信息
  • 中国农业大学 食品科学与营养工程学院,北京
通讯作者:
王金锋
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

李思寒:论文撰写以及实验设计和执行;杨佳奇:数据整理与分析;唐甜:负责部分实验设计及执行;程秋涵:论文润色并指导实验工作;王润:论文润色并提供数据分析思路指导;樊洄敏:提供数据分析思路指导;王金锋:整体设计构思和指导,审阅和修改论文。

Selective inhibitory effects of docosahexaenoic acid on oral bacteria
Sihan LI, Jiaqi YANG, Tian TANG, Qiuhan CHENG, Run WANG, Huimin FAN, Jinfeng WANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260232
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【目的】 评估多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)对口腔微生物的抑制作用,揭示口腔菌群在二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)处理下的响应规律及其敏感/耐受相关的基因组特征。 【方法】 测定4种PUFAs对5种常见口腔细菌的抑菌浓度,衡量不同浓度PUFAs处理下单菌及混合菌培养体系的浮游生长和生物膜形成能力,结合人体实验和宏基因组测序分析DHA对口腔菌群结构及特定菌种丰度的影响,并对假牙周梭杆菌(Fusobacterium pseudoperiodonticum)分离株进行DHA敏感性比较及全基因组分析。 【结果】 4种PUFAs对不同菌种的抑制作用存在差异,单菌体系中口腔链球菌(Streptococcus oralis)、变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)和牙龈卟啉单胞菌较为敏感,而具核梭杆菌和中间普雷沃氏菌则具有相对较高的耐受性;在混合菌体系中整体抗菌作用减弱。人体干预实验显示,DHA含漱8 d未显著改变口腔菌群门水平结构,但在属和种水平上具有选择性调控作用,例如奈瑟氏球菌属和卟啉单胞菌属等相对丰度升高,而普雷沃氏菌属下降。动态监测显示,DHA在时间尺度上选择性影响部分菌种,包括具核梭杆菌的丰度呈下降趋势。进一步的菌株水平分析显示,唾液来源假牙周梭杆菌分离株对DHA存在敏感性和耐受性差异,其响应差异与细胞包膜及脂质代谢相关基因(如lapB、pilE、ftsZ等)组成密切相关。 【结论】 PUFAs对口腔致病菌的抑制作用具有菌种和体系异质性,DHA在维持口腔菌群基本稳定的前提下选择性抑制特定细菌,其菌株间敏感性差异与不同基因组特征相关。本研究为理解PUFAs及DHA在口腔菌群调控中的作用及拓展其用途提供了新的证据。

口腔细菌  /  多不饱和脂肪酸  /  二十二碳六烯酸  /  抑菌  /  敏感性

[Objective] To evaluate the inhibitory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on oral microorganisms and to elucidate the response patterns of the oral microbiota to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment, as well as the genomic features associated with the sensitivity or tolerance. [Methods] The minimum inhibitory concentrations of four PUFAs were determined for five common species of oral bacteria. The effects of PUFAs at different concentrations on planktonic growth and biofilm formation were assessed in both single-species and mixed-species culture systems. Human intervention and metagenomic sequencing were employed to analyze the impact of DHA on oral microbiota composition and the abundance of specific bacterial taxa. The DHA sensitivity of Fusobacterium pseudoperiodonticum isolates from saliva was compared, followed by whole-genome analysis. [Results] The inhibitory effects of the four PUFAs varied among bacterial species. In single-species cultures, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were sensitive, whereas Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia showed tolerance. In mixed-species cultures, the overall antibacterial effects were reduced. In the human intervention study, an 8-day mouth rinse with DHA did not significantly alter oral microbiota at the phylum level, while selectively modulating the oral microbiota at the genus and species levels, with increased relative abundance of Neisseria and Porphyromonas and decreased relative abundance of Prevotella. Dynamic monitoring indicated that DHA selectively influenced certain taxa over time, inducing a downward trend in F. nucleatum abundance. Strain-level analysis revealed differential DHA sensitivity among F. pseudoperiodonticum isolates, which was closely associated with variations in genes related to cell envelope and lipid metabolism (e.g., lapB, pilE, and ftsZ). [Conclusion] The inhibitory effects of PUFAs on oral pathogens exhibit species- and system-dependent heterogeneity. DHA selectively suppresses specific bacteria while maintaining the overall stability of the oral microbiota, and the strain-dependent variation in sensitivity may be associated with genomic characteristics. These findings provide new evidence for understanding the role of PUFAs, particularly DHA, in oral microbiota modulation and support their potential applications in this field.

