Article(id=1316714520370856089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260166, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772380800000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776441600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-18, onlineDate=1791858805028, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858805028, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858805028, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858805028, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4871, endPage=4899, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714520618320026, articleId=1316714520370856089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening and fermentation performance evaluation of functional microorganisms from medium-high temperature Daqu in the Luzhou area, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To elucidate the enzymatic-producing properties and environmental tolerance of culturable microorganisms from medium-high temperature Daqu, as well as their regulatory effects on the solid-state fermentation system of Baijiu, to investigate the differences of functional microorganism distribution across different Daqu grades, and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of fortified microbial starters and the optimization of brewing processes. [Methods] The isolation of functional microorganisms, along with the evaluation of enzyme-producing characteristics, growth properties, and environmental tolerance, was conducted on post-fermentation medium-high temperature Daqu of superior-grade and premium-grade used in the production of Nongjiangjianxiangxing Baijiu (strong-sauce aroma-type Baijiu). Moreover, solid-state simulated fermentation experiments were conducted to investigate the regulatory effects of four dominant strains on the physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds of the fermented grains. [Results] In this study, a total of 44 strains were isolated from Daqu of premium-grade and superior-grade used in the production of Nongjiangjianxiangxing Baijiu (29 from premium-grade Daqu and 15 from superior-grade Daqu), belonging to 5 phyla and 8 genera, with Bacillus being the dominant genus (accounting for 43.2%). A total of 28 amylase-producing strains (20 from premium-grade, 8 from superior-grade) and 4 cellulase-producing strains (3 from premium-grade, 1 from superior-grade) were primarily screened. Although the premium-grade Daqu contained a higher number of enzyme-producing strains, the strains from the superior-grade Daqu exhibited greater average enzyme production capacity. After secondary screening, strains T41, Y46, and T47 were identified as high-yield amylase-producing functional microorganisms, and strain Y22 as a high-yield cellulose-producing functional microorganism. The tolerance assays revealed that Y46 exhibited the strongest adaptability to high temperature, ethanol stress, and lactic acid stress, and Y22 exhibited the strongest acid tolerance whereas T41 showed the best performance under glucose stress. The results from the solid-state simulated fermentation indicated that all four tested strains contributed to maintaining fermentation ecosystem stability. The strains significantly enhanced starch degradation, achieving reduction rates (from 7.0% to 9.5%), with Y22 exhibiting the most pronounced degradation efficiency. The differential regulatory effects were observed on reducing sugar utilization and volatile flavor compound synthesis, particularly esters. Notably, T41 showed the most pronounced enhancement in flavor compound accumulation. [Conclusion] Post-fermentation medium-high temperature Daqu harbors abundant enzyme-producing functional microorganisms. Significant differences were observed in the quantity and enzyme-producing performance of functional strains across Daqu of different grades, with amylase-producing strains exhibiting a higher isolation rate than cellulase-producing strains. The four screened functional strains possess excellent enzymatic properties and environmental adaptability. In the simulated Baijiu fermentation system, these strains maintained acidity stability, enhanced starch utilization efficiency, and promoted the formation of flavor compounds. Among them, strains T41 and T47 exhibited superior overall fermentation performance and demonstrated considerable potential for practical application. These findings provide valuable microbial resources and a scientific basis for the development of functional microbial starters and the operation of Baijiu brewing processes.

, authors=Lei TIAN1, 2, 3, Guojun HOU3, Fangping YU3, Bingbing ZHOU3, Qizhi CHEN3, Jingyun DONG3, Tongwei GUAN3, Wei XU2, Wei LUO2, Xi WANG2, Yi SHEN2, *, Yan XU1, *, authorsList=Lei TIAN, Guojun HOU, Fangping YU, Bingbing ZHOU, Qizhi CHEN, Jingyun DONG, Tongwei GUAN, Wei XU, Wei LUO, Xi WANG, Yi SHEN, Yan XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yi SHEN, Yan XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: XU Yan,
SHEN Yi,
