Article(id=1316714590994551388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1773763200000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1777046400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-25, onlineDate=1791858821867, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858821867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858821867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858821867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5038, endPage=5057, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714591451730525, articleId=1316714590994551388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Growth-promoting effect of a composite microbial inoculant for black soil on maize under chemical fertilizer reduction, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an important grain production base and the main maize-producing area in China, the black soil region in northeast China can utilize multifunctional plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to convert nitrogen and phosphorus into plant-available forms through nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization, thereby reducing chemical fertilizer input and promoting crop growth. [Objective] To systematically screen efficient multifunctional strains from the black soil in northeast China and evaluate their effects on soil fertility and maize growth under 20% nitrogen and phosphorus reduction through low-temperature (16 ℃) germination and pot experiments, thus providing excellent strain resources for developing microbial inoculants adapted to the black soil region in northeast China. [Methods] Functional strains were isolated from rice rhizosphere soil via selective media and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The plant growth-promoting traits of the obtained strains, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, were quantitatively determined. Furthermore, maize seed germination and pot experiments were carried out to systematically evaluate the effects of these functional strains on seed germination under low-temperature conditions (16 ℃), as well as on soil physicochemical properties and seedling growth indicators during the seedling stage, on the basis of which the potential of functional strains in improving soil quality and promoting crop growth was comprehensively evaluated. [Results] Two PGPR strains, Niveispirillum sp. YM6 and Bacillus sp. A03, were screened from rhizosphere soil and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Functional characterization revealed that strain YM6 exhibited both nitrogen fixation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production capabilities, while strain A03 displayed both phosphate solubilization and IAA production capabilities. Under low-temperature (16 ℃) conditions, inoculation with both YM6 and A03 achieved the best performance in promoting seed germination, with a germination rate of 49.00%, a germination index 51.44% higher than the control, and shortening of 0.18 d in the average germination time, demonstrating a synergistic growth-promoting effect superior to both single-strain treatments and ternary combinations. Pot experiments further demonstrated that compared with the reduced-fertilizer control (CK-R), the ternary combination YM6+A03+ZP (Penicillium bilaiae) significantly increased the maize plant height, total biomass, total chlorophyll content, and soil available phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen by 12.73%, 82.60%, 66.30%, 29.94%, and 30.03%, respectively. Notably, the binary combination YM6+A03 showed no significant difference from the full-fertilizer control (CK-F) in these indicators but increased them by 9.08%, 63.54%, 32.81%, 21.51%, and 15.31%, respectively, compared with CK-R, outperforming all single-strain treatments. These results indicated that YM6+A03+ZP exhibited a significant synergistic enhancement effect, capable of maintaining or even improving crop productivity under chemical fertilizer reduction. [Conclusion] Single-strain inoculation exhibited limited plant growth-promoting effects. The binary combination YM6+A03 under 20% reduced fertilization maintained crop productivity comparable to that of CK-F, whereas the ternary combination YM6+A03+ZP significantly outperformed CK-F in promoting maize growth while improving black soil nutrient status, holding promise for the development of region-specific microbial inoculants adapted to the black soil region in northeast China.

, authors=Chunli LIU1, 2, Yunjun ZHANG1, 2, Yunkai YU3, Lida WANG3, Yan ZENG2, Ying LIU2, Chunhui ZHANG1, *, Yanning ZHENG2, *, authorsList=Chunli LIU, Yunjun ZHANG, Yunkai YU, Lida WANG, Yan ZENG, Ying LIU, Chunhui ZHANG, Yanning ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunhui ZHANG, Yanning ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: ZHENG Yanning,
