Article(id=1297571131087672257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1771689600000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776009600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-13, onlineDate=1787294665357, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294665357, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294665357, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294665357, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4215, endPage=4225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571131494519746, articleId=1297571131087672257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mechanism of exit from quiescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To explore genes related to the regulation of yeast spore germination, we previously screened for mutants defective in maintaining the quiescent state of spores. [Methods] Using the temperature-sensitive yeast mutant J33 with defective spore quiescence maintenance as the research material, heterozygous diploid strains were constructed through tetrad dissection and haploid fusion, and genetic segregation analysis was performed to clarify the genetic regulatory pattern of mutant phenotypes. The yeast genomic library complementation screening was applied to identify candidate mutant genes, and gene cloning and sequence alignment were conducted to confirm the mutation site. Furthermore, recombinant plasmids carrying wild-type and mutant TIP20 were constructed for functional complementation assays, and site-directed mutagenesis was used to verify the correlation between TIP20 mutation and strain phenotypes. [Results] Functional complementation experiments demonstrated that introduction of the wild-type TIP20 restored the growth at 37 ℃ and the normal spore germination phenotype of J33, while the mutant TIP20 and empty vector had no such effect. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis further confirmed that this single-base mutation was T1219G, a direct cause of the TS phenotype and defective spore germination of J33. [Conclusion] TIP20 is involved in the regulation of yeast spore germination. TIP20 encodes a subunit of the tethering complex involved in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi retrograde transport. However, TIP20 is likely a multifunctional protein, and its mammalian homologue RINT1 has been reported to regulate the cell cycle checkpoint. Thus, TIP20 may also be involved in regulating the quiescent state of yeast cells.

, authors=Yibo LIU, Zhuo CHENG, Jia CHEN, Hideki Nakanishi, authorsList=Yibo LIU, Zhuo CHENG, Jia CHEN, Hideki Nakanishi, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hideki Nakanishi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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【目的】 为探究酵母孢子萌发调控相关基因,前期筛选获得了孢子静止状态维持缺陷的突变体。 【方法】 以孢子静止期维持缺陷的温度敏感型酵母突变体J33为研究材料,通过四分体分离与单倍体融合构建杂合双倍体菌株,结合遗传分离分析明确突变表型的遗传调控模式;采用酵母基因组文库互补筛选技术定位突变候选基因,通过基因克隆、测序比对鉴定突变位点;进一步构建野生型及突变型TIP20重组质粒开展功能互补实验,结合基因定点突变技术验证目的基因突变与菌株表型的关联性。 【结果】 功能互补实验显示,导入野生型TIP20基因可恢复J33突变体在37 ℃下的生长能力及正常孢子萌发表型,而突变型TIP20基因和空载体无此效应。定点突变分析进一步证实,该单碱基突变是导致J33突变体温度敏感及孢子萌发缺陷的直接原因。 【结论】 TIP20参与调控酵母孢子萌发。已知TIP20编码拴系复合物亚基,该复合物参与内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)-高尔基体逆行囊泡运输。然而,该蛋白可能具有多功能性,其哺乳动物同源蛋白RINT1可调控细胞周期检查点,因此TIP20可能也参与调控酵母细胞的静止状态。

, authors=刘意博, 成卓, 谌佳, 中西秀树, authorsList=刘意博, 成卓, 谌佳, 中西秀树, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=中西秀树, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

