Article(id=1297571028654387636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260147, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1771776000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773936000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineDate=1787294640934, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294640934, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294640934, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294640934, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3965, endPage=3980, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571028834742709, articleId=1297571028654387636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on production performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites of Yajiang snow cattle, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on the growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites of Yajiang snow cattle. [Methods] Twenty-seven healthy individuals of Yajiang snow cattle with similar body weights were selected and randomized into three groups (n=9). Cattle in the three groups were fed diets with the concentrate to roughage ratios being 40:60 (C40 group), 50:50 (C50 group), and 60:40 (C60 group). The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 days, and the experimental period lasted for 45 days. The growth performance, nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid content and microbiota structure in the rumen fluid, and serum metabolite content of the Yajiang snow cattle were measured. [Results] With the increase in the dietary concentrate to roughage ratio, the average daily gain and average daily feed intake of Yajiang snow cattle increased, while the apparent digestibility of crude protein and acid detergent fiber decreased (all P<0.05). As the dietary concentrate to roughage ratio increased, the pH value, acetate content, and acetate/propionate ratio in the rumen fluid decreased, whereas the propionate content increased (all P<0.05). Different concentrate to roughage ratios altered the microbiota structure in the rumen fluid of Yajiang snow cattle (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Specifically, the C60 group had lower relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobia, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Bibersteinia but higher relative abundance of Bacillota, Prevotella, Succiniclasticum, and Selenomonas than the C40 group. Furthermore, different concentrate to roughage ratios changed the serum metabolite content of Yajiang snow cattle (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Specifically, the C40 group had significantly higher content of 5,6-dihydrouridine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, and nitrilotriacetic acid but significantly lower content of 6-hydroxy-2-methylindole, N-acetylneuraminic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and taurodeoxycholic acid in the serum than the C50 and C60 groups. [Conclusion] Under the conditions of this experiment, different dietary concentrate to roughage ratios had significant effects on the production performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites of Yajiang snow cattle. Compared with the high roughage diet, the high concentrate diet significantly improved the production performance and promoted the rumen fermentation, while reducing the diversity of the rumen microbiota in Yajiang snow cattle.

, authors=Hao LUO1, Suozhu LIU1, Sheng YANG2, Qiqi GUO1, Zhe CHEN1, Qinni Duojie1, Zhenda SHANG1, authorsList=Hao LUO, Suozhu LIU, Sheng YANG, Qiqi GUO, Zhe CHEN, Qinni Duojie, Zhenda SHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenda SHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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【目的】 探究不同饲粮精粗比对雅江雪牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵特性及血清代谢产物的影响。 【方法】 选取27头月龄一致的雅江雪牛,随机分为3组,每组9头,分别饲喂精粗比为40:60 (C40组)、50:50 (C50组)和60:40 (C60组)的饲粮。预饲期7 d,正试期45 d。测定雅江雪牛的生长性能、营养物质消化率、瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸含量和菌群结构及血清代谢产物含量。 【结果】 随着饲粮精料比例的增加,雅江雪牛的平均日增重和平均日采食量显著增加,而粗蛋白质和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05)。饲粮精粗比的增加导致雅江雪牛瘤胃pH值、乙酸含量和乙酸/丙酸比值显著下降,丙酸含量显著上升(P<0.05)。不同精粗比饲粮显著改变了雅江雪牛瘤胃液的菌群结构(P<0.05或P<0.01):C60组拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、瘤胃球菌属、梭菌属、丁酸弧菌属、假丁酸弧菌属和比伯斯坦菌属的相对丰度显著低于C40组,而芽孢杆菌门、普雷沃氏菌属、解琥珀酸菌属和月形单胞菌属的相对丰度显著高于C40组。此外,不同精粗比饲粮显著改变了雅江雪牛血清代谢产物的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01):C40组5,6-二氢尿苷、2-羟基丁酸和次氮基三乙酸含量显著高于C50组和C60组,而6-羟基-2-甲基吲哚、N-羟乙酰神经氨酸、2,6-二羟基苯甲酸和牛磺酸去氧胆酸含量显著低于C50组和C60组。 【结论】 在本试验条件下,饲粮不同精粗比对雅江雪牛的生产性能、瘤胃发酵参数及血清代谢产物均具有显著影响。与高粗料饲粮相比,高精料饲粮显著提高了雅江雪牛的生产性能并促进了瘤胃发酵,但同时也降低了瘤胃菌群的多样性。

, authors=罗浩1, 刘锁珠1, 杨升2, 郭琦琦1, 陈哲1, 钦尼多杰1, 商振达1, authorsList=罗浩, 刘锁珠, 杨升, 郭琦琦, 陈哲, 钦尼多杰, 商振达, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=商振达, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

罗浩:雅江雪牛饲养管理,样品采集及测定,数据统计分析,论文撰写及投稿;刘锁珠:试验设计和提供试验场地;杨升:试验设计及指导;郭琦琦:雅江雪牛饲养管理,样品采集及测定;陈哲:雅江雪牛饲养管理,样品采集及测定;钦尼多杰:样品采集及测定;商振达:试验设计和指导,论文修改及项目管理。

