Article(id=1297571073889948230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772208000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774800000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineDate=1787294651719, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294651719, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294651719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294651719, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4226, endPage=4241, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571074087080519, articleId=1297571073889948230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mechanism underlying the silencing of xylose metabolism in Pichia kudriavzevii, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is at the core of ensuring the economic feasibility of biorefineries, where the comprehensive utilization of xylose serves as a determinant of overall conversion efficiency. Pichia kudriavzevii has demonstrated significant potential in industrial bioprocessing owing to its tolerance to low pH, high temperatures, and environmental stressors. However, its innate deficiency in xylose assimilation severely restricts its application in biomass valorization. [Objective] To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the silencing of xylose metabolism in P. kudriavzevii E1, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks. [Methods] The xylose assimilation capacity of P. kudriavzevii E1 was evaluated, and its genome was analyzed to identify the genes and metabolic bottlenecks associated with xylose assimilation. Comparative transcriptomics was employed to characterize the differential expression of metabolic genes before and after the introduction of a xylose transporter. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of genes involved in efficient xylose metabolism was performed to verify specific rate-limiting steps within the pathway. [Results] Bioinformatics analysis, coupled with the functional restoration of xylose uptake via heterologous transporter expression, confirmed that the lack of high-affinity xylose transporters was the primary limiting factor for xylose assimilation in P. kudriavzevii E1. Although three genes—PkXYL1, PkXYL2, and PkXKS1—encoding core enzymes of the xylose redox pathway were natively present in the P. kudriavzevii E1 genome, in vitro enzymatic assays revealed that the low relative activity of PkXR was a critical cause of substrate accumulation and slow xylose metabolism. Comparative transcriptomics of the engineered strain P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562 indicated that yeast cells underwent profound metabolic reprogramming in xylose-containing media, preferentially activating ribosome biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the significant downregulation of TAL1 and the insufficient transcriptional response of genes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) resulted in inefficient PPP flux. This prevented the effective redirection of carbon flux into glycolysis, thereby obstructing downstream xylose metabolism. Finally, quantification of the expression of key xylose metabolism genes identified by transcriptomics further demonstrated that the uncoordinated transcriptional regulation of essential downstream genes hindered overall metabolic efficiency. [Conclusion] The silencing of xylose metabolism in P. kudriavzevii E1 results from the combined effects of deficient substrate transport, low endogenous catalytic activity, and uncoordinated transcriptional regulation. This study provides a crucial theoretical foundation for the precision engineering of xylose metabolic pathways in non-conventional industrial yeasts.

, authors=Zitong YUAN1, Yi WANG2, Ripeng ZHANG2, Limin CAO1, Bo YU2, Limin WANG2, authorsList=Zitong YUAN, Yi WANG, Ripeng ZHANG, Limin CAO, Bo YU, Limin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Limin CAO, Limin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail: CAO Limin, ;
WANG Limin,
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木质纤维素的高效转化是生物精炼实现经济可行性的核心,其中木糖的充分利用是提升转化效率的关键。库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)凭借其出色的耐酸、耐高温及强抗逆性,在工业生物制造领域展现出巨大潜力,但其天然木糖利用能力的缺陷严重限制了其在生物质转化中的应用。 【目的】 解析P. kudriavzevii E1木糖代谢沉默的分子生物学机制,为木质纤维素原料的生物利用提供理论支持。 【方法】 评估P. kudriavzevii E1菌株的木糖利用能力,分析其基因组中木糖代谢相关基因,确定木糖代谢限制因素;采用比较转录组学方法分析木糖转运蛋白导入前后木糖代谢基因的表达差异;通过异源表达高效木糖代谢相关基因验证木糖代谢的抑制性限速环节。 【结果】 生物信息学分析结合异源表达转运蛋白恢复P. kudriavzevii E1木糖摄取能力的试验证实,缺乏对木糖具有亲和力的跨膜转运蛋白是该菌株无法摄取木糖的关键限制因素。P. kudriavzevii E1基因组中天然存在编码木糖氧化还原代谢途径核心酶的3个基因PkXYL1PkXYL2PkXKS1。体外相对酶活性测定表明,P. kudriavzevii E1的内源木糖还原酶PkXR较低的相对活性是底物积累和木糖代谢缓慢的关键原因。针对恢复木糖利用能力的菌株P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562的比较转录组学分析表明,木糖环境中酵母细胞的代谢应答发生深刻重编程,细胞优先激活核糖体生物发生和氧化磷酸化,但因TAL1显著下调且磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)相关基因转录响应不足,导致木糖环境中细胞PPP通量低下,碳流无法有效回流至糖酵解,阻碍了木糖下游代谢途径的畅通。对转录组分析涉及的关键木糖代谢基因进行表达水平检测,进一步表明关键下游基因的转录调控不协同阻碍了木糖的代谢效率。 【结论】 P. kudriavzevii E1的木糖代谢受阻是底物转运缺失、内源酶催化活性低下和转录调控不协同共同作用的结果。本研究为非模式酵母木糖代谢途径的精准改造提供了重要理论依据。

, authors=袁子童1, 王一2, 张日鹏2, 曹利民1, 于波2, 王丽敏2, authorsList=袁子童, 王一, 张日鹏, 曹利民, 于波, 王丽敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹利民, 王丽敏, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

袁子童:开展实验、数据收集与处理、论文撰写;王一:开展实验、数据收集与处理;张日鹏:数据收集与处理、论文撰写;曹利民:论文修改;于波:论文修改;王丽敏:研究构思、设计、论文修改。