oral bacteria  /  polyunsaturated fatty acids  /  docosahexaenoic acid  /  antibacterial activity  /  sensitivity
李思寒, 杨佳奇, 唐甜, 程秋涵, 王润, 樊洄敏, 王金锋. 二十二碳六烯酸对口腔细菌的选择性抑制作用. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5205 -5222 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260232
Sihan LI, Jiaqi YANG, Tian TANG, Qiuhan CHENG, Run WANG, Huimin FAN, Jinfeng WANG. Selective inhibitory effects of docosahexaenoic acid on oral bacteria[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5205 -5222 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260232
口腔菌群是人体最复杂的微生态系统之一,其稳态对于维持口腔及全身健康具有重要意义[1]。正常状态下,口腔内微生物通过彼此间及与宿主的持续互作共同维系着生态平衡。然而,当局部环境变化驱动菌群组成与功能发生偏移时可能导致菌群失衡,进而促进龋病、牙周炎等口腔疾病的发生发展[2-3]。在此过程中,微生物通常以生物膜形式定植于牙面和口腔黏膜表面[4],该结构不仅促进微生物黏附、定植及群体互作[5],还可增强其环境耐受性,从而加剧疾病发生风险、提高治疗难度[6-7]。由于口腔生物膜具有典型的多菌种协同特征,相关研究常采用混合菌培养体系(即由多种代表性菌株在体外构建的简化菌群体系),以在体外分析菌群间相互作用及其对外界干预的响应[8-9]。其中,变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)是重要致龋菌,其产酸、耐酸及生物膜形成能力与牙体脱矿密切相关[10];而牙周相关生物膜则更多表现为多菌种协同致病,牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)、具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)和中间普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella intermedia)等厌氧菌参与复杂生物膜形成及牙周组织破坏过程[11-13]。因此,如何调控口腔细菌及其生物膜形成已成为口腔微生态维护和疾病防治研究的重要方向。
当前,口腔致病菌相关疾病的治疗基本依赖抗生素或其他药物干预。尽管在疗效上可以达到防治目的,但由此带来的耐药性问题常引发担忧。对孕妇和儿童等特殊人群而言,用药的安全性和必要性格外引发顾虑,因此需要更加安全有效的途径。食源性物质中有许多具有抑菌活性的功能成分,其中饮食来源的多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)除了人们熟知的支持心血管健康、促进大脑与神经系统发育、抗炎与免疫调节等诸多功效之外[14-15],还被发现具有一定的抗菌及抗生物膜潜力[16]。研究表明,PUFAs可通过多种机制抑制微生物生长,包括破坏细菌细胞膜结构、干扰能量与脂质代谢以及影响生物膜相关信号过程。作为两亲性分子,PUFAs可插入细菌细胞膜,改变膜流动性和通透性,破坏膜完整性,进而扰乱电子传递链和氧化磷酸化,从而抑制细菌生长[17]。部分PUFAs还可影响群体感应、黏附及胞外聚合物形成,进而削弱细菌的生物膜形成和毒力表达[18]。
在口腔环境中PUFAs同样被认为具有潜在的抑菌和调控作用。长链ω-3 PUFAs,如二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA),不仅可抑制变异链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和具核梭杆菌的生长及生物膜形成[19-20],在体外多菌种牙周生物膜模型中同样表现出显著的抗菌及抗生物膜活性[21]。n-6 PUFAs,如花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid, ARA)和亚油酸(linoleic acid, LA)也可抑制变异链球菌生长并削弱其生物膜形成能力[22-23]。临床研究表明,高剂量ω-3 PUFAs辅助牙周治疗可改善患者微生物群落结构及临床指标,支持其对口腔菌群的选择性调控潜力[24]。这些研究提示,不同PUFAs不仅具有单菌抑制作用,还可能通过干预生物膜结构及群落互作,在口腔菌群中发挥选择性调控作用,从而为口腔疾病防治提供潜在策略。然而,目前关于PUFAs对口腔菌群的调控作用仍缺乏系统研究,尤其是不同口腔细菌的作用差异及其潜在遗传基础仍有待进一步阐明。此外,除物种水平差异外,同一物种内部的菌株差异也可能影响其对外界干预的响应,但相关研究仍相对不足。