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BMC Veterinary Research, 2025, 21: 301., articleTitle=Untargeted metabolomics analysis of the spleens of ducks infected with Clostridium perfringens type A, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1297571036577427981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, awardId=XZ202502ZY0058, language=EN, fundingSource=Xizang Autonomous Region Key Research and Development Program(XZ202502ZY0058), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571036644536846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, awardId=XZ202502ZY0058, language=CN, fundingSource=西藏自治区重点研发计划(XZ202502ZY0058), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571036715840015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, awardId=YJSXK202604, language=EN, fundingSource=Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University Discipline Construction Program(YJSXK202604), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571036787143184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, awardId=YJSXK202604, language=CN, fundingSource=西藏农牧大学学科建设项目(YJSXK202604), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571031875613124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571031884001733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, companyId=1297571031875613124, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Xizang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571031896584646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, companyId=1297571031875613124, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西藏农牧大学 动物科学学院,西藏 林芝)]), AuthorCompany(id=1297571031967887815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571031976276424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, companyId=1297571031967887815, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571031984665033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, companyId=1297571031967887815, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.天津农学院 动物科学与动物医学学院,天津)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571034664825335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Composition of the rumen fluid microbiota in different groups of Yajiang snow cattle at phylum level., figureFileSmall=YU1d9uiEz8VKcxsq89m4QA==, figureFileBig=90ypA7yGfJAzDBAdj+PpsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571034740322808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同试验组雅江雪牛瘤胃液菌群门分类水平物种组成, figureFileSmall=YU1d9uiEz8VKcxsq89m4QA==, figureFileBig=90ypA7yGfJAzDBAdj+PpsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571034962620921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Composition of the rumen fluid microbiota in different groups of Yajiang snow cattle at genus level., figureFileSmall=jmgoJNJr3pARqRPCoGD0oQ==, figureFileBig=8gI8WGY5P5mkxDrfcs377Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035025535482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同试验组雅江雪牛瘤胃液菌群属分类水平物种组成, figureFileSmall=jmgoJNJr3pARqRPCoGD0oQ==, figureFileBig=8gI8WGY5P5mkxDrfcs377Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035096838651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Analysis for the difference of dominating rumen fluid bacteria in Yajiang snow cattle. A: Bacteroidota; B: Bacillota; C: Verrucomicrobiota; D: Prevotella; E: Succiniclasticum; F: Selenomonas; G: Ruminococcus; H: Clostridium; I: Butyrivibrio; J: Pseudobutyrivibrio; K: Bibersteinia. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01. The same below., figureFileSmall=fw0AuuLQSRfXpaim0GrtHA==, figureFileBig=cTNzPzw4EthP6brAPYMW1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035163947516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同雅江雪牛瘤胃液微生物差异分析, figureFileSmall=fw0AuuLQSRfXpaim0GrtHA==, figureFileBig=cTNzPzw4EthP6brAPYMW1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035256222205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Volcano plot of differential metabolites of blood in Yajiang snow cattle. In the figure, red dots represent significantly upregulated metabolites, blue dots represent significantly downregulated metabolites, and gray dots represent metabolites with no significant difference., figureFileSmall=M6eD0UnPeN2fmaoANPh6KA==, figureFileBig=Q/lYiTI4H+OmVFMDSME0Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035319136766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=图4, caption=雅江雪牛血清差异代谢产物火山图, figureFileSmall=M6eD0UnPeN2fmaoANPh6KA==, figureFileBig=Q/lYiTI4H+OmVFMDSME0Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035386245631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Analysis for the difference of blood metabolites in Yajiang snow cattle. A: 5,6-dihydrouridine; B: 2-hydroxybutyric acid; C: Glutamate; D: Nitrilotriacetic acid; E: 4-hydroxyisoleucine; F: 6-hydroxy-2-methylindole; G: N-glycolylneuraminic acid; H: 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid; I: Taurohyodeoxycholic acid; J: Pyroglutamic acid; K: Butyrylcarnitine; L: Hexadecanedioic acid., figureFileSmall=V8Lhh5G5zccQ3Oa9TSR5Yg==, figureFileBig=S4RRRLZyLVXJcNJ9zpAXyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035491103232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同雅江雪牛血清代谢产物差异分析, figureFileSmall=V8Lhh5G5zccQ3Oa9TSR5Yg==, figureFileBig=S4RRRLZyLVXJcNJ9zpAXyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035566600705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Correlation analysis of production performance with rumen microbiota and differential serum metabolites., figureFileSmall=fl1N0tkHed6kSSiLq++itg==, figureFileBig=hzDFatz7qVBm2yKgygNvew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035642098178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=图6, caption=生产性能与瘤胃微生物和血清差异代谢产物相关性分析, figureFileSmall=fl1N0tkHed6kSSiLq++itg==, figureFileBig=hzDFatz7qVBm2yKgygNvew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571035717595651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroups
C40C50C60
Ingredients/%
