Article(id=1297571099995304049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260167, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772380800000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774713600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-29, onlineDate=1787294657943, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294657943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294657943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294657943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4119, endPage=4134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571100200824946, articleId=1297571099995304049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Highly efficient dual-enzyme cascade catalysis for the synthesis of raspberry ketone from p-hydroxybenzylidene acetone, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Raspberry ketone (RK) is a high-value natural aromatic compound widely used in food, flavors and fragrances, and daily chemical products. Traditional plant extraction methods are constrained by raw material availability and high separation costs, while chemical synthesis suffers from high environmental burden and difficulties in meeting market demand for natural-source products. Biocatalytic synthesis represents the core direction for its green manufacturing. However, existing systems remain limited by bottlenecks such as insufficient enzyme activity and substrate tolerance, poor stability of cofactor regeneration systems, and product titers insufficient for industrial needs. [Objective] To construct an efficient, stable, and scalable biocatalytic synthetic system for RK, overcoming existing technical bottlenecks. [Methods] A flavin-independent ene-reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtQOR, was screened and coupled with formate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus buchneri, LbFDH, to construct an NADPH self-recycling dual-enzyme cascade system. By optimizing vector copy number and gene expression order, an engineered strain co-expressing both enzymes was constructed, and the optimal strain, Escherichia coli 02, was selected. Key reaction conditions for whole-cell biocatalysis were systematically optimized, and a scale-up experiment was performed in a 1 L fermenter using a fed-batch strategy. The product was quantitatively analyzed and structurally verified using gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. [Results] The selected AtQOR exhibited a specific activity of 10.35 U/mg in catalyzing the conversion of p-hydroxybenzylidene acetone to RK. Under optimal reaction conditions, E. coli 02 produced 37.88 g/L of raspberry ketone from 40 g/L p‑hydroxybenzylidene acetone in 12 h, with a conversion rate of 93.54%. Using a fed‑batch strategy in a 1 L fermenter, the RK titer reached 54.32 g/L in only 10 h, with a conversion rate of 89.43%, and the product was confirmed to be a high-purity target compound. [Conclusion] The dual-enzyme cascade catalytic system constructed in this study substantially overcomes the existing titer bottleneck in RK biosynthesis, providing an efficient, stable, and scalable technological solution for its industrial green manufacturing.

, authors=Shanshan HUANG1, Ayuan JIN1, Wei SONG1, 2, Jing WU1, 2, authorsList=Shanshan HUANG, Ayuan JIN, Wei SONG, Jing WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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覆盆子酮(raspberry ketone, RK)是高价值天然芳香化合物,广泛应用于食品、香精香料与日化领域,传统植物提取法受原料限制、分离成本高,化学合成法存在环境负荷大、产物难以满足天然来源市场需求等缺陷,生物催化合成是其绿色制造的核心发展方向,但现有体系仍受限于关键酶活性与底物耐受性不足、辅因子再生体系稳定性差、产物产量难以适配工业化需求等瓶颈。 【目的】 构建高效、稳定且可规模化的RK生物催化合成体系,突破现有技术瓶颈。 【方法】 筛选获得拟南芥来源的非黄素依赖型烯还原酶AtQOR,耦合乳酸杆菌来源的甲酸脱氢酶LbFDH构建烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)自循环双酶级联体系;通过载体拷贝数与基因表达顺序优化,构建双酶共表达工程菌株并筛选获得最优菌株大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) 02,系统优化全细胞催化的关键反应条件,采用分批补料策略完成1 L发酵罐规模放大实验,结合气相色谱与核磁共振波谱进行产物定量分析与结构确证。 【结果】 筛选获得的AtQOR催化对羟基亚苄基丙酮合成RK的比酶活达10.35 U/mg;在最优反应条件下,Escherichia coli 02以 40 g/L对羟基亚苄基丙酮为底物反应12 h,RK产量达37.88 g/L,转化率为93.54%;采用分批补料策略在1 L发酵罐中进行放大实验,仅反应10 h RK产量达54.32 g/L,转化率为89.43%,产物经检测确证为高纯度目标产物。 【结论】 本研究构建的双酶级联催化体系大幅突破了现有RK生物合成的产量瓶颈,为其工业化绿色制造提供了高效、稳定且可规模化的技术方案。

, authors=黄珊珊1, 靳阿原1, 宋伟1, 2, 吴静1, 2, authorsList=黄珊珊, 靳阿原, 宋伟, 吴静, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴静, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