刘意博:收集实验原始数据、图片绘制及数据分析,论文撰写及修改;成卓:辅助菌株筛选;谌佳:辅助数据收集;中西秀树:指导本实验及论文修改,数据核查,提供资金支持。

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G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics, 2015, 5(9): 1879-1887., articleTitle=An updated collection of sequence barcoded temperature-sensitive alleles of yeast essential genes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1297571137848890359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, awardId=32071467, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071467), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571139467891704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, awardId=32071467, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32071467), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571133713306572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571133721695181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, companyId=1297571133713306572, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571133734278094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, companyId=1297571133713306572, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571136942920685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Comparison of spore length and temperature sensitivity between mutant J33 and WT. A: Morphology of tetrad spores between J33 and WT; B: Comparison of ascus diameter between J33 mutant and WT (***: P<0.001); C: Dilution spot assay confirms the temperature sensitivity of the J33 mutant., figureFileSmall=Bynak77nniJZS7+Thm6nDw==, figureFileBig=+w16K31pXaUmv9669NOG+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571137022612462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=CN, label=图1, caption=J33突变体与野生型孢子长度和温度敏感性对比, figureFileSmall=Bynak77nniJZS7+Thm6nDw==, figureFileBig=+w16K31pXaUmv9669NOG+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571137215550447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Analysis of spore staining after the first and third segregation of heterozygous tetrads. A: Diploid strains obtained from the first backcross of J33 with wild-type cells were subjected to sporulation [CFW staining patterns of tetrad spores from the temperature-sensitive mutant (J33), wild-type strain, and progeny from the first backcross were observed under a microscope]; B: The spores used in (A) were stained with CFW [The number of CFW-positive spores in asci containing four spores was counted, and asci were classified according to the number of CFW-positive spores. ****: P<0.000 1]; C: Diploid strains obtained from the third backcross of J33 with wild-type cells were subjected to sporulation [CFW staining patterns of tetrad spores from the temperature-sensitive mutant (J33), wild-type strain, and progeny from the third backcross were observed under a microscope]; D: The spores used in (C) were stained with CFW (The number of CFW-positive spores in asci containing four spores was counted, and asci were classified according to the number of CFW-positive spores. ****: P<0.000 1); E: J33 mutant, wild-type cells, and progeny from three rounds of backcrossing between J33 and wild-type cells were cultured individually at 30 °C or 37 °C; F: Progeny from three rounds of backcrossing between J33 and wild-type cells were subjected to sporulation (Spores were dissected from individual asci, and the four segregan TS from each ascus were cultured individually at 30 °C or 37 °C)., figureFileSmall=1fuQEl5NPqdJZfdvyK690A==, figureFileBig=zN++odiMSvoGT7PAcbikxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571137291047920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=CN, label=图2, caption=杂合四分体第1次分离与第3次分离后孢子着色分析, figureFileSmall=1fuQEl5NPqdJZfdvyK690A==, figureFileBig=zN++odiMSvoGT7PAcbikxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571137362351089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Screening for mutant genes. A: Screening using a yeast genomic library was performed to find mutation in J33 mutant and a plasmid that could rescue the temperature sensitivity phenotype in J33 mutant was obtained; B: Schematic diagram of the DNA fragment found in the plasmid obtained by the screening., figureFileSmall=OndYG7Nc5Y9Z0F4EsSBYDQ==, figureFileBig=02/v9B1vIe0hiRbob/GXwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571137437848562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=CN, label=图3, caption=突变基因筛选, figureFileSmall=OndYG7Nc5Y9Z0F4EsSBYDQ==, figureFileBig=02/v9B1vIe0hiRbob/GXwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571137504957427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Determination of mutation site. A: Complementation test of TIP20 in the J33 mutant [WT/TIP20G1219T: The corresponding site of the wild-type yeast TIP20 gene was site-directedly mutated from G to T; J33/TIP20 (TS): The mutant TIP20 gene was transformed into the J33 strain; J33/TIP20 (WT): The wild-type yeast TIP20 gene was transformed into the J33 strain. Wild-type yeast, J33 mutant, and the transformed strains were streaked on YPAD solid medium and incubated at 30 °C or 37 °C, respectively]; B: CFW staining of J33 mutant spores harboring TIP20 [Scale bar: 5 µm]; C: CFW staining of J33 mutant spores harboring TIP20T1219G [Scale bar: 5 µm]; D: Comparison of CFW staining levels of spores wild-type and J33 mutant transformed with empty vector, wild-type TIP20, TIP20 amplified from J33 mutant, or TIP20T1219G (***: P<0.001); E: Comparison of sporulation rates wild-type and J33 mutant transformed with empty vector, wild-type TIP20, TIP20 amplified from J33 mutant, or TIP20T1219G., figureFileSmall=INYsViqm/Jfa5IJRKwnZqQ==, figureFileBig=ObjU6uecNTvYvUC6an2hzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571137593037812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=CN, label=图4, caption=确定突变位点, figureFileSmall=INYsViqm/Jfa5IJRKwnZqQ==, figureFileBig=ObjU6uecNTvYvUC6an2hzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571137676923893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain designationGene informationSource
AN120

MATα/MATa trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ARG4/arg4-NspI ura3/ura3

ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2 RME1/rme1::LEU2

his3SK/his3ΔSK

[12]
AN117-4BMATa ho::LYS2 rme1::LEU2 ura3 leu2 trp1 his3ΔSKarg4-NspI lys2[15]
AN117-16DMATa his3ΔSK lys2 ho::LYS2 ura3 leu2 trp1[15]
), ArticleFig(id=1297571137739838454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571131087672257, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain designationGene informationSource
AN120

MATα/MATa trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ARG4/arg4-NspI ura3/ura3

ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2 RME1/rme1::LEU2

his3SK/his3ΔSK

[12]
AN117-4BMATa ho::LYS2 rme1::LEU2 ura3 leu2 trp1 his3ΔSKarg4-NspI lys2[15]
AN117-16DMATa his3ΔSK lys2 ho::LYS2 ura3 leu2 trp1[15]
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酿酒酵母退出静止期机制
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刘意博 , 成卓 , 谌佳 , 中西秀树
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4215-4225
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4215 -4225
酿酒酵母退出静止期机制
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刘意博, 成卓, 谌佳, 中西秀树
作者信息
  • 江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡
通讯作者:
中西秀树
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

刘意博:收集实验原始数据、图片绘制及数据分析,论文撰写及修改;成卓:辅助菌株筛选;谌佳:辅助数据收集;中西秀树:指导本实验及论文修改,数据核查,提供资金支持。

Mechanism of exit from quiescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Yibo LIU, Zhuo CHENG, Jia CHEN, Hideki Nakanishi
Affiliations
  • School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260146
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【目的】 为探究酵母孢子萌发调控相关基因,前期筛选获得了孢子静止状态维持缺陷的突变体。 【方法】 以孢子静止期维持缺陷的温度敏感型酵母突变体J33为研究材料,通过四分体分离与单倍体融合构建杂合双倍体菌株,结合遗传分离分析明确突变表型的遗传调控模式;采用酵母基因组文库互补筛选技术定位突变候选基因,通过基因克隆、测序比对鉴定突变位点;进一步构建野生型及突变型TIP20重组质粒开展功能互补实验,结合基因定点突变技术验证目的基因突变与菌株表型的关联性。 【结果】 功能互补实验显示,导入野生型TIP20基因可恢复J33突变体在37 ℃下的生长能力及正常孢子萌发表型,而突变型TIP20基因和空载体无此效应。定点突变分析进一步证实,该单碱基突变是导致J33突变体温度敏感及孢子萌发缺陷的直接原因。 【结论】 TIP20参与调控酵母孢子萌发。已知TIP20编码拴系复合物亚基,该复合物参与内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)-高尔基体逆行囊泡运输。然而,该蛋白可能具有多功能性,其哺乳动物同源蛋白RINT1可调控细胞周期检查点,因此TIP20可能也参与调控酵母细胞的静止状态。

静止期细胞  /  TIP20基因  /  酿酒酵母  /  孢子  /  萌发

[Objective] To explore genes related to the regulation of yeast spore germination, we previously screened for mutants defective in maintaining the quiescent state of spores. [Methods] Using the temperature-sensitive yeast mutant J33 with defective spore quiescence maintenance as the research material, heterozygous diploid strains were constructed through tetrad dissection and haploid fusion, and genetic segregation analysis was performed to clarify the genetic regulatory pattern of mutant phenotypes. The yeast genomic library complementation screening was applied to identify candidate mutant genes, and gene cloning and sequence alignment were conducted to confirm the mutation site. Furthermore, recombinant plasmids carrying wild-type and mutant TIP20 were constructed for functional complementation assays, and site-directed mutagenesis was used to verify the correlation between TIP20 mutation and strain phenotypes. [Results] Functional complementation experiments demonstrated that introduction of the wild-type TIP20 restored the growth at 37 ℃ and the normal spore germination phenotype of J33, while the mutant TIP20 and empty vector had no such effect. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis further confirmed that this single-base mutation was T1219G, a direct cause of the TS phenotype and defective spore germination of J33. [Conclusion] TIP20 is involved in the regulation of yeast spore germination. TIP20 encodes a subunit of the tethering complex involved in endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi retrograde transport. However, TIP20 is likely a multifunctional protein, and its mammalian homologue RINT1 has been reported to regulate the cell cycle checkpoint. Thus, TIP20 may also be involved in regulating the quiescent state of yeast cells.

