Article(id=1316714760679310046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1773072000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776960000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-24, onlineDate=1791858862323, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858862323, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858862323, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858862323, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5270, endPage=5293, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714760872248031, articleId=1316714760679310046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Rational design of a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine against Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae based on immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae is a major pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia worldwide, and the aggravating antibiotic resistance underscores the urgent need to develop an effective vaccine. [Methods] According to the critical pathogenic mechanisms of M. pneumoniae, 13 key adhesins and the community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin were selected as candidate antigens. Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches were adopted to predict and screen cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, and linear B-cell epitopes. The screened epitopes were then connected via specific linkers. Two adjuvants, human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12, were introduced at the N-terminus to assemble the complete vaccine sequence. Furthermore, the physicochemical and biological properties of the constructed vaccine sequence were comprehensively analyzed. [Results] A total of 15 CTL epitopes, 10 HTL epitopes, and 14 linear B-cell epitopes were obtained after screening. All the epitopes and adjuvants were ligated by specific linkers, and a final multi-epitope vaccine sequence consisting of 746 amino acid residues was successfully constructed. The computational analysis indicated that the vaccine construct exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, antigenicity, solubility, and a safety profile. Molecular docking results showed that this construct could bind to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 stably, which was further confirmed with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. The immune simulation and epitope coverage analysis indicated that the vaccine could elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses and provide potential protection for up to 99.74% of the global population. [Conclusion] Through systematic computational design and evaluation, this study develops a multi-epitope mRNA candidate vaccine with promising application prospects, laying a theoretical foundation for subsequent experimental validation and development.

, authors=Ting BIAN1, Zhengshan CHEN2, Meng HAO3, Zhenzhen ZHANG1, Qiyan XIONG1, Zhixin FENG1, *, authorsList=Ting BIAN, Zhengshan CHEN, Meng HAO, Zhenzhen ZHANG, Qiyan XIONG, Zhixin FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhixin FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 肺炎支原体(Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae)是全球社区获得性肺炎的主要病原体,其抗生素耐药形势日趋严峻,研发高效疫苗已成为当下紧迫需求。 【方法】 基于该病原体的关键致病机制,选取13种重要黏附素及社区获得性呼吸窘迫综合征(community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome, CARDS)毒素作为候选抗原。借助反向疫苗学与免疫信息学方法进行细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL)表位、辅助性T淋巴细胞(helper T lymphocyte, HTL)表位及线性B细胞表位的预测与筛选,随后通过特异性连接子对筛选获得的表位进行串联,在其N端引入人β-防御素2 (human beta-defensin 2, HBD-2)与50S核糖体蛋白L7/L12两种佐剂,构建完整的疫苗序列,并对其理化特性与生物学功能进行系统分析。 【结果】 本研究共筛选获得15个CTL表位、10个HTL表位及14个线性B细胞表位;通过特定连接子将各表位以及佐剂串联后,成功获得一条由746个氨基酸残基组成的多表位疫苗序列。对该疫苗理化性质进行计算分析,结果显示该疫苗结构具有良好的理化性质、抗原性、溶解性与安全性。分子对接结果证实其能够稳定结合Toll样受体2 (Toll-like receptor 2, TLR2)和TLR4受体。分子动力学模拟进一步验证了其结合的稳定性。免疫模拟及表位覆盖率分析显示,该疫苗可激发强烈的体液与细胞免疫应答,理论上能为全球约99.74%的人群提供潜在保护。 【结论】 本研究通过系统的计算设计及评估,设计出了一种具有良好应用前景的多表位mRNA候选疫苗,为后续实验验证与开发奠定了理论基础。

, authors=卞婷1, 陈郑珊2, 郝勐3, 张珍珍1, 熊祺琰1, 冯志新1, *, authorsList=卞婷, 陈郑珊, 郝勐, 张珍珍, 熊祺琰, 冯志新, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯志新, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

卞婷:实验设计、数据分析、撰写文章;陈郑珊:协助数据分析,技术支持;郝勐:方案设计、协助数据收集与分析;张珍珍、熊祺琰:协助方案设计;冯志新:研究方法设计,论文审阅与修改。

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Adjuvants (HBD-2 and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12) are shown in purple, CTL epitopes in blue, HTL epitopes in green, and B-cell epitopes in red. Linkers are shown in black: EAAAK between adjuvants and the first CTL epitope, AAY between CTL epitopes, GPGPG between HTL epitopes, and KK between B-cell epitopes., figureFileSmall=soL5kaXq+A6CLuJrC3/Wgw==, figureFileBig=jJgRzjRO2A04YIF/05RCVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829818545623622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=图2, caption=设计的多表位疫苗氨基酸序列, figureFileSmall=soL5kaXq+A6CLuJrC3/Wgw==, figureFileBig=jJgRzjRO2A04YIF/05RCVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829818612732487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The secondary structure prediction of the candidate vaccine., figureFileSmall=pLtNWUDK33ufC+ETWlbgTA==, figureFileBig=yTPQJfWn79qnUnChr/kaVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829818696618568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=图3, caption=候选疫苗的二级结构预测, figureFileSmall=pLtNWUDK33ufC+ETWlbgTA==, figureFileBig=yTPQJfWn79qnUnChr/kaVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829818772116041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Modeling, refinement, and validation of the tertiary structure model of the constructed vaccine. A: 3D structure of the vaccine; B: The Ramachandran plot of the refined 3D model, with residues in the most favored (red), allowed (brown), generously allowed (dark yellow), and disallowed (light yellow) regions; C: The Z-score plot of the refined 3D model., figureFileSmall=ZSjop/EBm/++Zz+d8YCcPw==, figureFileBig=fLnRYfzexEh70c5heTNchw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829818835030602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=图4, caption=疫苗三级结构模型的构建、优化与验证, figureFileSmall=ZSjop/EBm/++Zz+d8YCcPw==, figureFileBig=fLnRYfzexEh70c5heTNchw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829818918916683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Molecular docking of the constructed vaccine with TLR2 (A) and TLR4 (B)., figureFileSmall=G1ymhMPaTDnSvrMJ3Nw/EQ==, figureFileBig=FBzAcpO2qHHdTN4JXUcHzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829818990219852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=图5, caption=构建的疫苗与TLR2 (A)和TLR4 (B)的分子对接, figureFileSmall=G1ymhMPaTDnSvrMJ3Nw/EQ==, figureFileBig=FBzAcpO2qHHdTN4JXUcHzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829819065717325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=The analysis of molecular dynamics simulations of vaccine-TLRs. A: The RMSD of vaccine-TLR2/TLR4 complexes; B: The Rg of vaccine-TLR2/TLR4 complexes; C: The RMSF of vaccine-TLR2 complex; D: The RMSF of vaccine-TLR4 complex; E: The hydrogen bonds of vaccine-TLR2 complex; F: The hydrogen bonds of vaccine-TLR4 complex., figureFileSmall=ZuBC/WnWWAbQD/Ih7+biXg==, figureFileBig=yHg0YvYl2oqAkl/+lKLvVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829820730856014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=图6, caption=疫苗与TLR分子动力学模拟分析, figureFileSmall=ZuBC/WnWWAbQD/Ih7+biXg==, figureFileBig=yHg0YvYl2oqAkl/+lKLvVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829821058011727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Immune simulation of a prime-boost regimen with the multi-epitope vaccine. A: Titers of different antibodies; B: Levels of B cell population; C: B-cell population per state; D: CTLs population per state; E: HTLs population per state; F: Dendritic cell population per state; G: Macrophage population per state; H: Levels of NK cell population; I: Cytokines and interleukins production., figureFileSmall=UibYrCl9Zy9BZtxBRDEISw==, figureFileBig=W4JBnVCUnBTNQtj1kKHHqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829821217395280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=图7, caption=多表位疫苗2次免疫方案的免疫模拟分析, figureFileSmall=UibYrCl9Zy9BZtxBRDEISw==, figureFileBig=W4JBnVCUnBTNQtj1kKHHqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829821880095314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Design and in-silico characterization of the mRNA vaccine construct. A: Schematic of the mRNA vaccine construct; B: The predicted minimum free energy (MFE) structure (left) and the centroid structure (right) of the designed mRNA vaccine; C: In-silico cloning of the vaccine sequence into the pET-28a(+) vector (insert shown in green)., figureFileSmall=MK3jgaOi0PkUfj2TvzThpA==, figureFileBig=BOnY4HuLC+mb7ThMKi8Bsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829821976564307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=图8, caption=mRNA疫苗构建体的设计与计算机模拟表征, figureFileSmall=MK3jgaOi0PkUfj2TvzThpA==, figureFileBig=BOnY4HuLC+mb7ThMKi8Bsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829822295331412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information and homology analysis of antigen proteins from representative strains for multi-epitope vaccine design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene annotationProteinAccession No. (M129)Accession No. (FH)