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2011, 77(10): 3311-3319., articleTitle=Functional survey for heterologous sugar transport proteins, using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571077941645910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571077950034519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, companyId=1297571077941645910, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571077958423128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, companyId=1297571077941645910, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.首都师范大学 生命科学学院,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1297571078042309209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571078046503514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, companyId=1297571078042309209, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571078054892123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, companyId=1297571078042309209, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571081880097411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Xylose consumption and growth profiles of Pichia kudriavzevii E1 heterologously expressing xylose transporters. A: Residual xylose concentration in the culture medium (YNBX0.5) of the indicated yeast strains; B: Biomass (OD600) of the indicated strains cultured in YNBX0.5 medium., figureFileSmall=UyvnovEoqrTniEjOcq3Imw==, figureFileBig=7J7fIKyb+B6/8XleF0Oo3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571081951400580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=CN, label=图1, caption=异源表达木糖转运体的 Pichia kudriavzevii E1木糖消耗和生长情况, figureFileSmall=UyvnovEoqrTniEjOcq3Imw==, figureFileBig=7J7fIKyb+B6/8XleF0Oo3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571082152727173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Differentially expressed genes and RT-qPCR validation of key genes. A: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes; B: Relative transcriptional levels of key genes in xylose-containing medium., figureFileSmall=BTT8k3ny83FGrDy4DSNBcA==, figureFileBig=Ap0pdyV+y//ximu13efCyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571082240807558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=CN, label=图2, caption=转录组差异表达基因与关键差异基因转录水平验证, figureFileSmall=BTT8k3ny83FGrDy4DSNBcA==, figureFileBig=Ap0pdyV+y//ximu13efCyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571082307916423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Enrichment analysis of DEGs. A: GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes; B: KEGG enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes., figureFileSmall=pVPIffnmtiAJjk/VcDsS3Q==, figureFileBig=gIe7IuCnShsq5v/e3ZaT/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571082362442376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=CN, label=图3, caption=差异表达基因富集分析, figureFileSmall=pVPIffnmtiAJjk/VcDsS3Q==, figureFileBig=gIe7IuCnShsq5v/e3ZaT/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571082421162633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of heterologous expression of Scheffersomyces stipitis xylose metabolic genes on the physiological characteristics of Pichia kudriavzevii E1. A: Comparison of the initial reaction rates (first 30 s) of XR, XDH, and XK using two different cofactors in P. kudriavzevii E1 and E1-Xpg4562; B: Residual xylose concentration in the culture medium (YNBX0.5) for strains following the integration of heterologous metabolic modules; C: Biomass (OD600) of strains integrating heterologous metabolic modules SsXYL1/2 and SsXKS1 cultured in YNBX0.5 medium., figureFileSmall=mhLZygOJEG9nzvArL49wAg==, figureFileBig=Eebr0caxeyRvqfV1PlNu9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571082505048714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=CN, label=图4, caption=异源表达来自 Scheffersomyces stipitis 木糖代谢途径基因对 Pichia kudriavzevii E1生理特性的影响, figureFileSmall=mhLZygOJEG9nzvArL49wAg==, figureFileBig=Eebr0caxeyRvqfV1PlNu9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571082559574667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains and plasmids in this work