黄珊珊:研究构思和设计、实验操作、论文撰写;靳阿原:协助实验操作;宋伟:研究设计、论文指导与修改;吴静:提供技术支持、实验指导、参与论文讨论。

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Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(9): 5529-5537., articleTitle=Kinetics of substrate biodegradation under the cumulative effects of bioavailability and self-inhibition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571119301685480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=3, issue=6, pageStart=1081, pageEnd=1108, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=26, authorNames=祁延萍, 朱晋, 张凯, 刘彤, 王雅婕, journalName=合成生物学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=祁延萍, 朱晋, 张凯, 刘彤, 王雅婕. 定向进化在蛋白质工程中的应用研究进展[J]. 合成生物学, 2022, 3(6): 1081-1108., articleTitle=定向进化在蛋白质工程中的应用研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571119356211433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=3, issue=6, pageStart=1081, pageEnd=1108, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Qi YP, Zhu J, Zhang K, Liu T, Wang YJ, journalName=Synthetic Biology Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi YP, Zhu J, Zhang K, Liu T, Wang YJ. Recent development of directed evolution in protein engineering[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2022, 3(6): 1081-1108 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571119427514602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=79, issue=6, pageStart=411, pageEnd=416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Fernández Regueiro CL, Roura Padrosa D, journalName=Chimia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fernández Regueiro CL, Roura Padrosa D. Unlocking the potential of flow biocatalysis with enzyme immobilization[J]. Chimia, 2025, 79(6): 411-416., articleTitle=Unlocking the potential of flow biocatalysis with enzyme immobilization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571119507206379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=867, pageEnd=879, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Yuan PY, Wang Q, Deng XL, Zhang XY, Fan DD, Bai YP, journalName=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuan PY, Wang Q, Deng XL, Zhang XY, Fan DD, Bai YP. Coimmobilized dual enzymes in a continuous flow reactor for the efficient synthesis of optically pure γ/δ-lactones[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2025, 17(1): 867-879., articleTitle=Coimmobilized dual enzymes in a continuous flow reactor for the efficient synthesis of optically pure γ/δ-lactones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571119582703852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=30, authorNames=朱兴淼, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱兴淼. 对羟基苯甲醛级联反应合成覆盆子酮的研究[D]. 无锡: 江南大学, 2023., articleTitle=对羟基苯甲醛级联反应合成覆盆子酮的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571119637229805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Zhu XM, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu XM. Synthesis of raspberry ketone by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde cascade reaction[D]. Wuxi: Jiangnan University, 2023 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1297571113383522506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, awardId=22378165, language=EN, fundingSource=General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378165), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571113454825675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, awardId=22378165, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(22378165), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571113719066828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, awardId=JUSRP202413001, language=EN, fundingSource=Jiangsu Province University Innovative Research Team Project(JUSRP202413001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571113773592781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, awardId=JUSRP202413001, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省高校创新研究团队项目(JUSRP202413001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571105603088518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571105615671431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, companyId=1297571105603088518, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571105624060040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, companyId=1297571105603088518, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院,江苏 无锡)]), AuthorCompany(id=1297571105712140425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571105720529034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, companyId=1297571105712140425, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571105728917643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, companyId=1297571105712140425, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571109243744428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Two-enzyme cascade pathway for RK synthesis from HBA., figureFileSmall=zGT3NKLmdiH/JLy6z5SWWw==, figureFileBig=6uavDCfLdq4HbbFOv4SzTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571109323436205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图1, caption=双酶级联催化HBA合成RK路径, figureFileSmall=zGT3NKLmdiH/JLy6z5SWWw==, figureFileBig=6uavDCfLdq4HbbFOv4SzTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571109541540014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Construction and validation of the RK biosynthetic pathway. A: SDS-PAGE analysis of purified ene-reductases (Lane M: Marker; Lane 1: EcCurA; Lane 2: EcQOR; Lane 3: GsQOR; Lane 4: MpPulR; Lane 5: AtQOR; Lane 6: NsQOR; Lane 7: NtDBR; Lane 8: SaPGR2); B: Cascade catalysis of AtQOR and BmGDH for the synthesis of RK (The cascade catalysis was performed using 20 g/L AtQOR-expressing wet cells and 20 g/L BmGDH-expressing wet cells at different substrate concentrations); C: GC-MS analysis of the whole-cell reaction mixture., figureFileSmall=LNQk9jcyp//cdqXrquu+9w==, figureFileBig=hDKYRrXgguGPV4BVAoUFwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571109625426095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图2, caption=RK合成路径的构建与验证, figureFileSmall=LNQk9jcyp//cdqXrquu+9w==, figureFileBig=hDKYRrXgguGPV4BVAoUFwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571109721895088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Construction and verification of eight dual-enzyme expression strains. A: Schematic representation of the eight engineered dual-enzyme expression plasmids constructed in this study; B: SDS-PAGE analysis of E. coli 01-08 (Lane M: Marker; Lane 1: Soluble fraction; Lane 2: Insoluble fraction); C: Whole-cell biotransformation performance of the Escherichia coli 01-08 strains at 30 g/L HBA., figureFileSmall=pQRbS502tk5A3v1GQmbzwg==, figureFileBig=XkQ5gP/tFJBpJWbHl2TbKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571109797392561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图3, caption=八个双酶表达菌株的构建与验证, figureFileSmall=pQRbS502tk5A3v1GQmbzwg==, figureFileBig=XkQ5gP/tFJBpJWbHl2TbKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571109872890034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Catalysis of RK synthesis from HBA by Escherichia coli 02 strain. Measurements were conducted using 20 g/L wet cells of the strain at varying substrate concentrations., figureFileSmall=IdXX94CqdKs2u8BUsagpMA==, figureFileBig=RIH1OX8huEbRCZ7TDsreCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571109965164723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Escherichia coli 02菌株催化HBA合成RK, figureFileSmall=IdXX94CqdKs2u8BUsagpMA==, figureFileBig=RIH1OX8huEbRCZ7TDsreCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110032273588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Optimization of organic solvent type for the co-expressing strain Escherichia coli 