Article(id=1316714693104877865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260190, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772985600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1779465600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-23, onlineDate=1791858846211, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858846211, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858846211, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858846211, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5167, endPage=5192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714694992314666, articleId=1316714693104877865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Exercise-induced restructuring of gut microbiota mitigates depressive-like behaviors: feasibility and therapeutic prospects of microbiota transplantation, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate whether gut microbiota (GM) reshaped by exercise can ameliorate chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and to explore the underlying mechanisms. [Methods] Twenty SPF-grade male C57BL/6J mice (four weeks old) meeting the experimental criteria were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=5), a model group (CUMS, n=10), and an exercise group (SW, n=5). After four weeks of CUMS modeling, mice in the model group were further randomized into a PBS control group (CUMS+PBS, n=5) and an FMT group (CUMS+FMT, n=5). The latter received GM transplants from SW donors, and the experiment lasted for eight weeks. Depressive-like phenotypes were assessed by behavioral tests. GM composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Hippocampal and colonic structures were examined by histopathological staining. Hippocampal inflammatory cytokine expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Correlation analyses were performed between differential microbial taxa and environmental factors. [Results] Compared with the CON group, the model group exhibited typical depressive-like behaviors and disrupted GM structure, characterized by a decreased Bacteroidota/Bacillota ratio and enrichment of the pro-inflammatory genus Adlercreutzia. The SW group showed increased GM richness (P<0.05) and reversed behavioral abnormalities. After FMT intervention, depressive-like behaviors in recipient mice were markedly alleviated, indicated by an increased sucrose preference rate (P<0.000 1) and reduced immobility time in the forced swim test (P<0.01). Furthermore, hippocampal neuronal injury and colonic barrier disruption were effectively repaired. Microbiota analysis revealed that FMT restored GM diversity in recipients (P<0.01), shifted the microbiota structure toward that of the CON group, significantly reduced the relative abundance of Adlercreutzia, and increased the relative abundance of beneficial genera such as Candidatus_Saccharimonas and Alistipes. From a mechanism perspective, FMT suppressed the CUMS-activated nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway and downregulated hippocampal mRNA levels of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) (P<0.01). Correlation analysis further confirmed that the abundance of beneficial genera was positively correlated with positive behavioral indices and negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. [Conclusion] Exercise can attenuate CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors by reshaping the GM and inhibiting NOD-like receptor signaling pathway-mediated neuroinflammation, and this protective effect can be effectively transferred via FMT.

, authors=Jie MEN1, Simin WU1, Yuxi ZHANG1, Guoyu ZHU1, Pengbo WANG1, Zhengyang YU1, Chenglong CUI1, Qi WANG1, *, Yaoyong WANG2, *, Penghong LIU3, authorsList=Jie MEN, Simin WU, Yuxi ZHANG, Guoyu ZHU, Pengbo WANG, Zhengyang YU, Chenglong CUI, Qi WANG, Yaoyong WANG, Penghong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qi WANG, Yaoyong WANG, authorNote=

These authors contributed equally to this work.

, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: WANG Qi,
WANG Yaoyong,
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【目的】 通过粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)探讨运动重塑后肠道微生物群(gut microbiota, GM)改善慢性不可预见性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)诱导的小鼠抑郁样行为及其潜在机制。 【方法】 将符合实验标准的20只4周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组(CON, n=5)、慢性不可预见性温和应激模型组(n=10)及游泳运动组(SW, n=5)。CUMS造模4周后,将模型组小鼠随机分成PBS对照组(CUMS+PBS, n=5)和FMT组(CUMS+FMT, n=5),后者接受来自SW供体的GM移植,为期8周。采用行为学测试评估抑郁样表型,16S rRNA基因测序分析GM组成,组织病理学染色观察海马及结肠结构,实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)检测海马炎症因子表达,并对差异菌群与环境因子进行相关性分析。 【结果】 与CON组相比,CUMS组小鼠呈典型的抑郁样行为及GM结构紊乱,表现为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)/芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)比值降低以及促炎菌阿德勒氏菌属(Adlercreutzia)富集。SW组小鼠GM丰富度显著升高(P<0.05),行为学异常得到逆转。FMT干预后,受体小鼠抑郁样行为显著改善,蔗糖偏好率回升(P<0.000 1),强迫游泳不动时间缩短(P<0.01),海马神经元损伤及结肠屏障破坏得到有效修复。菌群分析显示,FMT恢复了受体小鼠的GM多样性(P<0.01),群落结构向CON组方向偏移,Adlercreutzia丰度显著降低,而候选糖单胞菌属(Candidatus_Saccharimonas)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)等有益菌属丰度回升。机制上,FMT显著抑制了CUMS激活的核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, NOD)样受体信号通路,下调海马组织中NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, NLRP3)及白细胞介素-18 (interleukin-18, IL-18)的mRNA表达(P<0.01)。相关性分析进一步证实有益菌属丰度与积极行为学指标呈正相关,与促炎因子表达呈负相关。 【结论】 运动可通过重塑GM抑制NOD样受体信号通路介导的神经炎症,进而改善CUMS诱导的抑郁样行为,且这种效应可通过FMT有效传递。

, authors=门杰1, 武思敏1, 张郁茜1, 朱国玉1, 王鹏博1, 于政扬1, 崔程龙1, 王琦1, *, 王耀勇2, *, 刘鹏鸿3, authorsList=门杰, 武思敏, 张郁茜, 朱国玉, 王鹏博, 于政扬, 崔程龙, 王琦, 王耀勇, 刘鹏鸿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王琦, 王耀勇, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

门杰:提出论文选题、设计论文框架、撰写和修改论文;武思敏:负责CUMS抑郁模型构建、实验取材、收集统计数据、撰写和修改论文;张郁茜:负责FMT干预实验、实验取材、收集核实数据和修改论文;朱国玉:负责CUMS抑郁模型构建及分组干预;王鹏博:负责小鼠海马及结肠组织取材与处理;于政扬:负责小鼠灌胃;崔程龙:指导分子生物学实验过程;王琦:指导整体实验设计、审核论文初稿及终稿;王耀勇:指导菌群分析及生物信息学数据处理、修改论文;刘鹏鸿:指导论文撰写。

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2024, 335: 118683., articleTitle=Xiaoyaosan against depression through suppressing LPS mediated TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway in “microbiota-gut-brain” axis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1316829956265591291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=341, issue=null, pageStart=248, pageEnd=255, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Liu RL, Zhou H, Qu HL, Chen YL, Bai QY, Guo FQ, Wang L, Jiang XB, Mao HF, journalName=Journal of Affective Disorders, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu RL, Zhou H, Qu HL, Chen YL, Bai QY, Guo FQ, Wang L, Jiang XB, Mao HF. Effects of aerobic exercise on depression-like behavior and TLR4/NLRP3 pathway in hippocampus CA1 region of CUMS-depressed mice[J]. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2023, 341: 248-255., articleTitle=Effects of aerobic exercise on depression-like behavior and TLR4/NLRP3 pathway in hippocampus CA1 region of CUMS-depressed mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1316829956349477372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=117, issue=null, pageStart=109916, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Roy S, Arif Ansari M, Choudhary K, Singh S, journalName=International Immunopharmacology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Roy S, Arif Ansari M, Choudhary K, Singh S. NLRP3 inflammasome in depression: a review[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2023, 117: 109916., articleTitle=NLRP3 inflammasome in depression: a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1316829956420780541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=143, issue=7, pageStart=1797, pageEnd=1805, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Koh GY, Kane A, Lee K, Xu QB, Wu X, Roper J, Mason JB, Crott JW, journalName=International Journal of Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Koh GY, Kane A, Lee K, Xu QB, Wu X, Roper J, Mason JB, Crott JW. Parabacteroides distasonis attenuates Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and Akt activation and blocks colon tumor formation in high-fat diet-fed azoxymethane-treated mice[J]. International Journal of Cancer, 2018, 143(7): 1797-1805., articleTitle=Parabacteroides distasonis attenuates Toll-like receptor 4 signaling and Akt activation and blocks colon tumor formation in high-fat diet-fed azoxymethane-treated mice, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1316829949189800394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, awardId=82471558, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471558), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829949277880779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, awardId=82471558, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82471558), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829949361766860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, awardId=2021ZD0200600, language=EN, fundingSource=National Science and Technology Major Project on Brain Science and Brain-Inspired 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OFT: Open field test; SPT: Sucrose preference test; TST: Tail suspension test; FST: Forced swim test., figureFileSmall=ZHzzjGkNQGtQyeG7muWTkw==, figureFileBig=c9Y09KCw7hFzN71mOU55Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829947751154105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=图1, caption=动物实验流程, figureFileSmall=ZHzzjGkNQGtQyeG7muWTkw==, figureFileBig=c9Y09KCw7hFzN71mOU55Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829947876983226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=CUMS induces depressive-like behaviors in mice, with alterations in GM. A: Time spent in the central area in the OFT; B: Number of rearing events in the OFT; C: Sucrose preference in the SPT; D: Immobility time in the TST; E: Representative movement trajectories in the OFT; F: Alpha diversity indices including ACE, Chao1, and Shannon; G: Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on Bray-Curtis distance of fecal microbiota; H: Gut microbiota composition at the phylum level; I: Bacteroidota/Bacillota ratio. CON: Control; CUMS: Chronic unpredictable mild stress; SW: Swimming exercise; GM: Gut microbiota. Data are presented as mean±SD. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1. The same below., figureFileSmall=wxMzRs62yAqihXjvsT5bOw==, figureFileBig=if8MkiQtVloOlcDmADKCUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829947965063611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CUMS诱导小鼠抑郁样行为与GM改变, figureFileSmall=wxMzRs62yAqihXjvsT5bOw==, figureFileBig=if8MkiQtVloOlcDmADKCUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948036366780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Differential gut microbial biomarkers identified by LEfSe analysis among CON, CUMS, and SW mice. A: Cladogram from LEfSe analysis showing differential taxa (from phylum to genus); B: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores (LDA≥3) for differential taxa., figureFileSmall=MAKSV6nq9v1E5F9El0qd1g==, figureFileBig=NdB6zYaw84yualVzAC6cwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948132835773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LEfSe分析鉴定的CON、CUMS和SW组小鼠肠道菌群差异标志物, figureFileSmall=MAKSV6nq9v1E5F9El0qd1g==, figureFileBig=NdB6zYaw84yualVzAC6cwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948216721854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Exercise effectively alleviates depressive-like behaviors, neuronal damage, and colonic wall damage. A: Time in the center of OFT; B: The number of rearing events in the OFT; C: Sucrose preference in SPT; D: Immobility time in TST; E: Immobility time in FST; F: Representative movement trajectories in OFT; G: HE staining of hippocampal DG region (200×); H: Nissl staining of hippocampal DG region (200×); I: HE staining of colonic mucosa (200×). DG: Dentate gyrus; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin. Data are presented as mean±SD., figureFileSmall=3wyM0Uj9gKqkzb+e3cD5lw==, figureFileBig=+MzCaIVr2j043lqt/yw3WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948288025023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=图4, caption=运动有效减轻抑郁样行为及神经元和肠损伤, figureFileSmall=3wyM0Uj9gKqkzb+e3cD5lw==, figureFileBig=+MzCaIVr2j043lqt/yw3WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948363522496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of exercise on gut microbiota composition and associated analyses. A: ACE index; B: Chao1 index; C: Shannon index; D: PCoA analysis of beta diversity of GM; E: GM composition at the phylum level; F: Comparison of phylum-level composition among CON, CUMS+PBS, and CUMS+FMT groups; G: GM composition at the genus level; H: Comparison of genus-level composition between CON and CUMS+PBS groups; I: Comparison of genus-level composition between CUMS+PBS and CUMS+FMT groups. CUMS+PBS: CUMS-exposed mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline; CUMS+FMT: CUMS-exposed mice treated with fecal microbiota transplantation. Data are presented as mean±SD., figureFileSmall=v7KX/mQAhXeBz3hsKEHLPg==, figureFileBig=YwsI5fESGAvZTZLAEPoM/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948447408577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=图5, caption=运动对肠道微生物群组成的影响及相关分析, figureFileSmall=v7KX/mQAhXeBz3hsKEHLPg==, figureFileBig=YwsI5fESGAvZTZLAEPoM/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948510323138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Differential gut microbial biomarkers identified by LEfSe analysis among CON, CUMS+PBS, and CUMS+FMT mice. A: Cladogram from LEfSe analysis showing differential taxa (from phylum to genus); B: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores (LDA≥3) for differential taxa. LEfSe: Linear discriminant analysis effect size., figureFileSmall=rQREotcnKhv+d5ticG3CUA==, figureFileBig=SMcBGpZfZTXsZxv/SAfMqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948569043395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LEfSe分析鉴定的CON、CUMS+PBS和CUMS+FMT组小鼠肠道菌群差异标志物, figureFileSmall=rQREotcnKhv+d5ticG3CUA==, figureFileBig=SMcBGpZfZTXsZxv/SAfMqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948627763652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Prediction of gut microbial functions based on KEGG pathways. A: Differential KEGG pathways and their relative abundances between the CON and CUMS+PBS groups; B: Differential KEGG pathways and their relative abundances between the CUMS+PBS and CUMS+FMT groups., figureFileSmall=fUCiDDvRZvSIic4LG31kmQ==, figureFileBig=fbJLjoaEMw2ZTLObdRisjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948694872517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于KEGG通路的菌群功能预测分析, figureFileSmall=fUCiDDvRZvSIic4LG31kmQ==, figureFileBig=fbJLjoaEMw2ZTLObdRisjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948782952902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effects of exercise on hippocampal inflammatory factor expression and correlation analysis among gut microbiota, behavior, and hippocampal inflammatory factors. A-D: mRNA expression levels of hippocampal IL-18, IL-1β, NLRP3, and TLR4; E: Spearman correlation analysis between behavioral tests (OFT, SPT, TST, FST) and GM alterations; F: Spearman correlation analysis between hippocampal inflammatory factors and GM alterations. IL-18: Interleukin-18; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4., figureFileSmall=MfU/fpM//nEB2HwENkm5bA==, figureFileBig=C/wBmWH11cxhVoWbqfDyxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948854256071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=图8, caption=运动对海马炎症因子表达的影响及菌群-行为-脑炎性因子的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=MfU/fpM//nEB2HwENkm5bA==, figureFileBig=C/wBmWH11cxhVoWbqfDyxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829948921364936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of target genes and internal reference gene GAPDH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IDPrimer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