ZHANG Chunhui,
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东北黑土地是我国重要的粮食生产基地和全国玉米的主产区。多功能促生菌可以通过固氮解磷将土壤中作物难以利用的氮、磷转化为可吸收形态,从而减少化肥用量并促进作物生长。 【目的】 从东北黑土中系统筛选高效多功能菌株,通过玉米种子16 ℃低温萌发试验与盆栽试验评价其在减施20%氮磷条件下提升黑土肥力与促进玉米生长的作用效果,为创制适配东北黑土区生境的候选微生物菌剂提供优良种质资源。 【方法】 采用选择性培养基从水稻根际土中分离筛选多功能菌株;通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行分类鉴定;定量测定所获得菌株的固氮、溶磷及吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)合成等促生特性。在此基础上,以玉米为供试作物,通过种子萌发试验和盆栽试验系统评价功能菌株对低温(16 ℃)条件下种子萌发及苗期土壤理化性质和植株生长指标的影响,综合评估其对土壤质量提升与作物促生效应。 【结果】 筛选获得2株多功能根际促生菌,经16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为雪白螺菌属(Niveispirillum sp.) YM6和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.) A03。功能分析表明,YM6兼具固氮与产IAA能力,A03兼具溶磷与产IAA能力。低温萌发试验显示,复合接种YM6+A03效果最佳,发芽率达49.00%,发芽指数较对照提高51.44%,平均发芽时间缩短0.18 d,表现出优于单菌处理及三元复配的协同促生效应。盆栽试验进一步表明,三元复合处理[YM6+A03+ZP (Penicillium bilaiae)]的玉米株高、总生物量、叶绿素总量及土壤有效磷、铵态氮含量较化肥减量对照分别显著提高12.73%、82.60%、66.30%、29.94%和30.03%;双菌复合处理(YM6+A03)上述指标与全肥无显著差异,但较化肥减量对照分别提高9.08%、63.54%、32.81%、21.51%和15.31%,且优于单一菌剂处理。这表明复合菌剂(YM6+A03+ZP)表现出显著的协同增效作用,可在化肥减量条件下维持甚至提升作物生产力。 【结论】 单一菌株接种的促生效果相对有限,双菌复合处理(YM6+A03)在化肥减量条件下可维持与全肥相当的生产力,三元复合处理(YM6+A03+ZP)则显著优于全肥对照,在促进玉米生长的同时改善黑土养分状况,并展现出良好的微生物菌剂开发潜力。

, authors=刘春利1, 2, 张云君1, 2, 于运凯3, 王立达3, 曾艳2, 刘缨2, 张春辉1, *, 郑艳宁2, *, authorsList=刘春利, 张云君, 于运凯, 王立达, 曾艳, 刘缨, 张春辉, 郑艳宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张春辉, 郑艳宁, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

刘春利:负责实验设计,实验操作,数据分析以及撰写文章;张云君:参与实验操作和数据分析以及文章修改;于运凯:提供资源支持并提出稿件修改建议;王立达:提出稿件修改建议;曾艳:提出稿件修改建议;刘缨:负责稿件指导和修改;张春辉:提供实验指导并提出稿件修改建议;郑艳宁:负责实验设计,实验指导,结果分析以及稿件指导。

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Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 1983, 63(4): 671-678., articleTitle=Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi in various cultivated and virgin Alberta soils, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1316829877135852466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, awardId=XDA28030201, language=EN, fundingSource=Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28030201), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829877211349939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, awardId=XDA28030201, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA28030201), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316829870764704607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829870773093216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, companyId=1316829870764704607, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829870781481825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, companyId=1316829870764704607, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西农业大学 农学院,分子农业与生物能源研究所,山西 晋中)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829870848590690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829870852784995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, companyId=1316829870848590690, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829870861173604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, companyId=1316829870848590690, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829870911505253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829870915699558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, companyId=1316829870911505253, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829870924088167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, companyId=1316829870911505253, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.黑龙江省农业科学院齐齐哈尔分院,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1316829875407799196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Phosphate solubilization and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production by strains YM6, A03, and ZP., figureFileSmall=QMJ+jRY1GVAtDhZ6dAE2eA==, figureFileBig=Bme1il2zGPFNZPBdux8abw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829875474908061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株YM6、A03、ZP溶磷及产IAA能力, figureFileSmall=QMJ+jRY1GVAtDhZ6dAE2eA==, figureFileBig=Bme1il2zGPFNZPBdux8abw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829875575571358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains. Numbers at the branches indicate bootstrap values (only values ≥50% are shown); GenBank accession numbers are in parentheses; The scale bar 0.05 represents evolutionary distance., figureFileSmall=JVpAx5EKjmH8qeTmXzdCRw==, figureFileBig=w+7z2QPO/iqjKZVKldhkGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829875651068831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图2, caption=菌株基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=JVpAx5EKjmH8qeTmXzdCRw==, figureFileBig=w+7z2QPO/iqjKZVKldhkGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829875718177696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Antagonistic