02. The optimization was performed in a pure aqueous phase and 10 organic solvents with a volume fraction of 10%., figureFileSmall=dWeggj7PZ5cAhm5dSjmyOg==, figureFileBig=7KAYJ4l2MyH00wkFB/DEjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110111965365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图5, caption=共表达菌株 Escherichia coli 02的有机溶剂种类优化, figureFileSmall=dWeggj7PZ5cAhm5dSjmyOg==, figureFileBig=7KAYJ4l2MyH00wkFB/DEjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110183268534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Optimization of reaction conditions for the co-expressing strain Escherichia coli 02. A: Effect of temperature in 100 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) with 0.5 mmol/L NADP+; B: Effect of pH at 32 ℃ with 0.5 mmol/L NADP+; C: Effect of n-butyl acetate content at 32 ℃ in 100 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) with 0.5 mmol/L NADP+; D: Effect of the substrate-to-sodium formate molar ratio at 32 ℃, pH 7.0, with 30% n-butyl acetate and 0.5 mmol/L NADP+; E: Effect of NADP+ concentration at 32 ℃, pH 7.0, with 30% n-butyl acetate and an HBA:sodium formate molar ratio of 1:2; F: Effect of buffer type and concentration under the same conditions with 1 mmol/L NADP+. Data are mean±SD from three independent experiments., figureFileSmall=LYyJKif4kx/iNp8F9rvOlg==, figureFileBig=rRUirI34tubPgDdBZICT0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110275543223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图6, caption=共表达菌株 Escherichia coli 02的转化条件优化, figureFileSmall=LYyJKif4kx/iNp8F9rvOlg==, figureFileBig=rRUirI34tubPgDdBZICT0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110355235000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=1 L-scale synthesis of raspberry ketone (RK). A: Residual concentration of 4-hydroxybenzylideneacetone (HBA) during enzymatic biosynthesis of raspberry ketone; B: Time course of raspberry ketone (RK) titer and substrate conversion efficiency., figureFileSmall=dCKW35Oi7kYHLRevzRNzBg==, figureFileBig=kLBnUqY7h2vqwb76VP/UYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110439121081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图7, caption=覆盆子酮的1 L规模化生物合成, figureFileSmall=dCKW35Oi7kYHLRevzRNzBg==, figureFileBig=kLBnUqY7h2vqwb76VP/UYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110510424250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=GC-based determination of product concentration. A: Calibration curve of RK for quantitative analysis; B: GC chromatograms of the RK standard and the RK test sample., figureFileSmall=m6nXHv92K2JYUHfSsmdZwQ==, figureFileBig=fsC2qHpN6ulyCfBf5CwczQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110598504635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图8, caption=生物催化产物的GC定量分析, figureFileSmall=m6nXHv92K2JYUHfSsmdZwQ==, figureFileBig=fsC2qHpN6ulyCfBf5CwczQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110678196412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=NMR spectra of RK. A: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.14 (s, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.67 (dd, J=9.1, 5.1 Hz, 4H), 2.07 (s, 3H); B: 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO) δ 208.36, 155.86, 131.59, 129.49, 115.50, 45.09, 40.62, 40.41, 40.20, 39.99, 39.78, 39.57, 39.37, 30.23, 28.79., figureFileSmall=mnMNKPev1CH4QpBi2hjjew==, figureFileBig=WHDlWpIcpOb3gHtYsQdpag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571110770471101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=图9, caption=产物的核磁共振波谱分析, figureFileSmall=mnMNKPev1CH4QpBi2hjjew==, figureFileBig=WHDlWpIcpOb3gHtYsQdpag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571111999402174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlasmidsDescription
pET-28aSingle T7 promoters, pBR322 ori, KanR
pRSFDuet-1Double T7 promoters, RSF ori, KanR
pETDuet-1Double T7 promoters, pBR322 ori, AmpR
pCDFDuet-1Double T7 promoters, CDF13 ori, StrR
pACYCDuet-1Double T7 promoters, p15A ori, CmR
), ArticleFig(id=1297571112485941439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlasmidsDescription
pET-28aSingle T7 promoters, pBR322 ori, KanR
pRSFDuet-1Double T7 promoters, RSF ori, KanR
pETDuet-1Double T7 promoters, pBR322 ori, AmpR
pCDFDuet-1Double T7 promoters, CDF13 ori, StrR
pACYCDuet-1Double T7 promoters, p15A ori, CmR
), ArticleFig(id=1297571112565633216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsDescription
E. coli BL21(DE3)F- ompT gal dcm lon hsdSB (rB- mB- ) λ (DE3 [lacI lacUV5-T7 gene 1 ind1 sam7 nin5])
pET28a-ERpET28a carrying ene-reductase (ER) from 8 different sources
pET28a-FDHpET28a carrying formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from 3 different sources
E. coli 01pCDFDuet-1 carrying AtQOR and LbFDH
E. coli 02pRSFDuet-1 carrying AtQOR and LbFDH
E. coli 03pETDuet-1 carrying AtQOR and LbFDH
E. coli 04pACYCDuet-1 carrying AtQOR and LbFDH
E. coli 05pCDFDuet-1 carrying LbFDH and AtQOR
E. coli 06pRSFDuet-1 carrying LbFDH and AtQOR
E. coli 07pETDuet-1 carrying LbFDH and AtQOR
E. coli 08pACYCDuet-1 carrying LbFDH and AtQOR
), ArticleFig(id=1297571112670490817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsDescription
E. coli BL21(DE3)F- ompT gal dcm lon hsdSB (rB- mB- ) λ (DE3 [lacI lacUV5-T7 gene 1 ind1 sam7 nin5])
pET28a-ERpET28a carrying ene-reductase (ER) from 8 different sources
pET28a-FDHpET28a carrying formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from 3 different sources
E. coli 01pCDFDuet-1 carrying AtQOR and LbFDH
E. coli 02pRSFDuet-1 carrying AtQOR and LbFDH
E. coli 03pETDuet-1 carrying AtQOR and LbFDH
E. coli 04pACYCDuet-1 carrying AtQOR and LbFDH
E. coli 05pCDFDuet-1 carrying LbFDH and AtQOR
E. coli 06pRSFDuet-1 carrying LbFDH and AtQOR
E. coli 07pETDuet-1 carrying LbFDH and AtQOR
E. coli 08pACYCDuet-1 carrying LbFDH and AtQOR
), ArticleFig(id=1297571112733405378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
AtQOR-EcoR I-FCAGCCAGGATCCGAATTCCATGACTGCTACAAATAAACAAGTAATACTAAAGGACTAC
AtQOR-Hind Ⅲ-RATTATGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTTATTCGCGCGCAACAACG
LbFDH-EcoR I-FACAGCCAGGATCCGAATTCCATGACAAAAGTTCTAGCTGTATTATATCCCGATC
LbFDH-Hind Ⅲ-RCATTATGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTTATTTTTCAGCCTCGCCAGAACC
AtQOR-Nde I-FGTATAAGAAGGAGATATACATATGACTGCTACAAATAAACAAGTAATACTAAAGGACTACG
AtQOR-Xho I-RTTTCTTTACCAGACTCGAGTTATTCGCGCGCAACAACGAC
LbFDH-Nde I-FGTATAAGAAGGAGATATACATATGACAAAAGTTCTAGCTGTATTATATCCCGATCC
LbFDH-Xho I-RTTTCTTTACCAGACTCGAGTTATTTTTCAGCCTCGCCAGAACCC
), ArticleFig(id=1297571112800514243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
AtQOR-EcoR I-FCAGCCAGGATCCGAATTCCATGACTGCTACAAATAAACAAGTAATACTAAAGGACTAC
AtQOR-Hind Ⅲ-RATTATGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTTATTCGCGCGCAACAACG
LbFDH-EcoR I-FACAGCCAGGATCCGAATTCCATGACAAAAGTTCTAGCTGTATTATATCCCGATC
LbFDH-Hind Ⅲ-RCATTATGCGGCCGCAAGCTTTTATTTTTCAGCCTCGCCAGAACC
AtQOR-Nde I-FGTATAAGAAGGAGATATACATATGACTGCTACAAATAAACAAGTAATACTAAAGGACTACG
AtQOR-Xho I-RTTTCTTTACCAGACTCGAGTTATTCGCGCGCAACAACGAC
LbFDH-Nde I-FGTATAAGAAGGAGATATACATATGACAAAAGTTCTAGCTGTATTATATCCCGATCC
LbFDH-Xho I-RTTTCTTTACCAGACTCGAGTTATTTTTCAGCCTCGCCAGAACCC
), ArticleFig(id=1297571112863428804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Candidate ene-reductases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.EnzymesSourcesIDSpecific activity/(U/mg protein)
1AtQORArabidopsis thalianaNP_197199.110.35±1.42
2NsQORNicotine sylvestrisXP_009782873.10.53±0.11
3EcCurAEscherichia coliWP_112929233.13.77±0.45
4NtDBRNicotiana tabacumNP_001313179.1N.D.
5SaPGR2Sparus aurataXP_030299691.1N.D.
6MpPulRMentha piperitaQ6WAU0.1N.D.
7GsQORGeomonas silvestrisWP_183355402.1N.D.
8EcQOREscherichia coli P12bAFG42968.1N.D.
), ArticleFig(id=1297571112951509189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