TLR4TLR4 FGTGGTCAGTGTGATTGTGGTATCC
TLR4 RACAGCCAGCAATAAGTATCAGGTG
IL-1βIL-1β FTCGCAGCAGCACATCAACAAGAG
IL-1β RAGGTCCACGGGAAAGACACAGG
IL-18IL-18 FCAAAGTGCCAGTGAACCCCAGAC
IL-18 RACAGAGAGGGTCACAGCCAGTC
NLRP3NLRP3 FAAACCCACCAGTGTGCAAGA
NLRP3 RCAAAGGCCCCTTGTAGCTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1316829948996862409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714693104877865, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

组织目标基因及内参基因GAPDH信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IDPrimer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
TLR4TLR4 FGTGGTCAGTGTGATTGTGGTATCC
TLR4 RACAGCCAGCAATAAGTATCAGGTG
IL-1βIL-1β FTCGCAGCAGCACATCAACAAGAG
IL-1β RAGGTCCACGGGAAAGACACAGG
IL-18IL-18 FCAAAGTGCCAGTGAACCCCAGAC
IL-18 RACAGAGAGGGTCACAGCCAGTC
NLRP3NLRP3 FAAACCCACCAGTGTGCAAGA
NLRP3 RCAAAGGCCCCTTGTAGCTCA
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运动重塑肠道微生物群改善抑郁样行为:菌群移植的可行性与治疗潜力
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门杰 1 , 武思敏 1 , 张郁茜 1 , 朱国玉 1 , 王鹏博 1 , 于政扬 1 , 崔程龙 1 , 王琦 1, * , 王耀勇 2, * , 刘鹏鸿 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5167-5192
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5167 -5192
运动重塑肠道微生物群改善抑郁样行为:菌群移植的可行性与治疗潜力
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门杰1, 武思敏1, 张郁茜1, 朱国玉1, 王鹏博1, 于政扬1, 崔程龙1, 王琦1, * , 王耀勇2, * , 刘鹏鸿3
作者信息
  • 1.山西医药学院,山西 汾阳
  • 2.山西省汾阳医院重点实验室,山西 汾阳
  • 3.山西医科大学第一临床医院,山西 太原
通讯作者:
王琦, 王耀勇
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

门杰:提出论文选题、设计论文框架、撰写和修改论文;武思敏:负责CUMS抑郁模型构建、实验取材、收集统计数据、撰写和修改论文;张郁茜:负责FMT干预实验、实验取材、收集核实数据和修改论文;朱国玉:负责CUMS抑郁模型构建及分组干预;王鹏博:负责小鼠海马及结肠组织取材与处理;于政扬:负责小鼠灌胃;崔程龙:指导分子生物学实验过程;王琦:指导整体实验设计、审核论文初稿及终稿;王耀勇:指导菌群分析及生物信息学数据处理、修改论文;刘鹏鸿:指导论文撰写。

Exercise-induced restructuring of gut microbiota mitigates depressive-like behaviors: feasibility and therapeutic prospects of microbiota transplantation
Jie MEN1, Simin WU1, Yuxi ZHANG1, Guoyu ZHU1, Pengbo WANG1, Zhengyang YU1, Chenglong CUI1, Qi WANG1, * , Yaoyong WANG2, * , Penghong LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanxi College of Medicine, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, Shanxi, China
  • 3.First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    *E-mail: WANG Qi,
    WANG Yaoyong,
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260190
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【目的】 通过粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)探讨运动重塑后肠道微生物群(gut microbiota, GM)改善慢性不可预见性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)诱导的小鼠抑郁样行为及其潜在机制。 【方法】 将符合实验标准的20只4周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组(CON, n=5)、慢性不可预见性温和应激模型组(n=10)及游泳运动组(SW, n=5)。CUMS造模4周后,将模型组小鼠随机分成PBS对照组(CUMS+PBS, n=5)和FMT组(CUMS+FMT, n=5),后者接受来自SW供体的GM移植,为期8周。采用行为学测试评估抑郁样表型,16S rRNA基因测序分析GM组成,组织病理学染色观察海马及结肠结构,实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)检测海马炎症因子表达,并对差异菌群与环境因子进行相关性分析。 【结果】 与CON组相比,CUMS组小鼠呈典型的抑郁样行为及GM结构紊乱,表现为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)/芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)比值降低以及促炎菌阿德勒氏菌属(Adlercreutzia)富集。SW组小鼠GM丰富度显著升高(P<0.05),行为学异常得到逆转。FMT干预后,受体小鼠抑郁样行为显著改善,蔗糖偏好率回升(P<0.000 1),强迫游泳不动时间缩短(P<0.01),海马神经元损伤及结肠屏障破坏得到有效修复。菌群分析显示,FMT恢复了受体小鼠的GM多样性(P<0.01),群落结构向CON组方向偏移,Adlercreutzia丰度显著降低,而候选糖单胞菌属(Candidatus_Saccharimonas)、别样杆菌属(Alistipes)等有益菌属丰度回升。机制上,FMT显著抑制了CUMS激活的核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, NOD)样受体信号通路,下调海马组织中NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, NLRP3)及白细胞介素-18 (interleukin-18, IL-18)的mRNA表达(P<0.01)。相关性分析进一步证实有益菌属丰度与积极行为学指标呈正相关,与促炎因子表达呈负相关。 【结论】 运动可通过重塑GM抑制NOD样受体信号通路介导的神经炎症,进而改善CUMS诱导的抑郁样行为,且这种效应可通过FMT有效传递。

运动  /  肠道微生物群  /  粪菌移植  /  慢性炎症  /  抑郁样行为

[Objective] To investigate whether gut microbiota (GM) reshaped by exercise can ameliorate chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and to explore the underlying mechanisms. [Methods] Twenty SPF-grade male C57BL/6J mice (four weeks old) meeting the experimental criteria were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n=5), a model group (CUMS, n=10), and an exercise group (SW, n=5). After four weeks of CUMS modeling, mice in the model group were further randomized into a PBS control group (CUMS+PBS, n=5) and an FMT group (CUMS+FMT, n=5). The latter received GM transplants from SW donors, and the experiment lasted for eight weeks. Depressive-like phenotypes were assessed by behavioral tests. GM composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Hippocampal and colonic structures were examined by histopathological staining. Hippocampal inflammatory cytokine expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Correlation analyses were performed between differential microbial taxa and environmental factors. [Results] Compared with the CON group, the model group exhibited typical depressive-like behaviors and disrupted GM structure, characterized by a decreased Bacteroidota/Bacillota ratio and enrichment of the pro-inflammatory genus Adlercreutzia. The SW group showed increased GM richness (P<0.05) and reversed behavioral abnormalities. After FMT intervention, depressive-like behaviors in recipient mice were markedly alleviated, indicated by an increased sucrose preference rate (P<0.000 1) and reduced immobility time in the forced swim test (P<0.01). Furthermore, hippocampal neuronal injury and colonic barrier disruption were effectively repaired. Microbiota analysis revealed that FMT restored GM diversity in recipients (P<0.01), shifted the microbiota structure toward that of the CON group, significantly reduced the relative abundance of Adlercreutzia, and increased the relative abundance of beneficial genera such as Candidatus_Saccharimonas and Alistipes. From a mechanism perspective, FMT suppressed the CUMS-activated nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway and downregulated hippocampal mRNA levels of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) (P<0.01). Correlation analysis further confirmed that the abundance of beneficial genera was positively correlated with positive behavioral indices and negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. [Conclusion] Exercise can attenuate CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors by reshaping the GM and inhibiting NOD-like receptor signaling pathway-mediated neuroinflammation, and this protective effect can be effectively transferred via FMT.