effects between strains. A: ZP and A03; B: YM6 and A03; C: ZP and YM6., figureFileSmall=PjbI9RzRbOueT9yQvXwDrA==, figureFileBig=kndSY5MBwpxseimVXn+ntA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829875810452385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌株间的拮抗作用, figureFileSmall=PjbI9RzRbOueT9yQvXwDrA==, figureFileBig=kndSY5MBwpxseimVXn+ntA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829875873366946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of different inoculation treatments on maize seed germination at 16 ℃., figureFileSmall=SU9SpEfKimekdbfZHOX7fw==, figureFileBig=yae+PyamgLhcoUSW36D5CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829875940475811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图4, caption=16 ℃下不同接菌处理对玉米种子萌发的影响, figureFileSmall=SU9SpEfKimekdbfZHOX7fw==, figureFileBig=yae+PyamgLhcoUSW36D5CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829875999196068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Maize seed germination index (A), germination rate (B), germination time (C). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05., figureFileSmall=8TIaC6ZI8B7ryRf5ZjViow==, figureFileBig=PGCypxB1FRCYyRx6NPS28w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876066304933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图5, caption=玉米种子发芽指数(A)、发芽率(B)和发芽时间(C), figureFileSmall=8TIaC6ZI8B7ryRf5ZjViow==, figureFileBig=PGCypxB1FRCYyRx6NPS28w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876141802406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of different treatments on maize growth., figureFileSmall=E6NRr7XpL7vcT+gooQOedg==, figureFileBig=xZUg/vS6TQGcfEcBT2USIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876229882791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理对玉米生长的影响, figureFileSmall=E6NRr7XpL7vcT+gooQOedg==, figureFileBig=xZUg/vS6TQGcfEcBT2USIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876309574568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Maize plant height (A) and leaf number (B). 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Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05., figureFileSmall=nRplNSYJxTAjX5QLeaFoCA==, figureFileBig=BsYyAxHir+i7WU6IAC2X0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876536066987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图8, caption=玉米株地上生物量和地下生物量(A)和总干重(B), figureFileSmall=nRplNSYJxTAjX5QLeaFoCA==, figureFileBig=BsYyAxHir+i7WU6IAC2X0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876607370156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Determination of chlorophyll content and carotenoids in maize leaves. A: Chlorophyll a, b; B: Total chlorophyll, carotenoids. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05, figureFileSmall=WKUx5u8GeR8kz9029UAvsg==, figureFileBig=rJvX+eEex5eSQ1A3Rm0vUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876678673325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图9, caption=玉米叶片叶绿素含量以及类胡萝卜素的测定, figureFileSmall=WKUx5u8GeR8kz9029UAvsg==, figureFileBig=rJvX+eEex5eSQ1A3Rm0vUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876749976494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Determination of ammonium nitrogen (A), available phosphorus content (B), and pH (C) in black soil. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P<0.05., figureFileSmall=SxhZkDxnCOpNJQLtoUT7HA==, figureFileBig=ZYLlH6n4B4XoDQEA990Wtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876825473967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=图10, caption=黑土中铵态氮(A)、有效磷含量(B)以及pH (C)的测定, figureFileSmall=SxhZkDxnCOpNJQLtoUT7HA==, figureFileBig=ZYLlH6n4B4XoDQEA990Wtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829876905165744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plant growth promotion potential of isolated strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsPhosphate solubilization/(mg/L)IAA/(mg/L)Nitrogenase activity/[nmol C2H4/(min·mg protein)]
YM6Not detected24.43±2.0340.54±1.03
A0315.27±0.771.57±0.16Not detected
ZP251.62±3.08Not detectedNot detected
), ArticleFig(id=1316829876980663217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714590994551388, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分离菌株的促生潜力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsPhosphate solubilization/(mg/L)IAA/(mg/L)Nitrogenase activity/[nmol C2H4/(min·mg protein)]
YM6Not detected24.43±2.0340.54±1.03
A0315.27±0.771.57±0.16Not detected
ZP251.62±3.08Not detectedNot detected
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黑土复合菌剂在化肥减量条件下对玉米的促生效应
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刘春利 1, 2 , 张云君 1, 2 , 于运凯 3 , 王立达 3 , 曾艳 2 , 刘缨 2 , 张春辉 1, * , 郑艳宁 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5038-5057