本研究评估了4种PUFAs对5种常见口腔细菌浮游生长及生物膜形成能力的影响。所选菌种涵盖了口腔生物膜的不同功能类型,包括早期定植菌[口腔链球菌(Streptococcus oralis)]、主要致龋菌(变异链球菌)以及牙周相关条件致病菌(牙龈卟啉单胞菌、具核梭杆菌和中间普雷沃氏菌),以在体外模型中反映口腔微生态的多样性。在此基础上,围绕DHA对口腔微生物的选择性调控作用展开系统研究。鉴于DHA在体外实验中表现出较为稳定的抑菌效果,且作为典型n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,已有研究证实其具有抗菌及调节微生物群的潜力,本研究进一步开展了人体干预实验。通过宏基因组测序及qPCR定量分析探讨DHA对口腔微生物群落结构及特定菌种丰度的影响。在菌株层面,本研究分离了假牙周梭杆菌(Fusobacterium pseudoperiodonticum),比较不同菌株对DHA的敏感性差异,并结合全基因组分析初步探索其潜在遗传基础。本研究从菌群和菌株2个层面阐明DHA对口腔菌的调控特征,以期为进一步理解PUFAs在口腔菌群调控中的作用方式、探索其潜在的应用途径提供理论依据。
口腔链球菌(Streptococcus oralis) BS01-1、变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans) UA159、牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis) ATCC33277、具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum) ATCC25586以及中间普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella intermedia) ATCC25611均由本实验室保藏。
各菌株在含体积分数为10%山羊血清的GAM液体培养基中,37 ℃厌氧条件下培养;固体培养采用含体积分数为5%脱纤维绵羊血的GAM琼脂平板。厌氧环境通过厌氧产气袋建立,气体组成为O2≤0.1%、CO2约15%-20%。GAM培养基(g/L):䏡胨10.0,大豆胨3.0,酵母浸粉5.0,牛肉粉2.2,消化血清粉13.5,牛肝浸粉1.2,葡萄糖3.0,磷酸二氢钾2.5,氯化钠3.0,可溶性淀粉5.0,L-半胱氨酸0.3和硫乙醇酸钠0.3,pH为7.3±0.1。
在混合菌体系中,各菌株经24 h培养后按预设比例混合:口腔链球菌8%、变异链球菌2%、牙龈卟啉单胞菌2%、具核梭杆菌5%、中间普雷沃氏菌7%。上述比例主要参考口腔菌群中不同菌属的相对丰度分布趋势、生物膜形成过程中的生态位特征及预实验结果设定,用于构建混合菌培养体系[25-27]。
所用的PUFAs包括DHA、α-亚麻酸(α- linolenic acid, ALA)、ARA以及LA,均购自麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。各PUFA溶解于无水乙醇中制备储备液,再用GAM液体培养基进行二倍梯度逐级稀释,配制成所需浓度的工作液。
采用微量肉汤稀释法,将各菌株培养液稀释至OD600=0.1后,与不同浓度的PUFA工作液等体积混合,加入96孔板中孵育。最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)定义为肉眼观察下无可见细菌生长(即培养液无浑浊)的最低PUFA浓度。取MIC测定中未见生长的孔中的培养液接种于平板,继续孵育。最低杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)定义为未观察到任何菌落形成的最低PUFA浓度。
将细菌悬液与相应浓度的PUFA工作液按等体积混合,设置未处理对照组、乙醇溶剂对照组以及PUFA处理组。混合液于37 ℃厌氧条件下孵育,48 h内以固定时间间隔测定OD600值,以动态监测细菌生长。
将细菌悬液与等体积PUFA工作液加入96孔板中,37 ℃厌氧孵育48 h以形成生物膜。去除悬浮细胞,用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)洗涤3次。参考孙梦君等[19],使用3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴盐法[3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide, MTT]法评估生物膜的代谢活性:每孔加入200 μL 0.5 mg/mL MTT溶液,37 ℃避光孵育4 h,弃上清并加入100 μL二甲基亚砜溶解Formazan晶体,于490 nm处测定吸光度。生物膜形成率以未处理对照组为基准计算。
本研究为一项随机、安慰剂对照的人体干预试验,旨在评估DHA含漱对健康志愿者口腔菌群环境的影响。选择口腔健康人群作为研究对象,以减少基础菌群差异对干预效应评估的干扰。纳入标准为:受试者无龋齿、牙周炎等口腔疾病,身体及精神健康状况良好,无既往重大疾病史及药物过敏史,无系统性疾病或精神类疾病,且近6周内未使用抗生素或抗菌漱口水。共纳入20名口腔健康受试者,随机分为DHA组(n=10)和对照组(n=10)。DHA组每日含漱2 mL含100 mg/mL DHA的藻油溶液,对照组使用等量无菌水,每日1次,每次2 min。干预期间,受试者被要求避免使用其他口腔抗菌制剂、额外摄入DHA产品及参与牙科治疗。分别于干预第0、1、3、5、7、8天采集未受刺激的唾液样本,部分用于细菌分离培养,其余于-80 ℃保存以备后续分析。研究方案已获温州人民医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:伦审KY-202412-002),所有受试者在入组前均签署知情同意书。