候选烯还原酶

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.EnzymesSourcesIDSpecific activity/(U/mg protein)
1AtQORArabidopsis thalianaNP_197199.110.35±1.42
2NsQORNicotine sylvestrisXP_009782873.10.53±0.11
3EcCurAEscherichia coliWP_112929233.13.77±0.45
4NtDBRNicotiana tabacumNP_001313179.1N.D.
5SaPGR2Sparus aurataXP_030299691.1N.D.
6MpPulRMentha piperitaQ6WAU0.1N.D.
7GsQORGeomonas silvestrisWP_183355402.1N.D.
8EcQOREscherichia coli P12bAFG42968.1N.D.
), ArticleFig(id=1297571113027006662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Candidate formate dehydrogenases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.EnzymesSourcesRK/(g/L)Conversion/%
1LbFDHLentilactobacillus30.0098.78
2BstFDHBurkholderia stabilis13.2743.69
3MycFDHMycolicibacterium vaccae2.187.18
), ArticleFig(id=1297571113089921223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571099995304049, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

候选甲酸脱氢酶

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.EnzymesSourcesRK/(g/L)Conversion/%
1LbFDHLentilactobacillus30.0098.78
2BstFDHBurkholderia stabilis13.2743.69
3MycFDHMycolicibacterium vaccae2.187.18
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Three different fed-batch feeding schemes

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SchemesTiter/(g/L)t/h
20+20+2046.6525
30+3046.6022
40+2046.5520
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三种不同的分批补料方式

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SchemesTiter/(g/L)t/h
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双酶级联高效催化对羟基亚苄基丙酮合成覆盆子酮
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黄珊珊 1 , 靳阿原 1 , 宋伟 1, 2 , 吴静 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4119-4134
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4119 -4134
双酶级联高效催化对羟基亚苄基丙酮合成覆盆子酮
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黄珊珊1, 靳阿原1, 宋伟1, 2, 吴静1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院,江苏 无锡
  • 2.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
通讯作者:
吴静
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

黄珊珊:研究构思和设计、实验操作、论文撰写;靳阿原:协助实验操作;宋伟:研究设计、论文指导与修改;吴静:提供技术支持、实验指导、参与论文讨论。

Highly efficient dual-enzyme cascade catalysis for the synthesis of raspberry ketone from p-hydroxybenzylidene acetone
Shanshan HUANG1, Ayuan JIN1, Wei SONG1, 2, Jing WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260167
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覆盆子酮(raspberry ketone, RK)是高价值天然芳香化合物,广泛应用于食品、香精香料与日化领域,传统植物提取法受原料限制、分离成本高,化学合成法存在环境负荷大、产物难以满足天然来源市场需求等缺陷,生物催化合成是其绿色制造的核心发展方向,但现有体系仍受限于关键酶活性与底物耐受性不足、辅因子再生体系稳定性差、产物产量难以适配工业化需求等瓶颈。 【目的】 构建高效、稳定且可规模化的RK生物催化合成体系,突破现有技术瓶颈。 【方法】 筛选获得拟南芥来源的非黄素依赖型烯还原酶AtQOR,耦合乳酸杆菌来源的甲酸脱氢酶LbFDH构建烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)自循环双酶级联体系;通过载体拷贝数与基因表达顺序优化,构建双酶共表达工程菌株并筛选获得最优菌株大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) 02,系统优化全细胞催化的关键反应条件,采用分批补料策略完成1 L发酵罐规模放大实验,结合气相色谱与核磁共振波谱进行产物定量分析与结构确证。 【结果】 筛选获得的AtQOR催化对羟基亚苄基丙酮合成RK的比酶活达10.35 U/mg;在最优反应条件下,Escherichia coli 02以 40 g/L对羟基亚苄基丙酮为底物反应12 h,RK产量达37.88 g/L,转化率为93.54%;采用分批补料策略在1 L发酵罐中进行放大实验,仅反应10 h RK产量达54.32 g/L,转化率为89.43%,产物经检测确证为高纯度目标产物。 【结论】 本研究构建的双酶级联催化体系大幅突破了现有RK生物合成的产量瓶颈,为其工业化绿色制造提供了高效、稳定且可规模化的技术方案。

覆盆子酮  /  烯还原酶  /  双酶级联催化  /  辅因子再生  /  全细胞催化

Raspberry ketone (RK) is a high-value natural aromatic compound widely used in food, flavors and fragrances, and daily chemical products. Traditional plant extraction methods are constrained by raw material availability and high separation costs, while chemical synthesis suffers from high environmental burden and difficulties in meeting market demand for natural-source products. Biocatalytic synthesis represents the core direction for its green manufacturing. However, existing systems remain limited by bottlenecks such as insufficient enzyme activity and substrate tolerance, poor stability of cofactor regeneration systems, and product titers insufficient for industrial needs. [Objective] To construct an efficient, stable, and scalable biocatalytic synthetic system for RK, overcoming existing technical bottlenecks. [Methods] A flavin-independent ene-reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtQOR, was screened and coupled with formate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus buchneri, LbFDH, to construct an NADPH self-recycling dual-enzyme cascade system. By optimizing vector copy number and gene expression order, an engineered strain co-expressing both enzymes was constructed, and the optimal strain, Escherichia coli 02, was selected. Key reaction conditions for whole-cell biocatalysis were systematically optimized, and a scale-up experiment was performed in a 1 L fermenter using a fed-batch strategy. The product was quantitatively analyzed and structurally verified using gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. [Results] The selected AtQOR exhibited a specific activity of 10.35 U/mg in catalyzing the conversion of p-hydroxybenzylidene acetone to RK. Under optimal reaction conditions, E. coli 02 produced 37.88 g/L of raspberry ketone from 40 g/L p‑hydroxybenzylidene acetone in 12 h, with a conversion rate of 93.54%. Using a fed‑batch strategy in a 1 L fermenter, the RK titer reached 54.32 g/L in only 10 h, with a conversion rate of 89.43%, and the product was confirmed to be a high-purity target compound. [Conclusion] The dual-enzyme cascade catalytic system constructed in this study substantially overcomes the existing titer bottleneck in RK biosynthesis, providing an efficient, stable, and scalable technological solution for its industrial green manufacturing.