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsCharacteristicsSources
Strains
E. coli
Trelief 5αfhuA2 Δ(argF-lacZ)U169phoAglnV44 Φ80 Δ(lacZ)M15, gyrA96, recA1, relA1, endA1, thi-1, hsdR17Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
P. kudriavzevii
E1-01E1, ΔURA3[19]
E1-03E1-01, ΔPDC, ldhThis study
E1-05E1-03, Δdld, BtLDHAThis study
E1-07E1-05, Δdld upstream, PTDH3This study
E1-X01E1-03, Δdld, PTDH3-xylT-TTEF1This study
E1-X04E1-05, ΔPkXYL1 upstream, PTDH3-XUT5-IGG6This study
E1-X05E1-01, ΔPkXYL1 upstream, PTDH3-SsXYL1-IGG6-SsXYL2-TTEF1This study
E1-X06E1-07, ΔPkXYL1 upstream, PGDP-PkXUT1-IGG6This study
E1-X07E1-01, ΔADH1, PTDH3-SsXKS1-TTEF1This study
E1-X08E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Mgt05196N360F -TTEF1This study
E1-X09E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-RGT2-TTEF1This study
E1-X10E1-01, ΔPkXYL1 upstream, PTDH3-XUT6-IGG6This study
E1-Xpg1140E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg1140-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg1151E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg1151-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg2942E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg2942-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg3423E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg3423-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg4178E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg4178-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg4562E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg4562-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg4764E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg4764-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg1758E1-01, ΔEG17, PTDH3-Xpg1758-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg1807E1-01, ΔEG17, PTDH3-Xpg1807-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg3179E1-01, ΔEG17, PTDH3-Xpg3179-TTEF1This study
E1-X13E1-Xpg4562, ΔEG4, PTDH3-SsXYL1-TTEF1This study
E1-X14E1-Xpg4562, ΔEG4, PTDH3-SsXYL2-TTEF1This study
E1-X15E1-Xpg4562, ΔEG4, PTDH3-SsXKS1-TTEF1This study
Plasmids
pCas-dldN20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting dldThis study
pCas-PkXYL1upN20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting PkXYL1This study
pCas-URA3upN20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting URA3upstreamThis study
pCas-ADH1N20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting ADH1This study
pCas-EG17N20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting neutral site EG17This study
pCas-EG4N20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting neutral site EG4This study
), ArticleFig(id=1297571082660237964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究涉及的菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsCharacteristicsSources
Strains
E. coli
Trelief 5αfhuA2 Δ(argF-lacZ)U169phoAglnV44 Φ80 Δ(lacZ)M15, gyrA96, recA1, relA1, endA1, thi-1, hsdR17Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
P. kudriavzevii
E1-01E1, ΔURA3[19]
E1-03E1-01, ΔPDC, ldhThis study
E1-05E1-03, Δdld, BtLDHAThis study
E1-07E1-05, Δdld upstream, PTDH3This study
E1-X01E1-03, Δdld, PTDH3-xylT-TTEF1This study
E1-X04E1-05, ΔPkXYL1 upstream, PTDH3-XUT5-IGG6This study
E1-X05E1-01, ΔPkXYL1 upstream, PTDH3-SsXYL1-IGG6-SsXYL2-TTEF1This study
E1-X06E1-07, ΔPkXYL1 upstream, PGDP-PkXUT1-IGG6This study
E1-X07E1-01, ΔADH1, PTDH3-SsXKS1-TTEF1This study
E1-X08E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Mgt05196N360F -TTEF1This study
E1-X09E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-RGT2-TTEF1This study
E1-X10E1-01, ΔPkXYL1 upstream, PTDH3-XUT6-IGG6This study
E1-Xpg1140E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg1140-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg1151E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg1151-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg2942E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg2942-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg3423E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg3423-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg4178E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg4178-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg4562E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg4562-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg4764E1-01, ΔURA3 upstream, PTDH3-Xpg4764-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg1758E1-01, ΔEG17, PTDH3-Xpg1758-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg1807E1-01, ΔEG17, PTDH3-Xpg1807-TTEF1This study
E1-Xpg3179E1-01, ΔEG17, PTDH3-Xpg3179-TTEF1This study
E1-X13E1-Xpg4562, ΔEG4, PTDH3-SsXYL1-TTEF1This study
E1-X14E1-Xpg4562, ΔEG4, PTDH3-SsXYL2-TTEF1This study
E1-X15E1-Xpg4562, ΔEG4, PTDH3-SsXKS1-TTEF1This study
Plasmids
pCas-dldN20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting dldThis study
pCas-PkXYL1upN20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting PkXYL1This study
pCas-URA3upN20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting URA3upstreamThis study
pCas-ADH1N20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting ADH1This study
pCas-EG17N20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting neutral site EG17This study
pCas-EG4N20Ampr; Cas9; specific sgRNA targeting neutral site EG4This study
), ArticleFig(id=1297571082727346829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
XUT1-FATGCACGGAGGTTCAGACGGTAATGACG
XUT1-RGGCCGCTGATGCTGATGCTGACAGTGCTTAA
XUT5-FATGACGGAAAGAAGCATTGGACC
XUT5-RTTACTTCTTTGTATTAACAACAAAACCTTG
XUT6-FATGTCCAGTGTTGAAAAAAGTGC
XUT6-RTTAGCTGATGTTTTCGACATGCTC
PTDH3-Mgt05196N360F -FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGTCGTCGAATGAGCAGGTTACTCC
Ter-Mgt05196N360F -RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTCAAACCCTTTCGGCTTCGTCCACCTCAG
PTDH3-SsXYL1-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCCCTCCATTAAGTTGAAC
Ter-SsXYL1-RAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAACGAAGATTGGAATCTTATCCC
PTDH3-SsXYL2-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGACTGCTAACCCATCTTTGGTCTTG
Ter-SsXYL2-RAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTCATTCTGGACCATCAATCAAACAC
PTDH3-SsXKS1-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGACTACTACTCCATTTGATG
Ter-SsXKS1-RGGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACGTGCTTCAATTCAGATTCCATCTTAG
Xpg1140-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCCTTCAGATAAGCATTGGCACTACG
Xpg1140-RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAGCATTTTCATAGCCTTGAAC
Xpg1151-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCCACAAAATACACCCACTGC
Xpg1151-RAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTATTCAAGCTTTTCTTGAGG
Xpg2942-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCTCAAGTTTACAAGAAGACTAGTGG
Xpg2942-RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAGTATTTGTCAATTGAAC
Xpg3423-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCCTATCACAGTTTTCGGATC
Xpg3423-RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAAGTAACCAACCACGCTTTTCAAC
Xpg4178-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGTTTAAACAAACACTTAGG
Xpg4562-RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTATTTTTTCATATTTTGCATG
Xpg4764-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGGGTGTTCCAGCACTTTTCCG
Xpg4764-RGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAATATCTGTTACCGTTGTTGTAG
Xpg1758-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGAGCGTTCAAATTGATCAAAAG
Xpg1758-RGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTCAATTAATGTGAGCAACTTCTGG
Xpg1807-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGTTAGACTTATTAAATAAAAAGG
Xpg1807-RGGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTCAAAATTCAGAAGAATTGTTAATTTC
Xpg3179-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGTCTTCAAGTTCTATTTCAG
Xpg3179-RGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAACGTTTTGATCGTTGACTAG
RGT2-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGGGTTTAGAAGACAGTGCTCTC
RGT2-RGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACCTATACAGAAGCTTCTTCAACTTCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1297571082807038606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
XUT1-FATGCACGGAGGTTCAGACGGTAATGACG
XUT1-RGGCCGCTGATGCTGATGCTGACAGTGCTTAA
XUT5-FATGACGGAAAGAAGCATTGGACC
XUT5-RTTACTTCTTTGTATTAACAACAAAACCTTG
XUT6-FATGTCCAGTGTTGAAAAAAGTGC
XUT6-RTTAGCTGATGTTTTCGACATGCTC
PTDH3-Mgt05196N360F -FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGTCGTCGAATGAGCAGGTTACTCC
Ter-Mgt05196N360F -RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTCAAACCCTTTCGGCTTCGTCCACCTCAG
PTDH3-SsXYL1-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCCCTCCATTAAGTTGAAC
Ter-SsXYL1-RAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAACGAAGATTGGAATCTTATCCC
PTDH3-SsXYL2-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGACTGCTAACCCATCTTTGGTCTTG
Ter-SsXYL2-RAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTCATTCTGGACCATCAATCAAACAC
PTDH3-SsXKS1-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGACTACTACTCCATTTGATG
Ter-SsXKS1-RGGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACGTGCTTCAATTCAGATTCCATCTTAG
Xpg1140-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCCTTCAGATAAGCATTGGCACTACG
Xpg1140-RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAGCATTTTCATAGCCTTGAAC
Xpg1151-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCCACAAAATACACCCACTGC
Xpg1151-RAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTATTCAAGCTTTTCTTGAGG
Xpg2942-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCTCAAGTTTACAAGAAGACTAGTGG
Xpg2942-RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAGTATTTGTCAATTGAAC
Xpg3423-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGCCTATCACAGTTTTCGGATC
Xpg3423-RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAAGTAACCAACCACGCTTTTCAAC
Xpg4178-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGTTTAAACAAACACTTAGG
Xpg4562-RAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTATTTTTTCATATTTTGCATG
Xpg4764-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGGGTGTTCCAGCACTTTTCCG
Xpg4764-RGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAATATCTGTTACCGTTGTTGTAG
Xpg1758-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGAGCGTTCAAATTGATCAAAAG
Xpg1758-RGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTCAATTAATGTGAGCAACTTCTGG
Xpg1807-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGTTAGACTTATTAAATAAAAAGG
Xpg1807-RGGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTCAAAATTCAGAAGAATTGTTAATTTC
Xpg3179-FCACACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGTCTTCAAGTTCTATTTCAG
Xpg3179-RGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACTTAAACGTTTTGATCGTTGACTAG
RGT2-FCACAAACAAACACAATTACAAAAAATGGGTTTAGAAGACAGTGCTCTC
RGT2-RGTAAAAGAAGAAACTATCAGCTCACCTATACAGAAGCTTCTTCAACTTCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1297571082890924687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Key enzyme activities in the XR/XDH pathway of Pichiakudriavzevii E1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EnzymeCofactorRelative activity/U-1Standard deviation
PkXRNADPH7.83×10-44.88×10-5
NADH00
PkXDHNADP+7.92×10-49.06×10-5
NAD+6.43×10-39.58×10-4
PkXKNADPH7.28×10-42.14×10-5
NADH1.56×10-36.07×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1297571082962227856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Pichiakudriavzevii E1 XR-XDH途径关键酶相对活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EnzymeCofactorRelative activity/U-1Standard deviation
PkXRNADPH7.83×10-44.88×10-5
NADH00
PkXDHNADP+7.92×10-49.06×10-5
NAD+6.43×10-39.58×10-4
PkXKNADPH7.28×10-42.14×10-5
NADH1.56×10-36.07×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1297571083041919633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Read-mapping statistics for the six libraries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameYNBX10-1YNBX10-2YNBX10-3YNBD10-1YNBD10-2YNBD10-3
Total reads43 875 24847 610 28447 610 28443 393 26446 227 09043 471 870
Total mapped

42 885 172

(97.74%)

46 528 186

(97.73%)

44 312 658

(97.93%)

42 745 235

(98.51%)

45 265 452

(97.92%)

42 836 789

(98.54%)

Uniquely mapped

42 117 293

(95.99%)

45 714 092

(96.02%)

43 671 882

(96.51%)

41 578 857

(95.82%)

44 217 482

(95.65%)

41 604 691

(95.7%)

), ArticleFig(id=1297571083117417106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571073889948230, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

六个文库的读段比对统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample nameYNBX10-1YNBX10-2YNBX10-3YNBD10-1YNBD10-2YNBD10-3
Total reads43 875 24847 610 28447 610 28443 393 26446 227 09043 471 870
Total mapped

42 885 172

(97.74%)

46 528 186

(97.73%)

44 312 658

(97.93%)

42 745 235

(98.51%)

45 265 452

(97.92%)

42 836 789

(98.54%)

Uniquely mapped

42 117 293

(95.99%)