使用Hi-Swab DNA提取试剂盒(天根生化科技有限公司)提取唾液总DNA。经分光光度法和1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测浓度、纯度及完整性。每个时间点均基于6个生物学重复进行检测。DNA浓度进行标准化后,以16S rRNA基因V3区为内参,通过qPCR测定口腔链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和具核梭杆菌的丰度,引物序列见表1。qPCR在QuantStudio 7 Flex Real-Time PCR System (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)上进行,反应体系使用ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)。反应程序:95 ℃ 30 s;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,共40个循环;95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 1 min,95 ℃ 15 s。相对菌丰度采用2-ΔΔCt方法计算,以干预前(Day 0)为基准。对丰度数据采用LOWESS平滑处理,并计算0-7 d的曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)以评估累积效应。
每组随机选取9名受试者的唾液样本,每3名随机合并为一个混合样本,每组共获得3个生物学重复(干预前:Day 0-A、Day 0-B、Day 0-C;干预后:Day 8-A、Day 8-B、Day 8-C)。提取各混合样本的总DNA后进行宏基因组测序。DNA片段化后构建PE150双端文库,在Illumina平台完成测序。原始序列使用fastp (v1.0.1)进行质量控制(去除接头、低质量及长度过短的序列)[32],然后比对至人类参考基因组(GRCh38)以去除宿主序列。采用MetaPhlAn (v4.1.1)进行物种分类注释及相对丰度计算[33]。基于物种丰度矩阵,使用R (v4.5.2)中的vegan包对微生物群落结构进行多样性分析[34]。此外,利用ropls包进行偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares-discriminant analysis, PLS-DA)[35],使用STAMP (v2.1.3)进行差异分析及可视化[36]。根据物种分类信息构建系统发育关系,使用iTOL (Interactive Tree of Life)在线工具(https://itol.embl.de/)可视化和注释[37]。
使用DHA干预前后收集的唾液样本进行细菌分离。配制含4.0 μmol/L L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐的PBS (0.22 μm过滤除菌),并以该PBS配制SYBR Green I母液(200×)。每3名个体的唾液合并为一个样本,取1 mL与等体积预冷PBS混匀,经4 ℃、500×g离心5 min去除杂质,取上清以4 000×g离心10 min沉淀细菌。将沉淀重悬于PBS,加入SYBR Green I (终浓度2×)避光染色15 min。染色后以4 000×g离心10 min洗涤2次,经40 μm细胞筛过滤。样品全程保持厌氧及避光,并尽快进行流式分选。
96孔板每孔加入100 μL GAM培养基(额外添加:体积分数为10%山羊血清、5 μg/mL血红素、0.5 μg/mL维生素K1),厌氧预还原24 h。使用BD FACSAria SORP流式细胞分选仪(BD Biosciences公司),SYBR Green I荧光通过FITC通道检测。以未染色细胞为阴性对照,在FSC/SSC图中设门以排除杂质和聚集体;随后在FSC/FITC图中对SYBR Green I阳性单细胞进行门控并分选。细胞以单细胞模式分选,确保每个液滴仅含一个细胞。分选后于37 ℃厌氧培养,出现菌落的孔用于传代至获得稳定菌株。
分离菌株的16S rRNA基因采用通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)进行PCR扩增以鉴定种属[38]。DNA模板提取:配制 10 mol/L NaOH和质量分数为10%的十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)溶液。取2 mL NaOH、80 mL无菌水、10 mL SDS混匀得到裂解液。取10 μL菌液与10 μL裂解液混匀,70 ℃裂解10 min,再加入80 μL无菌水,颠倒混匀。PCR反应体系(25 μL):金牌Mix ver.2 (北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司) 12.5 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1.5 μL,DNA模板1.5 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃ 10 min;98 ℃ 10 s,48 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 25 s,共10个循环;98 ℃ 10 s,52 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 25 s,共20个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测、纯化后Sanger测序(苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司)。利用BLASTn比对NCBI数据库,与参考序列相似度≥99%为种水平鉴定,95%- 99%为属水平鉴定。