exercise  /  gut microbiota  /  fecal microbiota transplantation  /  chronic inflammation  /  depressive-like behavior
门杰, 武思敏, 张郁茜, 朱国玉, 王鹏博, 于政扬, 崔程龙, 王琦, 王耀勇, 刘鹏鸿. 运动重塑肠道微生物群改善抑郁样行为:菌群移植的可行性与治疗潜力. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5167 -5192 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260190
Jie MEN, Simin WU, Yuxi ZHANG, Guoyu ZHU, Pengbo WANG, Zhengyang YU, Chenglong CUI, Qi WANG, Yaoyong WANG, Penghong LIU. Exercise-induced restructuring of gut microbiota mitigates depressive-like behaviors: feasibility and therapeutic prospects of microbiota transplantation[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5167 -5192 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260190
全球疾病负担2023研究显示,重度抑郁症(major depressive disorder, MDD)是导致全球伤残调整生命年的主要原因之一,对社会经济造成了难以估量的损失[1]。尽管抗抑郁药物已广泛应用,但其临床缓解率仍不理想,且起效延迟问题普遍存在[2],尤其在直接比较[3]与初级保健环境[4]中表现得尤为突出。此外,药物治疗相关的不良结局,如代谢综合征、心血管和自杀风险增加等,进一步限制了其长期使用的安全性与患者依从性[5-7]。同时,专业精神科医生资源匮乏也限制了心理干预的可及性。因此,临床实践亟须引入新的治疗策略。
近年来,“肠-脑轴”理论的发展为理解抑郁症发病机制提供了全新视角[8]。大量证据表明,肠道微生物群(gut microbiota, GM)组成紊乱和功能失调与抑郁症相关,尤其是GM多样性和特异菌群的相对丰度发生改变[9]。尽管现有研究结果存在异质性,但炎性相关菌群富集和抗炎菌群减少是其普遍特征[10-11]。这一现象进一步支持了抑郁炎症假说,并提示GM是一个极具潜力的干预靶点。GM具有较强可塑性,易受环境、生活方式和运动等因素调节。相较于抑郁症患者,健康人群GM多样性和抗炎类菌群丰度更高,且这些特征在运动人群中更为明显,在啮齿类动物中也观察到类似变化[12-13]。运动是公认的有效抗抑郁非药物治疗手段,但其生物学机制,特别是其如何影响“菌-肠-脑轴”尚未完全阐明。值得注意的是,本课题组对慢性炎症相关疾病的研究证实,运动可通过重塑GM改善肥胖和动脉粥样硬化模型小鼠的代谢异常和炎症反应[14-15]。更重要的是,这些正向变化可通过粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)有效传递给受体。然而,运动重塑后GM是否直接介导抗抑郁效应,目前仍缺乏直接的因果证据。
基于此,本研究假设,运动通过重塑GM发挥抗抑郁效应,且这种效应独立于运动本身,通过FMT传递至CUMS受体小鼠体内。为了验证这一假设,本研究建立慢性不可预见性温和应激(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS)诱导的抑郁小鼠模型,并以游泳干预后的小鼠粪便作为供体,将其移植到CUMS小鼠体内,旨在探究游泳重塑后的GM是否能复制其抗抑郁样表型,以期为揭示运动抗抑郁的生物学机制及开发靶向GM的干预策略提供依据。
四周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠26只,体重12-14 g,购自山西医科大学动物研究中心[实验动物使用许可证号:SCXK(晋)2019-0004]。实验室温度为(25±2) ℃,相对湿度为(50±5)%,采用12 h昼夜交替照明。小鼠自由摄食饮水,常规适应性饲养1周。在造模前先进行糖水偏好测试,根据测试结果将初始糖水偏好率>70%的20只小鼠纳入后续实验。采用随机数字表法,将合格小鼠随机分为以下3组:对照组(CON, n=5)、CUMS模型组(n=10)和运动组(SW, n=5)。干预5周后,将CUMS组小鼠再次随机分为2个亚组:PBS对照组(n=5)和FMT组(CUMS+FMT, n=5)。动物实验流程如图1所示。本研究所有动物实验获得山西医药学院动物伦理委员会批准,编号为2024052,所有操作均遵循实验动物福利伦理审查指南。
小鼠接受随机顺序的不可预测应激刺激,1次/d,共28 d[16]。刺激方案包括:(1)频闪12 h;(2)湿笼处理(22 ℃条件下将500 mL水洒在垫料上);(3)禁水24 h;(4)昼夜颠倒24 h;(5)束缚3 h;(6)电刺激;(7)禁食24 h。
游泳干预在恒温水浴箱中进行,水温维持在(37±1) ℃,训练安排在每日17:00-19:00内完成,训练结束后及时将小鼠擦干保暖。SW组先进行1周适应性训练,游泳时间由第1天15 min逐渐增加至第5天60 min;随后进入正式训练阶段:每次60 min,每周5 d,持续5周。最后一周收集新鲜粪便,混合后于-80 ℃冻存备用以用于后续菌液制备。
行为学测试在CUMS造模和FMT结束24 h内完成,结果通过计算机化视频追踪系统分析。分别采用旷场试验(open field test, OFT)、糖水偏好测试(sucrose preference test, SPT)、悬尾试验(tail suspension test, TST)和强迫游泳实验(forced swim test, FST)评估小鼠的焦虑、抑郁和快感缺失行为。具体方法参考文献[17]进行。
CUMS模型建立后,小鼠接受抗生素预处理。具体方法如下:前5 d,每日灌胃给予抗生素鸡尾酒(氨苄青霉素、新霉素、甲硝唑、万古霉素各10 mg/只),同时自由饮用含抗生素的灭菌水(氨苄青霉素、新霉素、甲硝唑浓度均为1 g/L,万古霉素浓度为0.5 g/L);第6-7天,停止灌胃,继续饮用抗生素水。抗生素水每日新鲜配制并更换。该方案实施后,所有受体小鼠均出现粪便稀软、颜色变浅等抗生素相关性腹泻表型,提示GM负荷显著降低。参考Bokoliya等[18]的经典菌群清除方案并加以改良,其有效性已在同类FMT研究中得到验证。预处理结束后24 h,将SW组小鼠粪便按质量体积比1:9加入无菌PBS (pH 7.4),冰浴下研磨、涡旋混匀。匀浆液于4 ℃、4 000 r/min离心5 min,收集上清,抗生素预处理结束后次日进行FMT,共8周[19]。CUMS+FMT组灌胃供体菌液(200 μL/次),CUMS+PBS组与CON组灌胃等体积无菌PBS (200 μL/次)作为对照,灌胃频率为3次/周。
行为学测试完成后,用乌拉坦对小鼠进行麻醉,采集海马组织、肠道内容物和结肠组织于液氮中速冻,随后置于-80 ℃保存待测。另一部分组织置于4%的多聚甲醛缓冲液中,固定24 h后用于组织病理学分析。
将固定后的组织样本进行石蜡包埋,切片处理。脑组织切片进行苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)染色和尼氏(Nissl)染色,结肠组织切片进行HE染色。使用正置荧光显微镜(Leica Microsystems公司)和体视镜(Olympus公司)观察切片,使用凝胶成像与分析系统(江苏捷达科技发展有限公司)完成图像采集。