Amino acid

identity/%

mpn141P1WP_010874498ALA3565794.08
mpn453P30WP_010874809ALA3595399.64
mpn142P40/90WP_010874499ALA3565886.95
mpn213P116WP_010874570ALA3572899.61
mpn309P65WP_010874665ALA3582195.51
mpn447HMW1WP_010874803ALA3594799.71
mpn310HMW2WP_010874666ALA3582299.78
mpn452HMW3WP_010874808ALA3595299.70
mpn665EF-TuWP_010875022ALA36159100.00
mpn119TopJWP_010874476ALA3563699.67
mpn392Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit BWP_010874748ALA35896100.00
mpn606Glycolytic enzymes enolaseWP_010874963ALA36102100.00
mpn567P200WP_010874924ALA3606299.52
mpn372CARDS toxinWP_010874728ALA3587599.66
), ArticleFig(id=1316829822706373205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于多表位疫苗设计的代表菌株抗原蛋白信息及其相似性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene annotationProteinAccession No. (M129)Accession No. (FH)

Amino acid

identity/%

mpn141P1WP_010874498ALA3565794.08
mpn453P30WP_010874809ALA3595399.64
mpn142P40/90WP_010874499ALA3565886.95
mpn213P116WP_010874570ALA3572899.61
mpn309P65WP_010874665ALA3582195.51
mpn447HMW1WP_010874803ALA3594799.71
mpn310HMW2WP_010874666ALA3582299.78
mpn452HMW3WP_010874808ALA3595299.70
mpn665EF-TuWP_010875022ALA36159100.00
mpn119TopJWP_010874476ALA3563699.67
mpn392Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit BWP_010874748ALA35896100.00
mpn606Glycolytic enzymes enolaseWP_010874963ALA36102100.00
mpn567P200WP_010874924ALA3606299.52
mpn372CARDS toxinWP_010874728ALA3587599.66
), ArticleFig(id=1316829822798647894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

CTL epitopes selected for candidate vaccine construction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProteinPeptideStartEndLength/aaCOMB scoreAntigenicityToxicity/Allergenicity
CARDSETPTAAIRF526091.5941.213-/-
EF-TuTINSAHVEY627091.4960.978-/-
Glycolytic enzymes enolaseRLLQIELEL42843691.2561.667-/-
HMW1MENGGDFNL1 0081 01692.0441.134-/-
EAEPDYLQY10110991.8110.825-/-
HMW3PSEYVATKY54054892.7040.608-/-
P1KSAPIALPF47648492.0791.101-/-
P30APRPGMQPP25226091.1731.161-/-
P40/P90GSNGKGSLY17218092.2681.722-/-
P65LTASPRPVY37738591.4100.922-/-
SYNSRLTQL23224091.3480.871-/-
P116YYSLINSEI75175991.6690.616-/-
P200SETEVQQEL75976791.7431.220-/-
Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit BHSETLEAIY13214093.1110.529-/-
TopJHVEYKLLNY87087892.4751.005-/-
), ArticleFig(id=1316829822882533976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

用于构建候选疫苗的CTL表位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProteinPeptideStartEndLength/aaCOMB scoreAntigenicityToxicity/Allergenicity
CARDSETPTAAIRF526091.5941.213-/-
EF-TuTINSAHVEY627091.4960.978-/-
Glycolytic enzymes enolaseRLLQIELEL42843691.2561.667-/-
HMW1MENGGDFNL1 0081 01692.0441.134-/-
EAEPDYLQY10110991.8110.825-/-
HMW3PSEYVATKY54054892.7040.608-/-
P1KSAPIALPF47648492.0791.101-/-
P30APRPGMQPP25226091.1731.161-/-
P40/P90GSNGKGSLY17218092.2681.722-/-
P65LTASPRPVY37738591.4100.922-/-
SYNSRLTQL23224091.3480.871-/-
P116YYSLINSEI75175991.6690.616-/-
P200SETEVQQEL75976791.7431.220-/-
Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit BHSETLEAIY13214093.1110.529-/-
TopJHVEYKLLNY87087892.4751.005-/-
), ArticleFig(id=1316829823125803609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

HTL epitopes selected for candidate vaccine construction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProteinPeptideStartEndLength/aaAffinity/nmAntigenicityToxicity/Allergenicity
CARDSKDLTGAQISLSLTAF3263401538.61.071-/-
EF-TuAGDNAGVLLRGVDRK2712851543.80.669-/-
Glycolytic enzymes enolaseLDEKEWSLTTAQMIA281295154.80.515-/-
HMW2EKQLRQYQADFENEI5215351545.10.513-/-
HMW3AKVALQVAQPTPVPA376390156.60.813-/-
P1FALRRYDLAGRALYD126140159.20.641-/-
P30QQAAAEAHAEAEVEP1361501532.31.182-/-
P200NNIWVWKGFFDTKLN2462601541.40.626-/-
Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit BFPAMFQIFTHAARIR911051537.90.556-/-
TopJSLYVHLYYSSVAKKG841855157.71.011-/-
), ArticleFig(id=1316829823201301082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

用于构建候选疫苗的HTL表位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProteinPeptideStartEndLength/aaAffinity/nmAntigenicityToxicity/Allergenicity
CARDSKDLTGAQISLSLTAF3263401538.61.071-/-
EF-TuAGDNAGVLLRGVDRK2712851543.80.669-/-
Glycolytic enzymes enolaseLDEKEWSLTTAQMIA281295154.80.515-/-
HMW2EKQLRQYQADFENEI5215351545.10.513-/-
HMW3AKVALQVAQPTPVPA376390156.60.813-/-
P1FALRRYDLAGRALYD126140159.20.641-/-
P30QQAAAEAHAEAEVEP1361501532.31.182-/-
P200NNIWVWKGFFDTKLN2462601541.40.626-/-
Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit BFPAMFQIFTHAARIR911051537.90.556-/-
TopJSLYVHLYYSSVAKKG841855157.71.011-/-
), ArticleFig(id=1316829823272604251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Linear B-cell epitopes selected for candidate vaccine construction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProteinSequenceStartEndLength/aaScoreAntigenicityToxicity/allergenicityMean RSA/%Mean SASA/Å2
CARDSTTRINEPEMHNPHYQE170185160.860.584-/-63.0132.0
EF-TuKEEGGRHTGFLNGYRP314329160.880.567-/-63.8124.2
Glycolytic enzymes enolaseEKEAIELRDGDPKAYF5368160.891.023-/-65.2133.4
HMW1PQAAPQPAVYEWNLTP474489160.911.261-/-66.3122.3
HMW2NGNDMNYPYPYPWFYP1 6161 631160.861.598-/-60.7123.1
HMW3VQPIIRPTQPEPEWKP463478160.940.619-/-65.9132.4
P1GGGSSGSGQSGVDLSP1 3121 327160.902.865-/-72.5105.5
P30PPHPGMAPRPGFPPQP210225160.940.869-/-72.1124.5
P40/P90YVKQESQGSGDQGSNG160175160.882.252-/-70.0124.1
P65SVEWTKKEPRQEQFDP313328160.860.820-/-65.3137.4
P116VAKAEAKDTKGATDYK552567160.861.716-/-74.4138.3
P200EPESIETTEPEPNFEP730745160.941.218-/-68.2132.4
Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit BPLARGEHYQFNLNARI303318160.791.032-/-62.8126.1
TopJQEESTSDTTEYADVDA129144160.881.244-/-67.6126.9
), ArticleFig(id=1316829823364878940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