细菌分离株的基因组DNA片段化后用于构建PE150双端文库,于Illumina平台测序。原始测序数据使用fastp (v1.0.1)进行质量控制,去除接头及低质量reads[32]。过滤后的高质量序列采用SPAdes (v4.2.0)进行基因组组装[39],并使用QUAST (v5.3.0)评估组装质量(contig数量、N50值、基因组大小及G+C含量等)[40]。基因组注释使用Prokka (v1.12),预测编码基因、rRNA和tRNA等[41],并通过Proksee平台(https://proksee.ca/)绘制基因组图谱。使用Roary (v3.12.0)识别核心基因和可变基因,经mafft比对核心基因后构建系统发育树,结合基因存在/缺失矩阵鉴定差异基因[42]。
统计学分析采用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2进行。数据以mean±SD表示,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。各实验所采用的统计方法及生物学重复次数详见图注说明。
为评估不同PUFAs的抑菌效果,本研究测定了DHA、ALA、ARA和LA对5种常见口腔细菌的MIC和MBC。结果显示,不同菌种的PUFAs敏感性存在明显差异[数据已上传ScienceDB数据库(www.scidb.cn),CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00065]。口腔链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌表现出较高敏感性(MIC低至25 μmol/L或25 μg/mL),而变异链球菌敏感性相对较低。相比之下,具核梭杆菌和中间普雷沃氏菌在最高测试浓度下(200 μmol/L或200 μg/mL)仍未达到抑制水平。浮游生长结果与MIC基本一致(图1A),口腔链球菌、变异链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌在相应MIC条件下生长被完全抑制,而具核梭杆菌和中间普雷沃氏菌在测试浓度范围内仍保持一定的生长趋势。
鉴于口腔致病菌在体内主要以生物膜形式存在,本研究进一步评估了PUFAs对各菌株生物膜形成能力的影响。生物膜代谢活性测定结果显示(图1B),具核梭杆菌仅在较高浓度DHA (100-200 μmol/L)处理下生物膜形成显著降低,而中间普雷沃氏菌未观察到显著抑制作用,PUFAs对另3种菌的生物膜形成则表现出显著的浓度依赖性抑制(P<0.05)。
为在体外模拟部分口腔菌群的生态特征,并评估PUFAs在群落水平的整体作用,本研究在混合菌模型中测试其抗菌效果。结果显示,在混合菌体系中PUFAs的抗菌作用明显减弱,所测浓度范围内未检测到明确 MIC,即使在最高浓度(200 μmol/L或200 μg/mL)处理下混合菌体系仍维持浮游生长(图1A)。进一步研究发现,PUFAs对混合菌体系生物膜形成无明显抑制作用,在较高浓度PUFAs处理下生物膜量反而显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,PUFAs在抑制5种常见口腔细菌的浮游生长和生物膜形成中表现出明显的菌种依赖性差异。口腔链球菌、变异链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌较为敏感,而具核梭杆菌、中间普雷沃氏菌及混合菌耐受性较高。
鉴于DHA在多种口腔细菌及混合菌中均表现出稳定且一致的抑制效果,本研究随即选取其作为后续研究对象,聚焦DHA干预对口腔微生物群落组成的影响。在DHA含漱干预下,受试者分别于干预前(Day 0)及干预后(Day 8)采集唾液样本,并进行宏基因组测序分析。结果显示,各主要菌门的相对丰度在干预前后均无显著变化(图2),菌群结构基本保持稳定。这一结果说明DHA干预未在口腔菌群高分类阶元上产生显著扰动,但不排除在较低分类水平上存在潜在的选择性变化。
为进一步评估DHA对唾液菌群的影响,本研究在属水平解析菌群组成的变化。PLS-DA分析显示,DHA干预前(Day 0)与干预后(Day 8)两组样本在主成分空间呈现一定分离趋势。有11个菌属在DHA干预前和干预后第8天的菌群结构区分中贡献最大,包括Hoylesella、消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)、奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)和卟啉单胞菌属(Porphyromonas)等(图3A)。不同菌属在主成分轴上的分布存在差异,表明各菌属对Day 0与Day 8样本间区分度的贡献不同。进一步基于效应量进行分析显示,与干预前相比,DHA干预后第8天奈瑟氏球菌属和卟啉单胞菌属相对丰度呈升高趋势,而普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、Hoylesella和Veillonella呈降低趋势。综合2种分析结果,奈瑟氏球菌属、卟啉单胞菌属及Hoylesella等菌属在干预前后的组间区分和丰度变化中均表现出较高贡献,提示其可能是响应DHA干预的关键菌属。