raspberry ketone  /  ene-reductase  /  dual-enzyme cascade catalysis  /  cofactor regeneration  /  whole-cell biocatalysis
黄珊珊, 靳阿原, 宋伟, 吴静. 双酶级联高效催化对羟基亚苄基丙酮合成覆盆子酮. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4119 -4134 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260167
Shanshan HUANG, Ayuan JIN, Wei SONG, Jing WU. Highly efficient dual-enzyme cascade catalysis for the synthesis of raspberry ketone from p-hydroxybenzylidene acetone[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4119 -4134 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260167
覆盆子酮(raspberry ketone, RK)是覆盆子果实特征香气的关键成分,广泛应用于食品、香精香料与日化产品,且因RK在健康产品开发中的潜在价值而受到持续关注[1-2]。RK是一种高价值芳香化合物,天然RK价格可达3 000-20 000 USD/kg。然而RK在天然果实中的含量极低(约1-5 mg/kg),导致传统植物提取法面临原料供应受限、分离纯化难度大、生产成本高等问题[3-5]。与此同时,化学合成虽可提高产量(如由对羟基苯甲醛与丙酮缩合制备),但依赖苛刻的反应条件与金属催化剂[6],易引发环境问题,且化学合成的产物通常难以满足消费者对“天然来源”香料的需求,因此在高端市场中的应用受到限制[4]。基于此,生物催化路线被视为更具可持续性的替代方案[7],但实现具有工业应用价值的高产量、高转化率与可放大性仍是当前该领域面临的主要挑战[8]
围绕RK的生物制造,近年来研究主要沿2条路径推进:一类是以葡萄糖/对羟基肉桂酸等为起点的代谢工程路线,另一类是以对羟基亚苄基丙酮(4-hydroxybenzylideneacetone, HBA)为底物的短路径生物催化路线[9]。在发酵路线方面,Zhou等[9]以大肠杆菌为宿主,采用静动态联合调控策略:敲除竞争性代谢通路、过表达抗反馈抑制基因以强化葡萄糖到L-酪氨酸的转化,利用对香豆酸响应型传感器平衡丙二酰辅酶A代谢,同时优化培养基与发酵条件,最终获得415.56 mg/L RK。Li等[10]以解脂耶氏酵母为底盘,将多拷贝RK合成通路整合至26S rDNA位点;重构莽草酸途径与戊糖磷酸途径,强化前体物质供给;引入非羧化型丙二酰辅酶A途径并优化脂质代谢,经5 L补料分批发酵,创下7.24 g/L的RK从头合成最高产量。总体而言,上述发酵路线需经过较长的代谢链条,易受代谢通量分配、细胞代谢负担、菌体生长抑制等问题影响,导致RK产量提升仍多停留在较低量级。相比之下,以HBA为底物经短路径生物催化转化生成RK的策略,在工艺简便性、反应可控性与转化效率方面优势显著,更具工业化应用前景。例如,Yang等[11]构建双酶表达体系,共表达悬钩子来源的覆盆子酮合酶1 (raspberry ketone synthase 1, RiRZS1),以及嗜酸热原体来源的葡萄糖脱氢酶(glucose dehydrogenase, SyGDH),实现烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)再生;最终转化效率达97.6%,RK产量达9.89 g/L。该基于GDH的辅因子再生系统需投入大量葡萄糖,还会生成葡萄糖酸副产物,引发体系pH波动,同时增加产物提取分离的过程负担[11]。为解决该问题,研究者利用大肠杆菌内源三羧酸循环驱动反应,结合大肠杆菌异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitrate dehydrogenase, EcIDH)与RiRZS1的协同作用,构建NADPH自循环体系,以HBA为底物实现86.96%的转化效率,RK产量达8.21 g/L[12]。尽管如此,面向更高底物浓度与更高生产强度的放大应用,该类体系仍普遍受限于:末端还原步骤对NADPH供给的刚性依赖、关键还原酶资源相对稀缺,以及天然酶在高底物条件下的活性与耐受性不足等问题[13]。因此,若要进一步将“HBA→RK”的短路径优势转化为工业级产量与高转化率,关键在于筛选获得更适配高底物负载体系的末端还原酶,并将其与高效辅因子再生体系进行协同优化。
基于上述现有RK生物合成体系存在产量受限、难以规模化应用的瓶颈问题,本研究构建AtQOR与甲酸脱氢酶耦合的双酶级联催化体系,旨在开发一套绿色、高效且具备放大潜力的RK生物合成工艺,为其工业化生产提供新的技术思路。
表达质粒pET-28a、pACYCDuet-1、pCDFDuet-1、pRSFDuet-1和pETDuet-1,Novagen公司;宿主菌株E. coli BL21(DE3),Invitrogen公司。本研究使用的重组质粒见表1、菌株见表2
覆盆子酮(RK)、甲酸钠,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;对羟基亚苄基丙酮(HBA),上海乐研试剂有限公司;还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸四钠盐、β-烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸二钠盐,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)、氨苄霉素(Amp)、链霉素(Str)、氯霉素(Cm)、硫酸卡那霉素(Kan),生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;PrimeSTAR Max DNA聚合酶,TaKaRa Bio (大连)有限公司;同源重组酶,武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司;其他试剂,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
PCR扩增仪、核酸电泳仪、凝胶成像仪、高速离心机,艾本德股份公司;高压细胞破碎仪,上海永联生物科技有限公司;高压蒸汽灭菌锅,上海博讯实业有限公司;单四级杆气相色谱质谱联用仪、核酸蛋白微量定量仪,赛默飞世尔科技公司;气相色谱仪和紫外-可见分光光度计,岛津(上海)实验器材有限公司;核磁共振波谱仪,Bruker公司;1 L发酵罐,迪必尔生物工程(上海)有限公司。
烯还原酶的比酶活通过测定浓度为1 μmol/L的纯化酶催化反应生成RK的产量来确定。反应体系总体积为1 mL,pH 7.5,反应温度为37 ℃,体系包含10 mmol/L HBA、1 mmol/L还原型NADPH四钠盐、体积分数为2%的DMSO以及1 μmol/L纯化烯还原酶,孵育时间为3 min。反应体系中RK的产量采用气相色谱(GC)进行定量分析。所有实验均设置3次生物学平行以保证结果可靠性。烯还原酶的还原活性定义为:在上述测定条件下,每分钟催化生成1 μmol RK所需酶量定义为1个活性单位(U)。