用于构建候选疫苗的线性B细胞表位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ProteinSequenceStartEndLength/aaScoreAntigenicityToxicity/allergenicityMean RSA/%Mean SASA/Å2
CARDSTTRINEPEMHNPHYQE170185160.860.584-/-63.0132.0
EF-TuKEEGGRHTGFLNGYRP314329160.880.567-/-63.8124.2
Glycolytic enzymes enolaseEKEAIELRDGDPKAYF5368160.891.023-/-65.2133.4
HMW1PQAAPQPAVYEWNLTP474489160.911.261-/-66.3122.3
HMW2NGNDMNYPYPYPWFYP1 6161 631160.861.598-/-60.7123.1
HMW3VQPIIRPTQPEPEWKP463478160.940.619-/-65.9132.4
P1GGGSSGSGQSGVDLSP1 3121 327160.902.865-/-72.5105.5
P30PPHPGMAPRPGFPPQP210225160.940.869-/-72.1124.5
P40/P90YVKQESQGSGDQGSNG160175160.882.252-/-70.0124.1
P65SVEWTKKEPRQEQFDP313328160.860.820-/-65.3137.4
P116VAKAEAKDTKGATDYK552567160.861.716-/-74.4138.3
P200EPESIETTEPEPNFEP730745160.941.218-/-68.2132.4
Pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit BPLARGEHYQFNLNARI303318160.791.032-/-62.8126.1
TopJQEESTSDTTEYADVDA129144160.881.244-/-67.6126.9
), ArticleFig(id=1316829823566205533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Properties of the candidate vaccine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PropertiesThe candidate vaccine
Number of amino acids746
Molecular weight/kDa80.745
Theoretical isoelectric point (pI)8.79
The estimated half-life in mammalian reticulocytes/h30
The estimated half-life in yeast/h>20
The estimated half-life in Escherichia coli/h>10
The instability index (Ⅱ)36.98
Aliphatic index62.82
GRAVY-0.668
Solubility (SOLpro/SoluProt v1)0.776/0.575
Antigenicity (Vaxijen/ANTIGENpro)0.918/0.896
Allergenicity (AllerTOP v2.1)Non-allergenic
Toxicity (ToxinPred2)Non-toxic
), ArticleFig(id=1316829825231344222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

候选疫苗的理化特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PropertiesThe candidate vaccine
Number of amino acids746
Molecular weight/kDa80.745
Theoretical isoelectric point (pI)8.79
The estimated half-life in mammalian reticulocytes/h30
The estimated half-life in yeast/h>20
The estimated half-life in Escherichia coli/h>10
The instability index (Ⅱ)36.98
Aliphatic index62.82
GRAVY-0.668
Solubility (SOLpro/SoluProt v1)0.776/0.575
Antigenicity (Vaxijen/ANTIGENpro)0.918/0.896
Allergenicity (AllerTOP v2.1)Non-allergenic
Toxicity (ToxinPred2)Non-toxic
), ArticleFig(id=1316829825348784735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Population coverage of the selected epitopes in different regions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AreaCoverage/%
World99.74
East Asia99.67
Northeast Asia97.88
South Asia98.70
Southeast Asia97.66
Southwest Asia95.79
Europe99.96
East Africa97.08
West Africa98.43
Central Africa94.79
North Africa99.01
South Africa95.27
West Indies99.69
North America99.89
Central America53.80
South America95.15
Oceania97.88
China97.83
Japan99.66
France99.98
Spain97.57
Russia99.84
Germany99.99
Brazil98.59
The United States of America99.89
Australia96.33
), ArticleFig(id=1316829825642386016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714760679310046, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

选择表位在不同地区的人群覆盖率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AreaCoverage/%
World99.74
East Asia99.67
Northeast Asia97.88
South Asia98.70
Southeast Asia97.66
Southwest Asia95.79
Europe99.96
East Africa97.08
West Africa98.43
Central Africa94.79
North Africa99.01
South Africa95.27
West Indies99.69
North America99.89
Central America53.80
South America95.15
Oceania97.88
China97.83
Japan99.66
France99.98
Spain97.57
Russia99.84
Germany99.99
Brazil98.59
The United States of America99.89
Australia96.33
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基于免疫信息学与反向疫苗学的抗肺炎支原体多表位mRNA疫苗理性设计
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卞婷 1 , 陈郑珊 2 , 郝勐 3 , 张珍珍 1 , 熊祺琰 1 , 冯志新 1, *
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2026,66(10): 5270-5293
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微生物学报 |技术与方法 2026 , 66 (10) : 5270 -5293
基于免疫信息学与反向疫苗学的抗肺炎支原体多表位mRNA疫苗理性设计
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卞婷1, 陈郑珊2, 郝勐3, 张珍珍1, 熊祺琰1, 冯志新1, *
作者信息
  • 1.江苏省农业科学院 兽医研究所,江苏 南京
  • 2.军事科学院 军事医学研究院,生物工程研究所,北京
  • 3.南京市红十字血液中心,江苏 南京
通讯作者:
冯志新
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

卞婷:实验设计、数据分析、撰写文章;陈郑珊:协助数据分析,技术支持;郝勐:方案设计、协助数据收集与分析;张珍珍、熊祺琰:协助方案设计;冯志新:研究方法设计,论文审阅与修改。

Rational design of a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine against Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae based on immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology
Ting BIAN1, Zhengshan CHEN2, Meng HAO3, Zhenzhen ZHANG1, Qiyan XIONG1, Zhixin FENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260195
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【目的】 肺炎支原体(Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae)是全球社区获得性肺炎的主要病原体,其抗生素耐药形势日趋严峻,研发高效疫苗已成为当下紧迫需求。 【方法】 基于该病原体的关键致病机制,选取13种重要黏附素及社区获得性呼吸窘迫综合征(community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome, CARDS)毒素作为候选抗原。借助反向疫苗学与免疫信息学方法进行细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL)表位、辅助性T淋巴细胞(helper T lymphocyte, HTL)表位及线性B细胞表位的预测与筛选,随后通过特异性连接子对筛选获得的表位进行串联,在其N端引入人β-防御素2 (human beta-defensin 2, HBD-2)与50S核糖体蛋白L7/L12两种佐剂,构建完整的疫苗序列,并对其理化特性与生物学功能进行系统分析。 【结果】 本研究共筛选获得15个CTL表位、10个HTL表位及14个线性B细胞表位;通过特定连接子将各表位以及佐剂串联后,成功获得一条由746个氨基酸残基组成的多表位疫苗序列。对该疫苗理化性质进行计算分析,结果显示该疫苗结构具有良好的理化性质、抗原性、溶解性与安全性。分子对接结果证实其能够稳定结合Toll样受体2 (Toll-like receptor 2, TLR2)和TLR4受体。分子动力学模拟进一步验证了其结合的稳定性。免疫模拟及表位覆盖率分析显示,该疫苗可激发强烈的体液与细胞免疫应答,理论上能为全球约99.74%的人群提供潜在保护。 【结论】 本研究通过系统的计算设计及评估,设计出了一种具有良好应用前景的多表位mRNA候选疫苗,为后续实验验证与开发奠定了理论基础。

肺炎支原体  /  免疫信息学  /  多表位mRNA疫苗

[Objective] Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae is a major pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia worldwide, and the aggravating antibiotic resistance underscores the urgent need to develop an effective vaccine. [Methods] According to the critical pathogenic mechanisms of M. pneumoniae, 13 key adhesins and the community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin were selected as candidate antigens. Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches were adopted to predict and screen cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes, and linear B-cell epitopes. The screened epitopes were then connected via specific linkers. Two adjuvants, human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12, were introduced at the N-terminus to assemble the complete vaccine sequence. Furthermore, the physicochemical and biological properties of the constructed vaccine sequence were comprehensively analyzed. [Results] A total of 15 CTL epitopes, 10 HTL epitopes, and 14 linear B-cell epitopes were obtained after screening. All the epitopes and adjuvants were ligated by specific linkers, and a final multi-epitope vaccine sequence consisting of 746 amino acid residues was successfully constructed. The computational analysis indicated that the vaccine construct exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, antigenicity, solubility, and a safety profile. Molecular docking results showed that this construct could bind to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 stably, which was further confirmed with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. The immune simulation and epitope coverage analysis indicated that the vaccine could elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses and provide potential protection for up to 99.74% of the global population. [Conclusion] Through systematic computational design and evaluation, this study develops a multi-epitope mRNA candidate vaccine with promising application prospects, laying a theoretical foundation for subsequent experimental validation and development.

Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae  /  immunoinformatics  /  multi-epitope mRNA vaccine
卞婷, 陈郑珊, 郝勐, 张珍珍, 熊祺琰, 冯志新. 基于免疫信息学与反向疫苗学的抗肺炎支原体多表位mRNA疫苗理性设计. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5270 -5293 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260195
Ting BIAN, Zhengshan CHEN, Meng HAO, Zhenzhen ZHANG, Qiyan XIONG, Zhixin FENG. Rational design of a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine against Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae based on immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5270 -5293 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260195
肺炎支原体(Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae)是全球范围内导致社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia, CAP)的主要病原菌之一,对儿童和青少年影响尤为显著[1-2]。该病原体主要通过呼吸道飞沫在人群密集或通风不良的环境中传播,传播能力强。在美国,M. pneumoniae每年导致约200万例社区获得性肺炎,并造成约10万名成人住院治疗[2-3]。我国监测数据同样显示该病原体造成了沉重的疾病负担,M. pneumoniae占成人社区获得性肺炎病因的19.2%,在儿童与青少年肺炎病例中则占10.0%-30.0%[4-5]。随着SARS-CoV-2疫情防控措施的解除,多个国家相继报道了M. pneumoniae感染的再度上升趋势[6-8]。尽管M. pneumoniae感染通常呈自限性,但仍可诱发严重肺部并发症,如重症肺损伤,以及一系列肺外表现,包括累及心血管和中枢神经系统的危及生命的病变[2]。此外,除急性感染外,越来越多的研究表明M. pneumoniae感染与慢性阻塞性肺疾病及哮喘急性发作密切相关,进一步凸显其对人类健康的持续威胁[9-10]。
M. pneumoniae隶属于柔膜体纲支原体目支原体科。该菌缺乏细胞壁,基因组大小约800 kb,具有高度保守性,编码约700种蛋白质[11-12]。系统发育与比较基因组学分析提示,该病原体可能起源于革兰氏阳性菌祖先[13-14]。由于缺乏细胞壁,M. pneumoniae对β-内酰胺类抗生素具有天然耐药性。尽管四环素类和氟喹诺酮类药物可作为有效替代治疗药物,但其临床应用受到副作用的限制,例如四环素类药物可致儿童牙齿着色,氟喹诺酮类药物则存在肌肉骨骼毒性风险[15]。因此,大环内酯类药物被用作一线治疗的重要选择[16]。然而,在我国由于大环内酯类药物的广泛使用,M. pneumoniae对其耐药率已高达69.0%-95.0%[17]。高度耐药性导致大环内酯类药物疗效显著下降,已成为突出的临床问题,并与病死率升高密切相关[18]。此外,M. pneumoniae感染后诱导的自然免疫通常持续时间较短,个体存在反复感染的可能[2,9]。
鉴于M. pneumoniae带来的巨大公共卫生负担以及当前预防与治疗策略的局限性,开发安全有效的疫苗已成为当务之急。然而,目前尚无获批疫苗可用。抗原变异与免疫逃逸的复杂性,加之免疫保护机制尚不完全明确,使得M. pneumoniae疫苗的研发尤为困难。此外,对疫苗增强性疾病(vaccine-enhanced disease, VED)的担忧也是制约相关研究进展的重要因素。研究表明,M. pneumoniae膜相关脂蛋白与VED现象密切相关[3],这也是全细胞疫苗保护效果不佳的重要原因。当前,针对M. pneumoniae的疫苗研究主要包括灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗、蛋白亚单位疫苗和重组DNA疫苗,但各类疫苗均存在一定的局限性。传统的灭活全细胞疫苗免疫原性较弱,部分接种后未产生抗体的个体在再次感染时可能出现严重免疫反应,存在免疫病理风险。减毒活疫苗虽能诱导较强的免疫应答,但其安全性控制仍面临挑战。基于黏附素(如P1、P30、P116)的蛋白亚单位疫苗虽被认为具有较好的应用前景,但在制备与应用中仍存在显著技术障碍,包括体外表达水平低、纯化工艺复杂、需多次免疫,以及在异源表达系统中易丧失天然构象等问题。DNA疫苗虽能同时激发细胞免疫与体液免疫,但其免疫原性较弱,需多次免疫,且存在基因组整合的风险[19]。
反向疫苗学与免疫信息学的快速发展使其成为快速筛选候选疫苗的有力工具。通过系统筛选和组合能够同时诱导强大细胞和体液免疫反应的优势抗原表位,从而实现多表位疫苗的合理设计。与传统疫苗相比,这类基于多肽的疫苗源自病原体中保守且与宿主非同源的基因序列,具有安全性更高、设计灵活、免疫原性强、稳定性好、适用范围广以及生产成本低等独特优势。目前,该方法已成功应用于猴痘病毒[20]、黄热病病毒[21]、内脏利什曼原虫[22]及金黄色葡萄球菌[23]等多种病原体的疫苗开发。
早期针对M. pneumoniae多表位疫苗的设计多依赖于免疫信息学预测进行抗原筛选,或仅聚焦于单一抗原[14,24-25]。相比之下,本研究立足于M. pneumoniae的致病机制,针对其发病过程的关键环节开展疫苗设计。M. pneumoniae的致病性涉及细胞黏附、毒素分泌、免疫损伤及免疫逃逸等多个生物学过程。其中,细胞黏附是启动感染的关键步骤,而毒素产生则是造成组织损伤的主要驱动力[19]。基于此,本研究拟选取关键黏附素及社区获得性呼吸窘迫综合征(community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome, CARDS)毒素作为靶点,依托免疫信息学方法完成多表位疫苗的虚拟设计与筛选。该策略旨在通过同时阻断病原体黏附并中和毒素介导的损伤,从而提供更全面的免疫保护,研究结果有望为开发有效的M. pneumoniae疫苗提供重要的理论与技术基础。
本研究结合免疫信息学与反向疫苗学方法设计了针对M. pneumoniae的一种新型高效的多表位mRNA疫苗,具体流程如图1所示。
黏附是M. pneumoniae建立感染的关键起始步骤。研究表明,大多数黏附素具有强抗原性,是疫苗设计的重要靶点。基于此,本研究选取了13种黏附素作为开发多表位疫苗的候选抗原[19]。
与多数支原体不同,M. pneumoniae可分泌独特的CARDS毒素[26]。序列分析表明,该毒素与百日咳毒素催化亚基及霍乱毒素催化结构域的氨基酸序列具有相似性;功能上,其N端结构域负责ADP-核糖转移酶活性,C端区域则介导结合、内化及细胞空泡化。此外,该毒素已被证实可诱导强烈的免疫应答反应[26-27]。基于这些特性,CARDS毒素也被选定为候选抗原。
鉴于全球流行的M. pneumoniae主要分为2个型别,本研究分别选取了代表1型菌株和2型菌株的M129株(GenBank登录号为NC_000912)和FH株(GenBank登录号为CP010546)进行分析。以FASTA格式从NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)获取了14种蛋白的氨基酸序列,作为设计交叉保护性多表位疫苗的数据集(表1)。
为提高细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL)表位预测的可靠性,本研究采用2种算法互补的预测平台。首先,利用IEDB数据库的主要组织相容性复合体Ⅰ类分子(major histocompatibility complex class Ⅰ, MHC-Ⅰ)在线工具(https://www.iedb.org/)筛选9肽,共选取27个全球高频分布的MHC-Ⅰ等位基因[28-29]。以评分>0.5且排名<0.10%为阈值,筛选高亲和力表位进入后续分析。其次,采用NetCTL-1.2服务器(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetCTL-1.2)对上述预测结果进行补充验证。该服务器整合了表位呈递的3个关键环节,即肽段与MHC-Ⅰ分子结合、蛋白酶体C端裂解以及抗原加工相关转运体(transporter associated with antigen processing, TAP)转运效率,可鉴定受12种MHC-Ⅰ超型限制的CTL表位。其中,肽段与MHC结合及蛋白酶体裂解通过人工神经网络预测,TAP转运效率则通过权重矩阵进行评估[30-31]。C端裂解、TAP转运效率及表位鉴定阈值均采用默认参数(分别为0.15、0.05和0.75)。仅当表位被2种工具同时预测且均获高评分时方被选中进入后续分析。