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5038 -5057
黑土复合菌剂在化肥减量条件下对玉米的促生效应
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刘春利1, 2, 张云君1, 2, 于运凯3, 王立达3, 曾艳2, 刘缨2, 张春辉1, * , 郑艳宁2, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西农业大学 农学院,分子农业与生物能源研究所,山西 晋中
  • 2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3.黑龙江省农业科学院齐齐哈尔分院,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔
通讯作者:
张春辉, 郑艳宁
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

刘春利:负责实验设计,实验操作,数据分析以及撰写文章;张云君:参与实验操作和数据分析以及文章修改;于运凯:提供资源支持并提出稿件修改建议;王立达:提出稿件修改建议;曾艳:提出稿件修改建议;刘缨:负责稿件指导和修改;张春辉:提供实验指导并提出稿件修改建议;郑艳宁:负责实验设计,实验指导,结果分析以及稿件指导。

Growth-promoting effect of a composite microbial inoculant for black soil on maize under chemical fertilizer reduction
Chunli LIU1, 2, Yunjun ZHANG1, 2, Yunkai YU3, Lida WANG3, Yan ZENG2, Ying LIU2, Chunhui ZHANG1, * , Yanning ZHENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Molecular Agriculture and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    *E-mail: ZHENG Yanning,
    ZHANG Chunhui,
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260229
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东北黑土地是我国重要的粮食生产基地和全国玉米的主产区。多功能促生菌可以通过固氮解磷将土壤中作物难以利用的氮、磷转化为可吸收形态,从而减少化肥用量并促进作物生长。 【目的】 从东北黑土中系统筛选高效多功能菌株,通过玉米种子16 ℃低温萌发试验与盆栽试验评价其在减施20%氮磷条件下提升黑土肥力与促进玉米生长的作用效果,为创制适配东北黑土区生境的候选微生物菌剂提供优良种质资源。 【方法】 采用选择性培养基从水稻根际土中分离筛选多功能菌株;通过16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行分类鉴定;定量测定所获得菌株的固氮、溶磷及吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)合成等促生特性。在此基础上,以玉米为供试作物,通过种子萌发试验和盆栽试验系统评价功能菌株对低温(16 ℃)条件下种子萌发及苗期土壤理化性质和植株生长指标的影响,综合评估其对土壤质量提升与作物促生效应。 【结果】 筛选获得2株多功能根际促生菌,经16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为雪白螺菌属(Niveispirillum sp.) YM6和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.) A03。功能分析表明,YM6兼具固氮与产IAA能力,A03兼具溶磷与产IAA能力。低温萌发试验显示,复合接种YM6+A03效果最佳,发芽率达49.00%,发芽指数较对照提高51.44%,平均发芽时间缩短0.18 d,表现出优于单菌处理及三元复配的协同促生效应。盆栽试验进一步表明,三元复合处理[YM6+A03+ZP (Penicillium bilaiae)]的玉米株高、总生物量、叶绿素总量及土壤有效磷、铵态氮含量较化肥减量对照分别显著提高12.73%、82.60%、66.30%、29.94%和30.03%;双菌复合处理(YM6+A03)上述指标与全肥无显著差异,但较化肥减量对照分别提高9.08%、63.54%、32.81%、21.51%和15.31%,且优于单一菌剂处理。这表明复合菌剂(YM6+A03+ZP)表现出显著的协同增效作用,可在化肥减量条件下维持甚至提升作物生产力。 【结论】 单一菌株接种的促生效果相对有限,双菌复合处理(YM6+A03)在化肥减量条件下可维持与全肥相当的生产力,三元复合处理(YM6+A03+ZP)则显著优于全肥对照,在促进玉米生长的同时改善黑土养分状况,并展现出良好的微生物菌剂开发潜力。

复合菌剂  /  种子萌发  /  氮磷吸收  /  玉米  /  促生作用

As an important grain production base and the main maize-producing area in China, the black soil region in northeast China can utilize multifunctional plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to convert nitrogen and phosphorus into plant-available forms through nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization, thereby reducing chemical fertilizer input and promoting crop growth. [Objective] To systematically screen efficient multifunctional strains from the black soil in northeast China and evaluate their effects on soil fertility and maize growth under 20% nitrogen and phosphorus reduction through low-temperature (16 ℃) germination and pot experiments, thus providing excellent strain resources for developing microbial inoculants adapted to the black soil region in northeast China. [Methods] Functional strains were isolated from rice rhizosphere soil via selective media and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The plant growth-promoting traits of the obtained strains, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, were quantitatively determined. Furthermore, maize seed germination and pot experiments were carried out to systematically evaluate the effects of these functional strains on seed germination under low-temperature conditions (16 ℃), as well as on soil physicochemical properties and seedling growth indicators during the seedling stage, on the basis of which the potential of functional strains in improving soil quality and promoting crop growth was comprehensively evaluated. [Results] Two PGPR strains, Niveispirillum sp. YM6 and Bacillus sp. A03, were screened from rhizosphere soil and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Functional characterization revealed that strain YM6 exhibited both nitrogen fixation and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production capabilities, while strain A03 displayed both phosphate solubilization and IAA production capabilities. Under low-temperature (16 ℃) conditions, inoculation with both YM6 and A03 achieved the best performance in promoting seed germination, with a germination rate of 49.00%, a germination index 51.44% higher than the control, and shortening of 0.18 d in the average germination time, demonstrating a synergistic growth-promoting effect superior to both single-strain treatments and ternary combinations. Pot experiments further demonstrated