所有目标重组蛋白的制备均采用统一操作流程。首先将菌株接种至添加对应抗性的LB培养基中,于37 ℃、220 r/min条件下培养。待培养液OD600值达到0.6-0.8时加入IPTG至终浓度为0.5 mmol/L进行诱导。菌体于16 ℃条件下诱导表达18 h后,8 500×g离心10 min收集菌体沉淀,随后将菌体重悬于缓冲液A (25 mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH 7.5;20 mmol/L咪唑;500 mmol/L NaCl)中,采用高压匀浆破碎机进行细胞破碎。所得粗裂解液于4 ℃、8 000×g离心0.5 h,收集上清液并与Ni-NTA Superflow树脂孵育30 min,捕获带有His标签的目标蛋白。随后使用缓冲液B (25 mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH 7.5;500 mmol/L NaCl;500 mmol/L咪唑)洗脱结合在树脂上的目标蛋白。蛋白脱盐操作流程如下:将待脱盐的蛋白样品转移至10 kDa超滤管中,于3 700 r/min离心30 min;随后向超滤管中加入缓冲液C (25 mmol/L Tris-HCl,500 mmol/L NaCl,pH 7.5)进行缓冲液置换,再次于3 700 r/min离心30 min,该置换操作重复3次,完成蛋白脱盐。
采用表3所列引物开展两轮PCR扩增。第一轮PCR中分别使用引物AtQOR-EcoR I-F/AtQOR-Hind Ⅲ-R和LbFDH-EcoR I-F/LbFDH-Hind Ⅲ-R扩增AtQOR和LbFDH基因。第二轮PCR则分别使用引物AtQOR-Nde I-F/AtQOR-Xho I-R和LbFDH-Nde I-F/LbFDH-Xho I-R进行扩增。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证后,使用胶回收试剂盒回收目标基因片段。将第一轮PCR回收的AtQOR和LbFDH片段分别通过同源重组酶克隆至pCDFDuet-1、pRSFDuet-1、pETDuet-1和pACYCDuet-1载体的EcoR I/Hind Ⅲ酶切位点。连接产物转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞后,涂布于添加对应抗性的LB固体培养基上,通过菌落PCR和Sanger测序(擎科生物技术有限公司)验证阳性克隆,得到单基因重组菌株。将第二轮PCR回收的AtQOR和LbFDH片段通过同源重组酶分别插入上述构建的单基因载体的Nde I/Xho I酶切位点。连接产物转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞后,在添加对应抗性的LB培养基上筛选转化子,经菌落PCR和测序验证阳性克隆,最终获得8株双基因重组菌株。
采用岛津GC-2030气相色谱仪对RK浓度进行定量分析,仪器配备DB-5毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),以高纯氮气(N2)作为载气。仪器操作参数设置如下:进样口温度250 ℃;火焰离子化检测器温度270 ℃。柱温箱升温程序设置为:初始温度100 ℃,以25 ℃/min的速率升温至160 ℃,再以15 ℃/min的速率升温至250 ℃。分流比设置为10:1。
气相色谱-质谱联用分析采用Thermo Scientific TSQ8000系统完成,仪器配备Thermo TG-5MS毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm),以高纯氦气作为载气。载气流速设置为0.6 mL/min,进样口温度维持在250 ℃。柱温箱升温程序优化为:初始温度50 ℃保持1 min,以8 ℃/min的速率升温至180 ℃,再以15 ℃/min的速率升温至280 ℃并保持5 min,总运行时长约为40 min。质谱检测采用电子电离(electron ionization, EI)全扫描模式,质量扫描范围设置为35.000-350.000 m/z。样品的定性鉴定通过将采集的质谱图与NIST标准质谱库进行比对完成,目标化合物覆盆子酮的CAS号为5471-51-2。
将底物完全转化的RK反应液于4 ℃、12 000×g离心10 min去除菌体。收集上清液,加入等体积乙酸乙酯萃取3次。合并所有有机相,使用饱和NaCl溶液洗涤1次,经分液漏斗分离后,加入无水Na2SO4干燥过夜。在40 ℃下减压旋转蒸发除去有机溶剂,得到RK粗浓缩物。向浓缩物中加入1/10体积的蒸馏水,室温下搅拌4 h,随后于4 ℃静置结晶过夜。使用0.45 μm微孔滤膜减压抽滤收集结晶产物,用预冷的去离子水洗涤晶体,随后置于40 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥12 h至恒重,获得纯化的RK晶体。将所得晶体溶解于氘代DMSO中,配制为50 mg/mL的样品溶液,通过核磁共振波谱(NMR)完成进一步结构鉴定。
本研究设计了一条双酶级联合成RK的催化路线(图1)。该路径以对羟基亚苄基丙酮(HBA)为底物,经烯还原酶催化C=C双键加氢生成RK;反应所需还原力由NADPH提供,NADPH通过来源于巨大普里斯特氏菌的葡萄糖脱氢酶(BmGDH)催化实现原位循环再生,以此维持体系持续的还原能力[14]
从本实验室Gao等[15]构建的烯还原酶(ER)文库中选取8个非黄素依赖型候选酶(表4),经镍离子亲和层析纯化后获得电泳纯的目标蛋白(图2A)。以HBA为模式底物,系统评估各候选酶催化α,β-不饱和酮C=C双键还原生成RK的催化活性。比酶活测定结果显示,在完全一致的反应条件下仅3种候选酶可检测到目标产物RK生成。其中AtQOR的比酶活最高,达10.35 U/mg,分别为同体系下EcCurA (3.77 U/mg)的2.75倍、NsQOR (0.53 U/mg)的19.5倍;其余5种候选酶均未检出RK产物,无明显催化活性。上述结果直接证实,AtQOR在该反应体系中展现出远优于其余候选酶的催化效率,可高效催化目标α,β-不饱和酮的C=C双键不对称还原反应,因此选定AtQOR为该级联路径的核心催化酶。
为了系统评估AtQOR在全细胞体系中的催化能力,在20-40 g/L范围内设置5个底物浓度梯度开展转化实验,采用气相色谱(GC)对RK产量进行定量分析。如图2B所示,当底物浓度≤30 g/L时,RK产量随着底物浓度升高而增加;底物浓度达30 g/L时,RK产量达到最高值22.11 g/L;当底物浓度>30 g/L时,RK产量随底物浓度升高呈下降趋势。对反应产物进行GC-MS分析,检测到的分子量为164.05,与目标产物RK完全一致(图2C)。
初始体系采用BmGDH实现NADPH再生,但反应过程中伴随生成的葡萄糖酸不断累积,导致体系pH由中性逐渐下降至强酸性,进而引发部分酶失活,同时大幅提升了反应过程中pH精准调控的操作难度。为解决上述问题,本研究进一步筛选了3种以甲酸钠为底物的NADPH再生酶:BstFDH[16]LbFDH[17]MycFDH[18]。该类酶的催化副产物为CO2,可直接从反应体系中逸出,对体系pH的扰动极小。在30 g/L HBA底物浓度下开展全细胞转化对比实验,结果显示LbFDH与AtQOR的组合可在12 h内将底物完全转化为RK,产量达30.00 g/L,底物转化率达98.78%;相比之下,BstFDH和MycFDH对应的体系转化率均低于50% (表5)。据此确定LbFDH为最优辅因子再生酶,用于替代BmGDH构建新型双酶级联系统。