Corn silage30.0030.0030.00
Alfalfa hay20.0010.00-
Oat hay10.0010.0010.00
Corn21.7627.2032.64
Wheat bran4.005.006.00
Soybean meal7.209.0010.80
Rapeseed meal4.806.007.20
Limestone0.400.500.60
Dicalcium phosphate0.801.001.20
Salt0.400.500.60
Diatomaceous earth0.240.300.36
Premix0.400.500.60
Total100.00100.00100.00
Nutrient levels
GE/(MJ/kg)12.3312.2712.21
CP/%13.0813.3013.53
EE/%2.672.772.86
CF/%19.3217.0314.74
ADF/%21.8619.5417.22
NDF/%33.2830.4927.69
Ash/%7.667.878.08
), ArticleFig(id=1297571035793093124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroups
C40C50C60
Ingredients/%
Corn silage30.0030.0030.00
Alfalfa hay20.0010.00-
Oat hay10.0010.0010.00
Corn21.7627.2032.64
Wheat bran4.005.006.00
Soybean meal7.209.0010.80
Rapeseed meal4.806.007.20
Limestone0.400.500.60
Dicalcium phosphate0.801.001.20
Salt0.400.500.60
Diatomaceous earth0.240.300.36
Premix0.400.500.60
Total100.00100.00100.00
Nutrient levels
GE/(MJ/kg)12.3312.2712.21
CP/%13.0813.3013.53
EE/%2.672.772.86
CF/%19.3217.0314.74
ADF/%21.8619.5417.22
NDF/%33.2830.4927.69
Ash/%7.667.878.08
), ArticleFig(id=1297571035864396293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of diets with different concentrate-to-roughage ratios on growth performance of Yajiang snow cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroupsSEMP-value
C40C50C60
Initial body weight/kg306.70±64.67346.30±70.13327.80±35.0714.670.580
Final body weight/kg359.50±65.17400.00±69.84388.80±31.6714.630.534
Total weight gain/kg52.80±1.64a54.20±5.26a61.00±5.24b5.310.027
Average daily gain/(kg/d)1.14±0.03a1.17±0.11a1.32±0.11b0.030.027
Average daily feed intake/(kg/d)10.82±0.54a11.30±0.43ab11.78±0.71b0.170.065
F/G9.43±0.499.54±0.658.89±0.840.270.256
), ArticleFig(id=1297571035931505158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同精粗比饲粮对雅江雪牛生长性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroupsSEMP-value
C40C50C60
Initial body weight/kg306.70±64.67346.30±70.13327.80±35.0714.670.580
Final body weight/kg359.50±65.17400.00±69.84388.80±31.6714.630.534
Total weight gain/kg52.80±1.64a54.20±5.26a61.00±5.24b5.310.027
Average daily gain/(kg/d)1.14±0.03a1.17±0.11a1.32±0.11b0.030.027
Average daily feed intake/(kg/d)10.82±0.54a11.30±0.43ab11.78±0.71b0.170.065
F/G9.43±0.499.54±0.658.89±0.840.270.256
), ArticleFig(id=1297571036027974151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of diets with different concentrate-to-roughage ratios on nutrient apparent digestibilities of Yajiang snow cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroupsSEMP-value
C40C50C60
Crude protein/%71.05±3.39b69.64±2.54b64.43±3.62a0.810.001
Ether extract/%55.81±2.3353.68±2.7553.93±2.540.500.175
Crude fiber/%63.49±4.1263.01±1.5961.13±3.970.660.324
Acid detergent fiber/%65.21±2.39b60.66±3.03a58.49±5.16a0.880.003
Neutral detergent fiber/%61.05±3.0858.51±3.3556.46±5.050.810.064
), ArticleFig(id=1297571036103471624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同精粗比饲粮对雅江雪牛营养物质表观消化率的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroupsSEMP-value
C40C50C60
Crude protein/%71.05±3.39b69.64±2.54b64.43±3.62a0.810.001
Ether extract/%55.81±2.3353.68±2.7553.93±2.540.500.175
Crude fiber/%63.49±4.1263.01±1.5961.13±3.970.660.324
Acid detergent fiber/%65.21±2.39b60.66±3.03a58.49±5.16a0.880.003
Neutral detergent fiber/%61.05±3.0858.51±3.3556.46±5.050.810.064
), ArticleFig(id=1297571036170580489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of diets with different concentrate-to-roughage ratios on rumen fermentation of Yajiang snow cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroupsSEMP-value
C40C50C60
pH6.59±0.07c6.45±0.06b6.33±0.05a0.03<0.001
Acetic acid/(mg/L)1 223.63±155.72b1 087.47±169.94ab998.17±148.03a41.610.035
Propionic acid/(mg/L)277.33±56.41a328.41±54.05ab376.54±54.05b15.720.024
Isobutyric acid/(mg/L)48.43±6.4953.14±6.1352.25±7.601.570.461
Butyric acid/(mg/L)248.61±18.75253.83±19.58266.01±14.424.300.250
Isovaleric acid/(mg/L)382.14±25.33387.96±27.04390.47±26.445.880.855
Valeric acid/(mg/L)151.96±15.22150.98±15.81159.45±14.633.490.582
Total volatile fatty acids/(mg/L)2 332.13±137.712 261.80±201.272 242.91±120.2235.980.595
Acetic acid/Propionic acid4.63±1.40b3.35±0.51a2.71±0.59a0.280.009
), ArticleFig(id=1297571036258660874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同精粗比饲粮对雅江雪牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroupsSEMP-value
C40C50C60
pH6.59±0.07c6.45±0.06b6.33±0.05a0.03<0.001
Acetic acid/(mg/L)1 223.63±155.72b1 087.47±169.94ab998.17±148.03a41.610.035
Propionic acid/(mg/L)277.33±56.41a328.41±54.05ab376.54±54.05b15.720.024
Isobutyric acid/(mg/L)48.43±6.4953.14±6.1352.25±7.601.570.461
Butyric acid/(mg/L)248.61±18.75253.83±19.58266.01±14.424.300.250
Isovaleric acid/(mg/L)382.14±25.33387.96±27.04390.47±26.445.880.855
Valeric acid/(mg/L)151.96±15.22150.98±15.81159.45±14.633.490.582
Total volatile fatty acids/(mg/L)2 332.13±137.712 261.80±201.272 242.91±120.2235.980.595
Acetic acid/Propionic acid4.63±1.40b3.35±0.51a2.71±0.59a0.280.009
), ArticleFig(id=1297571036338352651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of diets with different concentrate-to-roughage ratios on alpha diversity of rumen microbial community of Yajiang snow cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroupsSEMP-value
C40C50C60
Chao1 index2 705.88±304.77b2 501.31±305.94b1 651.74±199.65a126.30<0.001
Faith_pd index163.78±12.95b160.10±13.91b121.16±12.10a5.49<0.001
Observed_species index2 557.97±246.65b2 375.15±258.74b1 577.78±214.41a116.16<0.001
Pielou_e index0.89±0.01b0.88±0.02b0.78±0.05a0.01<0.001
Shannon index10.07±0.16b9.87±0.28b8.34±0.69a0.21<0.001