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【目的】 明确中高温大曲可培养微生物的产酶特性、环境耐受性及其对白酒固态发酵体系的调控作用,探究不同等级大曲功能菌的分布差异,为强化菌剂开发及酿造工艺优化提供理论依据。 【方法】 对发酵完成后的特级与优级浓酱兼香型中高温大曲开展功能微生物分离,并对其进行产酶特性、生长特性及环境耐受性评价;进一步通过固态模拟发酵试验探究4株优势菌株对酒醅理化指标及挥发性风味化合物的调控作用。 【结果】 从发酵完成后的特级与优级浓酱兼香型中高温大曲中共分离获得44株菌(特级大曲29株,优级大曲15株),归属于5门8属,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势类群(占比43.2%)。初筛获得28株产淀粉酶菌株(特级20株,优级8株),4株产纤维素酶菌株(特级3株,优级1株),特级大曲中产酶菌株数量多于优级,但优级大曲平均产酶能力更高。经复筛确定T41、Y46、T47为高产淀粉酶功能菌,Y22为高产纤维素酶功能菌。耐受性试验表明,Y46对高温、乙醇及乳酸胁迫的耐受性最强,T41在葡萄糖胁迫条件下表现最佳,Y22耐酸性最强。固态模拟发酵显示,4株供试菌株能维持发酵体系稳定,并显著促进淀粉降解(降幅7.0%-9.5%),以Y22降解效果最优;各菌株对还原糖利用及挥发性风味物质(尤其是酯类)的合成呈现差异化调控作用,其中T41对风味物质积累的促进作用最突出。 【结论】 发酵后的中高温大曲蕴藏丰富的产酶功能微生物,不同等级大曲在功能菌数量及产酶性能上存在显著差异,且产淀粉酶菌株分离率高于产纤维素酶菌株。筛选获得的4株功能菌具有优良的酶学特性和环境适应性,在白酒模拟发酵体系中能够维持酸度稳定、提升淀粉利用效率并促进风味物质生成,其中菌株T41和T47综合发酵性能优良,具有较高的实际应用价值。研究结果为白酒酿造功能菌剂的开发及工艺优化提供了菌种资源与科学依据。

, authors=田蕾1, 2, 3, 侯国俊3, 余方平3, 周冰冰3, 陈启智3, 董静芸3, 关统伟3, 徐炜2, 罗巍2, 王西2, 沈毅2, *, 徐岩1, *, authorsList=田蕾, 侯国俊, 余方平, 周冰冰, 陈启智, 董静芸, 关统伟, 徐炜, 罗巍, 王西, 沈毅, 徐岩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=沈毅, 徐岩, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

田蕾:研究构思和设计,数据处理,软件与可视化,论文撰写和修改,提供技术支持,参与论文讨论;侯国俊:数据收集和处理,软件与可视化,论文撰写和修改,实验操作,参与论文讨论;余方平:软件与可视化,协助实验操作;周冰冰:协助实验操作,协助论文撰写,数据收集和处理;陈启智:协助实验操作;董静芸:协助论文撰写,协助实验操作;关统伟:监督与指导;徐炜:研究构思和设计,参与论文讨论;罗巍:研究构思和设计,提供技术支持,样品采集;王西:研究构思和设计,提供技术支持,提供资源;沈毅:研究构思和设计,参与论文指导;徐岩:监督与指导。

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2.Quality Research Institute, Sichuan Langjiu Co. , Ltd. , Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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A: Proportion of amylase-producing functional microorganisms among isolated microbes (from inner to outer: overall, premium-grade, superior-grade); B: Bubble chart of D, d, and D/d of amylase-producing functional bacteria; C: Proportion of cellulase-producing functional microorganisms among isolated microbes (from inner to outer: overall, premium-grade, superior-grade); D: Bubble chart of D, d, and D/d of cellulase-producing functional bacteria., figureFileSmall=d5jJjmHyo0oxV8raB0aoNw==, figureFileBig=QJ7xyPB0VukpR/k0+qVsNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829912963600618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图2, caption=功能菌初筛结果, figureFileSmall=d5jJjmHyo0oxV8raB0aoNw==, figureFileBig=QJ7xyPB0VukpR/k0+qVsNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829913030709483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Enzyme-producing capacity of functional bacteria with amylase (A) and cellulase (B) activities in rescreening., figureFileSmall=c/HKfeazJy/bH+qSK6GJyA==, figureFileBig=UZG1TW3sAdFt2eAb4IlxHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829913349476588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图3, caption=参与复筛的产淀粉酶(A)和纤维素酶(B)功能菌的产酶能力, figureFileSmall=c/HKfeazJy/bH+qSK6GJyA==, figureFileBig=UZG1TW3sAdFt2eAb4IlxHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829913726963949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Growth curves of functional bacteria., figureFileSmall=syR3FZVIdbY2mzVFwPLEIg==, figureFileBig=woGerrZsVYu9sPZl3yZKug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829915434045678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图4, caption=功能菌的生长曲线, figureFileSmall=syR3FZVIdbY2mzVFwPLEIg==, figureFileBig=woGerrZsVYu9sPZl3yZKug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829915526320367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=OD600 of T41 (A), Y46 (B), T47 (C), and Y22 (D) at high temperature. * indicate significant differences between groups P<0.05; *** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.001; **** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=GCxRp9eJ70UMAAVYI601dQ==, figureFileBig=NSw8j1gIr6j9zWY6dM/pvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829915887030512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图5, caption=T41 (A)、Y46 (B)、T47 (C)、Y22 (D)在高温下的 OD600, figureFileSmall=GCxRp9eJ70UMAAVYI601dQ==, figureFileBig=NSw8j1gIr6j9zWY6dM/pvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829916247740657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=OD600 of T41 (A), Y46 (B), T47 (C), and Y22 (D) under acidic conditions. * indicate significant differences between groups P<0.05; ** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.01; *** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.001; **** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=HxDqDP66LTTn8G4iSvIKmA==, figureFileBig=rJfLaVfqmk0fjj/dSNZ+Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829916344209650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图6, caption=T41 (A)、Y46 (B)、T47 (C)、Y22 (D)在酸性条件下的 OD600, figureFileSmall=HxDqDP66LTTn8G4iSvIKmA==, figureFileBig=rJfLaVfqmk0fjj/dSNZ+Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829916742668531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=OD600 values of T41 (A), Y46 (B), T47 (C), and Y22 (D) at various glucose concentrations. * indicate significant differences between groups P<0.05; ** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.01; *** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.001; **** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=YZ44Nj4Sydto6G9Azc8Sjg==, figureFileBig=sQtZdD34vsP+0NFVqhs/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829917074018548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图7, caption=T41 (A)、Y46 (B)、T47 (C)、Y22 (D)在各葡萄糖浓度下的 OD600, figureFileSmall=YZ44Nj4Sydto6G9Azc8Sjg==, figureFileBig=sQtZdD34vsP+0NFVqhs/Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829917174681845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=OD600 values of T41 (A), Y46 (B), T47 (C), and Y22 (D) at various ethanol concentrations. * indicate