45 714 092

(96.02%)

43 671 882

(96.51%)

41 578 857

(95.82%)

44 217 482

(95.65%)

41 604 691

(95.7%)

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库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母木糖代谢沉默机制解析
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袁子童 1 , 王一 2 , 张日鹏 2 , 曹利民 1 , 于波 2 , 王丽敏 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4226-4241
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4226 -4241
库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母木糖代谢沉默机制解析
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袁子童1, 王一2, 张日鹏2, 曹利民1 , 于波2, 王丽敏2
作者信息
  • 1.首都师范大学 生命科学学院,北京
  • 2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
通讯作者:
曹利民, 王丽敏
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

袁子童:开展实验、数据收集与处理、论文撰写;王一:开展实验、数据收集与处理;张日鹏:数据收集与处理、论文撰写;曹利民:论文修改;于波:论文修改;王丽敏:研究构思、设计、论文修改。

Mechanism underlying the silencing of xylose metabolism in Pichia kudriavzevii
Zitong YUAN1, Yi WANG2, Ripeng ZHANG2, Limin CAO1 , Bo YU2, Limin WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    E-mail: CAO Limin, ;
    WANG Limin,
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260162
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木质纤维素的高效转化是生物精炼实现经济可行性的核心,其中木糖的充分利用是提升转化效率的关键。库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)凭借其出色的耐酸、耐高温及强抗逆性,在工业生物制造领域展现出巨大潜力,但其天然木糖利用能力的缺陷严重限制了其在生物质转化中的应用。 【目的】 解析P. kudriavzevii E1木糖代谢沉默的分子生物学机制,为木质纤维素原料的生物利用提供理论支持。 【方法】 评估P. kudriavzevii E1菌株的木糖利用能力,分析其基因组中木糖代谢相关基因,确定木糖代谢限制因素;采用比较转录组学方法分析木糖转运蛋白导入前后木糖代谢基因的表达差异;通过异源表达高效木糖代谢相关基因验证木糖代谢的抑制性限速环节。 【结果】 生物信息学分析结合异源表达转运蛋白恢复P. kudriavzevii E1木糖摄取能力的试验证实,缺乏对木糖具有亲和力的跨膜转运蛋白是该菌株无法摄取木糖的关键限制因素。P. kudriavzevii E1基因组中天然存在编码木糖氧化还原代谢途径核心酶的3个基因PkXYL1PkXYL2PkXKS1。体外相对酶活性测定表明,P. kudriavzevii E1的内源木糖还原酶PkXR较低的相对活性是底物积累和木糖代谢缓慢的关键原因。针对恢复木糖利用能力的菌株P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562的比较转录组学分析表明,木糖环境中酵母细胞的代谢应答发生深刻重编程,细胞优先激活核糖体生物发生和氧化磷酸化,但因TAL1显著下调且磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)相关基因转录响应不足,导致木糖环境中细胞PPP通量低下,碳流无法有效回流至糖酵解,阻碍了木糖下游代谢途径的畅通。对转录组分析涉及的关键木糖代谢基因进行表达水平检测,进一步表明关键下游基因的转录调控不协同阻碍了木糖的代谢效率。 【结论】 P. kudriavzevii E1的木糖代谢受阻是底物转运缺失、内源酶催化活性低下和转录调控不协同共同作用的结果。本研究为非模式酵母木糖代谢途径的精准改造提供了重要理论依据。

库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母  /  木糖代谢  /  木糖转运蛋白  /  转录组学

The efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is at the core of ensuring the economic feasibility of biorefineries, where the comprehensive utilization of xylose serves as a determinant of overall conversion efficiency. Pichia kudriavzevii has demonstrated significant potential in industrial bioprocessing owing to its tolerance to low pH, high temperatures, and environmental stressors. However, its innate deficiency in xylose assimilation severely restricts its application in biomass valorization. [Objective] To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the silencing of xylose metabolism in P. kudriavzevii E1, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks. [Methods] The xylose assimilation capacity of P. kudriavzevii E1 was evaluated, and its genome was analyzed to identify the genes and metabolic bottlenecks associated with xylose assimilation. Comparative transcriptomics was employed to characterize the differential expression of metabolic genes before and after the introduction of a xylose transporter. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of genes involved in efficient xylose metabolism was performed to verify specific rate-limiting steps within the pathway. [Results] Bioinformatics analysis, coupled with the functional restoration of xylose uptake via heterologous transporter expression, confirmed that the lack of high-affinity xylose transporters was the primary limiting factor for xylose assimilation in P. kudriavzevii E1. Although three genes—PkXYL1, PkXYL2, and PkXKS1—encoding core enzymes of the xylose redox pathway were natively present in the P. kudriavzevii E1 genome, in vitro enzymatic assays revealed that the low relative activity of PkXR was a critical cause of substrate accumulation and slow xylose metabolism. Comparative transcriptomics of the engineered strain P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562 indicated that yeast cells underwent profound metabolic reprogramming in xylose-containing media, preferentially activating ribosome biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the significant downregulation of TAL1 and the insufficient transcriptional response of genes in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) resulted in inefficient PPP flux. This prevented the effective redirection of carbon flux into glycolysis, thereby obstructing downstream xylose metabolism. Finally, quantification of the expression of key xylose metabolism genes identified by transcriptomics further demonstrated that the uncoordinated transcriptional regulation of essential downstream genes hindered overall metabolic efficiency. [Conclusion] The silencing of xylose metabolism in P. kudriavzevii E1 results from the combined effects of deficient substrate transport, low endogenous catalytic activity, and uncoordinated transcriptional regulation. This study provides a crucial theoretical foundation for the precision engineering of xylose metabolic pathways in non-conventional industrial yeasts.

