Article(id=1297571184963515102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1771430400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776960000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-24, onlineDate=1787294678202, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294678202, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294678202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294678202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3771, endPage=3792, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571185127092959, articleId=1297571184963515102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Akkermansia muciniphila: functional exploration and application progress, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a key group of the gut microbiota that helps maintain intestinal homeostasis, probiotics have attracted significant attention in life science and medical research. Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK), a strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, has swiftly become a central topic in gut microbiota research owing to its unique metabolic properties and considerable probiotic potential. This review systematically summarizes the discovery, physiological characteristics, and isolation methodologies and screening of AKK, while placing a particular emphasis on its role in preventing and managing a spectrum of human and animal diseases (including tumors, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, and inflammatory bowel diseases), thereby offering novel perspectives and potential targets for disease intervention. Furthermore, this review elucidates the core mechanisms underlying the probiotic functions of AKK. Specifically, AKK exerts beneficial effects on host health and therapeutic effects on diseases primarily through three key pathways: modulating intestinal microecological balance and barrier integrity, regulating systemic metabolic processes and immune responses, and mediating intricate crosstalk between the intestine and multiple extra-intestinal systems. To assess the translational efficiency of AKK, we summarize the current application status of its functional-related proteins and preparations in health, analyze clinical application scenarios and potential, and discuss existing bottlenecks and challenges in industrial application. This review provides a comprehensive theoretical reference and directional guidance for future basic research, application development, and industrialization of AKK.

, authors=Yunxuan JIANG1, 2, Ying LIU2, Yan WANG2, Zhong YU1, Yi WAN2, authorsList=Yunxuan JIANG, Ying LIU, Yan WANG, Zhong YU, Yi WAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhong YU, Yi WAN, authorNote=

These authors contributed equally to this work.

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail: YU Zhong, ;
WAN Yi,
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益生菌作为维持肠道稳态的核心功能菌群,在生命科学与医学研究中备受关注。嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila, AKK)是一种严格厌氧的革兰氏阴性菌,自被发现以来,凭借其独特的代谢特性与显著的益生潜力已迅速成为肠道微生态领域的研究热点。本文系统综述了AKK的发现历程、生理特性及分离筛选进展,重点阐述了其在人类及动物疾病防治中的重要作用。AKK对肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、代谢性疾病及炎症性肠病等多种疾病均具有潜在干预价值,为相关疾病的防治提供了新的研究视角与潜在靶点。在此基础上,本文进一步揭示了AKK发挥益生功效的核心机制:其主要通过调节肠道微生态平衡与肠道屏障功能、调控机体代谢过程及免疫反应、介导肠道与其他多系统间的交互作用等途径,实现对机体健康的保护与疾病的干预。为明确AKK的实际应用价值,本文总结了其功能相关蛋白及制剂在健康领域的应用现状,深入分析了其在临床诊疗中的应用场景与发展潜能,同时剖析了该菌在产业化应用过程中面临的瓶颈与挑战,为后续AKK相关的基础研究、应用开发及产业化推进提供了全面的理论参考与方向指引。

, authors=蒋韵轩1, 2, 刘颖2, 王琰2, 余中1, 万一2, authorsList=蒋韵轩, 刘颖, 王琰, 余中, 万一, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=余中, 万一, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