significant differences between groups P<0.05; ** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.01; *** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.001; 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** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.01; *** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.001., figureFileSmall=eJdUFIbIXmjZJ9uWFyHtFw==, figureFileBig=aIkXQ30EEoaP0DKo51QETA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829918026125562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图10, caption=T41 (A)、Y46 (B)、T47 (C)、Y22 (D)在各乳酸浓度下的 OD600, figureFileSmall=eJdUFIbIXmjZJ9uWFyHtFw==, figureFileBig=aIkXQ30EEoaP0DKo51QETA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829920022614267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Phylogenetic tree constructed from 44 isolated strains and related typical strains based on ITS sequences (A) and 16S rRNA gene sequences (B). Numbers in parentheses are GenBank accession numbers of strain sequence. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values, which represent the percentage of credibility of evolutionary tree branches; The scale represents sequence divergence., figureFileSmall=pmrfY2XMUlxclm2Wzz6/rg==, figureFileBig=tx/weijLBkxBS7dtbmY7SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829920114888956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图11, caption=所分离44株菌与相关典型菌株基于ITS序列(A)和16S rRNA基因序列(B)构建的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=pmrfY2XMUlxclm2Wzz6/rg==, figureFileBig=tx/weijLBkxBS7dtbmY7SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829920202969341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Proportion and quantity of phylum and genus in medium-high temperature Daqu. A: Proportional distribution of phylum in medium-high temperature Daqu (from inner to outer ring: overall, premium-grade, superior-grade); B: Proportional distribution of genus in medium-high temperature Daqu (from inner to outer ring: overall, premium-grade, superior-grade); C: Quantity of phylum in medium-high temperature Daqu; D: Quantity of genus in medium-high temperature Daqu., figureFileSmall=R5uh7kdIa0MKkvTVTIWEtg==, figureFileBig=VqzwpNhCOfzSJJl9tdtxHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829920299438334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图12, caption=中高温大曲中门、属的占比与数量, figureFileSmall=R5uh7kdIa0MKkvTVTIWEtg==, figureFileBig=VqzwpNhCOfzSJJl9tdtxHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829920467210495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=Colony characteristics of representative strains. A: T41; B: Y46; C: T47; D: Y22., figureFileSmall=Xx19yELAsLtOPXs4LJ1zHg==, figureFileBig=sugx1Hai4fO9rm5rnUn/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829920559485184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图13, caption=部分代表性菌株的菌落特征图, figureFileSmall=Xx19yELAsLtOPXs4LJ1zHg==, figureFileBig=sugx1Hai4fO9rm5rnUn/LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829920626594049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 14, caption=Crystal violet staining diagram of representative strains. 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A: Moisture content; B: pH value; C: Acidity; D: Starch content; E: Reducing sugar content. * indicate significant differences between groups P<0.05; ** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.01; **** indicate significant differences between groups P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=FfME1Uaqk84MGYM/EjJrpw==, figureFileBig=lQZeFhHAIJVCuDwff/zJxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829920907612420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同菌株协同发酵体系理化特征, figureFileSmall=FfME1Uaqk84MGYM/EjJrpw==, figureFileBig=lQZeFhHAIJVCuDwff/zJxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829921004081413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714520370856089, language=EN, label=Figure 16, caption=Analysis of flavor compounds in fermented grains after co-fermentation with different strains. 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泸州地区中高温大曲功能微生物的筛选及发酵性能评价
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田蕾 1, 2, 3 , 侯国俊 3 , 余方平 3 , 周冰冰 3 , 陈启智 3 , 董静芸 3 , 关统伟 3 , 徐炜 2 , 罗巍 2 , 王西 2 , 沈毅 2, * , 徐岩 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 4871-4899
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 4871 -4899
泸州地区中高温大曲功能微生物的筛选及发酵性能评价
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田蕾1, 2, 3, 侯国俊3, 余方平3, 周冰冰3, 陈启智3, 董静芸3, 关统伟3, 徐炜2, 罗巍2, 王西2, 沈毅2, * , 徐岩1, *
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学 生物工程学院,酿造微生物与应用酶学研究室,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
  • 2.四川郎酒股份有限公司品质研究院,四川 泸州
  • 3.西华大学 食品与生物工程学院,食品微生物四川省重点实验室,四川 成都
通讯作者:
沈毅, 徐岩
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

田蕾:研究构思和设计,数据处理,软件与可视化,论文撰写和修改,提供技术支持,参与论文讨论;侯国俊:数据收集和处理,软件与可视化,论文撰写和修改,实验操作,参与论文讨论;余方平:软件与可视化,协助实验操作;周冰冰:协助实验操作,协助论文撰写,数据收集和处理;陈启智:协助实验操作;董静芸:协助论文撰写,协助实验操作;关统伟:监督与指导;徐炜:研究构思和设计,参与论文讨论;罗巍:研究构思和设计,提供技术支持,样品采集;王西:研究构思和设计,提供技术支持,提供资源;沈毅:研究构思和设计,参与论文指导;徐岩:监督与指导。

Screening and fermentation performance evaluation of functional microorganisms from medium-high temperature Daqu in the Luzhou area
Lei TIAN1, 2, 3, Guojun HOU3, Fangping YU3, Bingbing ZHOU3, Qizhi CHEN3, Jingyun DONG3, Tongwei GUAN3, Wei XU2, Wei LUO2, Xi WANG2, Yi SHEN2, * , Yan XU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.Quality Research Institute, Sichuan Langjiu Co. , Ltd. , Luzhou, Sichuan, China