Simpson index0.99±0.00b0.99±0.00b0.98±0.01a0.000.003
), ArticleFig(id=1297571036413850124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571028654387636, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同精粗比饲粮对雅江雪牛瘤胃菌群α多样性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsGroupsSEMP-value
C40C50C60
Chao1 index2 705.88±304.77b2 501.31±305.94b1 651.74±199.65a126.30<0.001
Faith_pd index163.78±12.95b160.10±13.91b121.16±12.10a5.49<0.001
Observed_species index2 557.97±246.65b2 375.15±258.74b1 577.78±214.41a116.16<0.001
Pielou_e index0.89±0.01b0.88±0.02b0.78±0.05a0.01<0.001
Shannon index10.07±0.16b9.87±0.28b8.34±0.69a0.21<0.001
Simpson index0.99±0.00b0.99±0.00b0.98±0.01a0.000.003
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不同饲粮精粗比对雅江雪牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵特性及血清代谢产物的影响
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罗浩 1 , 刘锁珠 1 , 杨升 2 , 郭琦琦 1 , 陈哲 1 , 钦尼多杰 1 , 商振达 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 3965-3980
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 3965 -3980
不同饲粮精粗比对雅江雪牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵特性及血清代谢产物的影响
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罗浩1, 刘锁珠1, 杨升2, 郭琦琦1, 陈哲1, 钦尼多杰1, 商振达1
作者信息
  • 1.西藏农牧大学 动物科学学院,西藏 林芝
  • 2.天津农学院 动物科学与动物医学学院,天津
通讯作者:
商振达
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

罗浩:雅江雪牛饲养管理,样品采集及测定,数据统计分析,论文撰写及投稿;刘锁珠:试验设计和提供试验场地;杨升:试验设计及指导;郭琦琦:雅江雪牛饲养管理,样品采集及测定;陈哲:雅江雪牛饲养管理,样品采集及测定;钦尼多杰:样品采集及测定;商振达:试验设计和指导,论文修改及项目管理。

Effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on production performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites of Yajiang snow cattle
Hao LUO1, Suozhu LIU1, Sheng YANG2, Qiqi GUO1, Zhe CHEN1, Qinni Duojie1, Zhenda SHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Xizang, China
  • 2.College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260147
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【目的】 探究不同饲粮精粗比对雅江雪牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵特性及血清代谢产物的影响。 【方法】 选取27头月龄一致的雅江雪牛,随机分为3组,每组9头,分别饲喂精粗比为40:60 (C40组)、50:50 (C50组)和60:40 (C60组)的饲粮。预饲期7 d,正试期45 d。测定雅江雪牛的生长性能、营养物质消化率、瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸含量和菌群结构及血清代谢产物含量。 【结果】 随着饲粮精料比例的增加,雅江雪牛的平均日增重和平均日采食量显著增加,而粗蛋白质和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05)。饲粮精粗比的增加导致雅江雪牛瘤胃pH值、乙酸含量和乙酸/丙酸比值显著下降,丙酸含量显著上升(P<0.05)。不同精粗比饲粮显著改变了雅江雪牛瘤胃液的菌群结构(P<0.05或P<0.01):C60组拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、瘤胃球菌属、梭菌属、丁酸弧菌属、假丁酸弧菌属和比伯斯坦菌属的相对丰度显著低于C40组,而芽孢杆菌门、普雷沃氏菌属、解琥珀酸菌属和月形单胞菌属的相对丰度显著高于C40组。此外,不同精粗比饲粮显著改变了雅江雪牛血清代谢产物的含量(P<0.05或P<0.01):C40组5,6-二氢尿苷、2-羟基丁酸和次氮基三乙酸含量显著高于C50组和C60组,而6-羟基-2-甲基吲哚、N-羟乙酰神经氨酸、2,6-二羟基苯甲酸和牛磺酸去氧胆酸含量显著低于C50组和C60组。 【结论】 在本试验条件下,饲粮不同精粗比对雅江雪牛的生产性能、瘤胃发酵参数及血清代谢产物均具有显著影响。与高粗料饲粮相比,高精料饲粮显著提高了雅江雪牛的生产性能并促进了瘤胃发酵,但同时也降低了瘤胃菌群的多样性。

雅江雪牛  /  饲粮精粗比  /  生产性能  /  瘤胃发酵特性  /  血清代谢产物

[Objective] To investigate the effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on the growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites of Yajiang snow cattle. [Methods] Twenty-seven healthy individuals of Yajiang snow cattle with similar body weights were selected and randomized into three groups (n=9). Cattle in the three groups were fed diets with the concentrate to roughage ratios being 40:60 (C40 group), 50:50 (C50 group), and 60:40 (C60 group). The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 days, and the experimental period lasted for 45 days. The growth performance, nutrient digestibility, volatile fatty acid content and microbiota structure in the rumen fluid, and serum metabolite content of the Yajiang snow cattle were measured. [Results] With the increase in the dietary concentrate to roughage ratio, the average daily gain and average daily feed intake of Yajiang snow cattle increased, while the apparent digestibility of crude protein and acid detergent fiber decreased (all P<0.05). As the dietary concentrate to roughage ratio increased, the pH value, acetate content, and acetate/propionate ratio in the rumen fluid decreased, whereas the propionate content increased (all P<0.05). Different concentrate to roughage ratios altered the microbiota structure in the rumen fluid of Yajiang snow cattle (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Specifically, the C60 group had lower relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobia, Ruminococcus, Clostridium, Butyrivibrio, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Bibersteinia but higher relative abundance of Bacillota, Prevotella, Succiniclasticum, and Selenomonas than the C40 group. Furthermore, different concentrate to roughage ratios changed the serum metabolite content of Yajiang snow cattle (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Specifically, the C40 group had significantly higher content of 5,6-dihydrouridine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, and nitrilotriacetic acid but significantly lower content of 6-hydroxy-2-methylindole, N-acetylneuraminic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and taurodeoxycholic acid in the serum than the C50 and C60 groups. [Conclusion] Under the conditions of this experiment, different dietary concentrate to roughage ratios had significant effects on the production performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites of Yajiang snow cattle. Compared with the high roughage diet, the high concentrate diet significantly improved the production performance and promoted the rumen fermentation, while reducing the diversity of the rumen microbiota in Yajiang snow cattle.