为确保预测结果的可靠性,本研究联合使用IEDB工具与NetMHCIIpan 4.0服务器(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetMHCIIpan-4.0/)进行辅助性T淋巴细胞(helper T lymphocyte, HTL)表位预测,肽长为15个氨基酸,其余参数均为默认值。仅当候选表位同时被2种工具识别、可结合多种等位基因,且满足IC50<50 nmol/L与结合百分位中位数<0.50%双重阈值的表位方被选中进入后续研究。
B细胞表位是激发抗体应答和记忆B细胞形成的关键,对建立长期免疫保护至关重要。为系统筛选这类表位,本研究联合应用ABCpred (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/abcpred) (阈值0.51,肽长为16个氨基酸)与Bepipred线性表位预测3.0工具(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/BepiPred-3.0/)。仅当候选表位被2种方法同时预测且均获得高评分时方被选择进入后续分析。相对溶剂可及性(relative solvent accessibility, RSA)与溶剂可及表面积(solvent accessible surface area, SASA)使用NetSurfP-3.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/NetSurfP-3.0/)进行分析,RSA>50.00%为高度暴露,SASA越高,表明表位暴露越充分、抗体结合潜力越强。
采用VaxiJen v2.0 (http://www.ddg-pharmfac.net/vaxijen)评估所选表位的抗原性,阈值设定为>0.50,低于该值的肽段视为无抗原性并予以排除。随后,分别利用AllerTOP v.2.1 (https://www.ddg-pharmfac.net/AllerTOP)和ToxinPred (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/toxinpred/)预测表位的致敏性和毒性。使用IFNepitope2 (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/ifnepitope2/)预测器分析肽段诱导干扰素-γ (interferon-γ, IFN-γ)产生的能力。据此筛选出具有高抗原性、非致敏性且无毒性特征的表位进入后续分析。
为构建针对M. pneumoniae的多表位疫苗,本研究通过功能特异性连接子将筛选获得的CTL、HTL及B细胞表位进行系统组合。这些连接子具有多重作用,包括增强疫苗稳定性、改善表位可及性和灵活性、维持单个表位的结构独立性和免疫原性、促进抗原呈递以及防止表位间相互干扰[32]。据此,针对不同类型表位选用不同的连接子:CTL表位采用AAY连接子进行连接[33-34],HTL表位采用GPGPG连接子进行连接,线性B细胞表位则采用KK连接子进行连接[20]。为进一步增强疫苗的免疫原性,诱导强烈且持久的先天性和适应性免疫应答,本研究将人β-防御素2和50S核糖体蛋白L7/L12作为强效佐剂,通过刚性EAAAK连接子融合至多肽疫苗的N端[32-33]。
为全面评估多表位疫苗的理化与免疫学特性,本研究采用多种生物信息学工具进行系统分析。利用ProtParam工具(https://web.expasy.org/protparam)预测理化性质,包括分子量、理论等电点、预测半衰期、不稳定指数、脂肪族指数及亲水性平均值(grand average of hydropathicity, GRAVY)。溶解度采用SOLpro (http://scratch.proteomics.ics.uci.edu)和SoluProt v1 (http://scratch.proteomics.ics.uci.edu)进行评估;抗原性采用VaxiJen v2.0和ANTIGENpro (https://scratch.proteomics.ics.uci.edu)进行分析;毒性通过ToxinPred2 (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/toxinpred2)进行评估;致敏性采用AllerTOP v2.1进行预测。此外,应用DeepTMHMM-1.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/DeepTMHMM-1.0)和SignalP-6.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-6.0)分别预测跨膜螺旋结构及信号肽[20,34]。
采用PSIPRED (http://bioinf.cs.ucl.ac.uk/psipred)对构建疫苗的二级结构进行分析。该工具基于2阶段神经网络算法,可预测α-螺旋、β-折叠及无规则卷曲[35-36],兼具跨膜拓扑结构预测功能[37]。
采用I-TASSER (https://zhanggroup.org/I-TASSER/)预测构建体的三级结构,随后利用GalaxyRefine (https://galaxy.seoklab.org/cgi-bin/submit.cgi type=REFINE)对预测模型进行优化以提升结构质量[38]。优化后的三维模型通过2种方法进行验证:PROCHECK (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/software/PROCHECK/)的Ramachandran图评估其立体化学质量,ProSA-web (https://prosa.services.came.sbg.ac.at/prosa.php)的Z-score值评价整体折叠质量[39]。
Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)是先天性免疫中重要的模式识别受体,在激活抗M. pneumoniae感染的免疫应答中发挥重要作用。为探究所设计疫苗与人TLR2和TLR4的相互作用潜力,从PDB数据库获取二者的三维结构(TLR2: 6NIG; TLR4: 4G8A)。经结构准备和能量最小化后,采用HDOCK进行分子对接分析。该集成平台基于混合模板对接与自由对接算法,可从生物大分子的序列或结构出发自动预测其相互作用[40]。对接分析完成后,利用PDBsum服务器(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/)对疫苗-TLR2/TLR4复合物的相互作用特征进行综合评价。
为探究疫苗-TLR2/TLR4复合物的动态特征及稳定性,采用GROMACS v2021.4软件进行分子动力学模拟[41]。首先,应用AMBER14SB_PARMBSC1力场生成复合物的坐标及拓扑文件[42]。随后,使用TIP3P水模型对体系进行溶剂化处理,并添加Na+和Cl-抗衡离子以维持体系电中性。通过能量最小化使体系达到设定收敛标准[最大力≤1 000 kJ/(mol·nm)]。为建立稳定的温度与压力环境,依次进行200 ps的NVT模拟和1 ns的NPT模拟,将体系温度平衡至37 ℃、压力平衡至1.013×105 Pa。此过程中,分别采用修正的Berendsen热浴法和Parrinello-Rahman压浴法控制温度和压力。最后,进行100 ns的成品分子动力学模拟,应用LINCS算法约束氢键,采用Particle-Mesh Ewald求和法计算长程静电相互作用[34]。对模拟轨迹进行分析,计算各体系的均方根偏差(root-mean-square deviation, RMSD)、回转半径(radius of gyration, Rg)及氢键数量,并评估各受体链与配体链的均方根波动(root-mean-square fluctuation, RMSF)[43-44]。
采用C-ImmSim (http://kraken.iac.rm.cnr.it/C-IMMSIM/)进行免疫应答模拟,以评估所设计疫苗的免疫效力。该服务器通过位置特异性评分矩阵预测抗原诱导的免疫应答,可同时从体液免疫和细胞免疫层面识别免疫表位及相互作用,全面评估哺乳动物对目标抗原的免疫反应[45]。模拟采用间隔4周的2剂免疫程序,所有参数均为默认值。