quiescent cell  /  TIP20  /  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  /  spore  /  germination
刘意博, 成卓, 谌佳, 中西秀树. 酿酒酵母退出静止期机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4215 -4225 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260146
Yibo LIU, Zhuo CHENG, Jia CHEN, Hideki Nakanishi. Mechanism of exit from quiescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4215 -4225 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260146
当双倍体细胞在不可发酵碳源存在、氮源缺失的条件下培养时会启动产孢过程[1]。产孢期间,孢子在母细胞细胞质中形成;减数分裂产生的每个细胞核均被新合成的孢子质膜与孢子壁包裹[2]。孢子形态与有丝分裂细胞存在显著差异,尤其是孢子壁的结构复杂程度远超有丝分裂细胞的细胞壁。孢子壁由4层结构组成,其中最外层的二酪氨酸层与次外层的壳聚糖层为孢子壁特有结构[3]
当环境条件适宜、营养信号被孢子感知后,休眠状态的孢子打破静止期,恢复有丝分裂生长,这一过程称为孢子萌发[4]。孢子萌发是酿酒酵母实现种群扩张的核心环节,其调控机制的研究对解析真核生物细胞静止期维持与激活的通用规律具有重要参考价值。已有研究证实,葡萄糖是诱导孢子萌发的强效诱导剂[5],但进一步研究表明,萌发过程的触发信号并非葡萄糖本身,而更可能是葡萄糖进入细胞后经糖酵解、磷酸戊糖途径等代谢过程产生的胞内代谢产物(如葡萄糖-6-磷酸、果糖-1,6-二磷酸等)[6]。然而,这些代谢产物如何作为信号分子启动萌发程序,其下游信号传导通路如丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通路(mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, MAPK)、环腺苷酸-蛋白激酶A通路(cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A pathway, cAMP-PKA)等[7]是否参与调控,以及各通路之间的交叉对话机制,目前尚不明确。此外,除营养信号外,孢子萌发还受到孢子壁结构重塑、细胞内膜系统稳态等多种因素的协同调控,但这些因素与营养信号传导之间的关联尚无明确报道,这也是当前孢子萌发分子机制研究领域的核心空白,有待深入探究[8]
研究发现,萌发中的孢子可被荧光增白剂(calcofluor white, CFW)染色[9]。尽管孢子壁中存在壳聚糖层,但由于最外层结构阻碍染料与壳聚糖层结合,未萌发的孢子无法被CFW染色[10];萌发后的细胞能够被CFW染色,推测是因为萌发过程中孢子壁结构发生改变,使CFW得以穿透[11]。CFW染色法是筛选萌发细胞的有效手段,本研究团队利用该方法筛选出36株表型稳定的阳性突变体[12]。根据表型特征,这些突变体分为2类:仅存在孢子静止期维持缺陷的突变体,以及同时存在孢子静止期维持缺陷与温度敏感表型的突变体。其中,J33突变体属于第二类。该突变体表现出最典型、最稳定的双重表型(孢子静止期维持缺陷与温度敏感),且在同时具有孢子静止期调控缺陷与细胞生长适应缺陷的突变体中具有高度代表性,因此本研究选取J33突变体展开深入分析。
分析发现酿酒酵母菌株TIP20基因存在突变。已知Tip20蛋白是拴系复合物的一个亚基,参与介导衣被蛋白I囊泡与内质网的融合过程[13]。然而,Tip20更可能是一种多功能蛋白:其哺乳动物同源蛋白RINT1已被证实参与细胞周期检查点的调控[14]。鉴于孢子萌发的营养信号传导机制尚不明确,且TIP20基因在孢子静止期维持中的功能未见报道,本研究围绕J33突变体展开系统分析,旨在明确TIP20基因突变与孢子静止期维持缺陷及温度敏感表型的关联性,解析Tip20蛋白在酵母孢子萌发调控中的作用机制,为酵母孢子静止期维持与萌发的分子调控网络研究提供实验依据,同时为真核生物细胞静止期调控的相关研究提供参考。
本研究所用酵母菌株为酿酒酵母SK1 (高产孢型)背景的AN120 (双倍体)[12]、AN117-4B (单倍体)[15]、AN117-16D (单倍体)[15],J33突变体由本实验室前期以AN120为出发菌株,通过化学诱变结合CFW染色筛选获得,为本研究的核心实验菌株。各菌株详细信息见表1