Yajiang snow cattle  /  dietary concentrate to roughage ratio  /  production performance  /  rumen fermentation parameters  /  serum metabolites
罗浩, 刘锁珠, 杨升, 郭琦琦, 陈哲, 钦尼多杰, 商振达. 不同饲粮精粗比对雅江雪牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵特性及血清代谢产物的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3965 -3980 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260147
Hao LUO, Suozhu LIU, Sheng YANG, Qiqi GUO, Zhe CHEN, Qinni Duojie, Zhenda SHANG. Effects of diets with different concentrate to roughage ratios on production performance, rumen fermentation parameters, and serum metabolites of Yajiang snow cattle[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3965 -3980 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260147
雅江雪牛是在青藏高原独特生态环境下,通过“牦牛+黄牛+安格斯牛”三元杂交技术培育而成的优质肉牛新品种[1]。该品种融合了三大品种的优势基因,既保留了牦牛的高原适应性,又兼具黄牛的生长速度和安格斯牛的优良肉质,具有生长快、产肉率高、肉质细腻且营养丰富等特点,对西藏自治区畜牧业高质量发展作出了重要贡献[2-3]。然而,目前雅江雪牛的养殖技术仍有待完善,饲养管理不够精细化,导致其生产性能未能充分发挥。因此,研究雅江雪牛高效养殖技术对推动西藏肉牛产业高质量发展具有重要意义。
饲粮精粗比是影响反刍动物生产性能、瘤胃发酵功能及健康水平的重要指标[4-5]。高精料饲粮能提供大量易发酵碳水化合物,显著提高瘤胃发酵速率和饲料转化效率,从而促进动物增重。然而,过高的精料比例会导致瘤胃pH值持续下降,易诱发瘤胃酸中毒。相比之下,高粗料饲粮可提供充足的物理有效纤维,不仅能刺激反刍行为和唾液分泌,维持瘤胃pH值稳定,还能为纤维素分解菌营造适宜环境,有利于粗饲料的降解利用[6-7]。然而,粗料比例过高会降低饲粮能量浓度,导致动物增重缓慢且饲料转化效率下降[8-9]。多项研究表明,饲粮精粗比对反刍动物生长性能和瘤胃发酵功能具有显著影响。Jiang等[10]发现,提高饲粮精料比例可显著增加犏牛的干物质采食量和平均日增重;Ma等[11]研究表明,当饲粮精粗比从40:60调整至60:40时奶牛的乳脂和乳蛋白含量显著提高;Zhang等[12]指出,提高饲粮精料比例会导致山羊瘤胃pH值显著下降;Liu等[13]证实,精料比例从30%增至60%可提高藏羊瘤胃丙酸含量,同时降低乙酸含量和乙酸/丙酸比值。因此,优化饲粮精粗比的关键在于平衡能量供给效率与瘤胃内环境稳态,合理的精粗比是实现反刍动物高效养殖的关键技术。
本研究以雅江雪牛为研究对象,探讨不同精粗比饲粮对其生长性能、营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特性及血清代谢产物的影响,旨在确定育肥期雅江雪牛的适宜饲粮精粗比,以实现短期育肥目标。
本研究所有动物实验获得西藏农牧大学动物科学学院实验动物伦理委员会批准,审批文号为XZA-2024-128。试验过程中操作人员严格遵守伦理规范,并按照西藏农牧大学试验动物管理和使用伦理委员会制定的规章制度执行。
本试验于2024年10-12月在西藏拉萨市曲水县的雅江雪牛养殖基地开展。选取27头健康、24月龄、平均体重326.90 kg的雅江雪牛,随机分为3组,每组9头。各组分别饲喂精粗比为40:60 (C40组)、50:50 (C50组)和60:40 (C60组)的试验饲粮。试验期52 d,其中含预饲期7 d和正试期45 d。试验饲粮配制参考《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)[14],粗饲料选用青贮玉米、苜蓿干草和燕麦干草,经粉草机揉搓加工为适宜长度的草段后,使用TMR卧式搅拌车(河南力欧畜牧装备科技有限公司)与精料均匀混合。试验饲粮组成及营养水平详见表1。试验牛采用单栏舍饲圈养方式。试验开始前对圈舍进行全面消毒,并对所有雅江雪牛进行统一编号和药浴驱虫:C40组编号为C40-1-C40-9,C50组编号为C50-1-C50-9,C60组编号为C60-1-C60-9。正式试验前,设置7 d预饲期,使试验牛适应试验饲粮和饲养环境。试验期间每日9:00和17:00定时饲喂2次,保证自由采食与饮水,各组饲养管理条件保持一致。
试验开始前1 d及结束后1 d分别采集饲粮样品,混匀后在65 ℃下烘干至恒重,经粉碎处理后装入自封袋,置于4 ℃保存,用于测定饲粮常规营养成分含量。在试验最后一周,采用点收粪法连续5 d采集每头牛的粪样。每次收集后将粪便充分混匀,取约1 kg样品,在65 ℃下烘干至恒重并粉碎,保存于-20 ℃冰箱中,用于测定粪便营养成分含量。试验最后1 d晨饲前(即饲后12 h),通过胃管式采样器采集每头牛的瘤胃液约100 mL,立即测定pH值,经4层纱布过滤后分装于冻存管,-80 ℃保存,用于测定瘤胃液中挥发性脂肪酸含量和微生物多样性。试验结束时,采用空腹颈静脉采血法采集血液样品约20 mL,静置12 h后,4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心10 min,取2 mL血清置于冻存管中,-80 ℃保存,用于测定血清代谢产物。
试验期间每日记录投料量及次日余料量,并于正式试验前1 d和最后1 d晨饲前对试验牛进行空腹称重。根据记录数据计算雅江雪牛的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比,如公式(1)-(3)所示。
平均日增重=(试验末重-试验初重)/试验天数
平均日采食量=总采食量/试验天数
料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重