蒋韵轩:论文资料检索、论文撰写;刘颖:论文构思和设计、论文修订;王琰、余中:论文审阅;万一:论文审阅,资源提供。

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Advances of Akkermansia muciniphila in regulating host functions[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2021, 46(11): 2760-2765 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571206077641677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571184963515102, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=2298026, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[137], rfOrder=166, authorNames=Meynier M, Daugey V, Mallaret G, Gervason S, Meleine M, Barbier J, Aissouni Y, Lolignier S, Bonnet M, Ardid D, De Vos WM, Van Hul M, Suenaert P, Brochot A, Cani PD, Carvalho FA, journalName=Gut Microbes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meynier M, Daugey V, Mallaret G, Gervason S, Meleine M, Barbier J, Aissouni Y, Lolignier S, Bonnet M, Ardid D, De Vos WM, Van Hul M, Suenaert P, Brochot A, Cani PD, Carvalho FA. Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila improves irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms and related behavioral disorders in mice[J]. Gut Microbes, 2024, 16: 2298026., articleTitle=Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila improves irritable bowel syndrome-like symptoms and related behavioral disorders in mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571206153139150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571184963515102, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=37, issue=null, pageStart=517, pageEnd=532, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[138], rfOrder=167, authorNames=Li Z, Xing JY, Ma XH, Zhang WJ, Wang C, Wang YY, Qi XK, Liu YH, Jian DD, Cheng XL, Zhu YJ, Shi C, Guo YJ, Zhao H, Jiang W, Tang H, journalName=Bioactive Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Z, Xing JY, Ma XH, Zhang WJ, Wang C, Wang YY, Qi XK, Liu YH, Jian DD, Cheng XL, Zhu YJ, Shi C, Guo YJ, Zhao H, Jiang W, Tang H. An orally administered bacterial membrane protein nanodrug ameliorates doxorubicin cardiotoxicity through alleviating impaired intestinal barrier[J]. Bioactive Materials, 2024, 37: 517-532., articleTitle=An orally administered bacterial membrane protein nanodrug ameliorates doxorubicin cardiotoxicity through alleviating impaired intestinal barrier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571206249608143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571184963515102, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=9, pageStart=5598, pageEnd=5610, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[139], rfOrder=168, authorNames=王祥煌, 杜雯鹃, 徐乐, 许庆彪, journalName=动物营养学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王祥煌, 杜雯鹃, 徐乐, 许庆彪. 嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用前景[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(9): 5598-5610., articleTitle=嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用前景, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571206325105616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571184963515102, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=9, pageStart=5598, pageEnd=5610, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[139], rfOrder=169, authorNames=Wang XH, Du WJ, Xu L, Xu QB, journalName=Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang XH, Du WJ, Xu L, Xu QB. Physiological functions of Akkermansia muciniphila and its application prospects in animal production[J]. 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Isolated strains of AKK

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain nameSeparation yearSourcesCarbon sourcesReferences
A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-8352004Feces from adults, breast milkMucin[31-32]
A. glycaniphila PytT2015Fresh feces from reticulated pythonsMucin, galactose[33]
A. muciniphila PROBIO2020Feces from Chinese adultsMucin[34-35]
A. muciniphila SNUG-610272020Feces from healthy KoreansMucin[36]
A. muciniphila G8-211130-222021Inside the intestines of goatsMucin[37]
A. muciniphila Timepie0012022Feces from Chinese elderly and healthy malesMucin[38-39]
A. muciniphila 0072023Feces from healthy infants and toddlers in Hubei (China) who have not consumed any probiotic productsMucin[40]
A. muciniphila VB2022023Feces from healthy adultsMucin[41]
A. muciniphila FMD012023Feces from forest musk deerMucin[42-43]
A. muciniphila Amuci-32024Fresh feces from healthy volunteersMucin[44]
A. muciniphila Amuci-52024Fresh feces from healthy volunteersMucin[45]
A. muciniphila 112024Feces from healthy infantsGlucose, lactose[46]
A. muciniphila ONE2024Feces from healthy individualsMucin[47-48]
A. muciniphila SYSU-852024Feces from gastric cancer patientsMucin[49]
A. muciniphila 092024Feces from healthy infants and toddlers in Hubei (China)Mucin[50]
A. muciniphila 862024Fresh feces from healthy childrenMucin[51]
A. muciniphila 212024Feces from healthy infants in HubeiMucin[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1297571190336418584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571184963515102, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