that compared with the reduced-fertilizer control (CK-R), the ternary combination YM6+A03+ZP (Penicillium bilaiae) significantly increased the maize plant height, total biomass, total chlorophyll content, and soil available phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen by 12.73%, 82.60%, 66.30%, 29.94%, and 30.03%, respectively. Notably, the binary combination YM6+A03 showed no significant difference from the full-fertilizer control (CK-F) in these indicators but increased them by 9.08%, 63.54%, 32.81%, 21.51%, and 15.31%, respectively, compared with CK-R, outperforming all single-strain treatments. These results indicated that YM6+A03+ZP exhibited a significant synergistic enhancement effect, capable of maintaining or even improving crop productivity under chemical fertilizer reduction. [Conclusion] Single-strain inoculation exhibited limited plant growth-promoting effects. The binary combination YM6+A03 under 20% reduced fertilization maintained crop productivity comparable to that of CK-F, whereas the ternary combination YM6+A03+ZP significantly outperformed CK-F in promoting maize growth while improving black soil nutrient status, holding promise for the development of region-specific microbial inoculants adapted to the black soil region in northeast China.

compound microbial inoculant  /  seed germination  /  nitrogen and phosphorus absorption  /  maize  /  plant growth-promoting effect
刘春利, 张云君, 于运凯, 王立达, 曾艳, 刘缨, 张春辉, 郑艳宁. 黑土复合菌剂在化肥减量条件下对玉米的促生效应. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5038 -5057 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260229
Chunli LIU, Yunjun ZHANG, Yunkai YU, Lida WANG, Yan ZENG, Ying LIU, Chunhui ZHANG, Yanning ZHENG. Growth-promoting effect of a composite microbial inoculant for black soil on maize under chemical fertilizer reduction[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5038 -5057 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260229
玉米是保障全球粮食安全的重要作物,广泛应用于食品、饲料生产等领域。中国是全球第二大玉米生产国,玉米种植面积约4 355万hm2,占全国粮食种植面积的36.8%,产量占全国粮食总产量的39.9%[1-2]。其中,东北黑土区是我国最重要的玉米生产基地,玉米产量占全国总产量的30.0%以上[3]。然而,该区域地处高纬度,春季低温冷害频发,严重影响玉米种子萌发和幼苗建植,成为限制玉米产量潜力发挥的关键因素[4-5]。
玉米源自热带和亚热带地区,对低温胁迫极为敏感,尤其在种子萌发阶段。低温(5-15 ℃)显著抑制种子萌发及根系发育,阻碍养分(水分、磷和微量元素)吸收,干扰V6期前茎尖分生组织正常分化,最终导致出苗不齐、苗势弱,产量降低[6]。根际促生菌(plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR)被认为是缓解作物低温胁迫、促进养分吸收的重要生物策略,可通过调控植物生理生化过程、促进养分吸收,有效缓解作物低温胁迫[7-8]。Jha等[9]证实在低温胁迫条件下,接种纺锤状赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus fusiformis)和球形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus sphaericus)能显著促进玉米植株的生长和生物量;Mishra等[10]在温室条件下发现,接种铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)可显著提高低温(8 ℃)胁迫下小麦叶片叶绿素含量。尽管已有研究证实PGPR在缓解作物低温胁迫方面具有积极作用,但现有研究多集中于常温菌株,对东北黑土区土著耐冷PGPR资源的挖掘及其在玉米低温萌发中的应用效果仍缺乏系统研究。
玉米的高产依赖充足的养分供给。作为典型的喜肥作物[11],玉米对氮、磷等矿质养分需求量较大。氮素是氨基酸、叶绿素和核酸的核心成分,直接参与光合作用、蛋白质合成及植株生长发育过程,常成为限制玉米产量提升的关键因子[12-14]。磷素是细胞膜磷脂、能量货币ATP及遗传物质核酸的必需组分,参与能量转移、信号转导及细胞分裂等关键生理过程。然而,土壤中的磷素有效性普遍较低,易被钙、镁、铁、铝等金属离子固定,形成难溶性磷酸盐,导致植物可吸收利用的速效磷不足全磷的5.0%。因此,全国约30.0%-40.0%的耕地存在缺磷问题[15-16]。
长期以来,化学肥料通过提供速效养分成为提升土壤生产力和保障作物产量的重要手段,但其过量施用已逐渐演变成制约我国绿色发展的突出难题[17]。长期过量施用化肥不仅会导致水体富营养化和大气污染等环境风险,还会加速土壤有机质分解,引起土壤退化、养分有效性下降,农业生态系统的健康与功能也随之受损[18-20]。因此,通过根际促生菌减少化肥投入、提高养分利用效率,成为实现“减肥增效”的重要策略[21]。生物肥料是含有活微生物或来自细菌和真菌等生物的天然代谢物,通过活菌或其代谢产物发挥作用,其在溶磷、有机质分解、固氮等方面已经得到证实,它们可以通过酸解、螯合、交换等反应将土壤中难溶的磷、钾形态转化为植物易吸收的形态[22-24]。多项研究证实了特定功能菌株的促生效应;Hansen等[25]发现在低肥力土壤中联合接种拜莱青霉(Penicillium bilaiae)和简单芽孢杆菌(Bacillus simplex)可显著促进小麦生长;Dobbelaere等[26]证实,在中低等氮肥条件下接种巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)对小麦和玉米的植株和根系均具有明显促生效果;聂鑫等[27]报道,辣椒接种特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)后根长、茎长等生长指标显著提高;史发超等[28]研究则表明,斜卧青霉(Penicillium decumbens)具有明显的解磷作用,能够显著提升玉米鲜重、干重、土壤有效磷含量以及产量。
本研究拟从根际土壤中分离、筛选具有溶磷、产吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、固氮功能的菌株,通过低温萌发试验验证其对玉米种子萌发及幼苗建成的促进效应,并通过盆栽试验揭示施用菌剂对玉米土壤肥力的影响,以期为低温条件下玉米促生菌剂的开发应用提供优良菌株资源和理论依据。
土壤样品采集自黑龙江省五常市(44°49′45″N, 127°3′25″E)水稻根际。盆栽试验黑土取自黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市克山县(48°0′36″N, 125°49′12″E)。土壤基本理化性质测定方法参照文献[29]方法测定,该土壤基本理化性质:pH 7.6,全磷(total phosphorus, TP) 669.6 mg/kg,速效磷(available phosphorus, AP) 99.0 mg/kg,速效氮(available nitrogen, AN) 76.7 mg/kg,总碳(total carbon, TC) 212.6 mg/kg,土壤有机质(soil organic matter, SOM) 167.7 mg/kg。
供试玉米品种为‘郑单958’,购自寿光春铭种子店。
对照菌株:高效溶磷真菌拜莱青霉(Penicillium bilaiae),命名为ZP,购自中国科学院微生物研究所,作为开展玉米种子萌发以及盆栽试验的对照菌株。
磷酸二氢钾,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;酒石酸锑钾、钼酸铵、甘露醇、钼酸钠,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;抗坏血酸,北京百灵威科技有限公司;硫酸镁,上海吉至生化科技有限公司;Bradford试剂盒、细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;2×M5 Semi-Fidelity PCR Mix,北京聚合美生物科技有限公司。
总有机碳总氮分析仪,Vario公司;紫外可见分光光度计,上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司;全自动工业分析仪,赛默飞世尔有限公司;岛津气相色谱GC-2014;高速离心机,Eppendorf SE公司;生化培养箱,Bluepard公司。