采用内源指示剂法测定饲粮营养物质表观消化率。通过在饲粮中添加硅藻土以提高盐酸不溶灰分含量。参照中华人民共和国国家标准测定饲料及粪便样品中粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)[15]、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)[16]、粗纤维(GB/T 6434—2022)[17]及盐酸不溶灰分(GB/T 23742—2009)[18]的含量。中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量使用ANKOM 200纤维分析仪(ANKOM Technology公司)测定,具体操作参照van Soest等方法[19]。饲粮养分表观消化率计算如公式(4)所示。
饲粮养分表观消化率=1-(饲粮中指示剂含量/粪中指示剂含量)×(粪中养分含量/饲粮中养分含量)×100%
瘤胃液pH值使用便携式pH测试仪(杭州陆恒生物科技有限公司)测定。挥发性脂肪酸含量采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Agilent公司)分析。测定时,取1 mL过滤后的瘤胃液样品,加入2 mL 0.1%稀盐酸,低温下振荡混匀。样品经12 000 r/min高速离心20 min后,收集上清液并过滤,最后注入气相色谱仪,通过标准曲线法定量。
取200 μL解冻后的瘤胃液,使用QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini试剂盒(Qiagen公司),按照说明书操作步骤提取瘤胃液总DNA。以提取的DNA为模板,使用正向引物338F (5′-ACTCCT ACGGGAGGCAGCAGG-3′)和反向引物806R (5′- GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(25 μL):5×Reaction buffer 5 µL,5×G+C buffer 5 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板2 µL,Q5 DNA Polymerase 0.25 μL,ddH2O 8.75 µL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性2 min;98 ℃变性15 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共33个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。扩增产物经2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,切胶回收目标片段。使用TruSeq Nano DNA LT Library Prep Kit (Illumina公司)构建测序文库,并通过Agilent High Sensitivity DNA Kit (安捷伦科技有限公司)进行质控。合格文库在Illumina MiSeq平台(上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司)进行2×300 bp双端测序。
取100 μL血清样品,加入500 μL预冷的70%甲醇溶液,涡旋混匀后于冰上孵育15 min。随后在4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心20 min,取300 μL上清液备用。向沉淀中加入乙酸乙酯/甲醇混合溶液,重复提取步骤后合并2次上清液。合并后的溶液经甲醇复溶、超声处理,并在4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,取60 μL上清液用于进样分析。采用Vanquish UHPLC系统联用Orbitrap Exploris 120质谱仪进行检测。色谱分离使用Hypersil Gold色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm)。质谱分析在正负离子模式下进行,参数设置如下:喷雾电压3.5 kV,毛细管温度320 ℃,辅助气流速10 L/min,加热器温度350 ℃。
微生物多样性测序数据采用UCLUST软件,以97%的序列相似度阈值进行操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTU)聚类。随后,通过将OTU代表序列与Greengenes数据库进行比对,获取分类学信息,进而解析各分类水平上的微生物群落组成。微生物群落的α多样性(包括丰富度、多样性和均匀度)通过Chao1、Shannon、Simpson、Faith_pd、Pielou_e和Observed_species 6种指数进行评估。代谢组学数据分析方面,采用非靶向代谢组学策略进行数据采集。代谢物的鉴定通过与公开数据库(HMDB、KEGG、LIPID MAPS等)及测试公司(上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司)自建的标准品二级图谱库进行匹配比对,并采用MetDNA算法进行高置信度代谢物鉴定。整体代谢谱的分布特征通过主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)呈现,组间差异代谢物则通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)筛选。所有统计学分析均以生物学重复为单位,使用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行,采用方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)后进行Duncan多重比较检验。显著性水平设定为P<0.05,极显著性水平为P<0.01。
表2可知,3个试验组雅江雪牛的初始体重和终末体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。C60组的总增重和平均日增重显著高于C50组和C40组(P<0.05)。C40组的平均日采食量显著低于C60组(P<0.05),但与C50组差异不显著(P>0.05)。此外,3个试验组的料重比无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3可知,随着饲粮精粗比的增加,粗蛋白质和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率逐渐降低。其中,C60组粗蛋白质的消化率显著低于C40组和C50组,而C60组和C50组酸性洗涤纤维的消化率显著低于C40组(P<0.05)。然而,各组间粗脂肪、粗纤维和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4可知,随着饲粮精粗比的增加,瘤胃液pH值逐渐降低。