AKK的分离菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain nameSeparation yearSourcesCarbon sourcesReferences
A. muciniphila ATCC BAA-8352004Feces from adults, breast milkMucin[31-32]
A. glycaniphila PytT2015Fresh feces from reticulated pythonsMucin, galactose[33]
A. muciniphila PROBIO2020Feces from Chinese adultsMucin[34-35]
A. muciniphila SNUG-610272020Feces from healthy KoreansMucin[36]
A. muciniphila G8-211130-222021Inside the intestines of goatsMucin[37]
A. muciniphila Timepie0012022Feces from Chinese elderly and healthy malesMucin[38-39]
A. muciniphila 0072023Feces from healthy infants and toddlers in Hubei (China) who have not consumed any probiotic productsMucin[40]
A. muciniphila VB2022023Feces from healthy adultsMucin[41]
A. muciniphila FMD012023Feces from forest musk deerMucin[42-43]
A. muciniphila Amuci-32024Fresh feces from healthy volunteersMucin[44]
A. muciniphila Amuci-52024Fresh feces from healthy volunteersMucin[45]
A. muciniphila 112024Feces from healthy infantsGlucose, lactose[46]
A. muciniphila ONE2024Feces from healthy individualsMucin[47-48]
A. muciniphila SYSU-852024Feces from gastric cancer patientsMucin[49]
A. muciniphila 092024Feces from healthy infants and toddlers in Hubei (China)Mucin[50]
A. muciniphila 862024Fresh feces from healthy childrenMucin[51]
A. muciniphila 212024Feces from healthy infants in HubeiMucin[52]
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嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌功能发掘与应用现状
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蒋韵轩 1, 2 , 刘颖 2 , 王琰 2 , 余中 1 , 万一 2
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(8): 3771-3792
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微生物学报 |综述 2026 , 66 (8) : 3771 -3792
嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌功能发掘与应用现状
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蒋韵轩1, 2, 刘颖2, 王琰2, 余中1 , 万一2
作者信息
  • 1.西安理工大学 生态环境与化工学院,陕西 西安
  • 2.陕西省微生物研究所,陕西 西安
通讯作者:
余中, 万一
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

蒋韵轩:论文资料检索、论文撰写;刘颖:论文构思和设计、论文修订;王琰、余中:论文审阅;万一:论文审阅,资源提供。

Akkermansia muciniphila: functional exploration and application progress
Yunxuan JIANG1, 2, Ying LIU2, Yan WANG2, Zhong YU1 , Yi WAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Eco-environmental & Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    E-mail: YU Zhong, ;
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260143
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益生菌作为维持肠道稳态的核心功能菌群,在生命科学与医学研究中备受关注。嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila, AKK)是一种严格厌氧的革兰氏阴性菌,自被发现以来,凭借其独特的代谢特性与显著的益生潜力已迅速成为肠道微生态领域的研究热点。本文系统综述了AKK的发现历程、生理特性及分离筛选进展,重点阐述了其在人类及动物疾病防治中的重要作用。AKK对肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、代谢性疾病及炎症性肠病等多种疾病均具有潜在干预价值,为相关疾病的防治提供了新的研究视角与潜在靶点。在此基础上,本文进一步揭示了AKK发挥益生功效的核心机制:其主要通过调节肠道微生态平衡与肠道屏障功能、调控机体代谢过程及免疫反应、介导肠道与其他多系统间的交互作用等途径,实现对机体健康的保护与疾病的干预。为明确AKK的实际应用价值,本文总结了其功能相关蛋白及制剂在健康领域的应用现状,深入分析了其在临床诊疗中的应用场景与发展潜能,同时剖析了该菌在产业化应用过程中面临的瓶颈与挑战,为后续AKK相关的基础研究、应用开发及产业化推进提供了全面的理论参考与方向指引。

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌  /  疾病防治  /  益生机制  /  活性蛋白  /  临床转化

As a key group of the gut microbiota that helps maintain intestinal homeostasis, probiotics have attracted significant attention in life science and medical research. Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK), a strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, has swiftly become a central topic in gut microbiota research owing to its unique metabolic properties and considerable probiotic potential. This review systematically summarizes the discovery, physiological characteristics, and isolation methodologies and screening of AKK, while placing a particular emphasis on its role in preventing and managing a spectrum of human and animal diseases (including tumors, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, and inflammatory bowel diseases), thereby offering novel perspectives and potential targets for disease intervention. Furthermore, this review elucidates the core mechanisms underlying the probiotic functions of AKK. Specifically, AKK exerts beneficial effects on host health and therapeutic effects on diseases primarily through three key pathways: modulating intestinal microecological balance and barrier integrity, regulating systemic metabolic processes and immune responses, and mediating intricate crosstalk between the intestine and multiple extra-intestinal systems. To assess the translational efficiency of AKK, we summarize the current application status of its functional-related proteins and preparations in health, analyze clinical application scenarios and potential, and discuss existing bottlenecks and challenges in industrial application. This review provides a comprehensive theoretical reference and directional guidance for future basic research, application development, and industrialization of AKK.