组织样品总RNA采用柱式法提取纯化,并使用Nanodrop 2000分光光度计测定其浓度与纯度(以OD260/OD280比值评估)。随后,按照5×SweScript All-in-One SuperMix试剂盒(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)说明书,将等量RNA反转录为cDNA。实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)反应使用2×Universal Blue SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司),在实时荧光定量PCR仪(杭州博日科技股份有限公司)上进行以监测SYBR Green荧光信号。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×Universal Blue SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司) 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.4 μL,cDNA模板1 μL,ddH2O 8.2 μL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性15 s,60 ℃退火/延伸30 s,共40个循环。反应结束后采集溶解曲线以验证扩增特异性。所有引物均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,其中Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)、白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、IL-18、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, NLRP3)为定制的特异性引物(表1),甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)内参基因检测则使用商品化Mouse GAPDH引物预混液[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]。实验独立重复3次,以GAPDH为内参,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算各目标基因mRNA的相对表达量。
收集实验动物的粪便后委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行测序。根据FastPure Stool DNA Isolation Kit (上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司)说明书进行微生物群落总基因组DNA抽提。使用携带Barcode序列的上游引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和下游引物806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增,利用DNA凝胶回收纯化试剂盒(中高逾华生物技术有限公司)进行回收产物纯化,并用Qubit 4.0 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)对回收产物进行检测定量。使用NEXTFLEX® Rapid DNA-Seq Kit (Bioo Scientific公司)对纯化后的PCR产物进行建库。对扩增子文库的质量和数量进行评估后,利用Illumina Nextseq 2000平台进行测序。原始数据上传至NCBI SRA数据库(序列号:PRJNA1405518)。
双端测序序列使用fastp软件进行质控,使用FLASH软件进行拼接。基于QIIME 2流程中的DADA2插件对优化序列进行降噪、去嵌合体,生成扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)。采用Naive Bayes分类器,以Silva 138.2/16S_bacteria数据库为参考进行物种分类学注释。α多样性(Chao1、ACE、Shannon指数)和β多样性分析在R语言环境(version 4.1.0)中利用vegan包完成。使用PICRUSt2 (version 2.2.0)基于KEGG数据库对菌群功能进行预测。
采用GraphPad Prism 10.0进行统计分析。符合正态分布且方差齐性的计量数据以均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),事后两两比较采用Tukey法。方差不齐时采用Welch校正的ANOVA,事后比较采用Games-Howell检验。非正态分布数据以中位数表示,组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验,事后进行Dunn’s检验。
测序数据分析均在美吉生物云平台上完成。基于Spearman相关性分析构建微生物共现网络,筛选标准为|r|>0.6且经FDR校正后的P值(q值)<0.05。采用STAMP软件对经线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)筛选出的差异菌群的丰度及PICRUSt2预测的差异代谢通路进行组间差异的统计学检验和可视化分析。所有分析的统计学显著性水平均设定为P<0.05。
为评估CUMS及游泳干预对小鼠行为学的影响,分别进行了OFT、SPT和TST实验。结果显示,与CON组相比,CUMS组小鼠在OFT中表现出显著的探索行为抑制,包括中央区域活动时间及直立次数均显著减少(P<0.05, P<0.000 1) (图2A、2B、2E),这一行为学特征与抑郁症患者的运动性迟滞相一致。相反,SW组小鼠的中央区域活动时间(P<0.000 1)及直立次数均显著增加(P<0.000 1;图2A、2B),且2项指标均显著高于CUMS组(P<0.000 1)。在SPT中,与CON组相比,CUMS组小鼠蔗糖偏好率显著降低(P<0.000 1),提示出现快感缺失;而SW组糖水偏好率虽无显著差异(P>0.05,图2C),但与CUMS组相比显著升高(P<0.000 1),进一步证实了游泳干预对快感缺失的保护作用(图2C)。在TST中,与CON组相比,CUMS组小鼠的不动时间显著增加(P<0.000 1),而SW组小鼠不动时间显著减少(P<0.000 1),且显著低于CUMS组(P<0.000 1;图2D)。上述结果表明,CUMS成功诱导小鼠出现探索行为减少、快感缺失及行为绝望等典型抑郁样表型,而游泳干预能够有效逆转这些异常,表现出显著的抗抑郁作用。