  • 3.Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    *E-mail: XU Yan,
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260166
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【目的】 明确中高温大曲可培养微生物的产酶特性、环境耐受性及其对白酒固态发酵体系的调控作用,探究不同等级大曲功能菌的分布差异,为强化菌剂开发及酿造工艺优化提供理论依据。 【方法】 对发酵完成后的特级与优级浓酱兼香型中高温大曲开展功能微生物分离,并对其进行产酶特性、生长特性及环境耐受性评价;进一步通过固态模拟发酵试验探究4株优势菌株对酒醅理化指标及挥发性风味化合物的调控作用。 【结果】 从发酵完成后的特级与优级浓酱兼香型中高温大曲中共分离获得44株菌(特级大曲29株,优级大曲15株),归属于5门8属,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势类群(占比43.2%)。初筛获得28株产淀粉酶菌株(特级20株,优级8株),4株产纤维素酶菌株(特级3株,优级1株),特级大曲中产酶菌株数量多于优级,但优级大曲平均产酶能力更高。经复筛确定T41、Y46、T47为高产淀粉酶功能菌,Y22为高产纤维素酶功能菌。耐受性试验表明,Y46对高温、乙醇及乳酸胁迫的耐受性最强,T41在葡萄糖胁迫条件下表现最佳,Y22耐酸性最强。固态模拟发酵显示,4株供试菌株能维持发酵体系稳定,并显著促进淀粉降解(降幅7.0%-9.5%),以Y22降解效果最优;各菌株对还原糖利用及挥发性风味物质(尤其是酯类)的合成呈现差异化调控作用,其中T41对风味物质积累的促进作用最突出。 【结论】 发酵后的中高温大曲蕴藏丰富的产酶功能微生物,不同等级大曲在功能菌数量及产酶性能上存在显著差异,且产淀粉酶菌株分离率高于产纤维素酶菌株。筛选获得的4株功能菌具有优良的酶学特性和环境适应性,在白酒模拟发酵体系中能够维持酸度稳定、提升淀粉利用效率并促进风味物质生成,其中菌株T41和T47综合发酵性能优良,具有较高的实际应用价值。研究结果为白酒酿造功能菌剂的开发及工艺优化提供了菌种资源与科学依据。

中高温大曲  /  可培养微生物  /  产酶功能菌  /  环境耐受性  /  固态发酵  /  理化特性  /  挥发性风味物质

[Objective] To elucidate the enzymatic-producing properties and environmental tolerance of culturable microorganisms from medium-high temperature Daqu, as well as their regulatory effects on the solid-state fermentation system of Baijiu, to investigate the differences of functional microorganism distribution across different Daqu grades, and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of fortified microbial starters and the optimization of brewing processes. [Methods] The isolation of functional microorganisms, along with the evaluation of enzyme-producing characteristics, growth properties, and environmental tolerance, was conducted on post-fermentation medium-high temperature Daqu of superior-grade and premium-grade used in the production of Nongjiangjianxiangxing Baijiu (strong-sauce aroma-type Baijiu). Moreover, solid-state simulated fermentation experiments were conducted to investigate the regulatory effects of four dominant strains on the physicochemical properties and volatile flavor compounds of the fermented grains. [Results] In this study, a total of 44 strains were isolated from Daqu of premium-grade and superior-grade used in the production of Nongjiangjianxiangxing Baijiu (29 from premium-grade Daqu and 15 from superior-grade Daqu), belonging to 5 phyla and 8 genera, with Bacillus being the dominant genus (accounting for 43.2%). A total of 28 amylase-producing strains (20 from premium-grade, 8 from superior-grade) and 4 cellulase-producing strains (3 from premium-grade, 1 from superior-grade) were primarily screened. Although the premium-grade Daqu contained a higher number of enzyme-producing strains, the strains from the superior-grade Daqu exhibited greater average enzyme production capacity. After secondary screening, strains T41, Y46, and T47 were identified as high-yield amylase-producing functional microorganisms, and strain Y22 as a high-yield cellulose-producing functional microorganism. The tolerance assays revealed that Y46 exhibited the strongest adaptability to high temperature, ethanol stress, and lactic acid stress, and Y22 exhibited the strongest acid tolerance whereas T41 showed the best performance under glucose stress. The results from the solid-state simulated fermentation indicated that all four tested strains contributed to maintaining fermentation ecosystem stability. The strains significantly enhanced starch degradation, achieving reduction rates (from 7.0% to 9.5%), with Y22 exhibiting the most pronounced degradation efficiency. The differential regulatory effects were observed on reducing sugar utilization and volatile flavor compound synthesis, particularly esters. Notably, T41 showed the most pronounced enhancement in flavor compound accumulation. [Conclusion] Post-fermentation medium-high temperature Daqu harbors abundant enzyme-producing functional microorganisms. Significant differences were observed in the quantity and enzyme-producing performance of functional strains across Daqu of different grades, with amylase-producing strains exhibiting a higher isolation rate than cellulase-producing strains. The four screened functional strains possess excellent enzymatic properties and environmental adaptability. In the simulated Baijiu fermentation system, these strains maintained acidity stability, enhanced starch utilization efficiency, and promoted the formation of flavor compounds. Among them, strains T41 and T47 exhibited superior overall fermentation performance and demonstrated considerable potential for practical application. These findings provide valuable microbial resources and a scientific basis for the development of functional microbial starters and the operation of Baijiu brewing processes.

medium-high temperature Daqu  /  culturable microorganisms  /  enzyme-producing functional strains  /  environmental tolerance  /  solid-state fermentation  /  physicochemical properties  /  volatile flavor compounds
田蕾, 侯国俊, 余方平, 周冰冰, 陈启智, 董静芸, 关统伟, 徐炜, 罗巍, 王西, 沈毅, 徐岩. 泸州地区中高温大曲功能微生物的筛选及发酵性能评价. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 4871 -4899 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260166