结合上述关键菌属及4种常见口腔细菌所属菌属(链球菌属、卟啉单胞菌属、梭杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属),进一步在种水平进行分析。结果发现,DHA干预后第8天微黄奈瑟菌(Neisseria subflava)、Porphyromonas bobii和缓症链球菌(Streptococcus mitis)相对丰度较干预前呈升高趋势,而产黑色素普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella melaninogenica)、苍白普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella pallens)及Hoylesella nanceiensis呈降低趋势(图3B)。由此可见,DHA干预虽未显著改变口腔菌群高分类阶元的组成,但在特定菌属和菌种(如奈瑟氏球菌属、卟啉单胞菌属、Hoylesella以及微黄奈瑟菌、P. bobii和缓症链球菌等)上具有选择性调控作用。各菌种的丰度变化趋势与所在属的水平基本一致,进一步支持DHA可能对特定微生物群体产生差异化影响,从而在一定程度上影响口腔菌群的组成结构。需要指出的是,上述调控效应整体幅度有限,且当前结果主要反映干预前后2个时间点的群落状态,尚不能外推至长期动态变化过程。
由于宏基因组分析仅比较了DHA干预前后口腔菌群在2个时间点的断面响应状态,因此本研究进一步对DHA组与对照组在整个干预过程中0、1、3、5、7 d采集的唾液样本进行定量,以动态监测3种代表性口腔细菌(口腔链球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和具核梭杆菌)的丰度变化。
在0-7 d的时间序列中,3种菌在DHA组与对照组间呈现出不同的动态变化模式(图4A)。口腔链球菌在2组中均呈上升趋势,对照组在早期升高后逐步增强,而DHA组虽在中期出现短暂下调,但总体仍维持在基线以上水平;牙龈卟啉单胞菌在对照组持续缓慢上升,而DHA组在整个观察期内基本保持稳定;具核梭杆菌在对照组早期升高后逐渐回落,而DHA组自干预初期即明显下降,并持续维持在较低水平。其中,口腔链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌在不同个体间的变化方向和幅度存在较大差异,而具核梭杆菌在DHA组中表现出较为一致的下降趋势。进一步对0-7 d累积效应(AUC)进行比较发现(图4B),口腔链球菌DHA组与对照组差异较小;牙龈卟啉单胞菌DHA组低于对照组但未达到显著性;而具核梭杆菌DHA组显著低于对照组,提示在干预过程中,具核梭杆菌在时间尺度上呈现一定下降趋势。综合上述结果,不同菌种在DHA干预下表现出差异性的变化模式:具核梭杆菌呈现较为一致的下降趋势,而口腔链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌的变化较为有限或个体差异较大,提示DHA对不同微生物的影响存在差异性,而非对所有菌种产生一致作用。
鉴于DHA调控口腔菌群具有物种选择性,推测不同菌株也可能对DHA存在差异性响应。基于此,本研究利用流式单细胞分选技术对人体唾液样本中的细菌进行分离培养,并开展菌株水平分析。本研究从6份唾液样本中分离得到176个分离株,经16S rRNA基因测序鉴定归属于5门17属36种(图5A)。其中,芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteriota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)分别占总分离株的40%、25%、15%、12%和8%。部分分离到的菌属,如梭杆菌属、卟啉单胞菌属和普雷沃氏菌属已知与口腔疾病相关。在上述分离株中,假牙周梭杆菌分离株数量相对较多,具备开展菌株水平比较分析的基础。因此,本研究从中选取10个分离株(Fp01-Fp10)进行生长曲线测定及DHA敏感性分析以评估菌株间响应差异。根据生长曲线测量结果(图5B),不同分离株响应DHA的模式存在明显差异,部分菌株生长受到显著抑制,而另一些菌株则表现出相对耐受。根据菌株在DHA处理下的生长抑制程度(包括OD600峰值及生长曲线变化趋势)进行相对比较,其中以OD600峰值抑制率作为主要判定依据,并结合AUC抑制率进行趋势验证,选取抑制程度差异较为显著的菌株进行分组分析。基于OD600峰值抑制率,从10株分离株中筛选出抑制程度较高的菌株作为DHA敏感组(Fp03、Fp06和Fp08),以及抑制程度较低的菌株作为DHA耐受组(Fp02、Fp04和Fp05)。其余菌株由于抑制程度处于中间水平,未纳入分组比较。本研究中敏感性分组基于菌株间相对抑制差异进行划分,旨在筛选代表性差异菌株用于后续分析,而非建立严格的定量阈值标准。敏感组的OD600峰值抑制率显著高于耐受组(P<0.05) (图5C)。在AUC抑制率分析中也呈现相似趋势,进一步支持基于OD600峰值抑制率的分组结果具有稳定性,并表明菌株间对DHA的响应存在差异。上述结果提示,DHA对假牙周梭杆菌的调控具有菌株特异性,该差异可能与菌株间的遗传或表型特征相关,但其具体机制仍有待进一步研究。
为探讨不同假牙周梭杆菌分离株与DHA敏感性差异相关的基因组特征,本研究对6株敏感或耐受分离株进行了全基因组测序与组装(图6A)。菌株基因组大小介于2.19-2.45 Mb之间,G+C含量为27.82%-28.11%。组装得到的contig数量为37-66条,N50值为86 828-123 388 bp,最大contig长度为239 490-427 513 bp。各菌株基因组G+C含量较为稳定,组装连续性良好。从6株菌的基因组数据中共鉴定4 144个基因簇,其中1 399个为核心基因,2 745个为可变基因。这些菌株在保留共有核心基因的同时表现出一定程度的基因组可变性。基于核心基因构建的系统发育树显示(图6B),耐受菌株与敏感菌株分别形成独立分支,提示2类分离株在系统发育上存在一定程度的分化。通过对可变基因进行功能注释,筛选出与细胞包膜结构、生物膜形成及脂质代谢相关的功能模块,并比较分析耐受菌株与敏感菌株以揭示2类菌株在这些功能相关基因上的差异(图6C)。在细胞包膜相关模块中,耐受菌株特有的shlB_2、icaB_2、lapB_1和pilE1基因(主要涉及细胞包膜结构维持、膜蛋白组装及黏附/生物膜形成)在敏感菌株均缺失;相反,ftsZ_1仅存在于敏感菌株。在脂质代谢模块中,dltA、kfoC和dltC特异存在于耐受菌株;而pimA、oatWY和rfaQ_3仅在敏感菌株中检测到(与细胞表面脂质及多糖结构修饰相关),并在基因组中呈连续分布。