YPAD培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.00,酵母提取物10.00,腺嘌呤0.03,固体培养基需额外添加琼脂粉20.00;灭菌后冷却至55 ℃,无菌添加100 mL 20%葡萄糖母液(终浓度2%)。
SD培养基(g/L):无氨基酸酵母氮源(yeast nitrogen base, YNB) 6.70,固体培养基需额外添加琼脂粉20.00;灭菌后冷却至55 ℃,无菌添加100 mL 20%葡萄糖母液(终浓度2%)及氨基酸混合物粉末2.00。
YPAce培养基(g/L):酵母提取物10.00,蛋白胨20.00,醋酸钾(pH 6.5) 20.00。
以上培养基均经121 ℃灭菌15 min后使用;质量分数为20%的葡萄糖母液单独灭菌,待其他培养基冷却后无菌添加[12]
产物纯化试剂盒、胶回收试剂盒、质粒抽提试剂盒,北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司;CFW,Sigma-Aldrich公司;T4 DNA连接酶、限制性内切酶BamH Ⅰ、Xho Ⅰ,New England Biolabs公司;二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT)、聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol (PEG), MW 4 000)、醋酸锂(LiAc)等试剂均为分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
共聚焦显微镜,Nikon公司;离心机,海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司;聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)仪,艾德本中国有限公司;超净工作台,上海三发科学仪器有限公司;恒温摇瓶柜,太仓市强乐实验设备有限公司;恒温培养箱,ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
挑取单菌落接种至5 mL YPAD液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min培养10-12 h获得种子培养液。取4 mL种子液转接至200 mL YPAce液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min培养24 h扩大培养。将上述菌液自然沉淀后弃去上清,菌体转移至200 mL含2%醋酸钾的产孢培养基(pH 7.0),30 ℃、150 r/min振荡培养24 h,取样镜检统计产孢率。
以pRS314质粒为骨架载体,分别构建pRS314-TIP20野生型(wild type, WT)质粒和pRS314-TIP20 (TS)重组质粒。依据酿酒酵母S288C标准基因组TIP20基因序列设计特异性引物TIP20 F (5′-CTCGAGGAGCAATGTTCAA GGAAGCT-3′)和TIP20 R (5′-GGATCCCCACAC AAGTTGTTGAACCT-3′),上游引物引入Xho Ⅰ酶切位点,下游引物引入BamH Ⅰ酶切位点。
以AN120野生型酵母基因组DNA为模板,用上述特异性引物PCR扩增TIP20 (WT)基因;以J33基因组DNA为模板,采用相同引物PCR扩增TIP20 (TS)突变基因。PCR反应体系及条件参考文献[12]。将PCR扩增产物与pRS314载体分别用BamH Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切(37 ℃孵育3 h),胶回收酶切片段后,用T4 DNA连接酶16 ℃连接过夜,构建重组质粒。
挑取目标酵母单菌落接种至5 mL YPAD液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min培养过夜;取0.5 mL菌液于8 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,向菌体中加入80 μL一步转化液(含50 mmol/L DTT、50% PEG 4000、2 mol/L LiAc,体积比为1:8:1),再加入1 μg重组质粒,轻轻吹打混匀获得转化体系,45 ℃水浴孵育30 min后,将菌液均匀涂布于相应筛选培养基(SD-Trp,pRS314载体含色氨酸缺陷型筛选标记),30 ℃恒温培养3-4 d,通过菌落PCR验证获得阳性转化子。