Lei TIAN, Guojun HOU, Fangping YU, Bingbing ZHOU, Qizhi CHEN, Jingyun DONG, Tongwei GUAN, Wei XU, Wei LUO, Xi WANG, Yi SHEN, Yan XU. Screening and fermentation performance evaluation of functional microorganisms from medium-high temperature Daqu in the Luzhou area[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 4871 -4899 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260166
浓酱兼香型白酒融合了酱香型的优雅细腻与浓香型的绵甜爽净,形成“浓头酱尾”的独特风格[1-2],在中国白酒体系中占有重要地位,其品质形成高度依赖大曲这一核心发酵剂。中高温大曲在酿造过程中不仅作为糖化发酵的动力来源,更通过其复杂的微生物群落代谢塑造了酒体的风味基底。大曲制造过程中的不同阶段均会对其微生物群落产生重要影响:曲坯制作成型后入房安曲,随后进入长达约1个月的发酵阶段,新出房的曲不能立即使用,必须经过一段时间(至少3-4个月)的贮存,发酵阶段构建起中高温大曲的微生物与酶系基础[3-5],而贮藏阶段则通过菌群演替优化其功能活性[6-7]。因此,研究刚发酵完成即将进入贮藏阶段这一关键时间节点的大曲显得尤为重要。目前对于该阶段的研究多与整个发酵阶段的研究一同开展,且多采用组学技术探究其微生物群落组成和理化特征[8-14],对于可培养微生物以及产酶、发酵、耐受特性的研究鲜有报道。因此解析这一阶段的可培养功能微生物资源对于理解大曲发酵规律、定向优化大曲品质具有重要意义。
大曲的分级是白酒酿造中一项核心且传统的质量控制实践,通常依据一套多重感官与理化指标体系进行等级划分,评估其使用价值与酿酒导向。近年来,研究者已开始将大曲等级与其微观生态特征关联起来[15-17],研究表明,不同等级中高温大曲的菌群结构与功能代谢存在梯度差异,可实现对白酒酿造过程的风味导向与工艺调控[15-17],但当前研究多采用高通量测序技术[18-20],虽能全面揭示物种组成,却难以获得可供后续应用与机制研究的纯培养菌株。功能菌的分离培养与特性研究是连接微生物生态理论与酿造工程实践的关键桥梁。研究表明,中高温大曲富含酵母菌、霉菌、芽孢杆菌等核心功能微生物[8,16,18-21],通过定向筛选具有特定代谢功能(如高产淀粉酶、纤维素酶及耐酸耐醇)的菌株[22-27],可以为后续的微生物强化与大曲品质定向调控奠定资源基础。
功能菌对中高温大曲的酿造效能与品质形成具有核心意义,它们不仅是酶系和风味物质的关键生产者,还通过代谢活动影响中高温大曲的理化指标、白酒的出酒率与风味复杂度。现有功能特性研究涵盖产酶能力[10,22]、环境耐受性(耐温、耐酸、耐乙醇、耐高糖)[23-24]以及发酵性能[25-27]等方向。酶系是大曲功能的核心载体[4,28-29],对大曲在白酒酿造中的糖化、发酵和风味形成具有决定性作用:淀粉酶可将淀粉水解为可发酵糖,直接关联糖化力与出酒率;纤维素酶通过降解植物细胞壁释放被包裹的营养物质,在提高原料利用率的同时促进风味前体的释放[4,6,16,20,27]。因此,定向筛选高产淀粉酶与纤维素酶的功能菌,对于优化发酵工艺、提升底物转化效率及丰富酒体风味具有重要意义。此外,在传统固态白酒发酵体系中酒醅微生态环境随发酵进程呈现持续动态变化,乳酸、乙酸等有机酸不断积累、乙醇浓度逐步升高、体系温度持续波动、渗透压不断改变,多重胁迫因子相互叠加,共同构成了复杂且严苛的发酵环境。菌株在发酵体系中的定殖能力、代谢活性、产香特性、菌群演替地位,均直接取决于其对多重环境胁迫的耐受能力与适应性。因此,系统评估发酵功能菌株对多种胁迫因子的耐受能力,对于筛选优良生产菌种具有重要意义。
现有关于大曲可培养微生物的研究存在诸多局限,例如研究多聚焦于单一微生物类群(如酵母或芽孢杆菌)、对发酵完成阶段的大曲微生物研究较少、对不同等级中高温大曲中功能菌的分布特点及其产酶能力差异研究不足[15-16]等。因此,本研究以发酵完成后的浓酱兼香型特级与优级中高温大曲为试验材料,定向筛选产淀粉酶和产纤维素酶功能微生物;进一步对具有优良产酶特性的菌株开展生长特性、酶学特性及实际酿造关键环境胁迫耐受能力的多维评价,同时通过固态模拟发酵试验解析菌株对体系理化特征与风味化合物的调控作用,为挖掘中高温大曲微生物资源中的优势菌种、开发专用强化菌剂奠定基础,同时为不同等级中高温大曲的差异化工艺调控提供理论依据。
本研究所用已完成1个月发酵、尚未进入贮存阶段的特级、优级浓酱兼香型中高温大曲采自四川省泸州市。为保证取样的科学性及均一性,选择3个独立曲房采集样本,采用五点取样法在每个曲层的四角和中心位置选取不同等级大曲(由专业技术人员对特级与优级大曲进行感官质量评价[30]。将不同等级大曲样品分别置于无菌粉碎机中研磨成粉末,充分混合后过20目筛得到待测样品,分装于无菌采样袋中,置于4 ℃条件下暂存,立即运回实验室开展微生物分离培养以保证菌株活性。
微生物分离固体培养基:采用PDA、MRS和YPD培养基(青岛海博生物技术有限公司)。
淀粉酶筛选培养基(g/L):可溶性淀粉10.0,蛋白胨2.0,酵母膏5.0,氯化钠5.0,磷酸氢二钾3.0,琼脂粉20.0,调节pH值至7.0。
纤维素刚果红培养基配方(g/L):硝酸钠1.0,磷酸氢二钠1.2,磷酸氢二钾0.9,硫酸镁0.5,氯化钾0.5,酵母浸出粉0.5,酸水解酪蛋白0.5,刚果红0.2,纤维素粉5.0,琼脂15.0,调节pH值至7.0±0.2。
营养肉汤(NB)培养基配方(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,牛肉膏3.0,氯化钠5.0,调节pH值至7.0±0.1。
分别称取1 g特级和优级大曲样品,加入盛有无菌水的无菌离心管中,充分振荡混匀,制成初始菌悬液。随后进行梯度稀释,得到10-3、10-4、10-5、10-6系列稀释液。分别取0.1 mL各梯度稀释样品悬液涂布于PDA、YPD、MRS培养基表面。将PDA培养基和YPD培养基置于28 ℃条件下培养,MRS培养基置于37 ℃条件下培养,培养24 h后,初步依据肉眼观察结果,用无菌竹签挑取颜色、形状、边缘形态、表面光滑度等菌落特征存在明显差异的单菌落,采用四象限划线法将单菌落接种至对应培养基上进行多次纯化,直至获得纯培养菌株。
通过观察培养基上的菌落形态,对微生物菌落的颜色、形状、边缘特征、表面光滑度、隆起度、透明度、黏度和光泽等指标进行判断和记录。采用结晶紫染色法对微生物细胞进行染色,通过光学显微镜观察菌丝、孢子的微观形态特征。
采用Chelex-100法提取微生物基因组DNA。分别挑取纯化后的单菌落置于1.5 mL EP管中,加入100 μL 10% Chelex-100溶液,充分涡旋混匀。将样品置于90 ℃孵育仪中孵育20 min,其间每5 min涡旋振荡10 s以促进细胞裂解及DNA释放。反应完成后,12 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液作为DNA模板样品。
使用引物1472R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACG ACTT-3′)和27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTC AG-3′)对细菌DNA进行PCR扩增;使用引物ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′)和ITS5 (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′)对真菌DNA进行PCR扩增。配制PCR反应体系(25.0 μL):2×SanTaq PCR Master Mix 12.5 μL,ddH2O 11.0 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,DNA模板0.5 μL。细菌PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 1 min,56 ℃ 1 min,72 ℃ 1.5 min,共30个循环;72 ℃ 9 min。真菌PCR反应条件:94 ℃ 3.5 min;94 ℃ 30 s,50 ℃ 55 s,72 ℃ 45 s,共35个循环;70 ℃ 15 min。扩增完成后,将PCR产物委托北京擎科生物科技有限公司成都分公司完成测序。将测序结果提交至NCBI的GenBank数据库,使用BLAST进行同源性比对搜索,选取同源关系较近的模式菌株的DNA序列,采用MEGA 11软件中的邻接(neighbor-joining, NJ)法构建系统发育树。采用甘油冷冻保藏法进行菌种保藏:配制30%无菌甘油溶液,向无菌保种管中加入2.0 mL甘油溶液,用无菌竹签挑取纯化后的单菌落接入管中充分混匀。将保种管置于冻存盒中,存放于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中进行长期保藏。
将纯化后的菌株点接于淀粉酶筛选琼脂平板上,在37 ℃条件下培养48 h。将碘液均匀滴加于平板表面,染色1 min,观察菌落周围是否出现无色透明圈,采用十字交叉法分别测量透明水解圈直径与菌落直径,计算二者的比值(D/d),初步判定菌株产淀粉酶能力的大小。
将纯化后的菌株点接于纤维素刚果红培养基上,在37 ℃条件下培养48 h,观察菌株周围是否出现透明水解圈,采用十字交叉法分别测量透明水解圈直径与菌落直径,计算二者的比值(D/d),初步判定菌株产纤维素酶能力的大小。
选取初筛效果较好的菌株(D/d>2),挑取单菌落接种于含5.0 mL NB培养基的10.0 mL离心管中,37 ℃静置培养24 h。将培养好的菌悬液于10 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液经0.22 μm水系滤膜过滤除菌,所得滤液即为粗酶液,用于胞外酶活力测定。参照纤维素酶检测试剂盒(上海源叶生物科技有限公司)和淀粉酶检测试剂盒(上海源叶生物科技有限公司)的操作说明测定粗酶液的酶活。淀粉酶活性单位定义:在37 ℃条件下15 min水解5 mg淀粉所需的酶量定义为1个酶活力单位。纤维素酶活力单位定义:在60 ℃条件下,1 min催化羧甲基纤维素钠水解产生1 μg葡萄糖所需的酶量定义为1个酶活力单位。
挑取目标菌株单菌落接种于含5.0 mL NB培养基的离心管中,37 ℃静置培养24 h得到种子液。按10%接种量(1.5 mL)将种子液转接至含13.5 mL NB培养基的离心管中,37 ℃静置培养24 h,培养完成后统一调节菌液浓度至OD600=0.3,用于后续各项测试。
取1.0 mL上述制备好的菌液,加入含有9.0 mL NB培养基的50.0 mL离心管中。将接种完成的离心管置于37 ℃培养箱中培养,每2 h取样1次。取样前将培养的离心管表面进行酒精消毒,移入无菌操作台内,吸取200 μL培养液加入96孔板中,置于酶标仪600 nm波长下测定吸光度。将测得的OD600值与对应的培养时间进行拟合,绘制不同菌株的生长曲线。
吸取100 μL生长至对数期(约培养24 h)的种子液(使用前用新鲜培养基将其OD600值统一调整至0.3-0.5,确保各菌株起始生物量一致),分别接种于含400 μL NB培养基的EP管中,分别置于45、50、55、60、65 ℃条件下恒温培养24 h,培养结束后测定菌液OD600值。
吸取100 μL菌液分别接种于含400 μL不同pH梯度NB培养基(pH分别为3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0)的EP管中,置于37 ℃条件下培养24 h,培养结束后测定菌液OD600值。
吸取100 μL菌液分别接种于含400 μL不同葡萄糖浓度NB培养基(葡萄糖浓度分别为2、10、18、26、34 g/L)的EP管中,接种后于37 ℃培养24 h,培养完成后测定OD600值。
吸取100 μL菌液接种至含400 μL不同乙醇体积分数NB培养基(乙醇含量分别为2%、6%、10%、14%、18%)的EP管中,在37 ℃下培养24 h,培养完成后测定OD600值。
吸取100 μL菌液接种至含400 μL不同乙酸含量NB培养基(乙酸含量分别为1、5、9、13、17 g/L)的EP管中,在37 ℃下培养24 h,培养完成后测定OD600值。