本研究在DHA人体干预实验的唾液宏基因组数据中,对上述差异基因丰度进行了定量分析,其中耐受菌株特有的lapB、pilE和shlB在干预后第8天的样本中呈上升趋势,而敏感菌株特有的ftsZ呈下降趋势(图6D)。综上所述,不同分离株在细胞包膜及脂质代谢相关基因的组成上存在明显差异,宏基因组分析结果进一步支持了耐受菌株特征基因与DHA耐受性之间的潜在联系。
PUFAs因具有调节心血管健康、促进大脑与神经系统发育等功效而受到广泛关注。部分PUFAs能够抑制细菌生长并干扰生物膜形成[16]。然而,口腔微生物通常以生物膜形式定植,菌群之间存在着复杂的空间结构依赖与代谢互作关系,因此外源分子在复杂口腔菌群中的作用并不完全等同于单菌条件下的直接抑制效应。本研究在比较多种PUFAs抑菌作用的基础上进一步聚焦DHA对口腔菌群及常见口腔细菌的影响,证明其调控具有明显的选择性,在群落、物种及菌株层面均表现出差异化响应。上述结果共同表明,DHA在不同研究层级(体外模型、口腔菌群及菌株层面)呈现出相对一致的选择性调控特征,构成了由宏观到微观逐步深入的研究框架,有助于从菌群到菌株层面综合理解DHA的调控作用。因此,本研究所观察到的“选择性抑制”并非单一靶向作用,而更可能来源于不同菌种及菌株对DHA的差异性响应,以及由此引发的群落层面相互作用变化。
在多种微生物共存的口腔生态环境中,抗菌干预的作用效果不仅取决于化合物本身的直接抑菌能力,还受到菌群组成与结构、物种间相互作用以及局部微环境等多因素的共同调节[43]。处于生物膜或多物种群落状态下的细菌对抗菌因子的响应不同于单菌培养条件下的响应,这与生物膜基质形成的物理屏障及细胞间互作密切相关[44-46]。在本研究中,PUFAs在单菌培养条件下对不同菌种呈现差异性抑制,而在混合菌体系中其对整体生长状态及生物膜形成的抑制作用相对减弱,提示多菌相互作用可能在一定程度上削弱或重塑PUFAs对特定菌株的直接抑制效应。此外,合成菌群中不同物种的初始比例及其功能特征也可能在一定程度上影响整体响应,但本研究结果主要反映的是多菌互作背景下的综合效应。与体外观察结果相一致,在DHA人体干预实验中口腔菌群在门水平总体结构变化不显著,但在属和种水平表现出选择性响应。这种层级特异性的响应可能与群落内的代谢互补、信号分子交流及生物膜内微生物互作网络有关,这些因素能够在一定程度上缓冲外源分子的直接作用,使混菌体系及口腔环境中的生物膜群落呈现复杂的响应模式[47]。
在较高浓度PUFAs处理下混菌体系中的生物膜形成能力反而增强,这一结果提示PUFAs在复杂群落中的作用并非单纯抑制,而可能诱导群落层面的适应性响应。这一现象可能源于多菌间的协同作用,在压力条件下混合菌能够通过物种间互作和关键耐受菌的存在增强生物膜的形成能力及整体耐受性[48-49]。研究表明,外源脂质分子不仅可作为细胞膜应激因子,还可能通过影响细胞膜结构稳态及细胞代谢状态进而调节细菌黏附行为及胞外聚合物的分泌,从而影响生物膜的形成[50-51]。因此,在混菌体系中观察到的生物膜增强可能反映了菌群在应对外源压力时的一种适应性重塑过程。该现象来源于体外构建的简化多菌体系,其菌种组成及培养条件与体内口腔微生态存在差异,因此相关结果需谨慎解读,难以直接反映体内环境中的实际作用效果。另一方面,外源干预通过改变物种间竞争与协同关系促使群落结构重新组织,维持生态稳态。当部分敏感菌受到抑制,其生态位可能被其他更耐受或适应性更强的菌群填补,从而维持结构稳定。这种群落响应不同于传统广谱抗菌剂导致的整体崩解或多样性显著下降,更类似于通过耐受菌或功能冗余菌群替代实现生态稳态和群落功能连续性[52-53]。结合DHA体内干预所表现出的层级特异性群落响应,可以推测DHA在口腔微生物中的作用更可能体现为调节菌群互作关系和功能分化,而非直接抑制特定致病菌。这种相对温和且可调节的干预方式可能有助于在一定程度上缓冲外源压力并维持口腔菌群系统的稳定性。同时,人体干预结果显示,尽管部分条件致病菌在短期内存在丰度波动,但整体群落结构未发生显著失衡,且未观察到与口腔疾病相关的临床不良表现,提示该干预在研究条件下具有良好的安全性。
本研究证实,DHA在口腔微生物的物种水平与菌株水平均表现出显著的差异化调控效果。在口腔原位群落尺度上,尽管整体群落结构变化幅度有限,但同一菌属内不同物种间仍呈现出明显的响应差异。例如,在普雷沃氏菌属中,产黑色素普雷沃氏菌与苍白普雷沃氏菌的相对丰度在DHA干预下略有下降,而该属其他物种则相对稳定。口腔微生物对PUFAs的响应呈物种特异性,这种差异可能与不同物种的代谢特征及其在群落中的生态功能定位有关。在相同DHA处理条件下不同菌种的敏感性存在明显不同,这一结果与已有研究结论一致。Sun等[19-20]的研究显示,牙龈卟啉单胞菌对DHA高度敏感(MIC/MBC较低),具核梭杆菌在>100 μmol/L浓度下仍未完全抑制,而变异链球菌的敏感性介于两者之间(MIC/MBC值较高)。Ribeiro-Vidal等[21]在多菌属生物膜模型中进一步证实,DHA可显著降低多种菌的丰度并破坏生物膜结构完整性,但不同菌种受损程度各异。上述研究共同表明,不同口腔细菌在DHA作用下的敏感性具有菌种特异性。