C60组的瘤胃液pH值显著低于C40组和C50组(P<0.05)。C40组的乙酸含量显著高于C60组(P<0.05),但与C50组差异不显著(P>0.05)。C60组的丙酸含量显著高于C40组(P<0.05),但与C50组差异不显著(P>0.05)。相应地,C40组的乙酸/丙酸比值显著高于C50组和C60组(P<0.05)。此外,异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸及总挥发性脂肪酸的含量在3组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5可知,随着饲粮精料比例的增加,雅江雪牛瘤胃液的微生物多样性显著下降。6种多样性指数(包括Chao1、Faith_pd、Observed_species、Pielou_e、Shannon和Simpson)在C60组中均显著低于C40组和C50组(P<0.05)。在门分类水平上(图1),27个雅江雪牛瘤胃液样品中共鉴定出14个菌门,其中有5个菌门的相对丰度大于1.00%,依次为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)。其中,拟杆菌门和芽孢杆菌门为所有样品中的优势菌群(平均相对丰度分别为54.96%和36.22%)。在属分类水平上(图2),雅江雪牛瘤胃液中的优势菌属依次为普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)、月形单胞菌属(Selenomonas)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)、梭菌属(Clostridium)、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、颤螺菌属(Oscillospira)、粪球菌属(Coprococcus)和丝状杆菌属(Fibrobacter)。
对不同试验组雅江雪牛瘤胃液中优势细菌的相对丰度进行差异性分析,结果如图3所示。在门分类水平上,C40组和C50组的拟杆菌门和疣微菌门相对丰度显著高于C60组,而芽孢杆菌门的相对丰度显著低于C60组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。在属分类水平上,C60组的解琥珀酸菌属和月形单胞菌属相对丰度显著高于C40组和C50组(P<0.01或P<0.05),但C40组与C50组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。此外,C40组的普雷沃氏菌属相对丰度显著低于C50组和C60组,而瘤胃球菌属和梭菌属的相对丰度显著高于C50组和C60组(P<0.01)。C40组的丁酸弧菌属、假丁酸弧菌属(Pseudobutyrivibrio)和比贝尔施泰因氏菌属(Bibersteinia)相对丰度显著高于C60组(P<0.05),但与C50组无显著差异(P>0.05)。
对不同试验组雅江雪牛血清差异代谢产物进行分析,结果如图4所示。由图4可知,C40组和C50组之间存在100个差异代谢产物,与C40组相比,C50组中有75个代谢产物上调,25个代谢产物下调;C40组和C60组之间存在223个差异代谢产物,与C40组相比,C60组中有165个代谢产物上调,58个代谢产物下调;C50组和C60组之间存在310个差异代谢产物,与C50组相比,C60组中有204个代谢产物上调,106个代谢产物下调。
根据各差异代谢物的变量投影重要性(variable importance in the projection, VIP),筛选出VIP值较高的差异代谢物进行分析,结果如图5所示。由图5可知,C40组中5,6-二氢尿苷(5,6-dihydrouridine)、2-羟基丁酸(2-hydroxybutyric acid)和次氮基三乙酸(nitrilotriacetic acid)的含量显著高于C50组和C60组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。谷氨酸(glutamate)和4-羟基异亮氨酸(4-hydroxyisoleucine)的含量显著高于C60组(P<0.05),但与C50组无显著差异(P>0.05)。此外,C40组中6-羟基-2-甲基吲哚(6-hydroxy-2-methylindole)、N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycolylneuraminic acid)、2,6-二羟基苯甲酸(2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid)和牛磺酸去氧胆酸(taurohyodeoxycholic acid)的含量显著低于C50组和C60组。C60组中氧化脯氨酸(pyroglutamic acid)的含量显著高于C50组和C40组(P<0.05)。C50组中丁酰肉碱(butyrylcarnitine)的含量显著高于C60组,而十六烷基二酸(hexadecanedioic acid)的含量显著高于C40组和C60组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。
对雅江雪牛的平均日增重和平均日采食量与瘤胃微生物及血清差异代谢产物进行相关性分析,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,雅江雪牛的平均日增重与瘤胃液pH值及血清十六烷基二酸含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),而与瘤胃芽孢杆菌门、月形单胞菌属的丰度及血清氧化脯氨酸含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。此外,雅江雪牛的平均日采食量与瘤胃液pH值、瘤胃梭菌属、丁酸弧菌属、拟杆菌门和瘤胃球菌属的丰度呈显著负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01),而与瘤胃月形单胞菌属的丰度及血清6-羟基-2-甲基吲哚含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。