LB培养基(g/L)[30]:胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母粉5.0,NaCl 10.0,琼脂15.0,pH 7.0±0.2,121 ℃灭菌20 min;无氮培养基(g/L)[29]:甘露醇10.0,KH2PO4 0.2,CaSO4·2H2O 0.2,CaCO3 5.0,NaCl 0.2,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2,琼脂15.0,pH 7.0±0.2,115 ℃灭菌30 min;根瘤固氮培养基(g/L)[31]:磷酸氢二钾0.500,硫酸镁0.200,氯化钠0.100,甘露醇10.000,酵母提取物1.000,刚果红0.025,琼脂15.000,pH 7.0±0.2,121 ℃灭菌30 min;改良Döbereiner培养基(g/L)[32]:蔗糖10.000,苹果酸5.000,K2HPO4·H2O 0.100,KH2PO4 0.400,MgSO4·7H2O 0.200,NaCl 0.100,CaCl2·2H2O 0.020,FeCl3·6H2O 0.010,Na2MoO4·2H2O 0.002,琼脂15.000,pH 7.0±0.2,115 ℃灭菌20 min;无机磷培养基(g/L)[33]:葡萄糖10.00,硫酸铵0.50,酵母提取物0.50,氯化钠0.30,氯化钾0.30,硫酸镁0.30,硫酸亚铁0.03,硫酸锰0.03,磷酸钙5.00,琼脂15.00,pH 7.0±0.2,115 ℃灭菌20 min;YEPG培养基(g/L)[34]:葡萄糖10.0,蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,琼脂15.0,pH 7.0±0.2,115 ℃灭菌20 min;R2A Broth培养基(g/L)[35]:用于菌株活化培养(北京酷来搏科技有限公司)。
去除杂物后称取5.0 g土壤样品,加入45 mL去离子水,30 ℃、200 r/min浸提过夜。取10 mL土壤悬液,分别接入200 mL无机磷、根瘤固氮以及无氮培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min振荡富集48 h。随后以10倍梯度连续稀释至10-7,取10-3-10-7各100 µL涂布对应平板,每梯度3次重复,30 ℃倒置培养48 h。待菌落形成后,挑取形态差异单菌落划线纯化,获得纯培养物备用。纯菌株储存在25%无菌甘油中,于-80 ℃条件下保存。
将初筛获得的菌株进行纯化培养,以纯化后的单菌落为模板,采用细菌通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-CTACGGCTACCTTGTTACGA-3′)对16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增。反应体系(20.0 μL):2×M5 Semi-Fidelity PCR Mix 10.0 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,ddH2O 8.0 μL,模板DNA 1.0 μL。扩增程序:95 ℃ 3 min;94 ℃ 25 s,56-59 ℃ 25 s,72 ℃ 30 s,共30个循环;72 ℃ 6 min。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,送至北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司测序,所得序列与EzBioCloud数据库(https://www.ezbiocloud.net)进行比对[36],以确定其近似模式菌株。
取5 μL菌悬液分别点接于无机磷筛选平板,30 ℃培养72 h。观察菌落生长情况及透明圈产生情况,初步判断菌株无机磷溶解能力。
取数支50.00 mL离心管,分别加入磷酸盐标准溶液(5 μg/mL) 0.00、1.00、2.00、4.00、6.00、8.00、10.00 mL,加入5.00 mL钼锑显色剂后加蒸馏水稀释至50.00 mL。采用钼锑抗比色法[37]测定发酵上清液中的有效磷含量,以含磷量(mg)为横坐标、吸光度为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。将初筛中产透明圈的菌株以1%的接种量接种到无机磷培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养72 h后取样,8 000 r/min离心10 min,取2.50 mL上清,加入5.00 mL钼锑显色剂,蒸馏水定容至50.00 mL,室温静置30 min后于OD700下测定吸光值;同时用pH计测定其上清液pH。
采用乙炔还原法[38]测定固氮酶活性。首先对活化菌株进行预培养,按照1%的接种量将菌株接种到改良Döbereiner培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h。配制0.15%改良Döbereiner半固体培养基(含0.15%琼脂),分装4 mL于10 mL血清瓶中,培养基体积约占血清瓶容积的40%;将预培养菌液以1%的接种量缓慢接种到改良Döbereiner半固体培养基中层;用棉塞封口后,30 ℃静置24 h,拔去棉塞,换成可穿刺丁基塞并压紧铝盖密封;注入1 mL 10%乙炔,30 ℃静置30 min,采用氢火焰离子化检测器和Porapak N柱检测乙烯生成量,进样器、检测器、柱温分别设置为120、60、150 ℃,氩气流速为25 mL/min,进样量100 μL。以初次转入乙炔的瓶中气体为零点,不接菌培养基为对照,每隔1 h取100 μL气体注入气相色谱,同时记录取样时间及乙烯峰面积。以乙炔还原活性(acetylene reduction activity, ARA)表示固氮酶活性,计算如公式(1)所示。
ARA=ΔA×V瓶A进×A标 ×C蛋白×t
式中:ARA为固氮酶活性,nmol C2H4/(min·mg protein);ΔA为乙烯峰面积变化值;V瓶为瓶内气相体积,A进为气体样品进样量;A标为1 nmol标准乙烯峰面积;C蛋白为蛋白浓度,t为反应时间。
蛋白含量按Bradford试剂盒说明测定。
采用Salkowski比色法[39]测定菌株IAA的分泌能力。将初筛得到的IAA阳性菌株接种至含0.2 g/L色氨酸的R2A Broth液体培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养48 h后取样,8 000 r/min离心10 min。取上清与Salkowski比色液按体积比1:2混匀,避光静置30 min,于530 nm下测定吸光度,根据IAA标准曲线计算IAA浓度。
菌株间拮抗作用测定采用十字交叉法[40]。细菌拮抗试验:将A03与YM6分别交叉划线接种于LB平板中央,30 ℃培养48 h;真菌与细菌间拮抗试验:将ZP划线接种于固体YEPG平板中央,25 ℃培养3 d,待菌落生长稳定后以垂直方向交叉划线分别接种A03和YM6,30 ℃培养48 h。根据各组合交叉处是否出现抑制圈,判定菌株间是否存在拮抗作用。
细菌菌剂制备:将供试菌株在LB平板划线培养,挑取单菌落以1%的接种量接入50 mL LB液体培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h,待菌液OD600达到1.00时,取50 mL菌液于离心管中,8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清后用无菌水冲洗3-5次,加入无菌水重悬菌体,调整菌悬液浓度至OD600为0.10±0.05,备用。真菌菌剂制备:将菌株接种到YEPG液体培养基中,30 ℃、200 r/min培养5 d,8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清后用无菌水冲洗3-5次,重悬孢子并调整浓度至1×108 CFU/mL,以此作为孢子悬液备用。玉米种子用1%次氯酸钠溶液浸泡消毒30 min,无菌水冲洗后吸干水分,备用播种。
本研究设置种子萌发试验和盆栽试验2部分。种子萌发试验采用培养皿发芽法,共设5个处理:不接菌对照(CK);分别单接Niveispirillum sp. YM6和Bacillus sp. A03;复合接种YM6+A03 (1:1体积比);复合接种YM6+A03+ZP (1:1:1体积比,ZP为Penicillium sp.);每个处理设3个生物重复,每重复100粒玉米种子。
盆栽试验采用完全随机设计,基肥设置全肥(100%)和减氮磷20% 2个水平。共设6个处理:全肥不接菌对照记为CK-F (过磷酸钙0.20 g/盆、尿素0.20 g/盆、氯化钾0.10 g/盆);减氮磷20%不接菌对照记为CK-R (过磷酸钙0.16 g/盆、尿素0.16 g/盆、氯化钾0.10 g/盆);减氮磷20%接种A03记为R+A03;减氮磷20%接种YM6记为R+YM6;减氮磷20%接种YM6+A03记为R+YM6+A03;减氮磷20%接种YM6+A03+ZP记为R+YM6+A03+ZP,每个处理设3个生物重复,每重复播种3粒玉米种子。
将消毒后的种子浸泡在菌悬液中2 h (对照组用无菌水浸泡),取出后阴干至表面无明显液滴。取洁净培养皿,底部垫双层滤纸,加入10 mL相应菌悬液(对照组加等量无菌水),均匀摆放100粒种子,密封皿盖(留缝透气)。置于恒温光照培养箱中,设置温度16 ℃,光周期12 h光照/12 h黑暗,相对湿度70%。每日定时观察并记录发芽数(以胚根伸长>2 mm为发芽标准),连续监测7 d直至发芽率稳定。萌发指标测定如公式(2)所示。
发芽率=(发芽种子数/总种子数)×100%
平均发芽时间(mean germination time, MGT)反映种子发芽速度,计算如公式(3)所示。
MGT=∑(ni×ti)/∑ni
式中:ni为第i天发芽的种子数,ti为发芽时间(天数)。
发芽指数(germination index, GI),综合评价发芽活力,计算如公式(4)所示。
GI=∑ni/ti
式中:ni为第i天发芽的种子数,ti为发芽时间(天数)。
选用直径19 cm的圆柱形棕色花盆,试验土壤为风干黑土,过2 mm筛后每盆装填1.6 kg。将肥料与土壤充分混匀后浇透水,平衡过夜。玉米种子经消毒处理后备用,播种前用供试菌悬液(对照组用无菌水)浸泡2 h,取出后阴干至表面无明显液滴,每盆播入3粒玉米种子,于室温[(25±2) ℃]、光周期14 h光照/10 h黑暗条件下培养5-7 d,待出苗后间苗,保留1株健壮植株。定苗后每5 d定量浇水250 mL。出苗7 d后,细菌处理组每盆追施10 mL菌悬液(OD600=0.10±0.05),真菌处理组每盆追施10 mL孢子悬浮液(1×108 CFU/mL),对照组加等量无菌水,继续培养至播种后35 d时取样测定各指标。