具核梭杆菌在单菌培养中表现相对耐受,而在人体口腔原位环境中丰度则呈现动态变化。时间动态监测显示DHA干预过程中具核梭杆菌的丰度存在阶段性波动,并且在整个干预周期内DHA组与对照组之间出现了显著的累积差异。需要指出的是,AUC用于综合反映时间过程中的变化趋势,在个体差异较大的情况下其解释仍存在一定局限。对于体外实验中未表现出完全抑制,而在体内干预过程中呈现下降趋势的差异,可能与实验体系的不同有关。体内复杂微生态环境中,微生物间相互作用、DHA实际暴露条件以及菌株间差异等因素,均可能影响其最终表现。因此,该结果更适合作为趋势性参考,而非直接的因果关系证据。更为重要的是,培养实验通常基于单一参考菌株,而口腔环境中的具核梭杆菌实际由遗传背景与功能特征差异显著的自然菌株或亚种群体构成。既往研究表明,不同菌株在生物膜形成能力、毒力相关基因及代谢通路分布上存在明显异质性[54]。因此,同一物种内部存在显著功能异质性,这可能构成菌株间DHA响应差异的遗传基础。此外,本研究在假牙周梭杆菌中观察到明确的菌株特异性响应,提示同一物种内部对DHA的敏感性存在分化。作为口腔梭杆菌类群的重要成员,假牙周梭杆菌已在牙周炎相关的口腔微生物群研究中被报道[55]。不同分离株在DHA暴露下表现出敏感与耐受的分化,进一步表明同一物种内部对DHA的响应存在显著差异。综合来看,DHA在口腔微生物群中呈现明显的层级分化效应,从物种到菌株均表现出差异化响应,这提示菌株间遗传背景及相关功能基因组成的差异可能在其适应DHA干预的能力方面发挥重要作用。
本研究从基因组层面探索DHA选择性调控口腔微生物的潜在分子基础。不同假牙周梭杆菌分离株在细胞包膜及脂质代谢相关基因组成上存在明显差异,这些基因在敏感菌株与耐受菌株间呈现差异分布,提示其可能与菌株对DHA的响应差异相关,但具体功能仍有待进一步验证。耐受菌株中特有的shlB、icaB和lapB等膜相关基因参与细胞包膜结构维持、膜蛋白组装及表面多糖修饰[56-57],推测可能通过增强细胞包膜稳定性和屏障功能,提高菌株对脂质胁迫的耐受能力。此外,pilE1与IV型菌毛结构相关,可促进细菌附着及生物膜形成[58],从而提高菌株在脂质应激条件下的生存能力。相比之下,敏感菌株特有的pimA、oatWY和rfaQ等基因参与细胞表面脂质及多糖结构的合成或修饰,其中rfaQ参与脂多糖核心结构的合成,而脂多糖是革兰氏阴性菌外膜的重要组成部分[56]。这些结构变化可能影响外膜通透性或细胞表面理化性质,从而增加菌株对DHA诱导膜损伤的敏感性。值得注意的是,在DHA压力下,耐受菌株特有的lapB、pilE和shlB在唾液中的丰度呈上升趋势,这提示DHA可能选择性促进具有细胞包膜稳定性和生物膜形成能力的菌株在菌群环境中维持生存优势。需要指出的是,该现象主要反映基因层面的关联性变化,尚不足以说明耐受菌在群落中发生实际富集或带来潜在风险。因此,该结果可视为群落功能层面的变化趋势,而非直接的功能因果关系。从唾液宏基因组基因丰度变化的角度,该结果为理解DHA干预下口腔菌群响应的潜在遗传基础提供了线索,但仍需进一步实验验证。
本研究表明,DHA对口腔微生物的调控作用不仅受群落生态背景的影响,也与物种特征及菌株间遗传差异密切相关。综合体外筛选、人体干预及菌株/基因组分析结果,可以看出DHA在不同层级均表现出选择性调控特征,从群落结构到菌株差异均呈现出层级化响应模式。这一结果表明,DHA可能通过对特定微生物群体的选择性影响,在一定程度上调节口腔菌群组成。需要指出的是,本研究纳入的受试者数量有限,且在宏基因组分析中采用了混样策略。尽管该方法有助于降低个体差异带来的干扰,但也可能在一定程度上影响结果的个体代表性和精细分辨能力。其次,本研究的DHA干预时间较短,主要反映了其短期调控效应,长期影响及稳定性仍有待进一步评估。在机制分析方面,本研究对DHA耐受性的探讨主要集中于假牙周梭杆菌,尚未覆盖更广泛的口腔微生物,菌株获取范围仍有进一步拓展空间。未来可结合多种培养体系或优化培养条件以提升覆盖度。因此,获得的遗传学线索仍具有一定局限性,更适合作为机制探索的初步依据,而不宜直接外推至群落层面的生态变化。此外,本研究所构建的混合菌体系为体外模型,其菌种组成及接种比例为模型化设定,虽可在一定程度上反映菌群间的相互作用,但仍难以完全模拟体内口腔微生态的复杂结构及动态变化,且未对各菌种在共培养过程中的组成变化进行精细定量分析。未来仍需在更长期干预条件下,结合更多口腔关键物种,并通过基因功能验证、转录组或代谢组分析以及多菌种共培养模型等实验方法,深入解析DHA调控口腔菌群的分子机制,从而为精准干预口腔菌群、维护口腔健康提供科学依据。
本研究评估了PUFAs对5种常见口腔细菌及口腔菌群的调控作用,证明了PUFAs对不同口腔细菌的抑制作用具有明显的菌种和体系异质性,其中DHA在多种实验体系中表现出稳定且一致的抑制效果。在人体干预实验中,DHA未引起口腔菌群整体结构的显著改变,但选择性调节部分细菌的丰度,并在时间尺度上对关键菌表现出物种特异性影响。假牙周梭杆菌不同分离株对DHA的响应存在显著差异,该差异可能与细胞包膜结构及脂质代谢相关基因的存在有关。本研究从菌群和菌株2个层面揭示了DHA在口腔菌群中的调控特征,为进一步理解PUFAs在口腔菌群调控中的作用方式及其潜在应用提供理论依据。
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260232
  • 接收时间:2026-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-20
  • 录用日期:2026-04-17
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the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University
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    中国农业大学 食品科学与营养工程学院,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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