Pichia kudriavzevii  /  xylose metabolism  /  xylose transporter  /  transcriptomics
袁子童, 王一, 张日鹏, 曹利民, 于波, 王丽敏. 库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母木糖代谢沉默机制解析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4226 -4241 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260162
Zitong YUAN, Yi WANG, Ripeng ZHANG, Limin CAO, Bo YU, Limin WANG. Mechanism underlying the silencing of xylose metabolism in Pichia kudriavzevii[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4226 -4241 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260162
随着全球能源需求的持续增长与环境问题日益凸显,利用工程微生物将可再生生物质转化为生物燃料和高附加值化学品的需求愈发迫切。木质纤维素作为来源丰富、环境友好的生物质资源受到研究者广泛关注[1],而木糖作为自然界中第二丰富的糖类,占木质纤维素水解糖总量的18%-30%[2-3]。木糖的生物可利用性是影响木质纤维素生物加工经济可行性的关键因素。然而,许多工程微生物缺乏天然的木糖转运蛋白或代谢途径,且木糖代谢常与中心碳代谢相互干扰,导致利用木糖进行生物合成的产物种类有限、转化效率低下[4-5]
木糖代谢的首要障碍是木糖转运入细胞的效率较低。在天然酵母中,木糖的转运主要依赖非特异性己糖转运蛋白,这些转运蛋白对木糖的亲和力远低于葡萄糖等己糖,生化动力学分析表明,己糖转运蛋白对木糖的米氏常数(Km)通常比葡萄糖高出10-100倍,这意味着在混合糖发酵环境中葡萄糖会通过竞争性结合优先占据转运位点,从而阻断木糖的转运。此外,尽管部分酵母中确实存在专一性木糖转运蛋白,但其天然表达水平与动力学特性不足以支持快速的木糖同化[6-7]。在不能天然利用木糖的酵母中恢复木糖摄取能力的常规策略集中于转运蛋白的引入与改造[8]。例如,在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中异源表达来自树干毕赤酵母(Scheffersomyces stipitis)的XUT和来自休哈塔假丝酵母(Candida shehatae)的GXS1[9];对于具有木糖亲和性的转运蛋白,可通过理性设计(如基于结构与功能关系的定点突变)或非理性改造(如易错PCR或定向进化)获得转运效率更高的突变体,以减弱葡萄糖抑制效应并改善木糖转运动力学特性[6]
天然具备木糖利用能力的酵母,如S. stipitisC. shehataeSpathaspora passalidarum通过由木糖还原酶(xylose reductase, XR)和木糖醇脱氢酶(xylitol dehydrogenase, XDH)构成的氧化还原途径(xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase pathway, XR-XDH途径)将木糖转化为木酮糖,随后木酮糖经木酮糖激酶(xylulokinase, XK)磷酸化生成木酮糖-5-磷酸,并进入磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)完成进一步代谢[10-11]。此外,木糖异构酶(xylose isomerase, Ⅺ)可在无需氧化还原辅因子的条件下催化木糖直接转化为木酮糖。然而,Ⅺ仅存在于细菌、植物及少数丝状真菌中,如硫色软霉变种(Malbranchea pulchella var. sulfurea)和梨囊鞭菌(Piromyces sp.),该途径在天然酵母中尚未被发现[12-14]。为克服木糖代谢受限、提升工程酵母的木糖利用效率,已有研究将外源Ⅺ和XR-XDH途径引入工程菌株[4,15]
库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)是一种非常规酵母,常被用于生产多种传统发酵饮料、食品及生化制品[16-17]。同时,作为一种具有重要工业应用潜力的候选益生菌[18]P. kudriavzevii在生物技术领域的地位日益提升。工程酵母菌株P. kudriavzevii E1分离自酒糟,前期研究表明该菌株具备优异的耐酸(pH 2.0-4.0)、耐高温(45 ℃)及耐受糠醛等发酵抑制物的能力,能够在不添加中和剂的条件下生产光学纯度100%的L-乳酸,产量达74.45 g/L[19]。然而,由于无法利用木糖,P. kudriavzevii E1在木质纤维素水解液生物炼制中的应用受到限制。此外,尽管在S. cerevisiae中木糖代谢调控网络已较为明确,且已有研究提出克服碳代谢阻遏、优化利用效率的工程策略[20],但在P. kudriavzevii等非常规酵母中对木糖利用沉默的复杂机制解析仍显不足。
在木糖诱导条件下,P. kudriavzevii E1的全局转录响应尚未得到表征,其胞内潜在代谢节点也缺乏系统研究。研究表明,即便部分非常规酵母基因组中存在木糖代谢的关键酶,但由于缺乏受诱导的转录激活机制,这些酶长期处于低活性水平[21]。因此,单纯异源表达基因通常难以实现木糖碳流的高效传递,亟需通过多维度的系统生物学手段对P. kudriavzevii E1的木糖代谢进行深度解析,从而识别制约其木糖同化的核心因素。本研究通过整合比较基因组学、异源基因表达及生理特性分析系统探讨了P. kudriavzevii E1木糖代谢缺陷的分子基础,旨在为开发具有木糖利用能力的非模式酵母菌株提供理论参考。
本研究涉及的菌株及质粒如表1所示。菌株P. kudriavzevii E1由本课题组前期从酒糟中分离并保存[19]。感受态大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) Trelief 5α用于质粒的克隆与扩增。
E.Z.N.A.酵母DNA提取试剂盒,Bio-Rad公司;Phusion Plus高保真DNA聚合酶、NEBuilder HiFi DNA组装试剂盒,New England Biolabs公司;E.Z.N.A.质粒提取及凝胶回收试剂盒,Omega Bio-tek公司;PrimeScript RT反转录试剂盒、TB Green Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ荧光定量试剂盒,TaKaRa公司;D-葡萄糖、D-木糖、无氨基酸酵母氮源、琼脂粉及其他常用生化试剂,麦克林生化科技股份有限公司及酷来博科技有限公司。
梯度PCR仪、凝胶成像的全自动凝胶成像系统、HPLC的HPX-87H柱(7.8 mm×300 mm),Bio-Rad公司;DNA浓度测定的超微量分光光度计,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;菌株培养的恒温振荡培养箱,智城分析仪器有限公司;高效液相色谱仪,Agilent公司;超纯水系统,Merck Millipore公司。
LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,氯化钠10.0;配制固体培养基时需加入15 g/L琼脂粉,抗生素根据质粒抗性标记添加。YPD培养基(g/L):酵母提取物10.0,蛋白胨20.0,葡萄糖20.0;其中蛋白胨和酵母提取物经115 ℃蒸汽灭菌15 min,葡萄糖配制成200.0 g/L母液并经0.22 μm滤膜过滤除菌,两者于培养基冷却至约55 ℃后混合,培养基最终pH 6.5;配制固体培养基时需加入20.0 g/L琼脂粉。YNBX10培养基(g/L):YNB 6.7,D-木糖10.0,尿嘧啶0.060。YNBD0.5培养基(g/L):YNB 6.7,D-木糖0.5,尿嘧啶0.060。YNBD10培养基(g/L):YNB 6.7,葡萄糖0.5,尿嘧啶0.060。