吸取100 μL菌液接种至含400 μL不同乳酸含量NB培养基(乳酸含量分别为1、4、7、10、13 g/L)的EP管中,在37 ℃下培养24 h,培养完成后测定OD600值。
实验室模拟固态发酵流程如下:高粱原料先在70 ℃润粮24 h,随后在115 ℃蒸粮20 min,再使用80 ℃温水闷粮40 min,使高粱充分吸水至无白心状态。进行复蒸处理,使高粱籽粒充分裂解破皮。均匀喷洒80 ℃热水完成打量水操作,摊晾冷却后拌入大曲及糠壳。实验组添加体积分数为10%的培养至对数期的不同功能菌菌液,对照组添加等量无菌水,搅拌均匀后装入发酵罐中密封,置于恒温培养箱中30 ℃静置发酵30 d。参照Tian等[31]的方法对发酵完成后的酒醅进行理化指标和挥发性风味化合物的检测。
所有实验均设置至少3个生物学重复,使用Microsoft Excel 2020对原始数据进行初步处理,使用GraphPad Prism 9进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)与图形绘制,组间差异采用HSD检验法(Tukey’s honestly significant difference)进行多重比较。使用R version 3.5.1和MetaboAnalystR 1.0.1对挥发性化合物数据进行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)。
本研究通过淀粉水解透明圈法(图1A、1B)从发酵后大曲中分离筛选出28株具有产淀粉酶能力的菌株,占所有分离菌株的63.6%。其中特级大曲中筛选出20株产淀粉酶功能菌,占特级大曲所分离菌株的69.0%,优级大曲中筛选出8株产淀粉酶功能菌,占优级大曲所分离菌株的53.3% (图2A)。通过水解圈直径(D)与菌体直径(d)的比值(D/d)初步判断其产淀粉酶能力强弱(图2B)。功能菌Y7、Y9、Y30、T39、T41、T42、Y46、T47、T55、T61的D/d≥2.00,单位菌体产淀粉酶能力较强,其中Y7的产酶能力最为突出(D/d=2.83) (图2B)。来源于特级大曲的6株D/d≥2.00的产淀粉酶功能菌平均D/d为2.19,特级大曲全部20株产淀粉酶功能菌的平均D/d为1.74;来源于优级大曲的4株D/d≥2.00的产淀粉酶功能菌平均D/d为2.36,优级大曲全部8株产淀粉酶功能菌的平均D/d为2.13。可见,虽然特级大曲中产淀粉酶功能菌的占比更高且D/d≥2.00的功能菌数量更多,但优级大曲中产淀粉酶功能菌的整体产酶能力更强。
本研究采用刚果红染色法(图1C、1D)从发酵后的大曲中分离得到4株具有产纤维素酶能力的功能菌株,占所有分离菌株的9.1%。其中从优级大曲中筛选出1株,占优级大曲分离菌株的6.7%;特级大曲中筛选出3株,占特级大曲分离菌株的10.3% (图2C)。通过水解圈直径(D)与菌体直径(d)的比值(D/d)初步判断其产纤维素酶能力强弱(图2D)。结果显示,功能菌Y22、T20的D/d值≥2.00,表现出较强的单位菌体产纤维素酶能力(图2D)。来源于特级大曲的产纤维素酶菌株中,高产菌株(D/d≥2) T20的D/d值为2.25,全部3株产纤维素酶菌株的平均D/d为1.78;优级大曲中唯一1株产纤维素酶菌株Y22的D/d为2.15。可见,特级大曲中产纤维素酶功能菌的整体平均产酶能力相对较弱,但功能菌数量更多,且2个等级的大曲中均存在具备较强产纤维素酶能力的功能菌。
本研究将初筛中产淀粉酶效果较好的7株菌(Y9、Y30、T41、T42、Y46、T47、T55)进行复筛,进一步探究这些菌株的产淀粉酶能力。其中Y46、T41、T47复筛酶活较高,均大于0.30 U/mL (图3A),Y46酶活最高,Y9酶活最低。特级大曲中入选复筛的菌株平均酶活为0.30 U/mL,优级大曲中入选复筛的菌株平均酶活为0.28 U/mL;来源于特级大曲的酶活大于0.30 U/mL的功能菌有2株,平均酶活为0.32 U/mL,优级大曲中该类菌株有1株,酶活为0.34 U/mL (图3A)。可见,优级大曲中入选复筛的菌株之间淀粉酶活差异相较特级大曲中入选复筛的菌株更大,就复筛结果来看,特级大曲中的产淀粉酶功能菌整体平均产酶能力更强,但优级大曲中仍存在具备较强产淀粉酶能力的功能菌。将初筛结果与复筛结果进行对比可见,D/d值较高的菌株复筛酶活未必更高,值得关注的是Y46、T41、T47的初筛D/d值相对偏小,但复筛酶活均处于较高水平,这可能与菌株在液体和固体培养基上的生长特性差异有关。
本研究将初筛中产纤维素酶效果较好的4株菌(T20、Y22、T36、T40)进行复筛,进一步探究这些菌株的产纤维素酶能力。其中Y22复筛酶活最高,为0.62 U/mL,其余各菌株酶活均处于较低水平(图3B)。就复筛结果而言,仅有优级大曲中的1株功能菌具有较强产酶能力,特级大曲中的3株功能菌产酶能力均相对较差,可见优级大曲具备挖掘高产纤维素酶功能菌的潜力。将初筛结果与复筛结果进行对比可见,Y22的D/d与复筛酶活均较高,2项结果相互印证;T36、T40的D/d值与复筛酶活均较低,2项结果趋势一致;而T20拥有较高的D/d值,但其复筛酶活较低。
选取复筛结果中性能较优的Y46、T41、T47、Y22开展生长特征研究。如图4所示,Y22与T47、T41与Y46之间的生长特性总体较为相似。培养4 h后Y22与T47的OD600大于T41与Y46,至18 h时T47与Y46的OD600超过Y22与T41。Y22与T47在6 h后进入对数生长期,T41与Y46在10 h后进入对数生长期,随后Y22与T47在16 h后进入稳定期,T41与Y46在24 h后进入稳定期。4株菌OD600最高值的大小依次为Y46>T41>T47>Y22。
在传统固态白酒发酵体系中,酒醅微生态环境随发酵进程呈现持续动态变化,乳酸、乙酸等有机酸不断积累,乙醇浓度逐步升高,体系温度持续波动,渗透压不断改变,多重胁迫因子相互叠加,共同构成了复杂且严苛的发酵环境。菌株在发酵体系中的定殖能力、代谢活性、产香特性均直接取决于对多重环境胁迫的耐受能力与适应性。因此,系统评估发酵功能菌株对多种胁迫因子的耐受能力对于筛选优良菌种具有重要意义。
固态白酒发酵过程中发酵体系长期处于波动的高温环境中,高温会影响微生物蛋白质稳定性、酶促反应效率及胞内代谢速率,直接制约菌株的生长繁殖与功能表达。选育耐高温的优良酿造菌株是适配高温酿造工艺、保障发酵顺利进行的重要前提,耐温性也成为筛选优质酿造菌株的核心指标之一。
在5个温度梯度下,T41、Y46、T47、Y22的OD600值均呈现出规律性变化趋势(图5)。具体而言,OD600值随着温度升高先上升后下降,其中T41、T47、Y22在50 ℃时达到峰值,Y46在55 ℃时达到峰值,且这些菌株的最高OD600值与其他温度下的OD600值之间均存在极显著差异,可见它们在特定较高温度下仍具有较好的生长状态和较强的耐受性。综合来看,Y46在55 ℃时OD600值较高,且表现出较强的生长稳定性;T47也表现出优良的高温耐受性。从菌株耐高温性角度排序为:Y46>T41>T47>Y22。
白酒固态发酵过程中乳酸菌等微生物代谢产生大量乳酸、乙酸等有机酸,导致发酵体系pH持续降低,形成酸性胁迫环境。低pH条件会破坏微生物细胞膜电位、胞内酸碱平衡与代谢通路,显著抑制菌株生长与功能发挥。因此,耐酸性是评价菌株发酵性能和生态适应性的重要指标。
在5个pH梯度下,T41、Y46、T47的OD600值均呈现出随pH升高先上升后下降的变化趋势(图6)。具体而言,Y22、T41、Y46、T47的OD600值分别在pH为4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0时达到最高,且T41的OD600在pH 5.0时显著高于pH 3.0、6.0、7.0条件下的数值;Y46在pH 6.0时的OD600显著高于pH 3.0条件下的数值;特别地,T47在pH 3.0时的OD600与其他4个pH值条件下的OD600均呈现显著差异,而pH 4.0时的OD600仅与pH 7.0时的数值具有显著差异;Y22表现出与T47类似的特点,在pH 3.0时的OD600显著低于其他4个pH值条件下的OD600,而pH 4.0时的OD600与pH 3.0、pH 7.0条件下的OD600具有显著差异。这表明T41、Y46、T47、Y22分别在pH为5.0、4.0-7.0、5.0-7.0、4.0-6.0时具有较强的耐酸性。从酸性条件下的菌株耐受性排序为:Y22>Y46>T41>T47,进一步说明优级大曲中的功能菌在酸性条件下的耐受性方面表现出更强的优势。
葡萄糖是白酒固态发酵过程中微生物最易利用的碳源与核心能源物质,是菌株启动生长、合成代谢产物的重要基础。然而,发酵体系中高浓度葡萄糖会形成高渗透压环境,导致微生物细胞失水、胞内代谢紊乱,进而抑制菌株的正常生长与繁殖。因此,菌株对高浓度葡萄糖的耐受能力直接决定其在发酵初期高糖基质中的定殖能力与底物利用效率,是评价酿造微生物环境适应性与发酵潜力的重要指标。
T41、Y46、T47的OD600在5个葡萄糖浓度梯度下随浓度递增呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,且均在葡萄糖浓度为10 g/L时OD600达到最高,而Y22的OD600呈现持续下降的变化趋势,在2 g/L时OD600最高(图7)。T41的OD600在葡萄糖浓度为34 g/L时显著低于其他浓度条件下的数值;葡萄糖浓度为10 g/L时,Y46的OD600显著高于其他所有浓度条件下的数值;T47在葡萄糖浓度为10 g/L时OD600显著高于18、26、34 g/L条件下的数值;葡萄糖浓度为2 g/L时,Y22的OD600显著高于其他几个浓度条件下的数值。可见,T41、Y46、T47、Y22分别在葡萄糖浓度为2-26 g/L、10 g/L、2-10 g/L、2 g/L时具有较强的耐葡萄糖能力。总体来看,功能菌耐葡萄糖性排序为:T41>T47>Y46>Y22。从当前研究结果可以看出,特级大曲中的功能菌的耐葡萄糖性更强。
乙醇是固态白酒发酵的核心产物,也是影响微生物生长代谢的关键胁迫因子。随着发酵进程推进,酒醅中乙醇浓度不断升高,会对微生物细胞结构、酶活及物质代谢产生显著抑制作用,甚至产生细胞毒性。菌株耐乙醇能力直接决定菌株在高乙醇环境下的存活能力与代谢活性,是衡量菌株发酵适配性的首要指标。
T41的OD600在5个乙醇含量梯度下随乙醇含量增加呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,在乙醇含量6%时的OD600达到最高;Y46、T47、Y22在乙醇含量为2%时的OD600最高,且在5个乙醇含量梯度下OD600随乙醇含量增加均呈现持续下降的趋势(图8)。T41在乙醇含量为6%时OD600显著高于所有其他浓度条件下的数值;Y46的OD600在乙醇含量为2%时显著高于10%、14%、18%条件下的数值;T47与Y22在乙醇含量为2%时与其余各浓度的OD600均呈极显著差异。可见,T41、Y46、T47、Y22分别在乙醇含量为6%、2%-6%、2%、2%时具有较强的耐乙醇性。总体来看,功能菌耐乙醇性排序为:Y46>T41>T47>Y22。值得关注的是,T41和Y46的OD600均在乙醇浓度大于6%时出现大幅度下降,T47和Y22的OD600均在乙醇浓度大于2%时出现大幅度下降,说明乙醇含量2%和6%可能接近对应功能菌的乙醇耐受极限。
乙酸是白酒固态发酵中重要的风味前体物质,也是主要有机酸之一。适量乙酸可参与酒体风味物质合成,提升白酒风味复杂度,但乙酸浓度过高会显著降低体系pH,破坏微生物细胞膜完整性与胞内酶系活性,对菌株产生强烈的酸性胁迫与毒性抑制。菌株耐乙酸能力直接影响菌株在酸性胁迫环境中的存活与代谢功能,是反映菌株环境适配性的关键指标。
T41、Y46均在乙酸浓度为1 g/L时OD600最高,乙酸浓度升高后OD600总体呈下降趋势;而T47、Y22随乙酸浓度增加呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,OD600分别在9 g/L和13 g/L时达到最高(图9),且Y22在5种浓度的乙酸中OD600无显著差异。T41在乙酸浓度为1 g/L时OD600均显著高于9 g/L和17 g/L条件下的数值;Y46在乙酸浓度为1 g/L时的OD600显著高于其他所有浓度条件下的数值;T47在乙酸浓度为9 g/L时的OD600与1 g/L和17 g/L条件下的OD600相比也呈极显著差异。可见,T41、Y46、T47、Y22分别在乙酸浓度为1-5 g/L、1 g/L、5-13 g/L、1-17 g/L时具有较强的耐乙酸性。总体来看,功能菌耐乙酸性排序为:Y22>T47>Y46>T41。