取约1 mg酵母子囊孢子溶于100 μL无菌水,加入1 μL破壁酶(终浓度10 U/μL),室温静置10 min破除子囊壁。取10 μL处理后的孢子悬液滴于YPAD固体培养基一侧,将培养基倒置于显微镜载物台,调节焦距至清晰观察到四分体;在培养基另一侧用显微取样针做好标记,操控取样针将四分体孢子逐一分离并转移至标记处。30 ℃培养2-3 d,待单菌落长出后验证分离准确性,将菌落接种至YPAD固体培养基,37 ℃培养筛选TS单倍体菌株。
将TS单倍体菌株通过一步转化转入pRS314质粒(Trp⁺标记),涂布于SD-Trp筛选培养基获得pRS314+TS单倍体转化子;同理,将野生型单倍体菌株转入pRS316质粒,涂布于SD-Ura (尿嘧啶缺陷型)筛选培养基获得pRS316+WT单倍体转化子。分别挑取上述2种转化子接种至5 mL YPAD液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min培养过夜;取500 μL 2种菌液等体积混合,8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清,菌体用100 μL无菌水重悬后均匀涂布于SD-Ura-Trp双筛选培养基上;30 ℃培养3-4 d,挑取单菌落进行验证,获得含2种质粒的杂合双倍体酵母菌株。
接种酵母单菌落至5 mL相应液体培养基,30 ℃、200 r/min培养过夜;取0.5 mL种子液转接至5 mL新鲜培养基,继续培养至OD600=0.8-1.2,8 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体;用1 mL无菌水洗涤菌体2次,再用1 mL 100 mmol/L LiAc溶液重悬洗涤1次,最终用50 μL 100 mmol/L LiAc溶液重悬菌体。向菌体悬液中加入5 μL鲑鱼精DNA (经95 ℃变性5 min后冰浴冷却)、240 μL 50% PEG 4000、16 μL 2 mol/L LiAc及50 μL含同源臂的PCR扩增敲除片段(终浓 度≥1 μg/μL),振荡混匀;30 ℃孵育30 min后,42 ℃热激15 min,8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清,菌体用100 μL无菌水重悬后涂布于相应筛选培养基,30 ℃培养3-4 d,获得基因敲除菌株。
基于同源重组原理,设计含目的基因同源臂的引物WTTtoGF (5′-CCGGAAGATTTCCCAA AATCTTCTCAGAA-3′)和WTTtoGR (5′-ATTAGT AAGATACAAACTAATGACTTGT-3′),以pFA6a- HIS3MX6质粒为模板进行PCR扩增。反应体系及条件参考文献[12],获得携带his5+筛选标记的目的片段。扩增产物经PCR产物纯化试剂盒纯化后,通过同源重组技术转入SK1型高产孢酵母菌株,以替换菌株内源目标基因。将转化后的菌株涂布于SD-His筛选培养基(组氨酸缺陷型),30 ℃培养过夜。
配制1 mg/mL CFW母液(无菌水溶解,避光保存),使用前用无菌水稀释10倍(终浓度100 μg/mL)。取1 mL酵母孢子悬液,8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清;加入500 μL稀释后的CFW染液,30 ℃避光孵育30 min;8 000 r/min离心弃去染液,用1 mL无菌水洗涤菌体5-6次,最后用20 μL无菌水重悬。取5 μL重悬液滴于载玻片,于荧光显微镜(激发波长365 nm,发射波长445 nm)下观察,被染成蓝色荧光的孢子判定为已萌发。
本实验使用购自日本国立生物资源中心的YEp24基因组DNA文库[16](插入DNA片段平均长度为7.4 kb)转化J33突变体,37 ℃条件下培养,筛选可正常生长的菌株。提取上述阳性转化菌株的质粒,培养阳性转化子菌液5 mL置于离心管中,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清;提取含基因文库的重组质粒并测序,将测序结果与酵母基因数据库(Saccharomyces Genome Database, SGD)进行比对分析,筛选获得候选基因。
实验设置3个生物学重复,每个重复随机选取500个酵母细胞,分别对以下菌株进行产孢率和CFW着色率统计:(1) WT酵母;(2) TS突变株;(3) 转入pRS314-TIP20 (WT)质粒的TS突变株;(4) 转入pRS314-TIP20 (TS)质粒的TS突变株;(5) TIP20基因“T”碱基替换为“G”的突变型WT酵母。数据采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行统计分析,结果以“平均值±标准差(mean±SD)”表示。