为进一步评估游泳干预对GM的影响,基于ASV水平分析GM的多样性变化。通过计算ACE、Chao1和Shannon指数评估各组GM的α多样性。结果显示,与CON组相比,CUMS组在各α多样性指数上均无显著差异,提示应激刺激未导致整体菌群丰度的显著降低;然而,SW组的ACE和Chao1指数显著升高(P<0.05;图2F),这表明游泳干预可进一步提升GM的物种丰富度。基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA)探究β多样性,结果显示:CON组、CUMS组和SW组在β多样性上存在显著的微生物群落结构分离(R=0.615 9, P=0.001;图2G)。在GM组成方面,各组间微生物组成存在显著差异(图2G、2H)。与CON组相比,CUMS组芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)的相对丰度显著升高,而疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)的相对丰度显著降低,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)与Bacillota比值(B/F)降低(P<0.05);与CUMS组相比,SW组结果呈相反趋势,特别是B/F比值显著提高(P<0.05),这一现象提示游泳干预可能通过恢复Bacteroidota的优势抑制由应激导致的菌群失调。LEfSe分析(LDA>3, P<0.05)共鉴定60个差异菌群(图3A、3B)。其中,CON组富集20个差异进化支,CUMS组富集30个,SW组富集10个。总体而言,CUMS不仅诱导小鼠抑郁样行为,还引起GM组成与结构的显著紊乱。游泳干预有效逆转了抑郁样行为并重塑了GM。行为学表型与GM变化一致,提示游泳的抗抑郁效应可能通过调节GM来实现,这为本研究探讨“游泳-GM-炎症-抑郁”这一调控路径提供了基础。
为了探究游泳干预重塑的GM是否通过FMT传递其抗抑郁效应,改善抑郁样行为及神经元和肠壁损伤,本研究进行FMT实验。行为学结果显示,在OFT (图4A、4B)中,与CON组相比,CUMS+PBS组小鼠表现出典型的探索行为抑制;虽然CUMS+FMT组小鼠的中央区域停留时间仍低于CON组(P<0.001),但其行为学表现已显著好转,其停留时间显著高于CUMS+PBS组(P<0.001),直立次数也显著增多(P<0.05)。在SPT (图4C)中,与CON组相比,CUMS+PBS组小鼠蔗糖偏好率显著降低(P<0.000 1),而与CUMS+PBS组相比,CUMS+FMT组小鼠蔗糖偏好率显著升高(P<0.000 1),且与CON组无显著差异,提示快感缺失得到恢复。TST和FST (图4D、4E)结果进一步证实了上述发现。与CON组相比,CUMS+PBS组小鼠静止时间显著增加(P<0.000 1),而与CUMS+PBS组相比,CUMS+FMT组小鼠静止时间显著减少(P<0.000 1)。上述结果表明,游泳干预改善CUMS诱导的抑郁样行为的效应可通过FMT有效传递。
组织学评估进一步验证了这一传递效应。HE染色和尼氏染色(图4G、4H)评估海马DG区神经元结构完整性。结果显示,CON组小鼠海马DG区神经元排列整齐致密,尼氏颗粒丰富均匀,呈现出典型的健康形态。相反,CUMS+PBS组则表现出明显的神经损伤特征,神经元组织结构排列疏松、变性萎缩,核固缩深染,尼氏颗粒显著减少。CUMS+FMT组小鼠的神经元损伤明显减轻,细胞排列趋于规则,尼氏颗粒数量增加,整体形态接近CON组(图4G、4H)。结肠HE染色显示,CON组结肠黏膜结构完整,杯状细胞丰富;CUMS+PBS组杯状细胞丢失,黏膜固有层受损,肠壁变薄、绒毛高度降低;CUMS+FMT组上述病理损伤得到明显修复,杯状细胞增多,肠壁结构相对完整,损伤明显减轻(图4I)。总体而言,FMT不仅改善了CUMS诱导的抑郁样行为表型,还能修复应激诱导的海马神经元和肠道屏障损伤。上述结果提示GM在调节中枢神经系统与外周肠道功能中发挥关键作用。
为评估游泳干预对CUMS小鼠GM的调节作用,本研究对GM多样性、组成进行了分析。结果显示,与CON组相比,CUMS+PBS组小鼠的ACE、Chao1和Shannon指数均显著降低(P<0.01;图5A-5C),提示CUMS诱导了GM的α多样性显著下降;而CUMS+FMT组各指数与CON组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05),提示FMT可有效恢复因CUMS导致的菌群多样性下降。PCoA分析显示,3组小鼠的GM结构存在显著分离(PERMANOVA, R2=0.508, P=0.001)。主坐标(PC1和PC2)分别解释了总变异的26.38%和13.78%。值得注意的是,CUMS+FMT组的样本点分布于CON组与CUMS+PBS组之间,并向CON组方向明显偏移(图5D)。
在门水平,与CON组相比,CUMS+PBS组中Bacillota的相对丰度升高,而Bacteroidota、Verrucomicrobiota及Patescibacteria的相对丰度降低。FMT后,Bacteroidota和Patescibacteria的丰度得到部分恢复(图5E、5F)。这一变化与先前观察到的B/F比值上升相一致,进一步支持FMT对菌群结构的积极调节作用。在属水平上,CON组与CUMS+PBS组之间共筛选出40个与CUMS相关的差异菌属。其中,与多糖代谢、发酵及短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids, SCFAs)产生相关的菌属(如norank_f__Muribaculaceae、Alistipes、Candidatus_Saccharimonas)及维持肠屏障的菌属[阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)]丰度在CUMS+PBS组中显著降低(图5H)。值得注意的是,CUMS组中Adlercreutzia和联合乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)显著富集。有研究表明Adlercreutzia与抑郁状态下的不良预后有关[20],而FMT干预后其丰度显著降低,进一步支持该菌在GM失调中的有害作用。Ligilactobacillus的富集可能反映CUMS状态下的代偿反应,其功能意义尚需进一步探究。进一步分析显示,CUMS+PBS组与CUMS+FMT组之间存在17个显著差异菌属。FMT后,CUMS富集的Adlercreutzia丰度显著降低,而Candidatus_Saccharimonas、Alistipes等菌属的丰度得到有效回调(图5I)。LEfSe分析(LDA>3, P<0.05)显示,CON组、CUMS+PBS组及CUMS+FMT组分别富集34个、9个和20个差异生物标志物(图6A、6B)。综上所述,FMT可有效逆转CUMS诱导的GM多样性下降与结构紊乱,回调抗炎菌属丰度,同时抑制促炎菌属丰度。这为FMT成功定殖及抑制炎症通路发挥抗抑郁效应提供了直接证据。
为进一步探讨重塑后的GM在功能层面的改变,本研究采用PICRUSt2进行了功能预测。结果显示,与CON组相比,CUMS+PBS组共有68条功能通路丰度显著升高,14条通路丰度显著降低(图7A)。对差异通路进行功能归类分析发现,其中11条与炎症及免疫调控密切相关的信号通路发生显著改变,包括核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, NOD)样受体信号通路(NOD-like receptor signaling pathway)、维甲酸诱导基因I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I, RIG-I)样受体信号通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)信号通路以及多条病原体感染相关通路等。这些结果表明,CUMS诱导的GM失调可引起广泛的炎症反应,以及与免疫功能相关通路的异常激活,而PBS干预未能改善这一变化。与CUMS+PBS组相比,CUMS+FMT组共有13条功能通路丰度显著富集,3条功能通路丰度显著降低(图7B)。值得注意的是,NOD样受体信号通路在CUMS+PBS组中显著富集,而在FMT后显著下降(P<0.05)。结果提示,游泳干预重塑后的GM通过抑制NOD样受体信号通路发挥抗炎效应。