将培养过夜的菌液收集于1.5 mL离心管中,12 000 r/min离心2 min,弃上清;加入500 μL buffer SE和5 μL lyticase,37 ℃孵育30 min以裂解细胞壁;10 000 r/min离心2 min收集原生质体,加入200 μL buffer YL和20 μL蛋白酶K,55 ℃水浴2 h;加入220 μL buffer YB,70 ℃水浴10 min;加入220 μL无水乙醇,混匀后转移至吸附柱;按照试剂盒说明书进行洗涤和洗脱,最终用50 μL预热至65 ℃的elution buffer洗脱DNA。提取的基因组DNA经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测完整性,并使用NanoDrop 2000超微量分光光度计测定浓度和纯度,确认OD260/OD280为1.8-2.0,置于-20 ℃保存备用。
PCR反应体系(50.0 μL):2×Phanta Max Master Mix 25.0 μL,上、下游引物(10.0 μmol/L)各1.0 μL,DNA模板(100.0 ng) 1.0 μL,ddH2O补足至50.0 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5.0 min;95 ℃变性15.0 s,于低于引物Tm值2 ℃的温度下退火15.0 s,72 ℃延伸(20.0 s/kb),共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10.0 min;4 ℃保温。
以E1基因组DNA为模板,XUT1/5/6-F和XUT1/5/6-R为引物PCR扩增获得内源转运体基因XUT1/5/6片段;以合成基因为模板,使用引物PTDH3-Mgt05196N360F -F和Ter-Mgt05196N360F -R扩增高特异性木糖转运体编码基因Mgt05196N360F 片段;以成对引物Xpgxxxx-F和Xpgxxxx-R (“xxxx”为预测转运蛋白基因编号) PCR扩增预测的木糖转运体编码基因;以S. stipitis基因组DNA为模板,使用引物PTDH3-SsXYL1/SsXYL2/SsXKS1-F和Ter-SsXYL1/SsXYL2/SsXKS1-R分别扩增获得SsXYL1SsXYL2SsXKS1。PCR所用引物信息如表2所示。
采用Gibson Assembly策略构建重组质粒及打靶片段。对核心片段和质粒骨架分别进行PCR扩增,回收纯化后的片段按比例混合,于50 ℃条件下进行同源重组连接。连接产物采用热激法转化至E. coli Trelief 5α中,通过含相应氨苄青霉素的LB平板筛选阳性克隆。利用质粒提取试剂盒提取质粒,并进行酶切及测序验证。
使用Funannotate (v1.8.17)对木糖代谢阳性的毕赤酵母菌株与木糖代谢阴性的Pichia kudriavzevii E1菌株的基因组进行基因预测,并使用InterProScan软件进行功能注释,提取含有糖类转运蛋白结构域的蛋白序列作为各菌株的候选木糖转运蛋白。
对毕赤酵母菌株木糖转运蛋白的进一步预测通过2种方式进行。(1) 基于蛋白结构特征进行预测。使用AlphaFold3预测候选蛋白结构,并使用Foldseek软件将其与UniProt数据库中真菌糖类转运蛋白的结构进行比对,计算TM-Score值与RMSD值,根据最佳比对结果识别不同糖类的转运蛋白;(2) 利用木糖培养条件下的特征性转录组数据。比较菌株在不同葡萄糖或木糖条件下生长的转录组数据,选取木糖培养条件下转录水平较葡萄糖条件上调≥1.5倍的糖转运蛋白编码基因作为木糖转运蛋白的候选基因。
菌株P. kudriavzevii E1的遗传改造采用课题组前期构建的CRISPR-Cas9编辑系统[19]。将设计好的针对目标位点的gRNA表达质粒与含有Xpg4562表达框及同源臂的打靶片段共同转化进P. kudriavzevii E1。酵母转化采用电转化法:取对数生长期的P. kudriavzevii E1种子液,按1%比例转接至20 mL YPD液体培养基中,待OD600达到0.6-0.8,6 000×g离心10 min收集菌体。用酵母电转化预处理悬浮液重悬收集的菌体,置于摇床中30 ℃、200 r/min振荡30 min以制备酵母感受态细胞。用预冷的1 mol/L山梨醇洗涤酵母菌体3次,加入500 μL 1 mol/L山梨醇重悬菌体。将1 μg质粒与200-500 ng打靶片段混合后加入预冷的0.2 cm电转杯中,利用电穿孔仪设置放电参数为5.0 kV、3 ms。电击完成后,立即向杯中加入700 μL预冷的YPDS复苏培养基,轻轻晃动电转杯以悬浮菌体。将悬浮液转移至1.5 mL EP管中,于30 ℃恒温条件下静置复苏1 h,随后移至30 ℃、200 r/min继续恢复生长1 h。复苏后的菌液经离心浓缩,涂布于含博来霉素的SD培养基平板上。待平板于30 ℃培养48-72 h生长出单菌落后,随机挑取转化子进行PCR,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察条带大小进行初步验证。对于条带长度符合插入片段预期长度的转化子,委托北京天一辉远生物科技有限公司进行单分子实时测序验证,经传代3次后获得一系列遗传稳定的重组酵母菌株。
细胞内木糖含量检测:挑取酵母单克隆在200 mL YPD培养基中培养至OD600为0.6,收集菌体。将酵母菌体转至等量YNBX10中30 ℃、200 r/min培养,初始OD600为0.73。48 h后6 000×g离心10 min收集细胞,烘干称取干重,用生理盐水洗涤3次,超声破碎(380 W,30 min,4 ℃),12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液,经氮吹干燥后重溶,使其浓缩10倍。
培养环境中木糖消耗检测:挑取酵母单克隆在YPD培养基中进行种子培养,在30 ℃、200 r/min培养至OD600为0.6。按1%接种量转接至250 mL三角瓶的YNBX10培养基中。诱导分析:为进行转录组采样,菌株在30 ℃下诱导培养6 h后收集细胞,立即用液氮冷冻。发酵性能测试:连续培养72 h并定时取样,记录OD600数值,并收集离心上清液样品用于HPLC代谢产物分析。
培养液样品以9 000×g离心2 min,取发酵液上清,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤。木糖浓度通过高效液相色谱进行测定。色谱柱温度为35 ℃,流速为0.5 mL/min,以6 mmol/L硫酸溶液为流动相。每个测定实验设置3个平行样品。所有定量数据均采用t检验或单因素方差分析进行统计分析,实验数据以平均值±标准差表示。
将待测菌株接种于YPD培养基,于30 ℃、200 r/min振荡10 h,6 000×g离心10 min收集菌体并用无菌水洗涤2次,随后转接至以木糖为唯一碳源的YNBX诱导培养基中诱导培养12 h。诱导结束后,离心收集菌体,采用离心管加玻璃珠机械破碎法或超声破碎法处理细胞,于4 ℃、12 000×g离心10 min,取上清液作为粗酶液用于后续检测。PkXR活性测定体系(1 mL)包含100 mmol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 6.0)、0.2 mmol/L NAD(P)H及200 mmol/L D-木糖;PkXDH活性测定体系包含100 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 9.0)、2 mmol/L NAD(P)+和50 mmol/L木糖醇;PkXK活性采用偶联酶法测定,体系包含100 mmol/L Gly-Gly缓冲液(pH 7.4)、5 mmol/L ATP、0.2 mmol/L NADH、10 mmol/L MgCl2、2 mmol/L磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸以及过量的丙酮酸激酶与乳酸脱氢酶。通过酶标仪监测340 nm处NADH或NADPH氧化还原引起的吸光度变化。酶活单位(U)定义为:在实验条件下,每分钟转化1 pmol NAD(P)H或NAD(P)+所需的OD600为1的菌液体积对应的酶量。