表位诱导免疫应答的前提是宿主表达相应的MHC分子,而这类等位基因的分布频率在不同地理区域和种族人群中差异显著。为评估所选表位的人群覆盖率,本研究采用IEDB数据库的人群覆盖率分析工具(http://tools.iedb.org/population)对全球各地区进行了系统分析[20,45]。
采用多步骤计算机模拟策略进行mRNA疫苗设计。首先,在疫苗构建体的N端引入组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tissue plasminogen activator, tPA)信号肽,以促进其跨膜分泌。随后,利用Jcat (http://www.jcat.de/)对序列进行适用于人类表达的密码子优化,并以密码子适应指数(codon adaptation index, CAI)和G+C含量作为评估潜在表达效率的关键指标。为增强翻译效率与mRNA稳定性,引入了Kozak序列、TGA终止密码子、5′/3′非翻译区(untranslated region, UTR)及poly(A)尾。将优化后的DNA序列经计算机模拟转录为mRNA,并采用RNAfold (http://rna.tbi.univie.ac.at/cgi-bin/RNAWebSuite/RNAfold.cgi)预测其二级结构。最后,使用SnapGene软件将优化序列克隆至pET-28a(+)载体,并在两端分别引入Nde I和Xho I酶切位点以便后续操作。
从NCBI数据库中分别获取了来自M129株和FH株的14个抗原蛋白序列,即P1、P30、P40/90、P116、P65、高分子量蛋白1 (high molecular weight protein 1, HMW1)、HMW2、HMW3、延伸因子Tu (elongation factor Tu, EF-Tu)、TopJ、丙酮酸脱氢酶亚基B (pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit B)、糖酵解酶烯醇化酶(glycolytic enzymes enolase)、P200及CARDS毒素,用于多表位疫苗的设计。氨基酸相似性分析结果表明,所选抗原蛋白在两代表菌株间高度保守,除P40/90相似性为86.95%外,其余13种蛋白的相似性均超过94.00% (表1)。
基于多工具联合策略对上述14种蛋白进行表位预测。CTL表位采用IEDB和NetCTL 1.2工具,HTL表位采用IEDB和NetMHCIIpan 4.0工具,线性B细胞表位采用ABCpred和Bepipred 3.0工具。预测遵循严格的一致性筛选原则,即候选表位须在2种对应工具中均获高评分,且在2种代表菌株间序列完全一致方被选择进入后续抗原性、致敏性、毒性以及溶剂表面可及性分析。经上述综合筛选,最终获得15个CTL表位、10个HTL表位及14个线性B细胞表位,用于广谱多表位疫苗的构建(表2-表4)。对筛选获得的候选表位进行跨毒株保守性分析,于NCBI数据库中随机选取1型与2型共40株M. pneumoniae序列进行比对分析。结果显示,绝大多数表位在不同毒株中高度保守,仅少数表位存在个别氨基酸位点差异。本研究采用多抗原融合的多表位串联设计,具备多靶点协同互补的优势,即便部分流行毒株发生少数表位关键氨基酸突变,其余表位仍可有效激活特异性免疫应答,可有效降低毒株变异导致的免疫逃逸风险,确保该候选疫苗对不同M. pneumoniae流行毒株的交叉保护效力。
分别采用AAY、GPGPG及KK连接子将筛选获得的CTL、HTL及B细胞表位进行连接组合,构建候选多表位疫苗(图2)。为增强疫苗诱导免疫应答的能力,本研究在构建体中引入了2种具有佐剂活性的功能组分。其一为人β-防御素2 (human beta-defensin 2, HBD-2) (PDB ID为1FD3;氨基酸序列为GIGDPVTCLKSGAICHP VFCPRRYKQIGTCGLPGTKCCKKP)。已有研究表明,HBD-2对M. pneumoniae具有显著抗菌活性[46];同样地,猪β-防御素2 (porcine beta-defensin 2, PBD-2)在抵抗猪肺炎支原体感染中也发挥重要作用[47],提示β-防御素家族对支原体具有广谱抑制活性。此外,β-防御素还被证实参与免疫调节过程,既可激活固有免疫细胞,也可借助趋化因子受体CCR6及CCR2招募初始T细胞,同时还能与抗原呈递细胞表面的Toll样受体相互作用[48]。其二为50S核糖体蛋白L7/L12 (UniProt ID为P9WHE3;氨基酸序列为VILEAAGDKKIGVIKVVREIVSGLGLKEAKDLVDGAPKPLLEKVAKEAADEAKAKLEAAGATVTVK)。该蛋白具有激活TLR4介导的固有免疫应答并诱导Th1/Th17型反应的能力。以上2个功能组分通过EAAAK连接子串联于疫苗序列的N端。最终获得了一条由746个氨基酸残基组成的多表位疫苗序列。
采用ProtParam对候选疫苗的生物物理特性进行分析,结果显示,该疫苗构建体的分子量为80.745 kDa,理论等电点(isoelectric point, pI)为8.79,表明其偏碱性。不稳定系数为36.98 (该值低于40,提示蛋白稳定),表明结构稳定。该序列的脂肪族指数为62.82,GRAVY为-0.668,反映出其具有中等热稳定性和极好的亲水性。SOLpro和SoluProt v1分析进一步证实了其高溶解性,评分分别为0.776和0.575。此外,DeepTMHMM-1.0与SignalP-6.0分析显示,该候选疫苗中不存在跨膜螺旋结构域及信号肽,预示其具备在细胞质中可溶性表达的潜力。在半衰期方面,该蛋白在哺乳动物网织红细胞中的预测半衰期为30 h,在酵母中超过20 h,在大肠杆菌中大于10 h。进一步的抗原性分析显示,该候选疫苗表现出较强的抗原性,在VaxiJen v2.0和ANTIGENpro服务器上的评分分别达到0.918和0.896。同时,经ToxinPred2和AllerTOP v.2.1评估,确认该构建体无毒且无致敏性,凸显了其良好的安全性特征(表5)。综上所述,该候选疫苗具备理想的生物物理与生化特性,显示出其在免疫学应用方面的良好前景。
利用PSIPRED对设计的疫苗进行二级结构预测,结果显示该序列中α-螺旋、β-折叠及无规则卷曲分别占比30.43%、12.20%和57.37%,表明该结构具有高度的柔韧性(图3)。
利用I-TASSER服务器预测了设计疫苗的三级结构,从中筛选出最优模型,并通过GalaxyRefine服务器进行优化,优化后的结构如图4A所示。通过PROCHECK工具对优化的模型进行分析,Ramachandran图结果显示,83.70%的氨基酸残基位于最适区域,12.30%位于允许区域,0.80%位于一般允许区域,3.20%位于不允许区域(图4B)。ProSA-web分析结果显示,Z-score值为-5.96 (图4C),处于天然蛋白质的理想范围内,进一步验证了所预测三维模型具有较高可信度。
为从分子水平阐明候选疫苗诱导免疫应答的机制,采用分子对接技术系统分析了优化后的疫苗模型与关键免疫受体TLR2和TLR4之间的相互作用。通过HDOCK在线服务器分别将疫苗构建体与TLR2和TLR4进行对接模拟。在HDOCK中,结合得分反映了预测的结合亲和力,得分越低通常表示结构稳定性越高、结合能力越强。因此,本研究以该得分为主要标准进行模型的筛选与排序。对接结果显示,疫苗构建体可与TLR2和TLR4形成稳定的复合物(图5)。其中,TLR2和TLR4得分最高的对接模型结合能分别为-494.01和-348.22。选取这2个代表性复合物进行进一步表征。首先使用PyMOL软件可视化其三维结构和相互作用界面,随后利用PDBsum服务器分析界面相互作用的类型和数量。结果表明,疫苗构建体与2种受体之间均存在多种相互作用,包括氢键、盐桥和非键接触。定量分析显示,疫苗-TLR2复合物中包含126个非键接触、3个氢键和1个盐桥(图5A);而疫苗-TLR4复合物中则包含158个非键接触、4个氢键和4个盐桥(图5B)。
为评估疫苗-TLR复合物的稳定性、构象灵活性及结构紧凑性,对对接构象进行了100 ns分子动力学模拟,并基于模拟轨迹分析了RMSD、Rg、RMSF及氢键相互作用。
RMSD是评估模拟过程中结构稳定性的可靠指标,其数值越低,表明与初始构象的偏离越小;出现稳定平台期则提示体系已达到平衡。分析结果显示,疫苗-TLR2复合物的RMSD在前10 ns内逐渐升高,随后稳定在约0.70 nm,模拟末期虽略有上升至1.00 nm,但整体波动幅度较小;疫苗-TLR4复合物的RMSD则在12 ns内逐步上升后稳定于约0.90 nm,最终温和升至1.20 nm,整体变化幅度同样有限(图6A)。上述结果表明,该候选疫苗在与TLR2和TLR4结合后均表现出较高的构象稳定性。