本研究以SK1型高产孢酵母菌株为出发菌株,前期筛选获得一株孢子静止期维持缺陷的突变体J33。经产孢诱导培养后,肉眼可见J33突变体的四分体孢子较野生型更为饱满(图1A)。为定量验证该表型,对野生型(wild-type, WT)与突变体各50个四分体孢子进行直径测量。结果表明,J33突变体四分体孢子平均直径较野生型增大0.648 µm (图1B),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001);此外,J33孢子在无萌发诱导条件下即可被CFW染色并呈现蓝色荧光。由于静止期孢子壁结构致密,通常无法被CFW染色,仅在萌发启动时才呈阳性,因此上述结果表明J33突变体孢子无法正常维持静止期,呈现提前萌发表型,提示突变基因可能参与孢子静止期维持与萌发的调控。
为进一步探究J33突变体中突变基因的功能,本研究分析了该突变体的其他表型。结果显示,J33突变体具有温度敏感性,在较低温度下可正常生长。由于该突变体在营养生长与孢子萌发等基础生理过程中未见显著异常,推测其功能缺陷具有条件特异性。因此,本研究通过检测突变体在限制性温度(37 ℃)下的生长情况验证其温度敏感表型。许多参与核心细胞过程的必需基因其突变体通常在适宜温度下可存活,而在高温下因蛋白失活出现生长缺陷。由此提示,J33突变体中突变基因的功能不仅参与维持孢子静息期,同时也调控营养生长过程。
基于以上思路,本研究将J33菌株进行稀释点板,均匀涂布于YPAD固体培养基,37 ℃条件下培养并与WT比较。结果显示,J33在高温下无法正常生长(图1C),表明J33为与孢子萌发相关的温度敏感型突变体,为后续基因定位与功能验证奠定了基础。
为验证温度敏感(TS)突变基因与孢子萌发异常突变基因是否为同一基因,本研究以J33突变体孢子为材料,经四分体分离获得纯合TS单倍体细胞,再与野生型(WT)单倍体细胞融合,构建野生型等位基因与突变型等位基因共存的杂合双倍体。对该杂合双倍体进行产孢诱导后,利用CFW染色观察孢子萌发表型,并与相同条件下处理的WT及J33突变体孢子进行对比分析。每组拍摄3张照片,每张视野中选取100个孢子进行统计分析(图2A2B)。结果显示,杂合双倍体经减数分裂形成的四分体孢子呈现严格的“半数着色、半数不着色”表型:携带野生型TIP20等位基因的2个孢子可正常维持静止期,不被CFW染色;携带突变型TIP20等位基因的2个孢子无法维持静止期,呈CFW染色阳性。这一典型的1:1分离比例完全符合单基因控制的孟德尔遗传规律,初步提示2种表型由同一基因突变所致。
为确保实验结果的可靠性与可重复性,上述实验独立重复3次。经多轮四分体分离与细胞融合验证,所选取的300个孢子中杂合双倍体产孢后的CFW染色结果均保持一致,稳定呈现半数着色、半数不着色的表型特征(图2C2D)。对第1次和第3次分离结果进行卡方检验,结果显示χ2<χ2(1)0.05=3.841,P>0.05,表明杂合双倍体孢子着色表型的分离比例与孟德尔1:1遗传分离规律无显著差异,进一步证实该表型分离具有高度稳定性与可靠性。同时,温度敏感性验证结果显示,第3次分离获得的5组J33纯合单倍体在37 ℃条件下均无法正常生长,仍保持典型温度敏感表型(图2E);对10株杂合双倍体进行四分体分离后,所得4个单倍体细胞同样呈现2个可在37 ℃正常生长、2个不能生长的分离比例(图2F)。该结果进一步表明,温度敏感表型与CFW着色表型在减数分裂过程中完全共分离。
综合上述结果,杂合双倍体中的野生型TIP20与突变型TIP20等位基因在减数分裂过程中发生严格分离,形成的单倍体孢子仅继承其中一种等位基因。仅继承突变型TIP20的孢子同时表现出萌发异常与温度敏感表型。上述遗传分离规律表明,J33突变体的温度敏感表型与孢子萌发异常表型由同一基因突变所致。
为定位温度敏感型酵母菌株J33的突变基因,本研究采用基因组文库互补筛选策略。具体操作如下:将购买的YEp24基因组DNA文库[16](插入DNA片段平均长度为7.4 kb)转化至J33突变体,37 ℃限制性温度条件下培养筛选转化子。部分转化子能够正常生长(图3A),表明其获得了可弥补突变缺陷的基因组片段,进而恢复野生型表型。提取上述阳性转化菌株的质粒,设计特异性引物进行测序,并将测序结果与酵母基因数据库(SGD)进行比对分析。在获得的候选基因中仅TIP20被鉴定为必需基因;结合J33突变体的温度敏感生长表型,推测致突变位点位于TIP20基因内部(图3B),初步判定J33突变体的候选基因为TIP20。
为进一步验证上述结果,本研究分别针对野生型酵母及突变体J33的TIP20基因设计引物进行扩增测序。序列比对结果显示,J33突变体的TIP20基因存在单碱基突变T1219G。根据酿酒酵母S288C参考基因组序列比对,该突变导致第407位氨基酸由苯丙氨酸(Phe)突变为赖氨酸(Lys),即Tip20F407K