本研究各样本的转录组测序及基础数据分析由北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成。首先采用TRIzol法提取各样本总RNA,经NanoDrop 2000和Agilent 2100系统评估RNA的浓度、纯度及完整性,确保检测合格后进入文库构建。利用Oligo (dT)磁珠富集带有聚腺苷酸尾巴的mRNA,经随机片段化、cDNA合成、末端修复及接头连接等步骤完成测序文库的构建。文库检验合格后,利用Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台进行双端150 bp测序。原始数据经fastp软件过滤接头及低质量序列获得干净数据(clean data),使用HISAT2软件将干净数据比对至Pichia kudriavzevii CBS573参考基因组。基因表达量通过FeatureCounts进行定量,并利用DESeq2软件进行组间差异表达分析。差异表达基因(differentially expressed gene, DEG)的筛选标准设定为∣log2 fold change∣≥1且校正后的P值(Padj)≤0.05。最后,利用clusterProfiler软件对DEG进行基因本体(gene ontology, GO)功能注释及京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)代谢通路富集分析。
采用TRIzol法提取不同培养条件下各样本的总RNA,经DNase I处理去除基因组DNA污染后,利用反转录试剂盒将其合成cDNA模板。根据NCBI数据库中目标基因序列,利用Primer Premier 5软件设计特异性定量引物。以18S rRNA作为内参基因,采用TB Green Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ荧光定量试剂盒,在实时荧光定量PCR仪上设置3个平行重复进行扩增。反应体系及程序参照试剂盒说明书进行,通过熔解曲线评估扩增产物的特异性。基因相对表达水平采用2-ΔΔCt法进行计算。
为解析木糖利用障碍的遗传基础,本研究对P. kudriavzevii E1的基因组序列进行了生物信息学分析。首先,以来自S. stipitis的典型XR、XDH和XK,以及木糖转运蛋白序列作为比对基础,通过BLASTp进行同源基因筛选。结合Pfam结构域分析,最终鉴定了一套完整的内源XR-XDH途径基因,即编码木糖还原酶PkXR的PkXYL1、编码木糖醇脱氢酶PkXDH的PkXYL2和编码木酮糖激酶PkXK的PkXKS1。为进一步证明上述3种酶在胞内表达并具有活性,使用细胞粗提物测定了其体外相对酶活性(表3)。结果表明,即使木糖代谢通量较低,测试的3种木糖代谢核心酶在胞内仍具备一定的活性,其中PkXR表现出最低的相对活性。这说明E1中天然的木糖代谢途径存在动力学失衡,PkXR固有的低催化效率是P. kudriavzevii E1木糖同化的重要限速步骤,但并非该菌株木糖代谢沉默的机制根源。因此,本研究重点转向P. kudriavzevii E1木糖摄取能力的缺失。生物信息学分析显示,P. kudriavzevii E1缺乏高亲和力的木糖转运蛋白编码基因。为从生理水平验证上述预测,本研究检测了木糖培养条件下细胞内的游离木糖含量。结果显示,浓缩后的胞质提取液中未检测到木糖(低于检测限0.1 g/L)。该结果与生物信息学分析一致,证实野生型P. kudriavzevii E1菌株缺乏有效的木糖跨膜转运蛋白,木糖无法被摄入胞内,这构成了木糖代谢途径的首要瓶颈。
为突破转运限制,本研究首先导入异源转运蛋白编码基因XUT5XUT6XylT,但并未发现重组菌株在以木糖为唯一碳源的培养基中恢复生长,同时浓缩后的胞质提取液中仍未检测到木糖,推测这3种转运蛋白可能无法在P. kudriavzevii E1膜上正确定位或形成正确构象。为解决这一问题,基于对近缘毕赤酵母基因组的分析,通过功能结构域比对,预测了10个可能与糖转运相关的编码基因;同时,克隆了来自高效木糖利用菌株S. stipitis的高亲和力木糖转运蛋白基因RGT2;将这些基因分别构建于强启动子PTDH3控制下的表达载体中,并分别导入P. kudriavzevii E1-01。在以木糖为唯一碳源的培养条件下,评估了各工程菌株的木糖消耗(图1)。结果表明,10种预测转运蛋白导入后,菌株表现出不同程度的木糖消耗,尽管72 h木糖消耗量均低于0.5 g/L,但异源表达转运蛋白仍可恢复P. kudriavzevii E1菌株的木糖摄取功能。其中P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562、E1-Xpg4764和E1-X09的木糖消耗能力较强,72 h木糖消耗量分别为0.38、0.29、0.11 g/L。然而,所有工程菌株的木糖消耗速率仍远低于理论水平,且生物量积累未见显著改善,表明在克服转运障碍后,细胞内木糖代谢途径自身仍存在其他关键限制环节,有待进一步解析。此部分研究为后续深入剖析菌株的木糖代谢沉默机制提供了重要的工程菌株基础与表型依据。
为全面了解恢复木糖利用能力的重组菌株在木糖环境中的转录响应,对以葡萄糖或木糖为单一碳源培养的P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562进行了RNA-seq分析,并比较了其基因表达谱。在Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台上对在2种不同碳源条件下培养的E1-Xpg4562总RNA所构建的6个cDNA文库进行了双端测序。在过滤掉重复、低复杂性和低质量读段后,将高质量读段比对至P. kudriavzevii CBS573参考基因组。6个文库(YNBX10-1、YNBX10-2、YNBX10-3、YNBD10-1、YNBD10-2、YNBD10-3)的测序结果如表4所示。主成分分析显示生物学重复样本聚类清晰,且唯一比对率(uniquely mapped)均在95.6%以上,确保了后续表达量定量及差异分析的可靠性。
通过对全基因组表达水平的初步对比,发现P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562从葡萄糖切换至木糖环境后转录谱发生了剧烈重塑。共鉴定出2 126个DEG,其中1 190个基因显著上调,936个基因显著下调。这一显著的转录响应表明,尽管表型上木糖消耗量较低,但细胞在转录水平上已出现复杂应答。P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562响应不同碳源诱导的DEG总体分布如图2A所示。
本研究通过比较转录组学分析与RT-qPCR验证(图2B),系统解析了P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562在木糖诱导下的转录响应。结果显示,2种检测手段所得的基因表达趋势高度吻合。PkXYL1PkXKS1表达水平分别为葡萄糖条件下的1.40倍和1.70倍,同时PkXYL2稳定表达(1.18倍),表明木糖同化途径已被激活;HXT6表现出18.18倍的显著上调,而HXT14HXT2则受到显著抑制,反映了细胞对跨膜转运蛋白的差异性调度。在PPP方面,转录组数据显示编码6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶的ZWF1上调3.22倍以补偿木糖还原过程对NADPH的消耗,但下游SOL3下调及GND转录水平较低导致氧化分支内部出现严重的转录不协同,这一现象在RT-qPCR验证中表现为RPIASOL36GPD表达水平均下调至0.14-0.56倍。此外,转录组分析显示RKI1微弱上调(1.09倍)且衔接糖酵解的关键基因TAL1显著下调至0.54倍,直接阻断了木糖碳骨架回流至中心代谢的路径,引发了胁迫响应基因SLT2 (64.00倍)和ecdD (34.60倍)的显著上调,单羧酸转运蛋白基因ESBP6表达量锐减(0.04倍)。综上所述,P. kudriavzevii E1在感知木糖信号后,由于中心代谢路径尤其是非氧化PPP的转录响应不足或不协同,导致碳流回流受阻并诱发强烈的生理应激,这是制约该菌株木糖代谢效率的重要因素。