随后将AtQOR与LbFDH分别克隆至4种Duet系列表达载体pRSFDuet-1、pETDuet-1、pCDFDuet-1、pACYCDuet-1中,上述载体对应的复制子拷贝数分别约为100、40、20、10。同时通过调整2个目的基因在载体上的排列顺序,共构建获得8种双酶共表达重组质粒(图3A)。将上述质粒分别转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)中,成功构建得到8株工程菌 Escherichia coli 01-08。SDS-PAGE分析结果显示(图3B),菌株E. coli 01和E. coli 02中AtQOR与LbFDH均实现了高水平的可溶性表达。在30 g/L HBA底物浓度下对8株工程菌开展全细胞转化性能测试(图3C),结果显示E. coli 02的RK产量最高,可达28 g/L,显著优于其余7株工程菌。进一步对比实验表明,与AtQOR+BmGDH体系相比,AtQOR与LbFDH体系具有更高的底物耐受性,在40 g/L HBA浓度下可获得最高RK产量,达32.87 g/L (图4)。
底物HBA与产物RK在水相中微溶,显著限制了催化体系的底物负载能力与酶促反应效率,为此本研究构建了水-有机两相反应体系以提升底物溶解度,进而提高酶对底物的负载容量。初始两相反应体系的组成与转化条件设定如下:水相为100 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 7.5),含底物3倍摩尔量的甲酸钠;有机相为DMSO;水相与有机相体积比为9:1;反应温度37 ℃;NADP+浓度为0.5 mmol/L。两相体系组成与反应条件是调控全细胞催化制备RK效率的核心关键因素。为构建高效合成RK的全细胞生物催化平台,本研究以重组菌E. coli 02为催化剂,系统考察并优化了有机相溶剂种类、反应温度、反应体系pH、有机相体积分数、底物HBA与辅底物甲酸钠的物质的量比、NADP+浓度、缓冲体系种类及浓度等关键工艺参数。上述所有优化实验均以RK的产量为核心评价指标,测定不同条件下的相对催化活性以每组优化中RK产量最高的实验组催化活性定义为100%,其余组按比例换算相对催化活性。
各种有机溶剂对HBA表现出不同的溶解度,对AtQOR也具有不同程度的抑制。因此需要对有机溶剂的种类进行优化,在反应体系中加入体积分数10%的有机溶剂,考察了异辛烷(isooctane, IO)、异丙醚(isopropyl ether, IPE)、乙酸乙酯(ethyl acetate, EA)、乙酸丁酯(butyl acetate, BA)、氯仿(chloroform, CF)、甲基叔丁基醚(methyl tert-butyl ether, MTBE)、甲醇(methanol, MeOH)、二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)、甲苯(toluene, Tol)和环己烷(cyclohexane, CH)等10种有机溶剂对RK产量的影响。如图5所示,在纯水相中菌体相对活性较低,仅有63%。有机溶剂中异丙醚、乙酸丁酯、甲基叔丁基醚的活性较高,相比纯水相提升显著,这可能与HBA具有中等极性,而这3种溶剂的极性与其较为匹配(异丙醚弱极性、乙酸丁酯中等极性、甲基叔丁基醚中等极性),能在一定程度上溶解底物,又不破坏酶活性环境,利于底物与酶接触。10种有机溶剂中乙酸丁酯效果最好,选择乙酸丁酯为两相体系的最适有机相。
在含0.5 mmol/L NADP+的100 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 7.5)中考察了27-47 ℃温度范围对全细胞催化活性的影响。结果表明(图6A),重组菌的相对催化活性随温度升高呈先升后降趋势,32 ℃时活性达到峰值(100%);当温度超过37 ℃后催化活性逐渐下降,47 ℃时仅保留约60%的相对活性,这可能是由于高温破坏了胞内催化酶的空间构象,导致酶活丧失。基于此,确定32 ℃为后续优化实验的反应温度。
在32 ℃、0.5 mmol/L NADP+条件下进一步考察pH 5.5-8.5范围对催化反应的影响。结果显示(图6B),pH 5.5时菌体相对催化活性较低(约50%),随着pH升高活性快速提升,在6.5-7.5区间保持最高水平(接近100%);当pH超过8.0后催化活性持续下降,推测偏碱性环境会改变胞内酶的带电性质,降低酶与底物的结合能力。综合催化活性与反应体系稳定性,选择pH 7.0为最适反应pH。
在32 ℃、pH 7.0、0.5 mmol/L NADP+的100 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液中评估10%-80%体积分数的乙酸丁酯对全细胞催化的影响。结果表明(图6C),当乙酸丁酯体积分数为0-30%时菌体相对催化活性维持在90%以上,且30%时达到活性峰值;当体积分数超过40%后,催化活性急剧下降,80%时仅检测到约10%的相对活性。这是由于高浓度有机溶剂会破坏菌体细胞膜的磷脂双分子层结构,增加细胞膜通透性甚至导致细胞裂解,进而丧失催化能力。因此,确定30%乙酸丁酯为最适体积分数。
在32 ℃、pH 7.0、30%乙酸丁酯、0.5 mmol/L NADP+的最优基础条件下优化底物HBA与辅底物甲酸钠的物质的量比(3:1-1:3)。结果显示(图6D),菌体相对催化活性随甲酸钠比例的增加显著升高,当n (HBA):n (甲酸钠)为1:2时催化活性达到最大值(100%);将物质的量比进一步调整为1:3时,催化活性略有下降,原因可能是共底物过量会增加反应体系的渗透压,改变菌体的生理代谢状态,同时造成底物浪费。据此,确定1:2为HBA与甲酸钠的最适物质的量比。
在32 ℃、pH 7.0、30%乙酸丁酯、n (HBA):n (甲酸钠)=1:2的条件下考察0.5-1.5 mmol/L NADP+浓度对催化反应的影响。结果表明(图6E),NADP+浓度从0.5 mmol/L升高至1.0 mmol/L时,菌体相对催化活性持续上升并在1.0 mmol/L时达到峰值;1.0-1.5 mmol/L浓度范围内,催化活性保持稳定(≥90%),无显著变化。综合考虑胞内辅酶的催化效率与实验经济成本,后续实验选择1 mmol/L NADP+作为最适浓度。
在32 ℃、pH 7.0、30%乙酸丁酯、n (HBA):n (甲酸钠)=1:2、1 mmol/L NADP+的最优条件下考察4-(2-羟乙基)-1-哌嗪乙磺酸[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid, HEPES]、Tris-HCl、PBS 3种常用缓冲液在50-300 mmol/L浓度范围内对全细胞催化的影响。结果显示(图6F),当缓冲液浓度≤150 mmol/L时Tris-HCl缓冲液支持的菌体相对催化活性显著高于HEPES和PBS缓冲液,并且浓度为100 mmol/L时Tris-HCl缓冲液的相对活性达到峰值;随着缓冲液浓度升高至300 mmol/L,3种缓冲液的催化活性均显著下降,其中PBS缓冲液降幅最为明显(相对活性降至78%),这是由于高浓度缓冲液会改变反应体系的离子强度,破坏胞内催化酶的空间构象,同时降低细胞膜对底物与产物的通透性。综合分析,确定100 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液为最适反应缓冲体系。
综上所述,重组菌E. coli 02全细胞催化合成RK的最优反应条件为:32 ℃、pH 7.0、乙酸丁酯体积分数为30%、HBA与甲酸钠的物质的量比为1:2、1 mmol/L NADP+、100 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液。在该条件下,采用20 g/L湿细胞对40 g/L HBA进行全细胞催化反应,反应12 h,RK产量达到37.88 g/L,转化率为93.54%。