Rg值通过计算各原子相对于质心的均方根距离反映蛋白质复合物的结构紧凑性。稳定的Rg值表明模拟过程中复合物整体构象保持良好,未发生明显展开或塌缩。结果显示,在100 ns模拟期间,疫苗-TLR2与疫苗-TLR4复合物的Rg值均保持相对稳定,波动幅度在0.50 nm以内(图6B)。
RMSF用于衡量模拟过程中单个原子相对于其平均位置的偏离程度,反映分子内部的区域柔性,数值越高提示复合物中该区域迁移性越强。RMSF分析表明,疫苗-TLR2与疫苗-TLR4复合物中仅佐剂对应残基区域(第20-60位)表现出较高波动,其余区域RMSF值均较低。其中,疫苗-TLR2复合物的平均RMSF为(0.39±0.15) nm,最大值为1.15 nm (图6C);疫苗-TLR4复合物的平均RMSF为0.36±0.14 nm,最大值为1.01 nm (图6D)。
分子间氢键的持续存在进一步证实了蛋白质复合物的稳定性。模拟过程中,疫苗-TLR2复合物的氢键总数稳定在15个左右,疫苗-TLR4复合物则稳定在10个左右。这些结果再次证明疫苗-TLR2与疫苗-TLR4复合物均具有稳定性,且所设计的疫苗对TLR表现出较强的亲和力(图6E、6F)。
理想的疫苗不仅应能激发强烈的体液与细胞免疫应答,还应具备激活先天免疫的能力。通过C-ImmSim服务器对候选疫苗所诱导的初次及二次免疫应答进行了模拟,系统评估了多种免疫组分的响应情况,包括HTL、CTL、记忆细胞,以及自然杀伤(natural killer, NK)细胞、树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)等免疫细胞。模拟结果显示,初次免疫后抗体水平(包括IgM、IgM+IgG及IgG1+IgG2)和B细胞数量均有所上升,而在加强免疫后所有检测的免疫指标均出现显著增强(图7A-7C)。细胞免疫也得到强力激活,具体表现为CTL与HTL数量的显著增加(图7D-7E)。此外,树突状细胞、巨噬细胞及自然杀伤细胞等先天免疫细胞群体在整个免疫周期内均保持显著且持续的扩增态势(图7F-7H)。同时,关键细胞因子如IFN-γ和白细胞介素-2 (interleukin-2, IL-2)的表达水平也显著升高(图7I)。该免疫响应特征与实验性疫苗在小鼠模型中诱导的免疫反应特征相符[49],提示所构建的候选疫苗可在体内激发全面且强效的免疫应答。
人群覆盖范围是衡量疫苗在目标人群中潜在保护比例的重要指标,对评估疫苗的实际应用价值具有重要意义。为明确不同区域背景下优势表位的覆盖率,本研究利用IEDB数据库的人群覆盖分析工具,对全球多个地区及代表性国家进行了系统评估。结果显示,全球范围内约99.74%的人群可能对该疫苗产生免疫应答。在区域层面,除中美洲覆盖率较低(53.80%)外,其余大部分地区的覆盖率均达到94.00%以上(表6)。上述结果表明,该候选疫苗具有对广泛人群提供针对M. pneumoniae保护的潜力。值得一提的是,中美洲地区预测人群覆盖率仅为53.80%,显著低于全球99.74%的覆盖率,推测可能是由多种原因导致的。该地区人群具有复杂的混合遗传背景,其HLA等位基因呈现高度碎片化与独特性,这使得基于全球数据筛选的表位集难以与当地优势MHC限制性类型有效匹配。其次,IEDB数据库中中美洲样本的代表性有限,覆盖率估算本身可能存在一定偏差。此外,目前关于M. pneumoniae在中美洲国家流行情况的研究数据非常少,仅有的流行病学数据显示2个型的毒株在古巴均有被检测到[50];毒株信息来源的极度匮乏,同样可能是导致覆盖率估算偏低的另一个重要原因。针对上述问题,后续可采取纳入中美洲人群特异性HLA数据进行表位优化、加强该地区分子流行病学监测、开展M. pneumoniae序列分析,以及进行区域人群来源的免疫原性验证等策略,从而进一步提升候选疫苗在该地区的适用性。
近年来,mRNA技术取得了显著突破。该技术凭借开发周期短、生产方式灵活、可快速应对新变异株以及诱导强烈免疫应答等优势,在疫苗研发中展现出广阔的应用前景,目前已广泛用于多种疫苗的研制。基于上述优势,本研究将所设计的抗原肽进一步构建为mRNA疫苗形式。在编码序列的N端依次引入T7启动子、tPA信号肽及5′ UTR,C端添加3′ UTR与poly(A)尾,最终获得总长度为2 687 bp的核苷酸序列(图8A)。优化后的mRNA疫苗序列密码子适应指数为0.92,G+C含量为64.72%,均处于理想范围。图8B展示了所设计mRNA的最小自由能结构与质心结构,其折叠自由能为-1 481.38 kcal/mol。随后,选取限制性内切酶Nde I和Xho I进行计算机模拟克隆,将mRNA疫苗对应的DNA序列插入pET-28a(+)载体,并通过SnapGene软件对克隆过程进行模拟与可视化展示,结果如图8C所示。多表位设计与mRNA疫苗形式相结合,可有效整合二者优势、弥补各自局限:多表位理性设计显著提升了mRNA疫苗的安全性与广谱性,而mRNA技术为多表位疫苗提供了高效递送与呈递平台,有效解决了多肽疫苗稳定性差、呈递效率低等问题,二者协同结合,最终成功构建出兼具强免疫原性、良好安全性与广谱保护潜力的抗M. pneumoniae多表位mRNA候选疫苗,为该病原体的疫苗研发提供了思路。
结构生物学、生物信息学和计算生物学等研究方法的不断进步,不仅深化了我们对疾病机制的认识,也推动了疫苗研发的进程,为靶向疫苗的理性设计提供了有力支撑[51-53]。M. pneumoniae作为重要呼吸道病原体之一,持续威胁全球公共卫生安全,但目前仍无获批的商用疫苗[9,54]。当前临床上主要依赖抗生素治疗其感染,然而日益严峻的耐药性问题正成为新的公共卫生隐患。因此,亟需研发安全有效的疫苗以更好地防控M. pneumoniae感染,减少抗生素使用,遏制耐药性蔓延。本研究基于反向疫苗学策略与免疫信息学方法系统筛选了M. pneumoniae关键毒力因子的T细胞和B细胞表位,设计了一种新型多表位mRNA候选疫苗。综合分析表明,该构建体具有诱导广泛且高效免疫应答的潜力,为M. pneumoniae疫苗的研发提供了新的思路和候选分子。
早期针对M. pneumoniae的肽疫苗研究所选取的抗原多源于免疫信息学预测[14,24,55],或仅聚焦于某单一抗原[25]。相比之下,本研究以M. pneumoniae的两大关键致病机制,即细胞黏附与毒素介导的损伤为靶点,旨在实现更全面的干预效果。一方面,通过整合13种主要黏附素,诱导免疫应答以阻断病原体对宿主呼吸道上皮细胞的初始附着,从而在感染建立的源头进行干预;另一方面,引入来源于CARDS毒素的表位以激发中和抗体,减轻该毒力因子所引发的广泛炎症反应与组织损伤。这一双靶点策略突破了传统单一抗原设计的局限,有望提供更为全面和有效的保护。在黏附素的选择方面,依据其分别隶属于M. pneumoniae黏附细胞器的不同功能区(如附着结构、末端结构及跨膜区等),并在黏附级联反应的不同阶段(如初始附着、受体结合、滑行及免疫逃逸)发挥关键作用。具体而言,P1、P30、P40/90、HMW家族等为公认的黏附核心组分,而EF-Tu、TopJ、烯醇化酶等则兼具黏附功能与代谢酶活性,在病原侵袭及免疫调节中发挥协同作用[19,56-58]。已有研究证实,以P1、P30等单一蛋白作为免疫原,能够有效激发机体产生针对M. pneumoniae的特异性免疫应答,并可为宿主提供一定程度的抗感染保护作用[59-60]。整合上述13种抗原的优势在于:一方面,通过覆盖黏附过程的多靶点、多环节,可弥补单一抗原免疫原性不足或序列变异导致的保护范围局限,增强疫苗的广谱性与交叉保护力;另一方面,基于多表位设计策略筛选各抗原中优势T细胞/B细胞表位进行串联,既能规避全蛋白中可能存在的免疫偏移或自身免疫风险,又能通过表位间的协同叠加效应提升免疫应答的广度与强度,从而为构建高效、安全的亚单位疫苗奠定基础。
本研究采用严格表位筛选策略,并结合多种预测算法,有效提升了预测结果的可靠性。鉴于体液免疫与细胞免疫在抗M. pneumoniae感染中均发挥关键作用[2],本研究最终筛选获得15个CTL表位、10个HTL表位及14个线性B细胞表位。这些表位在2种主要流行菌株中均呈现高度保守性,为实现广谱保护效果奠定了重要基础。全球人群覆盖率预测高达99.74%,进一步支持该疫苗在不同人群中具有潜在适用性;然而,中美洲地区预测覆盖率较低(53.80%)也提示其存在一定局限性,后续设计可针对该区域进行表位的定向优化。