为进一步解析差异基因的功能特征,对DEG进行了GO富集分析。根据显著性水平(-lg Padj)最高的10类富集DEG (图3A),核糖体生物发生(ribosome biogenesis)和前核糖体(preribosome)在生物过程(biological process, BP)和细胞组分(cellular component, CC)分类中占据首位,-lg Padj分别为5.42和1.70。这表明P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562经木糖处理后发生广泛的物质重组并提升翻译能力,以支持碳源的同化与利用,这也与转运蛋白相关基因的显著富集相一致。85个跨膜转运蛋白(-lg Padj≈2.45)和34个无机阳离子跨膜转运蛋白(-lg Padj≈2.40)相关基因的富集显示出较高的显著性。GO富集分析结果表明,在诱导初期,细胞大规模上调蛋白合成相关基因并重塑膜转运系统,以适应木糖作为碳源的生长环境。这种高能量投入与极低的实际木糖利用率形成鲜明对比,表明细胞感应到新碳源的存在,但细胞内部代谢流并未能顺畅切换。
为阐明潜在的系统性代谢调整,对P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562在木糖或葡萄糖环境中生长的差异表达基因进行了KEGG通路富集分析(图3B)。分析表明,氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation)是显著性最强且涉及基因数量最多的通路,共涉及47个基因,说明菌株的代谢重点在于蛋白质合成和能量产生,这与初始的GO富集分析一致。同时,碳代谢(carbon metabolism)上调显著,其涵盖了主要的六碳糖利用途径,如糖酵解、糖异生,说明在摄入碳源量较低、生物合成加快的情况下细胞对碳代谢的需求增加。值得注意的是,PPP相关基因也呈现富集,凸显了PPP在处理木糖来源的少量碳流、将生成的五碳中间体导入中心代谢中的作用。此外,嘌呤代谢、辅因子生物合成以及叶酸介导的一碳池的激活说明细胞需要加快合成必需的前体物和辅因子以维持快速的核酸合成和整体合成代谢。氧化磷酸化的高度显著富集说明细胞在快速产生ATP以支持跨膜转运和核糖体合成。PPP基因的富集程度不足是限制木糖通量的重要因素,意味着即便木糖通过转运蛋白Xpg4562进入细胞,其向下游酵解途径转化的效率依然受限。KEGG富集分析揭示了一种碳流受限而能量消耗升高的细胞应激状态,表明细胞可能通过上调其他供能物质的代谢途径满足翻译和物质合成的需求,而木糖的下游代谢则被持续抑制。
将来自S. stipitis的高效XR-XDH途径关键基因SsXYL1SsXYL2SsXKS1与相同表达元件构成组成型表达框,并分别靶向整合到P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562的同一中性位点以完成异源表达。RT-qPCR证实了3个基因在改造菌株中实现了稳定表达,且表达水平相近。对重组菌株P. kudriavzevii E1-X13、E1-X14和E1-X15在YNBX0.5培养基上的木糖代谢和生物量积累进行了表征(图4B4C)。与P. kudriavzevii E1-Xpg4562相比,重组菌株72 h累积生物量均有所提升,同时木糖消耗速率也有相应提高。该结果说明,在引入预测转运蛋白Xpg4562缓解摄取限制之后,由内源性木糖还原酶催化的木糖向木糖醇转化的初始步骤是天然氧化途径中的核心限制因素。这一限制体现为中间工程菌株E1-Xpg4562较低的比生长速率和木糖醇的适度积累。这一结果提供了直接的功能证据,表明克服PkXR固有的低活性对于实现较高的木糖代谢通量至关重要。这种功能互补证明了PkXR的动力学特性不足以维持由Xpg4562所实现的木糖输入通量,从而限制了进入中心PPP的总体碳流。综上所述,这一逐步工程策略有效解析了P. kudriavzevii E1中的代谢瓶颈:木糖转运体的缺失虽是初始障碍,但内源性木糖还原酶的低催化效率是其木糖同化速率的关键限制因素。
本研究通过生物信息学分析、酶动力学表征及比较转录组学手段,系统解析了工业酵母P. kudriavzevii E1木糖利用障碍的分子机制。实验结果证实,该菌株的木糖代谢沉默是由底物转运缺失、酶促动力学失衡及转录调控不协同共同作用的结果。
首先,跨膜转运限制被证实是P. kudriavzevii E1利用木糖的首要阻碍。生物信息学预测结果与胞内游离木糖含量检测结果一致,均表明P. kudriavzevii E1缺乏高效的木糖特异性转运蛋白。尽管通过异源表达转运蛋白Xpg4562部分恢复了P. kudriavzevii E1的木糖摄取功能,但重组菌株的木糖消耗速率及生物量积累仍远低于理想水平。此结果表明,相较于已被广泛研究的模式酵母S. cerevisiaeP. kudriavzevii E1在木糖利用上存在天然的多级限制,胞内代谢路径的受限程度高于S. cerevisiae[5],因此仅解除转运限制不足以驱动较高的木糖代谢通量,胞内存在更为复杂的限制环节。其次,内源代谢途径的动力学失衡是限制木糖同化的核心胞内因素。酶活性检测显示,尽管P. kudriavzevii E1基因组存在完整的XR-XDH途径基因,且在胞内具备基础活性,但PkXR的相对活性显著低于下游酶。这种酶促反应速率的不匹配导致初始同化步骤的动力学受阻。GO与KEGG富集分析共同表明,细胞在感知木糖信号后优先将胞内物质和能量投入核糖体生物发生和氧化磷酸化等过程。由于缺乏与之匹配的中心代谢通量支持,这种以最大化生物量合成为导向的代谢策略导致了严重的代谢失调。转录水平的非协同性进一步表明PPP是关键限制节点。转录组与RT-qPCR数据均证实,虽然ZWF1的上调反映了细胞对NADPH消耗的应激补偿,但下游SOL3GND的下调限制了氧化分支的通量;在非氧化分支中,衔接糖酵解的关键基因TAL1出现显著转录抑制,直接阻断了木糖来源碳流向中心代谢回流的路径。这种木糖诱导下的转录响应弱化现象在S. cerevisiae的相关转录组研究中较少见,通常S. cerevisiae经木糖适应性进化后能较快建立协同的PPP通量[20]P. kudriavzevii E1木糖代谢通量受阻不仅限制了生物量积累,更诱发了胁迫响应基因SLT2ecdD的高水平表达,反映了细胞在木糖环境下处于强烈的代谢应激状态。
综上所述,P. kudriavzevii E1的木糖代谢受阻是一个多级限制过程:转运缺失构成初始障碍,而进入胞内的碳流因PkXR催化效率低下及PPP转录响应不足无法有效导入糖酵解途径。这一发现表明,针对非模式酵母的木糖代谢改造,必须在建立高效转运体系的基础上同步提高内源限速酶的催化效率并重塑PPP途径的转录协同性。

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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260162
  • 接收时间:2026-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-28
  • 录用日期:2026-03-30
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    1.首都师范大学 生命科学学院,北京
    2.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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