为了进一步评估工程菌株E. coli 02的催化稳定性,在1 L发酵罐内(总反应体积400 mL)采用底物分批补料策略开展规模放大实验。该实验以20 g/L湿细胞为催化剂,在前期优化获得的最优反应条件下进行;反应过程中采用3 mol/L HCl进行pH动态调控,分批补料采用两阶段补加模式(40+20 g/L HBA)。该补料模式已在小体系中完成验证,此前在20 mL体系内开展了3种不同投料方式的分批补料对比实验(表6),3种补料方式的RK产量接近,均超过45 g/L,最终选取其中反应周期最短的40+20 g/L补料方式 开展本次分批放大反应。放大反应过程中定期取样监测底物消耗与产物生成动态(图7),结果表明该双酶共表达体系在放大条件下仍可维持良好的催化稳定性和连续转化能力,仅需10 h即可获得最高RK产量54.32 g/L,底物转化率达89.43%。
为验证放大反应合成RK的产物品质与结构准确性,本研究对1 L发酵罐中获得的目标产物开展系统的定量分析与结构表征。采用GC完成RK的定量检测,结合NMR完成产物结构确认。首先通过GC建立RK的标准线性校准曲线(图8A),实现RK的精准定量测定,反应样品的特征峰保留时间与RK标准品完全重合(图8B)。随后对纯化后的产物进行NMR波谱解析,产物的1H NMR (图9A)与13C NMR (图9B)特征化学位移信号均与RK的理论分子结构高度匹配,且无明显杂峰检出,表明产物具有高化学纯度与完整分子结构。综上所述,GC与NMR的综合表征结果证实,1 L规模放大生物催化体系中合成的产物为高纯度RK,该结果为该生物催化平台后续的工业化放大与实际应用提供了可靠的分析数据与结构验证依据。
本研究成功构建了烯还原酶AtQOR与辅因子再生酶LbFDH的双酶级联催化体系,实现了对羟基亚苄基丙酮向RK的高效转化。通过从8种非黄素依赖型烯还原酶中筛选出比酶活最高的AtQOR (10.35 U/mg),并以LbFDH替代传统BmGDH以解决pH失衡问题,结合Duet系列载体优化构建获得最优工程菌株E. coli 02。在32 ℃、pH 7.0、乙酸丁酯体积分数为30%、n (HBA):n (甲酸钠)=1:2、1 mmol/L NADP+及100 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液的最优反应条件下,20 g/L E. coli 02湿细胞催化40 g/L HBA反应12 h,RK产量可达37.88 g/L,转化率为93.54%。再通过分批补料策略(40+20 g/L HBA),在1 L发酵罐中仅10 h实现54.32 g/L的RK产量与89.43%的转化率,并经GC与NMR验证,产物纯度高、结构正确,建立了高效稳定的RK生物合成平台。
本研究的首要创新在于突破了RK生物合成的产量瓶颈,且核心酶AtQOR相较于传统使用的RiRZS1具有显著性能优势。从产量对比来看,现有研究中发酵路线的最高产量为Li等[10]报道的7.24 g/L (以葡萄糖从头合成),短路径生物催化的最高产量为Yang等[11]报道的9.89 g/L (RiRZS1-SyGDH体系),而本研究产量达到54.32 g/L,显著高于现有生物合成路径,且反应时间仅10 h,时空产率显著优于现有体系。从酶学性能来看,AtQOR相较于传统使用的RiRZS1具有更优的初始底物耐受性:AtQOR在40 g/L HBA浓度下仍能实现较高转化率,而RiRZS1在底物浓度>10 g/L时会因底物抑制或细胞毒性出现活性降低,转化效率显著下降[19]。此外,本研究采用的LbFDH辅酶再生体系避免了RiRZS1常用的SyGDH体系中葡萄糖酸累积导致的pH波动,进一步提升了工业应用的稳定性,使得高底物负载下的高效转化成为可能[11]
作为非黄素依赖型烯还原酶,AtQOR的催化核心依赖活性口袋中特异性氢键供体残基(如Arg/Tyr/Glu/Ser等)对底物C=C双键的极化作用,通过NAD(P)H介导的氢化物转移与水相质子转移完成不对称氢化反应[20]。然而,当HBA浓度超过40 g/L时,高浓度底物可能通过2种机制抑制AtQOR活性:(1) 底物分子在活性口袋外形成聚集态,竞争性结合酶活性位点并阻碍底物极化过程,降低氢化物转移效率;(2) 高浓度疏水底物可能破坏酶活性中心的微环境,干扰氢键网络的稳定构象,导致催化构象发生偏移[21]。同时,高底物浓度下的细胞毒性也可能通过抑制菌体代谢、破坏细胞膜完整性等方式间接降低酶催化效率[22]。后续分子改造可靶向优化AtQOR的底物结合口袋与催化核心:通过定向进化改造活性口袋关键残基,增强底物的分散性与结合特异性,降低底物聚集对催化的抑制;同时优化酶的表面亲疏水性,减少高浓度底物对酶微环境的破坏,提升酶的长期稳定性[23]。此外,也可探索双酶共固定化技术,将AtQOR与LbFDH锚定于海藻酸钠、壳聚糖或介孔硅等载体,通过共价结合或包埋实现酶的循环利用,维持双酶空间邻近效应以保障辅酶原位再生效率,提升酶操作稳定性并降低生产成本[24]。在此基础上,可进一步开发连续流催化体系,将固定化双酶填充于填充床或酶膜反应器,实现底物连续进料与产物在线分离,强化传质效率、规避底物抑制,提升时空产率并适配工业化自动化控制需求[25]。为了拓展底物来源的经济性,也可结合脱氧核糖磷酸醛缩酶(deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase, DERA)突变体[26] (如DERAS238D)构建“HBD→HBA→RK”的一体化催化体系,利用更廉价原料对羟基苯甲醛(4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, HBD)替代HBA,进一步降低生产成本。
本研究通过非黄素依赖型烯还原酶介导的绿色生物催化策略实现RK高效合成,契合绿色制造趋势。未来通过酶固定化与连续流技术的集成,可进一步提升工艺稳定性与可放大性,为食品、香精香料等领域提供天然、安全的高纯度产品,推动天然功能成分生产模式升级,兼具重要学术价值与广阔工业应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(22378165)
  • 江苏省高校创新研究团队项目(JUSRP202413001)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260167
  • 接收时间:2026-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-02
  • 录用日期:2026-03-29
基金
General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378165)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(22378165)
Jiangsu Province University Innovative Research Team Project(JUSRP202413001)
江苏省高校创新研究团队项目(JUSRP202413001)
作者信息
    1.江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院,江苏 无锡
    2.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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