植株生长指标测定采用以下方法:用软尺测量茎基部至植株自然生长最高处的垂直距离作为株高;统计土壤表面以上完全展开叶片的数量作为叶片数;将植株完整取出并清除根际土壤后,分离地上部与地下部,分别于105 ℃杀青30 min,70 ℃烘至恒重后称量,获得地上干重与地下干重。叶片色素提取采用丙酮浸提法[41]:取新鲜叶片剪成2 mm细丝,精密称取0.2 g置于15 mL离心管中,加入8 mL 80%丙酮,密封后室温暗处浸提至叶片完全脱色,再用80%丙酮补足至10 mL,充分摇匀,5 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液,以80%丙酮为空白调零,分别在470、646、663 nm波长处测定类胡萝卜素、叶绿素b和叶绿素a的吸光值。叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量按Lichtenthaler和Wellburn[42]的方法计算。
土壤理化性质测定包括:pH值采用去离子水浸提,水土比1:10,30 ℃、200 r/min恒温振荡30 min,静置30 min,采用pH计进行测定[43];铵态氮采用1.0 mol/L KCl溶液浸提,按照土液比1:10配制浸提体系,于30 ℃、200 r/min恒温振荡30 min,浸提液经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后,采用全自动水质分析仪测定[44];有效磷采用0.5 mol/L碳酸氢钠溶液浸提,结合钼锑抗比色法进行测定[45],按照土液比1:20配制浸提体系,在30 ℃、200 r/min恒温振荡30 min,浸提液经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后,取1 mL上清液,加入5 mL钼锑抗显色剂,蒸馏水定容至50 mL,反应30 min后,于700 nm处测定吸光值,结合磷标准曲线计算有效磷含量。
采用SPSS Statistics 27.0进行数据统计分析,显著性水平设为P<0.05。组间差异采用单因素方差分析结合Duncan多重比较法进行显著性检验,使用GraphPad Prism 9.5.1软件绘图。
以拜莱青霉(Penicillium bilaiae)为对照菌株,从根际土壤中成功分离筛选出2株高效多功能促生菌。菌株ZP与A03在无机磷培养基上均能正常生长并形成溶磷透明圈,表明其具备溶解无机磷的能力,而YM6无此特性;同时,菌株A03和YM6表现出吲哚乙酸(IAA)合成能力,ZP则为IAA阴性(图1)。
促生潜力分析结果显示,溶磷能力方面,ZP和A03的溶磷量分别为251.62 mg/L和15.27 mg/L;IAA合成能力方面,A03和YM6的IAA产量分别为1.57 mg/L和24.43 mg/L (表1)。固氮能力检测结果显示,仅YM6具有固氮活性,其固氮酶活性为40.54 nmol C2H4/(min·mg protein),ZP与A03均未检测到固氮能力。
基于16S rRNA基因序列,经EzBioCloud数据库比对,采用MEGA 11邻接法构建系统发育树(图2)。菌株YM6、A03分别归属于Niveispirillum和Bacillus属,其中YM6与模式菌株伊拉克雪白螺菌(Niveispirillum irakense) KBC1T (Z29583) 16S rRNA基因相似性为99.48%,A03与特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis) KCTC 13622T (AYTO01000043)的16S rRNA基因相似性为99.93%。
采用十字交叉法对3株促生菌株进行相互拮抗试验。如图3所示,各组合交叉处均未出现明显抑制圈,供试菌株间无拮抗作用,具有良好的生物相容性,可用于后续复合菌剂的构建。
不同接菌处理对玉米种子低温萌发具有不同的效果(图4)。CK萌发率最低,多数种子未突破种皮;单接YM6和A03萌发率略有提高,可见胚根伸长;混合接种YM6+A03及三元复配YM6+A03+ZP萌发率显著提高,胚根粗壮、胚芽展开良好。这表明复合菌剂较单菌及对照更能促进低温下玉米种子萌发和幼苗建成。
与对照组(CK)相比,各接菌处理均表现出促进玉米种子在低温条件下萌发。发芽指数(GI)方面(图5A),接菌处理较CK提升42.60%-51.44%,其中YM6和YM6+A03处理较CK显著提高(P<0.05)。具体表现:YM6+A03>YM6>YM6+A03+ZP>A03。发芽率方面(图5B),CK平均发芽率为33.67%,接菌处理发芽率提高至46.33%-49.00%,增幅为37.62%-45.54%,其中YM6+A03发芽率最高,达到了49.00% (P<0.05),YM6和A03分别为48.67和47.00%。平均发芽时间(MGT)方面(图5C),各接菌处理均较CK缩短0.11-0.31 d,以YM6+A03+ZP最短,为4.99 d,显著低于CK (P<0.05),其次依次是YM6、YM6+A03和A03。上述结果表明,不同接菌处理对玉米种子低温萌发特性的影响存在一定差异。总体来看,接菌处理不仅能够提高发芽指数和发芽率,还能够缩短平均发芽时间,说明单一及复合接菌均可增强玉米种子在低温条件下的萌发活力,并加快萌发进程。其中,YM6+A03 处理在提高发芽指数和发芽率方面表现较优,而YM6+A03+ZP处理在缩短平均发芽时间方面效果最明显。综上所述,接菌处理可显著改善玉米种子的低温萌发特性,复合处理(YM6+A03及YM6+A03+ZP)总体优于单一菌剂,表现出一定的微生物组合协同增效作用。
盆栽试验设置全肥(CK-F)和减施20%氮磷(CK-R) 2个对照组,并在CK-R基础上分别接种YM6、A03、YM6+A03及YM6+A03+ZP菌悬液(其中复合菌剂分别按1:1和1:1:1体积比配制)。各处理组玉米幼苗株高结果如图6所示,与CK-R相比,各接菌处理组玉米植株株高均显著增加,同时各接菌处理株高与CK-F无显著差异,表明在减氮磷条件下接种供试菌株可有效缓解养分胁迫,促进玉米幼苗营养生长,展现出良好的化肥替代潜力。
与CK-R相比,各接菌处理在一定程度上促进玉米幼苗生长。株高方面(图7A),接菌处理显著高于CK-R,整体恢复至全肥(CK-F)相当;其中R+YM6+A03+ZP处理组表现最为突出,较CK-R显著提高12.73%,R+YM6+A03处理组增幅也达9.08%。R+A03、R+YM6及R+YM6+A03处理与CK-F无显著差异。在叶片展开数方面(图7B),栽培35 d后,各接菌处理组叶片展开数均明显多于CK-R组,R+YM6+A03+ZP处理组叶片展开数最多(平均4-5片),CK-R组仅为3-4叶。上述结果表明,在20%减氮磷条件下,供试菌株可有效缓解养分缺乏对玉米幼苗生长的抑制,且复合菌剂促生效果优于单一菌剂。
生物量是反映作物生长状况的重要指标。如图8所示,减肥处理(CK-R)的地上生物量、地下生物量及总干重较全肥对照(CK-F)分别降低13.23%、22.38%和23.39%,表明化肥减量对玉米生长产生了明显的养分胁迫。
与CK-R相比,各接菌处理均在不同程度上提高了玉米幼苗生物量。单一菌剂处理中,R+A03和R+YM6的地上生物量、地下生物量明显低于复合菌剂处理R+YM6+A03和R+YM6+A03+ZP,且单一菌剂间无显著差异;在总干重方面,R+YM6+A03和R+YM6+A03+ZP处理组较CK-R分别提高63.54%和82.60%。综上所述,复合菌剂表现出显著的协同增效作用,其中YM6+A03与YM6+A03+ZP在化肥减量条件下不仅完全弥补了减肥造成的生长损失,且总干重较CK-F提高25.29%和39.89%,显示出良好的化肥替代潜力。
如图9所示,与全肥对照(CK-F)相比,减施20%氮磷处理(CK-R)的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均显著降低。单一接菌处理R+YM6和R+A03虽使各叶绿素指标略有提升,但与CK-R处理无显著差异,未能恢复至CK-F水平。
相比之下,复合菌剂处理表现出显著的协同促生效应:双菌复合处理R+YM6+A03和三菌复合处理R+YM6+A03+ZP的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总量均显著高于CK-R及单一菌剂处理。其中,R+YM6+A03+ZP处理组的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量分别较CK-R显著提高64.97%、130.01%、66.30%,较CK-F分别提高15.04%、41.25%、15.98%;R+YM6+A03处理的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量分别较CK-R显著提高40.26%、32.32%、32.81%,且与CK-F无显著差异,表明该复合菌剂可完全补偿减施20%氮磷造成的叶绿素损失。
类胡萝卜素测定结果显示,与CK-F相比,CK-R处理显著降低,单一接菌处理R+YM6和R+A03虽略有提升,但与CK-R无显著差异,而R+YM6+A03双菌复合处理及R+YM6+A03+ZP三菌复合处理均显著高于CK-R,分别增加了45.34%和66.57%,表现出与叶绿素指标一致的协同增效趋势(图9B)。综上所述,复合菌剂通过协同作用有效缓解了化肥减量对光合色素合成的抑制,其中R+YM6+A03处理可实现对减施20%氮磷条件下叶绿素损失的完全补偿,而R+YM6+A03+ZP处理则在提升叶绿素b方面表现出更优的增效特性。
如图10A和10B所示,与全肥对照CK-F和减肥对照CK-R相比,单一接菌处理R+YM6和R+A03虽使土壤铵态氮及有效磷含量均有不同程度提升,但差异均未达显著水平。相比之下,复合菌剂处理表现出显著的土壤养分活化效果:R+YM6+A03双菌复合处理及R+YM6+A03+ZP三菌复合处理的铵态氮和有效磷含量均高于CK-R。具体而言,R+YM6+A03的铵态氮和有效磷含量分别较CK-R提高15.31%和21.51%,且与CK-F无显著差异;R+YM6+A03+ZP的铵态氮和有效磷含量分别较CK-R提高30.03%和29.94%,也与CK-F无显著差异,但其铵态氮和有效磷含量均高于CK-R水平。这表明复合菌剂处理可有效缓解减施氮磷造成的土壤养分亏缺,其中R+YM6+A03可使土壤肥力恢复至全肥水平,而R+YM6+A03+ZP则表现出超越全肥对照的养分供应潜力。
土壤pH测定结果(图10C)显示,减施20%氮磷处理(CK-R)土壤pH显著高于全肥对照处理(CK-F),各接菌组与CK-R无显著差异,pH均维持在7.0左右,较CK-F略有提升,其中R+YM6最高。总体而言,减肥和接种根际促生菌均使土壤pH略有升高,但这种变化未对养分有效性产生负面影响,推测可能与菌株代谢活动或养分利用效率改善有关。综上所述,复合菌剂在减施20%氮磷条件下可有效缓解土壤养分亏缺,R+YM6+A03可使肥力恢复至全肥水平,R+YM6+A03+ZP表现出超越全肥的养分供应潜力,且土壤pH轻微升高未影响养分有效性,具有良好的化肥替代应用前景。