西藏雅江雪牛养殖面临饲草短缺和养殖技术落后等严峻挑战。科学调控饲粮精粗比是实现雅江雪牛养殖效益最大化的关键技术。本研究表明,提高饲粮精料比例可显著提升雅江雪牛的平均日增重和日采食量。这一发现与蒙泷[20]关于牦牛的研究以及马丽娜等[21]对安格斯犊牛的研究结论一致,其原因可能是精料比例的提高不仅增加了能量摄入并优化了瘤胃发酵模式,还加速了瘤胃发酵速度(精料中易消化的谷物等物质含量较高),从而缩短了饲粮在瘤胃中的滞留时间,最终促进了日增重和采食量的提高[22]。然而,部分研究结果与本研究存在分歧。例如,陈艳美等[23]的研究发现,饲粮精粗比对西门塔尔杂交牛的日增重无显著影响;岳子奇等[24]的研究也表明,饲粮精粗比对安格斯犏牛的采食量无显著影响。这些差异可能源于牛的品种差异或饲粮组成不同。值得注意的是,本研究发现随着饲粮精料比例的增加,粗蛋白质和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率逐渐降低。这可能与高精料饲粮导致瘤胃pH值波动有关,酸性环境抑制了蛋白质分解菌和纤维分解菌的活性,从而降低了蛋白质和纤维的利用效率[25]
瘤胃发酵产生的挥发性脂肪酸是反刍动物的主要能量来源。饲料碳水化合物经微生物降解为脂肪酸后,通过瘤胃壁吸收进入血液,为机体提供能量。Yi等[26]与Wang等[27]分别证实,提高牦牛和荷斯坦奶牛的精料比例会增加瘤胃中丙酸和总VFA含量,并降低乙酸含量及乙酸/丙酸比值。本研究表明,随着饲粮中精料比例的增加,雅江雪牛瘤胃液的乙酸含量和pH值逐渐下降,丙酸含量升高,乙酸/丙酸比值也随之降低,与上述研究一致。乙酸/丙酸比值是评估瘤胃发酵类型与能量效率的关键指标,其下降意味着能量利用效率提高[28]。在本研究中随着精料比例增加,瘤胃pH降低抑制纤维分解菌,使乙酸合成减少;同时淀粉发酵加剧促进了丙酸生成,共同促使发酵类型由“乙酸型”向“丙酸型”转变[29]。然而,其他研究发现饲粮精粗比对牦牛瘤胃液中乙酸和丙酸含量无显著影响,这可能源于物种差异导致的瘤胃微生物区系和发酵模式不同[30]
饲粮精粗比是影响瘤胃微生物多样性的主要因素之一。Fan等[31]研究表明,随着饲粮精料比例的增加,山羊瘤胃液的Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著下降。本研究中,高精料组雅江雪牛瘤胃微生物多样性指数均显著低于低精料组,与上述研究一致。这归因于高精料饲粮促进了淀粉分解菌的快速增殖并占据竞争优势,抑制了纤维分解菌等其他菌群,导致微生物群落结构单一化。然而,长期饲喂高精料饲粮导致瘤胃微生物多样性降低,可能削弱瘤胃功能冗余性和稳定性,破坏菌群屏障作用,增加代谢紊乱(如酸中毒)及机会性病原菌增殖的风险[32]。徐俊杰等[33]研究发现,饲粮中不同精粗比对牦牛瘤胃微生物多样性无显著影响,这与本研究结果存在差异,可能源于饲粮精粗比的梯度范围不同。拟杆菌门(分解淀粉等)与芽孢杆菌门(降解纤维素)是瘤胃核心菌群,协同为宿主供能[34-35]。本研究发现,随着饲粮精粗比的增加,拟杆菌门的丰度下降,而芽孢杆菌门的丰度上升。这种变化可能归因于底物转变,即瘤胃微生物通过自我调节以适应饲粮精料水平的变化。高精料饲粮富含淀粉等易发酵碳水化合物,有利于芽孢杆菌门中淀粉降解菌类的增殖。在属水平上,本研究检测到8个差异菌属(丰度位居前50)。高精料组中普雷沃氏菌属、解琥珀酸菌属和月形单胞菌属的相对丰度显著高于低精料组,而瘤胃球菌属、梭菌属、丁酸弧菌属、假丁酸弧菌属和比伯斯坦菌属则显著低于低精料组。普雷沃氏菌属负责降解淀粉与蛋白质,为宿主提供能量[36]。解琥珀酸菌属和月形单胞菌属是瘤胃中关键的乳酸利用菌,二者协同防止高精料条件下的乳酸积累[37-38]。瘤胃球菌属(降解纤维素)与梭菌属(降解纤维素/半纤维素)协同作用,主导瘤胃中植物纤维的分解转化[39-40]。丁酸弧菌属和假丁酸弧菌属则是瘤胃中高效降解半纤维素和果胶的细菌[41-42]。这些菌群在雅江雪牛瘤胃中的丰度变化表明,饲粮组成是塑造瘤胃微生物区系的关键因素。高精料饲粮富含淀粉等易发酵碳水化合物,为普雷沃氏菌等淀粉降解菌以及利用其发酵产物(如琥珀酸、乳酸)的月形单胞菌和解琥珀酸菌提供了充足底物,使其成为优势菌群。然而,高精料日粮可能抑制瘤胃对粗纤维的降解能力,导致纤维降解菌群(如瘤胃球菌属、梭菌属、丁酸弧菌属)的相对丰度降低。
血清代谢产物可反映机体生理状态与能量代谢稳态,揭示瘤胃微生物发酵对宿主代谢的系统性影响,为解析反刍动物营养生理机制提供功能性表型证据和潜在生物标志物。Pang等[43]研究表明,饲粮不同精料比对牦牛精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢、精氨酸生物合成、甘油磷脂代谢以及氮代谢等途径具有显著影响。Robison等[44]研究发现,增加饲粮中粗饲料的比例会降低血清中尿素氮和非酯化脂肪酸的含量。本研究发现,饲粮中不同精粗比例显著影响雅江雪牛血清中多种代谢产物的含量,与已有研究结果一致。与C60组相比,C40组中5,6-二氢尿苷、2-羟基丁酸、谷氨酸等代谢物含量显著升高。其中,2-羟基丁酸的上调提示低精料饲粮可能促进了脂肪动员以维持能量稳态[45]。谷氨酸和4-羟基异亮氨酸的积累则与氨基酸代谢及胰岛素信号调控相关[46]。牛磺酸去氧胆酸、6-羟 基-2-甲基吲哚等微生物源代谢物在C40组中显著降低,这反映了高精料饲粮改变了肠道微生物代谢活动[47]及肠道微生态[48]
综上所述,饲粮中不同精粗比例对雅江雪牛的生长性能、瘤胃发酵模式和血清代谢产物均产生显著影响。与低精料饲粮相比,高精料饲粮可通过提高瘤胃芽孢杆菌门和月形单胞菌属等纤维素降解菌的丰度,增强纤维降解能力和挥发性脂肪酸的产生,优化宿主能量代谢,促进血清蛋白质沉积,最终提高采食量和日增重。
  • 西藏自治区重点研发计划(XZ202502ZY0058)
  • 西藏农牧大学学科建设项目(YJSXK202604)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260147
  • 接收时间:2026-02-23
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-23
  • 录用日期:2026-03-20
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Xizang Autonomous Region Key Research and Development Program(XZ202502ZY0058)
西藏自治区重点研发计划(XZ202502ZY0058)
Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University Discipline Construction Program(YJSXK202604)
西藏农牧大学学科建设项目(YJSXK202604)
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    1.西藏农牧大学 动物科学学院,西藏 林芝
    2.天津农学院 动物科学与动物医学学院,天津

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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