疫苗序列的合理设计不仅涉及表位的筛选,也包括连接子的策略性运用。连接子在维持各表位结构独立性、促进抗原正确加工以及保持免疫原性方面发挥着重要作用。本研究分别选用AAY、GPGPG和KK作为CTL表位、HTL表位与B细胞表位之间的连接子。其中,AAY连接子可增强CTL表位的蛋白酶体切割效率与MHC I类分子提呈;GPGPG作为柔性连接子能维持HTL表位的独立构象与MHC Ⅱ类分子结合;KK连接子通过引入带正电的赖氨酸残基提升线性B细胞表位的空间可及性与抗原递呈效率;而EAAAK形成的刚性α螺旋结构则适用于需要维持表位空间分离以避免相互干扰的场景。上述连接子的组合应用旨在协同优化多表位疫苗的构象稳定性、免疫原性及抗原加工提呈效率[20,32-34]。此外,为进一步提升疫苗的免疫刺激能力,通过EAAAK连接子将HBD-2和50S核糖体蛋白L7/L12作为佐剂引入疫苗构建体中。其中,HBD-2具有直接抗菌活性与趋化功能,而L7/L12作为已知的TLR4激动剂,可有效诱导强烈的Th1型免疫应答[61],这对于清除胞内病原体尤为重要。上述策略的综合应用有助于显著提升候选疫苗的免疫原性。
值得一提的是,在mRNA疫苗设计中引入HBD-2和L7/L12两种短肽类佐剂,主要目的在于利用其免疫调节活性增强整体免疫应答,而非直接提升翻译效率。在密码子优化(CAI=0.92)及优化的5′/3′ UTR调控下,该疫苗的翻译效率已接近最优水平,额外融合佐剂序列理论上不会进一步增强翻译。此外,整体疫苗序列长度为746个氨基酸,未超出mRNA翻译的常规有效范围,且未引入复杂二级结构元件(如跨膜区、大量疏水区),因此影响翻译效率的可能性也较小。另一个值得关注的问题是,抗佐剂抗体可能引发的表位抑制现象。作为内源性分子,HBD-2具有较低的免疫原性倾向;50S核糖体蛋白L7/L12作为TLR4激动剂,可诱导未成熟树突状细胞和初始T细胞,并引发适应性免疫应答。已有研究证实,L7/L12作为佐剂能显著增强疫苗的免疫效果及基于树突状细胞的肿瘤免疫治疗,已被应用于埃博拉病毒、狂犬病毒、汉坦病毒等多种病原体的疫苗设计及肿瘤治疗[45,61-63],目前尚无抗该佐剂抗体的相关报道。其次,在结构设计上,本研究采用EAAAK刚性连接子将佐剂与抗原表位进行连接,可在空间上有效隔离二者。在免疫程序方面,mRNA疫苗通常采用单次或2次免疫(本研究模拟为2剂免疫),不同于传统蛋白疫苗的多次加强策略,这有助于减少抗佐剂抗体的累积机会。尽管如此,该风险在理论上仍然存在。后续动物实验将系统检测针对佐剂及各抗原表位的特异性抗体,并评估潜在的抑制作用。
计算机模拟分析表明,该疫苗构建体具备理想的理化特性,包括良好的稳定性、可溶性和亲水性,且无跨膜区或信号肽。值得注意的是,在疫苗研发,尤其是多表位亚单位疫苗的设计中进行毒性分析与致敏性分析是确保疫苗安全性的关键环节。某些表位肽可能因与宿主自身蛋白结构相似而诱发交叉反应,导致自身免疫毒性;或因其序列中具有特定的免疫刺激基序(如反复出现的疏水残基、与已知毒素或过敏原同源的区域)而引发超敏反应,表现为致敏性。此外,部分来源于病原体毒力因子或跨膜区的表位可能通过破坏细胞膜完整性或过度激活炎症反应而产生直接毒性。因此,在疫苗研发的早期阶段,通过免疫信息学工具对这些潜在风险进行系统预测,有助于提前剔除具有安全隐患的候选表位。本研究的预测结果显示,该构建体具有高抗原性、非致敏性及无毒性。三维模型优化后的评估结果显示,超过83%的氨基酸残基位于Ramachandran图的最允许区域,同时ProSA Z-score值也表现良好。综上所述,这些结果验证了该模型的合理性与结构可靠性,为后续深入的结构解析与功能研究提供了坚实的基础。
研究显示,TLR1、TLR2、TLR4、TLR6等在抗M. pneumoniae感染过程中均发挥重要作用。在众多TLR家族成员中,本研究选择TLR2和TLR4进行分子对接及后续的分子动力学模拟,主要基于以下2点考虑:(1)二者在识别病原体相关分子模式、启动先天免疫应答中处于重要地位。TLR2是识别支原体黏附素等成分的主要受体,TLR4则主要通过识别M. pneumoniae感染所致细胞损伤后释放的内源性危险信号发挥关键作用,二者协同参与塑造适应性免疫应答类型,是调控炎症反应与免疫稳态的关键模式识别受体[19,64];(2)这2个受体也是目前M. pneumoniae疫苗研究中被广泛采用的验证靶点[25,55]。基于此,本研究最终聚焦于TLR2和TLR4这2个最具代表性、机制明确且应用广泛的关键受体,以从分子水平阐明候选疫苗激活先天免疫应答的能力。良好的对接得分以及多样化的界面相互作用(如氢键、盐桥)证实了疫苗与这些受体具有较强的结合亲和力。进一步的分子动力学模拟显示,这些对接复合物在模拟体系中维持了较好的结构稳定性,具体表现为RMSD值和Rg持续保持在较低水平,且分子间氢键稳定存在(图6)。这种动态稳定性表明,疫苗与受体的相互作用不仅在静态对接模型中表现优异,在接近生理条件的动态环境中依然稳健,表明其具备有效激活先天免疫应答的潜力,从而为启动适应性免疫应答提供了重要支持。C-ImmSim免疫模拟结果显示,在免疫应答的初期和记忆期,细胞免疫和体液免疫应答相关活性分子均被有效激活,这也是对上述对接结果的印证。值得一提的是,本研究仅选择小鼠模型进行免疫模拟,主要基于以下考虑:(1)小鼠是M. pneumoniae致病性及疫苗研究中被广泛应用的公认动物模型;(2)作为疫苗临床前研究中最常用的模式生物,小鼠的免疫系统与人类具有高度同源性,可为评估候选疫苗诱导的免疫应答类型提供可靠参考。因此,通过小鼠模型进行免疫模拟能够有效预测疫苗在哺乳动物中的免疫原性趋势,为后续体外及动物实验提供筛选依据。关于其他哺乳动物模型的模拟,目前C-ImmSim服务器尚不支持直接选择其他物种,这也是本研究存在的局限性之一。
基于mRNA疫苗技术的独特优势,本研究将所设计的多肽抗原构建为mRNA疫苗形式。通过引入合适的调控元件并对编码序列进行密码子优化,以提升其在人体细胞中的表达效率。随后,进一步通过计算机模拟将优化后的序列克隆至pET-28a(+)表达载体中,为后续的功能验证奠定了基础。然而,本研究也存在一定的局限性。虽然预测算法在基于免疫信息学的疫苗设计中发挥着关键作用,但其准确性仍受限于当前的模型与数据资源;此外,本研究的预测结果尚需通过体内外实验对其免疫原性、在动物体内的递送效率、对同源毒株以及异源毒株的交叉保护效力及安全性进行验证。未来我们将以小鼠为动物模型,通过检测免疫后不同时间点的T细胞与B细胞激活、生发中心应答、抗原特异性记忆B细胞产生以及血清中抗原特异性抗体水平等指标,综合评价该疫苗在动物体内的安全性及其诱导细胞免疫与体液免疫应答的能力;在此基础上开展野毒株攻毒实验,分析该疫苗对小鼠的保护效力并观察是否存在免疫增强现象,从而全面评估该疫苗对M. pneumoniae的保护效果。
本研究综合运用免疫信息学与反向疫苗学方法成功设计了一种新型抗M. pneumoniae多表位mRNA候选疫苗。该疫苗构建体在抗原性、安全性、稳定性及免疫应答预测等方面均表现出良好的特性。为后续实验研究提供了一个具有应用潜力的候选疫苗,同时也为抗击这一重要呼吸道病原体的防控工作奠定了坚实基础。
  • 江苏省科技计划专项(创新支撑计划国际科技合作)(BZ2023048)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32500179)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金(SBK20250407426)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260195
  • 接收时间:2026-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-10
  • 录用日期:2026-04-24
基金
Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Plan Special Fund (Innovation Support Plan International Science and Technology Cooperation)(BZ2023048)
江苏省科技计划专项(创新支撑计划国际科技合作)(BZ2023048)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32500179)
国家自然科学基金(32500179)
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(SBK20250407426)
江苏省自然科学基金(SBK20250407426)
作者信息
    1.江苏省农业科学院 兽医研究所,江苏 南京
    2.军事科学院 军事医学研究院,生物工程研究所,北京
    3.南京市红十字血液中心,江苏 南京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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