乳酸是白酒发酵体系中含量最丰富的有机酸,也是影响酒醅酸度与微生态平衡的关键物质。随着发酵进程推进,乳酸持续积累导致环境酸度不断升高,形成强酸性胁迫压力,严重抑制微生物的生长繁殖与生理代谢。乳杆菌作为白酒发酵中后期的优势菌群,其耐乳酸能力是维持自身主导地位的重要基础;菌株的耐乳酸能力则直接决定其在高酸环境下的产酒效率与发酵稳定性。因此,耐乳酸能力是评价酿造菌株适应性与功能稳定性的核心指标。
T41、Y46、Y22的OD600随乳酸浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,分别在4、4、10 g/L时OD600达到最高;T47的OD600随乳酸浓度增加持续小幅上升,在13 g/L时达到最高(图10),与1 g/L和4 g/L条件下的OD600之间存在显著差异;Y22在乳酸浓度为10 g/L时的OD600显著高于其他浓度条件下的数值,T41、Y46在各乳酸浓度下OD600值无显著差异,相对较稳定。可见,T41、Y46、T47、Y22分别在乳酸浓度为1-13 g/L、1-13 g/L、7-13 g/L、10 g/L时具有较强的耐乳酸性。总体来看,功能菌耐乳酸性排序为:Y46>T41>T47>Y22。
本研究从发酵后浓酱兼香型中高温大曲中分离出44株菌,其中特级曲29株,优级曲15株。PDA和YPD培养基分离得到的菌株数更多(各16株),分离效果优于MRS培养基(12株)。对分离得到的微生物进行分子生物学鉴定和同源性分析,并与相关典型菌株的序列构建系统发育树(图11),可初步判断所分离菌株分布于5个门8个属。其中从特级大曲中分离的菌株归属于5个门8个属,从优级大曲中分离的菌株归属于2个门3个属。芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)占比61.4% (图12),为绝对优势门;其次为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota),该门仅在特级大曲中分布。其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的微生物数量最多,为绝对优势属(占比43.2%),优级大曲中芽孢杆菌属数量略高于特级大曲。此外曲霉属(Aspergillus)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)占比较大,前者多数分离自特级大曲,后者大多分离自优级大曲。总体来看,特级大曲中功能菌的种类和丰度更高。
对优选出的试验功能菌开展形态学鉴定及显微镜观察,发现各菌株的菌落形态大多较为相似,主要呈乳白色、扁平、不透明、黏稠、有光泽,菌落形状不规则、边缘呈锯齿状、表面光滑,细胞多呈现球状或杆状。部分代表性菌株的形态见图13、图14。由系统发育树可看出,以Y46、T47、Y22为代表的菌株与Bacillus属聚为一支,以T41、T42为代表的菌株与Pseudomonas属聚为一支,以Y30、T36为代表的菌株与Aspergillus属聚为一支,以Y7为代表的菌株与Staphylococcus属聚为一支,以T40为代表的菌株与Rhizopus属聚为一支。
酒醅作为微生物生长代谢的直接载体,其理化特性不仅反映了发酵环境的适宜性与微生物代谢的活跃程度,更直接决定了后续风味物质生成的物质基础与代谢流向。解析酒醅理化与风味物质特征,对于揭示功能菌株的作用机制、筛选优良菌种资源,以及实现白酒发酵工艺的定向调控具有重要意义。
水分是白酒固态发酵顺利进行的基础前提,是酒醅中营养物质传递、微生物代谢活动开展的核心载体,其适宜含量是保障菌株正常生长、发酵高效推进的重要条件。由图15A可知,各接种菌株处理组与空白对照组的酒醅水分含量无显著差异,且均维持在65.00%以上,处于白酒固态发酵适宜水分范围。其中,T41、T47、Y46处理组水分含量分别为66.57%、66.89%、66.20%,略高于空白对照组及其他菌株处理组,该细微差异与菌株自身发酵代谢产水特性、底物分解过程中的水分释放规律密切相关。可见,单一接种菌株对酒醅含水量的影响较小,高粱固态发酵体系中水分含量的变化主要受大曲复合微生物群落的协同代谢主导,单菌株的调控效应并不突出。
环境pH值对菌株生长代谢具有显著影响,在白酒固态发酵过程中原料分解产生的酸性代谢产物会导致酿造体系pH值随发酵进程逐渐下降。分析结果显示(图15B),除Y22菌株处理组发酵终点酒醅pH值显著低于空白对照组外,其余各接种组与空白对照组无显著差异。其中,Y22菌株处理组pH值最低,表明该菌株代谢产酸能力突出,耐酸性较强,适宜在酸性环境中生长繁殖;Y46处理组pH值最高,说明其代谢产酸能力相对较弱;T41和T47处理组的酒醅酸度与pH值均与空白对照组接近,表明这2株菌株接种后可更好维持发酵体系的酸碱稳定性,发酵过程更为平稳。
酒醅酸度是影响微生物生长代谢、调控发酵进程的关键因子,合理控制酒醅入窖酸度是保障白酒发酵正常进行、提升酒体品质的重要环节。酸度测定结果显示(图15C),外源接种菌株并未使发酵终点酒醅的酸度发生显著改变,其中T41、T47、Y22 3株菌株处理组的酒醅酸度略高于空白对照组,Y46菌株处理组酸度则略低于空白对照组,这种细微差异可能与不同菌株固有的产酸代谢特征有关。
在白酒固态发酵过程中,淀粉作为核心碳源,会在酶的催化作用下水解为可发酵糖类,其水解程度直接决定发酵效率与白酒产量。在淀粉降解方面,4株菌均表现出显著的促进效果(图15D),淀粉降幅达7.0%-9.5%,其中,Y22的淀粉分解效率最高,凸显了外源功能菌株强化的应用潜力。
还原糖作为白酒固态发酵过程中重要的中间代谢产物,其含量变化与淀粉降解、乙醇生成及风味物质合成密切相关。由图15E可知,接种不同菌株发酵后,仅T41菌株处理组酒醅还原糖含量高于空白对照组,但二者无显著差异,推测其糖化能力强于糖消耗能力。Y22菌株处理组还原糖含量最低,表明其对还原糖的消耗能力最强,淀粉转化最彻底。T41组还原糖含量显著高于Y22组,表明供试菌株对酒醅还原糖积累具有差异化调控作用。
挥发性风味化合物是白酒香气品质的核心物质基础,白酒发酵过程中挥发性风味化合物主要由微生物代谢、底物降解及化学反应等途径生成。因此,系统分析不同生物强化菌株发酵酒醅中挥发性风味化合物的组成与差异,明确菌株对风味物质合成的调控作用,对筛选优良风味调控菌株、优化白酒酿造工艺、提升酒体品质具有重要意义。
本研究进一步检测固态模拟发酵结束后酒醅中挥发性风味物质的组成及含量,探究菌株对白酒风味代谢的调控效应。基于顶空固相微萃取-全二维气相色谱-质谱联用技术(headspace solid phase microextraction-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, HS-SPME-GC×GC-MS),从不同菌株协同发酵酒醅中共鉴定出79种挥发性风味化合物,包括醇类13种、酯类34种、酮类4种、酚类7种、醛类5种、烃类3种及其他类物质13种(图16A、16B)。从化合物组成与含量来看,酯类数量最多、含量最高,其次为醇类,二者总和占挥发性风味物质总量的68.35%-75.34% (图16C),是发酵体系中最主要的风味贡献组分。
不同菌株发酵后,酒醅挥发性化合物的种类与含量存在明显差异。热图分析显示(图16D),T41处理组的挥发性风味化合物总浓度及种类数量均显著高于其他组别,相较对照组挥发性化合物总量提升了7.55倍,其中醇类与酯类化合物含量尤为突出;Y46组与T47组次之,而Y22组与空白对照组(CK组)的挥发性风味物质总量较为接近(图16B)。结果表明,外源菌株的添加对发酵体系风味物质合成具有显著的调控作用,不同菌株的调控效应存在显著差异,最终导致风味轮廓的分化,其中T41菌株对风味物质积累的促进作用最为明显。
为进一步明确不同菌株发酵酒醅的风味差异,采用多元统计分析技术对挥发性风味化合物进行系统解析,结合化合物含量差异明确核心风味标记物,为菌株发酵特性评价提供依据。首先对79种挥发性风味化合物进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA),结果显示(图17A),前3个主成分(PC)的累计方差贡献率为72.11%,可有效表征样品中大部分挥发性风味化合物的信息。不同菌株处理组与CK组分离度良好,且各组内样品聚集性较好,表明不同菌株发酵酒醅的香气化合物特征存在显著差异;其中Y22组、T47组与CK组距离较近,提示这3组酒醅的挥发性风味组成相似度较高,而T41组、Y46组与CK组距离较远,表明其风味化合物组成及含量与CK组差异较大。
为进一步解析各组间挥发性风味化合物的具体差异,采用OPLS-DA对数据进行进一步筛选,并通过变量重要性投影(variable importance projection, VIP)评分鉴别各组间具有显著差异的挥发性物质及其对组间分离的贡献程度,获得相应OPLS-DA得分图(图17B)、VIP值图(图17C)及模型验证图(图17D)。通过200次置换检验评估模型拟合效果,结果显示(图17D),构建的OPLS-DA模型解释能力(R2Y)为0.991,预测能力(Q2)为0.85,二者均接近1,表明模型拟合度优良,可有效区分不同菌株发酵酒醅样品。以VIP>1作为筛选组间差异标记物的标准(图17C),共筛选到23种挥发性物质,对各组间样品分离起到重要贡献,其中包括18种酯类、2种醇类、1种醛类、1种酚类及1种烷烃类化合物。其中正戊醇(VIP=1.34)的VIP值最高,是区分不同处理组与CK组的核心差异化合物;其次为十四甲基十六烷酸乙酯(VIP=1.24)、月桂酸乙酯(VIP=1.20)、十五酸乙酯(VIP=1.17)、(Z)-9-十七碳烯酸乙酯(VIP=1.16)、亚麻酸乙酯(VIP=1.14)、油酸乙酯(VIP=1.14)、棕榈酸乙酯(VIP=1.12)等酯类化合物,以及愈创木酚(VIP=1.08)等其他类别化合物。这些显著差异化合物的种类与含量差异,是不同生物强化菌株处理后发酵体系风味特征存在差异的核心原因。
高级醇是白酒中最具代表性的核心醇类风味物质,其中正戊醇作为一种关键组分,对风味轮廓的形成具有重要贡献。本研究中,正戊醇在各组间浓度差异显著,强化菌株的添加均能促进正戊醇的合成,T47组正戊醇浓度最高(105.886 mg/L),对照组含量最低(0.082 mg/L),表明菌株T47的促进效果最为突出,而Y22在所有实验菌株中正戊醇含量增幅最小(0.560 mg/L),其发酵原酒可能在饮用舒适度方面表现更优。苯乙醇作为一种具有玫瑰香气的醇类化合物,是提升白酒香气优雅度的重要物质,其含量差异也呈现明显菌株特异性:T41组苯乙醇含量最高(128.320 mg/L),其次为Y46组(108.980 mg/L),Y22组(13.120 mg/L)与CK组含量相近(12.080 mg/L),表明菌株T41对苯乙醇的合成具有更强的促进作用,可进一步提升发酵体系的香气品质。
愈创木酚作为各组间重要的差异酚类化合物,在不同菌株处理组中呈现明显差异,T41组愈创木酚含量提升最为显著(为对照组的12.24倍),其次为Y46组与T47组(分别为对照组的7.86倍和5.30倍),Y22组与CK组含量相近(0.830-0.860 mg/L)。因此,菌株对愈创木酚合成的促进作用,不仅可优化发酵体系的风味品质,还可能提升酒体的功能性价值。
通过初筛和复筛综合筛选出具有优良产酶能力的功能菌,高产淀粉酶菌株:Bacillus subtilis Y46、Pseudomonas sp. T41、Bacillus tequilensis T47;高产纤维素酶菌株:Bacillus tropicus Y22。产酶特性分析显示,大曲中高产淀粉酶菌株的分离率(63.6%)显著高于产纤维素酶菌株(9.1%),侧面反映了淀粉作为酿酒主要碳源的核心地位。然而,纤维素降解菌虽数量较少,但其在原料利用与风味前体释放中的潜在作用不容忽视。
与姚灿等[32]聚焦单一酶系不同,本研究同步关注淀粉酶与纤维素酶,更贴合浓酱兼香型大曲对复合底物降解的实际需求。值得关注的是,特级大曲虽展现出更高的菌株数量与多样性,但其分离株的平均产酶潜力(D/d值)却低于优级大曲。这揭示了大曲微生态的2种可能策略:特级大曲提供了更宽容的环境,促进了微生物丰度提升,但激烈的种间竞争可能分散代谢功能,抑制单一菌株的酶合成效率;而优级大曲相对严苛的微环境,则可能更有效地筛选出或诱导了兼具强环境适应性与高产酶能力的专属功能菌群[15-17]。这种等级间的微生态分化特征也为大曲分级生产与品质提升提供了重要参考。