为明确TIP20基因突变与J33菌株表型的直接关联,本研究开展功能互补实验:克隆野生型酵母TIP20基因构建重组质粒pRS314-TIP20 (WT),同时以突变体J33的TIP20基因构建重组质粒pRS314-TIP20 (TS),将2种重组质粒及空载体pRS314分别导入突变体J33。3次表型检测结果显示,导入pRS314-TIP20 (WT)的转化菌株均可在37 ℃下正常生长(图4A),且无营养诱导条件下四分体孢子的CFW染色阳性率显著低于原始突变体J33 (图4B4D),产孢率维持正常(图4E);而导入pRS314-TIP20 (TS)及空载体的菌株在37 ℃下均无法正常生长(图4A),孢子萌发异常表型也未改变(图4E)。该单碱基突变仅在37 ℃限制性温度下导致蛋白功能缺陷,适宜温度下可维持产孢所需的基础膜运输功能[17]。酵母产孢过程主要发生在减数分裂与孢子形成阶段,依赖基础的内膜系统运输与膜结构合成,对Tip20介导的内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER)-高尔基体逆行运输要求较低,突变体在许可温度下残留的基础蛋白功能足以满足产孢需求。这表明,Tip20F407K突变蛋白虽存在氨基酸替换,但并未完全丧失物质运输功能,残留的基础功能足以支撑产孢过程中所需的内膜运输与膜结构合成,因此突变体在许可温度下能够正常产孢,这也说明Tip20F407K突变体在ER与高尔基体之间的物质运输过程中仍可维持正常功能,未出现明显运输障碍。
然而,早期研究表明Tip20是一种多功能蛋白,除介导ER-高尔基体逆行运输外,还参与细胞周期调控。因此,F407K单碱基突变虽未影响其介导物质运输的基础功能,不足以干扰产孢过程,但可能特异性损害Tip20蛋白在细胞周期调控中的功能。Tip20同源蛋白RINT1已被证实参与细胞周期调控,鉴于该功能的保守性,本研究推测J33突变体中观察到的温度敏感型生长缺陷及异常孢子萌发表型很可能源于Tip20F407K突变导致的细胞周期调控缺陷。该现象可能涉及2种机制:(1) Tip20F407K突变直接导致蛋白功能失活;(2) 突变使蛋白空间构象不稳定,高温下发生降解,造成功能性蛋白总量不足,进而引发突变体表型。
为进一步验证单碱基突变的直接作用,本研究设计特异性引物,将野生型酵母TIP20基因对应位点的碱基G定向突变为T。3次表型检测结果表明,该定点突变后的野生型酵母细胞在37 ℃条件下均生长受阻(图4A),四分体孢子CFW染色阳性率显著升高(图4C4D),产孢率仍保持正常(图4E),再次印证TIP20该位点突变仅特异性影响萌发相关表型。
上述结果充分证实,TIP20基因的单碱基突变是J33菌株呈现温度敏感及CFW阳性表型的直接原因。
本研究通过诱变处理结合CFW特异性染色筛选[12]获得温度敏感及CFW阳性表型的突变体J33。遗传分析表明,J33菌株的温度敏感及CFW阳性表型受单个隐性基因控制,符合孟德尔遗传分离规律。利用基因组文库互补筛选策略,结合测序比对与SGD数据库检索,锁定TIP20为J33菌株的候选突变基因;测序验证发现该基因存在TIP20T1219G单碱基突变。功能互补实验与反向定点突变实验进一步证实,该单碱基突变是J33菌株在37 ℃下生长缺陷及无营养诱导条件下CFW阳性表型的直接原因。TIP20参与酵母孢子萌发调控,丰富了孢子萌发分子调控机制的研究内容,为解析TIP20基因在孢子萌发阶段的功能特异性提供了新的实验依据。
本研究发现,TIP20基因突变导致孢子功能缺陷:在无营养条件下,TIP20突变体孢子可被CFW染色,且孢子形态异常,表明TIP20突变体孢子无法维持静止期状态。尽管已知TIP20参与内质网(ER)与高尔基体间的囊泡运输,但其哺乳动物同源蛋白RINT1可调控细胞周期检查点[14],提示TIP20可能作为调控因子参与静止期维持。对TIP20功能的深入解析或可为阐明静止期调控机制提供新线索。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32071467)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260146
  • 接收时间:2026-02-22
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-22
  • 录用日期:2026-04-13
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071467)
国家自然科学基金(32071467)
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    江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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