当前,我国农业生产中化肥过量施用问题突出,已引发农田土壤退化与生态环境恶化等连锁反应[46]。在此背景下,微生物肥料作为化肥的重要替代资源,对于我国在化肥减量前提下保障农作物产量、提升品质具有关键意义[47]。植物根际促生细菌(PGPR)具有固氮、溶磷、解钾和分泌植物激素等多重促生功能,在促进作物生长和缓解非生物胁迫方面发挥重要作用[48-49]。早期微生物菌剂大多由单菌株制成,功能比较单一,难以满足作物多样化需求,因此逐渐趋向于多菌种、多功能的复合菌剂方向发展[50]。现阶段农业应用的微生物制剂主要以多菌复配形式为主,其协同作用可提升植物对土壤养分的吸收利用效率,进而促进作物的健康生长[51]。因此,采用不同功能微生物的组合可以为植物寄主提供多重益处,使植物更好地适应新环境,以改善植物生长并最终提高作物产量[52]。
本研究从黑土中分离得到2株根际促生菌,分别命名为YM6、A03,系统发育分析将其分别归入Niveispirillum和Bacillus属。研究表明,这2类菌在多种植物根际微生物群落中表现出优势地位[53-55],且在多项促生研究中展现出良好的潜力。Swedrzynska等[56]证实接种巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)可显著促进玉米生长并提高产量;陈莹等[57]发现耐盐芽孢杆菌、阿氏芽孢杆菌、鲁戈斯芽孢杆菌具有产IAA能力,能有效缓解盐胁迫对油莎豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制;Hansen等[25]则证明联合接种拜莱青霉和单纯芽孢杆菌可显著提升小麦根部生物量及低磷土壤中磷利用率,进而促进小麦的生长。
本研究表明,在溶磷、产IAA和固氮能力方面,3株菌表现出明显的功能互补特性。其中YM6固氮能力突出,固氮酶活达到40.54 nmol C2H4/(min·mg protein);YM6和A03均具备产IAA能力;A03和ZP则表现出溶磷特性,并且ZP的溶磷能力最为显著,其溶磷量高达251.62 mg/L。
本研究中,16 ℃低温胁迫下各接菌处理均能促进玉米种子萌发,发芽率较CK提高37.62%-45.54%,这与Jha等[9]报道的耐冷芽孢杆菌显著促进玉米低温生长的结论一致;也与Subramanian等[58]关于耐冷PGPR在5 ℃下仍能促进作物萌发相符,其机制可能与菌株分泌IAA促进胚根伸长有关[27]:IAA通过与TIR1/AFB受体结合,促进Aux/IAA抑制蛋白降解并激活ARF转录因子,进而上调扩张蛋白(expansin)表达,促进细胞壁酸化松弛,驱动胚根细胞伸长,同时激活质膜H+-ATP酶,缓解低温对细胞机械伸展的抑制[59]。YM6与A03分泌的IAA可能通过上述途径打破低温萌发障碍。值得注意的是,复合接种(YM6+A03)在发芽指数和发芽率上均优于单菌处理,表明Niveispirillum sp. YM6 (固氮)与Bacillus sp. A03 (溶磷)功能互补,形成协同促生效应。Ribeiro等[60]报道的固氮螺菌(Azospirillum)与芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)热带菌株联合接种玉米,在促生及养分吸收方面显著优于单一菌剂处理,本研究中复合耐冷菌剂也表现出类似的协同增效效应。这表明,复合耐冷菌剂可有效缓解东北春玉米的低温出苗障碍。
为探究功能菌株在化肥减施条件下对玉米表型的影响及其应用效果,本研究设置了盆栽试验,通过测定玉米株高、叶片数、生物量和叶片色素含量,系统评估功能菌株对玉米生长的促进作用。结果表明,减施20%氮磷条件下,单接YM6或A03处理虽与CK-R无显著差异,但株高、生物量、叶片色素含量均有所提升;R+YM6+A03双菌复合处理已接近或优于全肥处理;而R+YM6+A03+ZP三菌复合处理则显著超过全肥处理,表现出协同促生效应。这与王小蒙等[61]结论一致,即单一菌株在化肥减施条件下促生效果有限,而多菌复合接种可通过功能互补实现协同增效:YM6通过生物固氮供给氮素,A03与ZP通过溶磷作用释放磷素,形成功能互补的“氮-磷耦合供应”体系;其中ZP的菌丝网络可延伸至根系耗竭区,扩大养分捕获空间,并作为细菌迁移的物理载体促进菌群定殖[62],从而协同放大促生效应。Meena等[63]在印度梨形孢(Piriformospora indica)与条纹假单胞菌(Pseudomonas striata)联合接种研究中也报道了类似机制。本研究中YM6+A03+ZP三菌复合处理表现出超越双菌复合的促生效果,推测ZP可能通过菌丝介导的养分转运及与细菌的代谢互作,进一步增强了复合菌剂的养分活化能力。
氮是叶绿素的核心组成元素,直接参与叶绿素合成:谷氨酸经GS/GOGAT循环提供氮源,在GluTR催化下生成5-氨基乙酰丙酸,进而合成叶绿素卟啉环[64];磷是类囊体膜磷脂组分,驱动光合磷酸化供能[65]。氮磷协同保障叶绿素合成与光合能量转化,缺乏时会导致叶片变黄或变红,直接影响光合作用效率[66]。微生物菌剂可通过调节植物激素水平促进养分吸收,提高叶片叶绿素含量及净光合速率,进而增加地上干重[67]。本研究通过测定叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素,进一步分析功能菌株对玉米光合作用的影响。结果表明,与CK-R相比,R+YM6或R+A03处理组的各色素含量均有所增加,R+YM6+A03双菌联合处理在单接基础上进一步提升,而R+YM6+A03+ZP三菌复合处理组的色素积累量最高,呈现出显著的协同增效效应。这与已有研究一致:PGPR可通过调节植物激素水平促进养分吸收,进而提高植株叶绿素含量[68];司欣雨等[69]报道盐碱胁迫下复合菌剂可显著促进绿豆生长并增强叶绿素合成;李畅等[70]证实,黑土源高效解磷菌株可显著提高玉米叶片叶绿素含量,增强光合性能,同时多项研究表明,多种根际促生微生物接种后均可明显提升叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素含量。综上所述,功能菌株通过生物固氮与溶磷作用为玉米提供充足的氮、磷营养,促进氮循环与光合产物转运,在减施化肥的同时显著提升作物光合能力,具备开发为环境友好型绿色微生物肥料的应用潜力。
植物生长状况与根系发育特征密切相关,而根系生长又受到土壤中IAA及氮、磷等营养元素共同调控[71]。氮是植物生长的主要限制因子,植物可直接利用的形态主要为铵态氮和硝态氮[72]。土壤中解磷菌的生命活动可增加水溶性磷含量,为固氮菌提供磷素营养;而固氮菌不仅能增加土壤氮素,其分泌的生理活性物质还可促进解磷菌芽孢萌发,从而协同增强水溶性磷的形成[73]。该互作的生化本质在于:固氮酶每还原1分子N2需消耗16个ATP,对磷供应高度敏感[74];A03与ZP释放的磷酸根可优先满足YM6固氮能量需求,形成“解磷供能-固氮产氮”的互利循环[75]。同时YM6分泌的IAA可诱导A03芽孢萌发,进一步放大协同效应。盆栽试验结果表明,R+YM6和R+A03处理组的土壤铵态氮、有效磷含量明显高于CK-R处理组,R+YM6+A03处理组在单接基础上进一步增加,而R+YM6+A03+ZP复合处理组的土壤铵态氮和有效磷最高;上述结果源于三株菌的功能互补,菌株YM6可能通过生物固氮作用将大气氮转化为植物可利用的铵态氮,直接提升土壤氮素有效性;A03、YM6均具备产IAA能力,促进根系发育,间接增强根系对氮磷的吸收活力,ZP作为高效溶磷真菌[76],通过分泌柠檬酸、草酸等有机酸活化土壤难溶性磷,显著提高有效磷含量。三菌复合接种形成了“固氮-溶磷-促生”功能闭环,协同优化根际微环境,改善土壤结构和肥力,从而实现养分高效活化与作物促生效应。
各处理土壤铵态氮、有效磷含量的增幅与玉米株高、总干重的增长趋势一致,表明根际氮、磷有效性的改善是促进植株生长的关键。其中,R+YM6+A03+ZP处理土壤有效磷含量最高,与其地上生物量较CK-R提高82.60%相吻合,证实ZP的高效溶磷作用在解除磷限制、促进生物量积累中发挥核心作用。叶片色素含量的变化趋势与地上生物量、总干重增长同步,表明复合菌剂通过提高光合色素含量、增强光能捕获与碳同化能力,为干物质积累提供了充足的碳源和能量。R+YM6+A03+ZP处理叶绿素总量较CK-R提高66.30%,与其总干重较CK-F提高39.89%的协同增效趋势一致,说明“固氮-溶磷-促生”功能闭环可通过改善光合生理间接促进碳同化。此外,菌株离体功能特性与盆栽促生效果高度吻合,YM6的固氮酶活与R+YM6处理土壤铵态氮的提升相一致,证实生物固氮是增强土壤氮素有效性的主要途径,A03与YM6的IAA产力与地下生物量的增加趋势相符,提示产IAA能力在促根增效中具有重要作用。上述结果表明,离体功能特性可在一定程度上反映菌株的促生潜力。
本研究从东北黑土中筛选获得2株功能互补的根际促生菌Niveispirillum sp. YM6和Bacillus sp. A03。其中,YM6固氮能力与产IAA能力较强,A03兼具溶磷与产IAA特性,同时引入具有高效溶磷能力的拜莱青霉(Penicillium bilaiae) ZP构建功能组合。种子萌发试验表明,在低温条件下复合接种YM6与A03可提高玉米种子发芽率和发芽指数,表现出优于单菌处理的协同促生效应,可有效缓解东北春玉米低温出苗障碍。盆栽试验进一步证明,在减施20%氮磷条件下,YM6+A03双菌组合促生效果可达到甚至优于全肥处理,而YM6+A03+ZP三菌组合效果更优,显著高于双菌组合及全肥处理,可有效促进玉米生长、改善土壤肥力。综上所述,YM6+A03+ZP菌剂组合有望开发为适用于东北黑土地力提升的候选微生物菌剂,为东北黑土地的保护与可持续利用提供技术支撑。
  • 中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA28030201)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260229
  • 接收时间:2026-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-18
  • 录用日期:2026-04-25
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Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28030201)
中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA28030201)
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    1.山西农业大学 农学院,分子农业与生物能源研究所,山西 晋中
    2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    3.黑龙江省农业科学院齐齐哈尔分院,黑龙江 齐齐哈尔

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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