本研究的酶活筛选基于胞外酶活力,值得注意的是,部分菌株可能还产生活性胞内酶或细胞壁结合酶,这部分酶资源可在未来通过细胞破碎技术加以利用,具有进一步开发的潜力。此外,本研究对菌株产酶能力的评价基于粗酶液,未来可对其中活性最高的菌株(如Y46)开展酶的分离纯化,系统测定其酶动力学参数及热稳定性等指标,以深入揭示其催化机制。
本研究系统解析了发酵完成后浓酱兼香型白酒中高温大曲中可培养功能微生物的产酶特性、生长特性、环境耐受性,以及4株功能菌(T41、T47、Y22、Y46)参与白酒模拟发酵后对酒醅主要理化指标的影响。从特级与优级大曲中分离获得的44株微生物以芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为绝对优势类群,这与中高温大曲的工艺环境高度吻合。高温制曲过程对微生物构成了强选择性压力,芽孢杆菌凭借其特有的协同适应机制得以在高温极端微环境中占据主导地位并稳定发挥功能[15-17,29,33-36]。研究表明,休眠芽孢可通过包膜应激反应、电化学电位整合环境信号调节生存状态,四磷酸二腺苷可调控其耐热性能[37],且多数芽孢杆菌具备多种环境耐受相关基因[38-39],进一步强化其抗逆能力。
本研究获得多株具有突出特性的功能菌,对其环境耐受性进行综合比较发现,4株菌的耐受能力排序为Y46>Y22>T41>T47。其中,芽孢杆菌Y46对环境表现出较强的综合耐受性,在高温和乙醇胁迫下仍能保持良好的生长特性,显示出对发酵产酒阶段环境的良好适应性。Y22耐乙酸能力突出,可能参与有机酸代谢调控。值得注意的是,Y22、Y46、T47均为芽孢杆菌。研究表明,芽孢杆菌可通过增加膜中饱和脂肪酸比例,增强膜结构稳定性,降低乙醇胁迫损伤,部分菌株可编码乙醇脱氢酶,将乙醇氧化为乙醛以减轻毒性[38]。同时芽孢杆菌具有质子泵调节机制,可通过H+-ATPase维持细胞内pH稳态,且部分菌株还具有代谢乙酸、乳酸的能力[20,39],共同塑造其耐酸表型。综上所述,基于芽孢结构、热稳定酶系、膜结构适应性、有机酸代谢能力等多重协同机制,菌株可在大曲高温、高酸、高乙醇的极端环境中生存并发挥功能,因而成为大曲中的优势功能菌。此外,假单胞菌T41表现出最优的耐葡萄糖特性,显示出在高糖环境中持续产酶的良好潜力,这可能与假单胞菌高效的葡萄糖代谢调控、乳酸耐受与降解系统、胞内稳态维持及氧化应激防御机制密切相关[40]。
莫祯妮等[41]筛选的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) BG-5可通过形成生物膜,借助胞外聚合物构建保护屏障,结合群体感应信号分子调控细胞代谢与膜结构稳定性,在50 ℃、6%乙醇、pH 5.5的条件下仍能稳定生长,同时可通过调节细胞内酶活性、膜脂组成适应极端环境。本研究中的芽孢杆菌Y46作为中高温大曲中的优势功能菌,其环境耐受特征与该菌株高度契合,推测其可能具备相似的抗逆机制,后续可深入探究其具体耐受分子机制。
与刘青阳[23]、王建成[42]、周平等[33]的研究相比,本研究获得的菌株类群更丰富,且筛选出的优势菌株(如Y46)在酸、乙醇及温度等多重复合胁迫下展现出更优、更全面的环境稳健性与适应性。相较刘青阳等分离的枯草芽孢杆菌BS-7,Y46在多个维度表现更优:首先,Y46具备优异的耐高温性,在55 ℃时仍能保持较高生物量与稳定性,可适配中高温大曲发酵的高温阶段,而BS-7的研究未涉及高温耐受维度探究;其次,Y46耐酸范围更广(pH 3.0-7.0)且能特异性耐受乙酸、乳酸等大曲发酵产生的有机酸,而BS-7仅检测了pH 4.0条件下的生长情况;此外,Y46耐受研究维度更全面,具备良好的耐葡萄糖性,可应对高糖环境;而BS-7仅通过生长量评估耐受性。与周平等[33]分离的耐热地衣芽孢杆菌相比,该菌株最高耐受温度可达55 ℃,但最适生长温度为40 ℃,乙醇耐受能力较弱,6%乙醇浓度下即无法生长,难以适应发酵后期环境;其耐受性研究仅涉及盐、pH、乙醇和温度,未涵盖葡萄糖、乙酸、乳酸等特异性有机酸的耐受性,而Y46对这些发酵源性有机酸的耐受性使其更能适应大曲实际酸性微环境,应用价值更高。
酒醅理化指标的动态变化与挥发性风味化合物的合成积累,是微生物代谢活动与发酵环境相互作用的直接体现,也是评价功能菌发酵性能、明确其应用潜力的核心依据[43]。水分作为白酒固态发酵的重要环境因子,其含量稳定性直接影响微生物代谢活性与底物转化效率。本研究中各接种菌株处理组与空白对照组酒醅水分含量无显著差异,且均维持在白酒固态发酵适宜范围,表明供试菌株接种后不会破坏发酵体系的水分平衡。
酒醅pH与酸度的稳定性是保障发酵正常进行的关键,二者共同决定微生物群落的结构与活性。本研究中,所有处理组引入外源菌株后未对发酵体系酸度造成显著影响。其中,T41、T47、Y46菌株接种后可维持酒醅pH的稳定,与空白对照组无显著差异,表明其具有较强的环境适应性,可融入大曲复合微生物群落,避免发酵体系酸碱失衡,适合作为稳定发酵的功能菌株应用于生产。Y22菌株表现出较强的耐酸性与产酸能力,发酵终点pH最低、酸度最高,这类菌株可用于调控酒醅酸度、丰富酒体有机酸组成,为酒体风味提升提供支撑,但需注意控制接种量,避免酸度过高抑制其他有益微生物生长。
与曹卫林等[44]将枯草芽孢杆菌(B. subtilis) JP1用于大曲强化发酵、显著改变发酵体系酸度的研究相比,本研究除Y22菌株外,其余菌株接种后均未导致酒醅酸度和pH发生显著变化,这种差异可能源于菌株种类、发酵条件及发酵体系的不同,且本研究供试菌株均分离自中高温大曲,与大曲原有微生物群落的兼容性更强,而曹卫林等[44]采用的菌株分离自酒醅,对发酵体系的扰动更明显。
淀粉降解效率与还原糖积累规律直接关联白酒发酵效率与产量,是评价功能菌糖化发酵能力的核心指标。供试的4株功能菌均显著促进酒醅淀粉降解,其中Y22菌株淀粉分解效率最高,酒醅淀粉残留量最低(8.04 g),表明该菌株可能分泌高活性的淀粉酶,或可通过协同大曲微生物提升酶系活性,加速淀粉水解,这一特性使其具备作为高产淀粉降解菌株的应用潜力,后续可进一步采用单因素试验与响应面法探究菌株产酶关键条件,并结合代谢组与转录组测序,揭示菌株淀粉降解关键酶基因表达规律及底物代谢路径,为其定向驯化与应用提供理论依据。相较于Zhao等[45]将一株高产四甲基吡嗪的耐盐芽孢杆菌YB13制备成强化大曲应用于馥合香白酒酿造体系,实现淀粉利用率15.62%的提升,本研究所筛选出的4株菌未经后期诱变及人工强化即实现了淀粉利用率41.24%-43.22%的提升,为风味合成提供了更丰富的前体物质。后续可将本研究筛选的优良单菌株进行组合,探究其协同降解淀粉的效应,进一步提升发酵效率。
白酒发酵过程中,高粱、糠壳及大曲中的淀粉原料会在淀粉酶的作用下逐步水解为麦芽糖、葡萄糖等还原糖,此类还原糖不仅是微生物生长代谢的重要物质基础与能量来源,更是发酵阶段葡萄糖向乙醇及微量风味组分转化的核心底物,可反映淀粉糖化效率与微生物代谢活性。本研究发现不同菌株对还原糖的调控存在差异。发酵结束时T41组酒醅还原糖含量比对照组略提升9.44%,暗示其还原糖消耗速度稍慢。其他3株菌的还原糖含量均低于对照组,表明淀粉降解更充分,糖转化为乙醇等代谢产物更彻底,原料利用率更高。其中Y22组相较对照组降低26.07%,降幅最大。这与Zhao等[45]发现的强化曲组表现出更强的淀粉降解能力和更快的还原糖消耗速度的结果一致,表明其原料利用更充分、代谢效率更高。
挥发性风味化合物的种类与含量是决定白酒品质的核心因素,其中酯类与醇类化合物作为主要风味物质,其积累量与组成差异直接影响酒体香气与口感。本研究中不同菌株对风味物质的调控效应存在显著差异,T41组挥发性风味化合物总量与核心风味物质(如酯类、醇类、愈创木酚)含量均显著高于其他各组,这与T41菌株可维持发酵体系稳定、促进淀粉降解与还原糖积累的特性密切相关——稳定的酸碱环境与充足的碳源供应为微生物合成风味物质提供了良好基础,推测T41菌株可能通过分泌高活性酶类、调节代谢流向,定向促进酯类、醇类等风味物质的合成与积累。
在酯类化合物调控方面,本研究发现实验菌株对乙酸乙酯等核心酯类物质,以及亚油酸乙酯、油酸乙酯等不饱和酯类物质的合成具有显著促进作用,其中T41组的各类酯类物质含量均高于其他各组,该菌株在增加发酵酒醅的香气丰富度方面更具优势。这与黄晓宁等[46]筛选的芽孢杆菌可显著提升白酒中乙酸乙酯含量的研究结论一致,但本研究进一步明确了菌株对多种酯类物质的协同促进作用。在醇类化合物调控方面,T47菌株对正戊醇的促进效果最为显著,适量的正戊醇可丰富酒体的香气层次、增强酒体醇厚感,但过量积累会影响饮用舒适度。Y22组在所有实验组中正戊醇含量最低、饮用舒适度更具优势。
愈创木酚作为重要的差异酚类化合物,在T41组中含量显著提升,这一结果与刘青阳等[23]发现的“芽孢杆菌可促进白酒中愈创木酚合成”的研究结论一致,愈创木酚不仅可赋予白酒独特的烟熏香、烘烤香和焦香,还能增强香气丰富度与酒体醇厚感,还是具有重要生理活性的健康因子,具备细胞内抗氧化等功能[23]。此外,Y22组与CK组挥发性风味物质总量相近,且正戊醇含量为实验组中最低,推测该菌株更适合用于酒体风味改变较小、追求饮用舒适度的发酵场景,而T41、T47、Y46菌株可根据发酵需求,分别用于提升酒体香气丰富度、淀粉降解效率等不同场景,为菌株的定向应用提供了多样化选择。
后续研究可进一步优化发酵条件、功能菌接种比例、用量与添加方式,采用共培养和高通量测序等方法探究功能菌与大曲微生物的协同作用机制,结合风味组学与感官评价,明确功能菌对酒体品质的具体影响;同时可借鉴双菌或多菌共接种的研究思路,探究本研究筛选的优良菌株的协同效应,进一步提升发酵效率与酒体品质。未来在白酒生产中,不仅可以在制曲环节将功能菌株于润料阶段复合接入(添加量为0.5%-1.0%),在不改变核心工艺的前提下定向提升大曲的酯化与发酵性能;也可以在发酵环节,将菌株制备成菌剂于酒醅入窖时添加(添加量为108-109 CFU/kg酒醅),为中高温大曲优良功能菌的定向筛选、驯化及工业化应用提供更全面的理论支撑与实践指导。
本研究以发酵完成后的浓酱兼香型白酒中高温大曲为试验材料,系统开展功能微生物分离筛选、生长与发酵特性研究,同时对其进行固态模拟发酵试验。浓酱兼香型中高温大曲可培养功能微生物以芽孢杆菌门和芽孢杆菌属为优势类群,特级与优级大曲呈现“高丰度中效产酶”与“低丰度高效产酶”的差异化微生态策略。大曲中高产淀粉酶菌株分离率显著高于纤维素降解菌,从大曲中筛选获得4株优良产酶功能菌(Y46、T41、T47、Y22),且优级大曲来源菌株的酸耐受性优于特级大曲来源菌株。固态模拟发酵表明,供试菌株未破坏发酵体系水分与酸碱平衡,均能显著促进淀粉降解,且对还原糖积累、挥发性风味化合物合成的调控存在显著差异,4株菌表现出明显的功能分化,T41对风味物质积累促进作用最突出,Y22淀粉降解效率最高。T41、T47菌株综合性能优良,既能维持发酵体系稳定、提升淀粉降解效率,又能显著促进以酯类为代表的风味物质积累,具有较高的实际应用价值。本研究结果为中高温大曲优良功能菌的定向筛选、大曲功能强化及白酒酿造工艺优化提供了理论依据与实践基础。
  • 泸州市重点研发科技计划(2024SYF191)
  • 四川郎酒股份有限公司科研项目(H242265)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260166
  • 接收时间:2026-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-02
  • 录用日期:2026-04-18
基金
Project of Luzhou Key Research and Development Program(2024SYF191)
泸州市重点研发科技计划(2024SYF191)
Project of Sichuan Langjiu Co., Ltd(H242265)
四川郎酒股份有限公司科研项目(H242265)
作者信息
    1.江南大学 生物工程学院,酿造微生物与应用酶学研究室,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
    2.四川郎酒股份有限公司品质研究院,四川 泸州
    3.西华大学 食品与生物工程学院,食品微生物四川省重点实验室,四川 成都

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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