为进一步验证预测结果,本研究采用qPCR检测了海马组织中与NOD样受体信号通路密切相关的炎症因子IL-18、IL-1β以及信号分子NLRP3、TLR4的mRNA表达水平。结果显示,与CON组相比,CUMS+PBS组IL-18和NLRP3基因的转录水平显著增高(P<0.01,P<0.01;图8A、8C),IL-1β和TLR4虽有升高趋势但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05;图8B、8C);而与CUMS+PBS组相比,CUMS+FMT组中IL-18、NLRP3、TLR4转录水平均显著降低(P<0.000 1,P<0.01,P<0.05;图8A、8C、8D)。结果表明,CUMS可激活海马NOD样受体信号通路,放大炎症反应。移植游泳重塑后的GM能有效逆转这一变化。分子验证与PICRUSt2功能预测结果一致,提示GM结构改变可能通过抑制该通路减轻神经炎症,进而改善抑郁样行为。
为深入探究肠道微生物群与宿主表型之间的关联,本研究进行了Spearman相关性分析(图8E、8F)。结果显示,特定菌属的相对丰度改变与小鼠行为学指标及神经炎症因子表达水平存在显著相关性。在保护性GM方面,Bacteroides和Parabacteroides的相对丰度与积极行为指标(OFT中央活动时间、SPT蔗糖偏好)呈正相关,而与抑郁样行为指标(FST、TST不动时间)及促炎因子(IL-18、NLRP3)表达水平呈负相关。研究表明,Bacteroides和Parabacteroides可通过产生SCFAs、调节肠道屏障功能及胆汁酸代谢等途径发挥抗炎作用[21],提示其在抑郁症中具有保护功能。此外,布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)、Candidatus_Saccharimonas、Akkermansia、副萨特氏菌属(Parasutterella)及Alistipes的相对丰度也与积极行为指标呈正相关。其中,Candidatus_Saccharimonas与所有检测的炎症指标(IL-18、IL-1β、NLRP3、TLR4)均呈负相关,Alistipes与NLRP3表达水平呈负相关,进一步支持这些菌属的抗炎特性。在有害GM方面,Adlercreutzia的相对丰度与抑郁样行为指标及促炎信号分子TLR4的表达水平呈正相关,而与探索行为及快感行为指标呈负相关,提示其参与了抑郁相关的病理过程。上述结果表明,CUMS诱导的GM改变与抑郁样行为及神经炎症水平密切相关。其中Candidatus_Saccharimonas、Alistipes等菌属通过抑制炎症反应发挥保护作用,而Adlercreutzia的富集则可能加剧了促炎及抑郁样表型。这为解释GM通过炎症通路调控抑郁症提供了关键证据。
抑郁症的治疗因有效性、安全性和可及性限制而面临挑战。既往研究证实,FMT可通过调节GM产生抗抑郁效应,但这些研究多采用健康供体的粪菌。运动作为有效非药物干预手段,其重塑后的GM是否具有更显著的抗抑郁潜力,以及该效应能否通过FMT传递,尚缺乏直接因果证据。本研究通过建立CUMS诱导的抑郁小鼠模型,结合游泳干预与FMT实验,首次证实游泳干预重塑后的GM可通过FMT改善CUMS诱导的抑郁样行为,该作用与失调“肠-脑轴”功能的恢复有关。支持这一观点的证据包括:(1) CUMS诱导小鼠抑郁样行为、GM失调和多样性降低,而游泳干预可逆转这些变化;(2)将游泳干预后供体的粪菌移植给CUMS受体小鼠,可显著改善其抑郁样行为,并修复海马神经元损伤与结肠组织的病理损伤;(3) FMT逆转了CUMS导致的GM多样性下降,回调了抗炎相关菌属丰度,抑制了促炎菌属的增殖,并抑制了NOD样受体信号通路的激活及下游炎症因子的表达;(4)相关性分析揭示了有益菌属与抗炎表型及积极行为的正相关关系,以及有害菌属与促炎表型及抑郁行为的正相关关系;(5)游泳干预重塑后的GM可通过FMT有效传递发挥抗抑郁效应。这些发现为基于运动干预的微生物靶向治疗策略提供了新的因果证据。
越来越多证据表明,GM与“肠-脑轴”的关联在抑郁症起始和发展过程中起着至关重要的作用[9]。在临床抑郁症患者和动物模型中,GM失调与抑郁之间的关联已得到证实[22]。GM失调的主要特征包括多样性和丰度降低、B/F比值降低、炎性相关菌群富集以及抗炎菌群降低等[8],这与本研究中CUMS组观察到的GM特征结果一致。尽管既往多项研究证实运动对抑郁症的改善有积极作用[23-24],但大多局限于描述运动对抑郁症患者GM组成的影响,其改善抑郁样行为的机制未完全阐明[12,25]。本研究为运动通过调节GM改善抑郁症状补充了关键证据,并证实游泳干预可重塑GM以及修复“肠-脑轴”损伤。
本研究首先系统观察了各组小鼠行为学表现及GM组成的变化,为FMT奠定了关键的供体基础。与CUMS组相比,SW组小鼠表现出更活跃的探索行为、蔗糖偏好以及应对应激的积极行为策略,这与既往研究关于运动改善抑郁样表型的结论一致[26]。也与运动促进多巴胺、内啡肽等神经递质释放的经典机制相吻合[27]。更为重要的是,游泳干预不仅使因CUMS降低的GM的α多样性和丰度得以恢复(如Chao1、Shannon指数恢复至CON组水平),还促进了β多样性还促进了结构性重塑。通过改变肠道微环境(如绒毛和杯状细胞增加)选择性地富集了具有抗炎功能的特定菌群(如Bacteroidota和Patescibacteria)。这些菌群在CUMS组中显著减少,而在SW组中显著富集。特别是能产生SCFAs并增强肠道屏障完整性的关键菌属(如norank_f__Muribaculaceae、Alistipes、Candidatus_Saccharimonas)在CUMS组中丰度显著降低,而在SW组中显著富集。这一现象表明,游泳干预的抗抑郁作用不仅依赖于多样性的恢复,更依赖于抗炎菌群的定向重建。
运动干预改善抑郁样行为以及病理损伤与“菌-肠-脑轴”变化有关,这是宿主与GM相互作用的结果,这一观点在FMT实验中得到证实。首先,CUMS组小鼠表现出的典型抑郁样行为,在FMT后均得到不同程度逆转甚至恢复。此外,神经炎症与抑郁症密切相关,其中海马DG区作为情绪调节和认知功能的关键脑区,在慢性应激下易发生病理损伤[28]。其次,游泳干预可通过FMT有效修复CUMS导致的海马DG区神经元排列紊乱、尼氏小体着色变浅、神经元密度下降以及结肠绒毛高度降低和杯状细胞减少等病理损伤。这些行为学和组织学的改善与PICRUSt2功能预测结果一致,即炎症/免疫相关通路(尤其是NOD样受体信号通路)在CUMS组显著富集,而在SW组显著下降。这为进一步聚焦特定炎症信号通路提供了依据。值得注意的是,FMT的改善效应与直接游泳干预的效果类似,这一可传递性结果与本研究前期关于运动重塑GM改善肥胖和动脉粥样硬化的结果类似[14-15]。
此外,FMT有效逆转了CUMS诱导的GM失调,这一改善不仅体现在群落结构上,更与抑郁行为的缓解及神经炎症的抑制存在关联。CUMS导致GM的α多样性显著下降,β多样性形成了特征性的抑郁菌群结构聚类。这一发现与既往文献报道的抑郁症患者菌群多样性下降一致[29]。在菌属层面,促炎相关的Adlercreutzia和Ligilactobacillus富集,而具有屏障保护与抗炎潜能的Blautia、Akkermansia和副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)等有益菌减少。Blautia作为共生专性厌氧菌属,可通过诱导调节性T细胞生成及SCFAs维持肠道稳态并抑制炎症反应[30]。Parabacteroides和Akkermansia存在协同保护效应,通过上调黏蛋白和紧密连接蛋白的基因表达,增强肠道上皮屏障功能[31]。这类菌群的减少可能会引起肠道黏液的成分和分泌量变化,从而影响腔内细菌的组成与活性,形成炎症加剧和肠漏[32],导致肠道屏障中的细菌及代谢物进入血液循环,进一步激活促炎通路,引起抑郁症状[33-34]。FMT干预后,GM多样性恢复,结构向健康供体偏移,关键有益菌得以回调。本研究进一步证实,游泳重塑后的GM具有抑制中枢神经炎症通路、修复肠道屏障的抗抑郁效应,并且这种效应可通过FMT有效传递,这可能成为未来抑郁症治疗中一种非常具有潜力的干预策略。
免疫炎症损伤是抑郁症的重要病理机制之一。GM可直接调节免疫系统,通过维持或破坏免疫耐受参与抑郁症的发生发展[35-36]。研究发现,GM通过NOD样受体调节免疫和炎症反应[37]。CUMS通常会导致GM失调并伴有慢性炎症反应。这一过程始于肠道屏障完整性受损,如杯状细胞损伤或数量减少,黏膜通透性增加。CUMS还导致SCFAs相关菌群丰度下降,进一步削弱肠道屏障功能,这些改变不仅直接导致脂多糖入血,还会过度激活TLR4/NLRP3炎症通路,形成恶性炎症循环,加剧抑郁症状[38]。这与本研究结果一致。16S rRNA基因测序、肠道屏障检测、qPCR和PICRUSt2功能预测分析均表明,游泳干预能重塑GM、修复因CUMS导致的肠道损伤并改善炎症。此外,CUMS+PBS组在多条炎症/免疫调控相关通路上显著富集,特别是NOD样受体信号通路在抑郁小鼠中过度激活,而FMT后该通路受到抑制,这一结果在结肠和海马组织中均有体现。这些结果一方面证实CUMS导致GM功能改变与特异地激活NOD样受体通路以及炎症反应增强有关,另一方面也验证了游泳干预对抑郁症“肠-脑轴”的调节作用。
NLRP3是NOD样受体家族核心分子复合物,在免疫系统中发挥重要作用。其激活由多种应激因子通过细胞膜TLR4启动核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)信号通路所介导,诱导NLRP3、pro-IL-1β、pro-IL-18等前体分子的转录;随后,NLRP3多蛋白复合物寡聚化并激活半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1 (caspase-1),促进IL-1β和IL-18成熟与分泌[38-39]。既往研究表明,IL-1β和IL-18的水平升高会加剧神经炎症,并参与应激相关精神障碍的发生[40]。为验证NOD样受体通路是否介导CUMS小鼠炎症过程,本研究检测了该通路的关键分子(NLRP3、IL-18、IL-1β、TLR4)的mRNA表达。结果与功能预测一致,CUMS+PBS组海马中IL-18和NLRP3显著升高,而FMT后这些指标显著下降。这表明抑郁样行为与NOD样受体信号通路激活有关。重要的是,神经炎症的升高可被移植游泳干预重塑后的GM所抑制,这可能是通过抑制TLR4/NLRP3炎症级联反应实现的。这一发现与既往报道一致[39]。
Spearman相关性分析为上述机制提供了GM层面的解释。本研究发现,Parabacteroides和Candidatus_Saccharimonas的丰度与抗炎表型及积极行为呈正相关,而与NLRP3、IL-18、TLR4呈负相关;Adlercreutzia则相反。这些相关性分析并非简单的统计关联,而是基于既往研究的证据支持。研究表明,Parabacteroides可通过抑制TLR4信号通路发挥抗炎作用[41]。Akkermansia和Parabacteroides的协同作用可增强肠道上皮屏障功能并改善炎症反应。总体而言,现有证据表明,免疫炎症通路激活与CUMS诱导GM变化有关。游泳干预的抗抑郁效应可能通过抑制TLR4-NLRP3信号通路减轻神经炎症实现。需要强调的是,相关性分析本身不能证明因果关系,但功能预测和分子验证的结果相互支持。
本研究系统探讨了运动通过重塑GM改善CUMS诱导的抑郁样行为的机制,并通过FMT验证了GM在运动抗抑郁效应中的作用。研究整合了行为学、组织病理学、微生物学、分子生物学等多层证据,为理解运动抗抑郁机制提供了新的视角。
本研究有几方面的优势:(1)研究设计上首次将游泳干预、FMT与CUMS抑郁模型相结合,明确了游泳重塑GM改善抑郁的作用;(2)方法学上采用PICRUSt2功能预测与qPCR分子验证相结合的策略,从功能通路层面筛选并验证了NOD样受体信号通路的核心作用,为GM功能研究提供了方法学参考;(3)揭示了NOD样受体信号通路作为GM影响抑郁的关键节点,并通过相关性分析锁定Parabacteroides、Candidatus_Saccharimonas等关键菌属,为精准干预靶点的筛选提供了依据;(4)转化意义上证实运动重塑后的GM具有可传递的抗抑郁效应,为开发基于GM的新型干预策略提供了理论依据。
本研究也存在一定局限性:(1)由于16S rRNA基因测序技术的限制无法提供GM代谢功能的直接证据,未来需结合宏基因组学、代谢组学等技术进行深入研究;(2) PICRUSt2功能预测基于16S rRNA基因数据推断,虽与qPCR结果一致,但缺乏蛋白水平证据和直接因果验证(如NLRP3敲除小鼠或特异性抑制剂实验),功能预测结果的可靠性有待进一步证实;(3)本研究仅在动物水平完成,CUMS模型虽为经典抑郁动物模型,但仍需在不同抑郁模型及临床队列中进行验证,以评估结果的普遍性和推广性;(4)本研究通过相关性分析筛选出多个有益菌属,但尚未对起关键效应作用的单一菌株进行分离、鉴定和单菌移植验证,难以确定具体致效菌种。
未来需要整合多组学技术分离鉴定驱动抗抑郁表型的关键菌株及其活性代谢产物,并在临床研究中评估运动干预对抑郁症患者GM的影响,以评估其转化应用潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82471558)
  • 脑科学与类脑研究国家科技重大专项(2021ZD0200600)
  • 山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2023L472)
  • 吕梁市慢性气道疾病精准化诊断重点实验室项目(2025SYS02)
  • 山西医科大学汾阳学院人才引进项目(2025BS02)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260190
  • 接收时间:2026-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-09
  • 录用日期:2026-05-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471558)
国家自然科学基金(82471558)
National Science and Technology Major Project on Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Research(2021ZD0200600)
脑科学与类脑研究国家科技重大专项(2021ZD0200600)
Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province(2023L472)
山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2023L472)
Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis of Chronic Airway Diseases in Luliang City(2025SYS02)
吕梁市慢性气道疾病精准化诊断重点实验室项目(2025SYS02)
Talent Introduction Project of Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University(2025BS02)
山西医科大学汾阳学院人才引进项目(2025BS02)
作者信息
    1.山西医药学院,山西 汾阳
    2.山西省汾阳医院重点实验室,山西 汾阳
    3.山西医科大学第一临床医院,山西 太原

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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