Akkermansia muciniphila  /  disease prevention and control  /  probiotic mechanism  /  active protein  /  clinical transformation
蒋韵轩, 刘颖, 王琰, 余中, 万一. 嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌功能发掘与应用现状. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3771 -3792 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260143
Yunxuan JIANG, Ying LIU, Yan WANG, Zhong YU, Yi WAN. Akkermansia muciniphila: functional exploration and application progress[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3771 -3792 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260143
早在20世纪初,微生物学家Metchnikoff[1]在研究保加利亚百岁老人的饮食习惯时提出了著名的“酸奶长寿理论”,首次将乳酸菌与人类健康长寿联系在一起,开启了人类探索益生菌的新篇章。此后,随着微生物学和医学技术的不断进步,人们对益生菌的认知逐渐深入。从早期在传统发酵食品中发现的乳酸菌和双歧杆菌,到现代通过高通量测序技术挖掘出的新菌种,益生菌的应用领域已从基础的膳食补充剂,逐步扩展至临床疾病辅助治疗及特殊人群健康管理等方向[2]
随着精准医疗和个性化营养理念的兴起,传统的益生菌研究及产业面临着新的要求。科学研究不再满足于表象的观察,而是致力于深入解析益生菌与宿主肠道微生物群的相互作用机制,以及其在分子层面调节免疫、改善代谢的具体通路[3]。与此同时,消费者对健康产品的需求也日益精细化,不仅要求安全有效,更追求功能的针对性和个体化[4]。这种来自科学探索和市场需求的双重驱动,促使益生菌研究从“广谱应用”向“精准干预”转型,产业界也亟需寻找功能更强大、作用机制更明确的新一代益生菌,以满足人们对更高层次健康状态的追求[5]
荷兰科学家Derrien等[6]于2004年发现了嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila, AKK),该菌最初在人类粪便样本中被检出,因其能分解肠道黏液而得名。其属名旨在纪念荷兰微生物生态学家Akkermans,而种名“muciniphila” (嗜黏蛋白者)则直接揭示了其独特的生态功能——能够专一性地以肠道黏液层的主要成分黏蛋白作为生长底物,并定植于黏膜这一特殊生态位[7]。尽管其代谢特性与生态定位在发现之初即被阐明,但在随后的近10年里AKK并未立即成为功能研究的热点,这主要由以下3方面原因造成。(1) 该菌为严格厌氧菌且培养条件苛刻,依赖黏蛋白或复杂培养基,其分离、保存及体外实验的难度远高于常规肠道菌,严重限制了表型筛选与机制研究的开展[8]。(2) 早期研究主要将其定位为肠道黏液层动态平衡的“维护者”,其可通过可控方式降解黏蛋白,并可能促进黏液再生,这一作用更应被视为一种基础生态功能,而非主动调控宿主生理的“活性因子”[9-10]。(3) 最关键的是,在2013年之前该菌缺乏直接的动物实验证据证明其干预能够改善宿主代谢表型,因此AKK在较长一段时间内未能引起科研领域对其宿主调控功能的广泛关注[11]。直到2013年,随着部分研究团队利用动物实验证实了其在代谢调控方面的益生功能,且分离培养技术迅速发展,AKK才迅速从肠道菌群中的“边缘菌株”一跃成为肠道微生物领域功能研究的核心热点之一[12]。2017年,下一代益生菌(next-generation probiotics, NGPs)的学术概念被正式提出,这类源自肠道原生共生菌群、具备精准健康调控潜力的菌株迅速成为研究前沿;AKK也随之被公认为最具转化前景的下一代益生菌代表菌种[13]
AKK的独特生理特性是其适应肠道微生态环境、发挥宿主调控功能的核心基础,其生理特征主要体现在形态结构、代谢模式、环境适应性及菌株特异性等方面。形态特征方面,AKK呈椭圆形或短杆状,大小约(0.6-1.0) μm×(0.8-1.5) μm,无鞭毛、无芽孢,部分菌株可能具有菌毛结构,有助于其黏附于肠道黏液层[14]。代谢模式方面,AKK以肠道黏液层中的黏蛋白为主要碳源和氮源,通过分泌多种蛋白酶、糖苷酶等降解黏蛋白释放出葡萄糖、半乳糖、氨基酸等小分子物质供自身代谢[15]。其主要定植于结肠黏液层,尤其是靠近肠上皮细胞的内层黏液中,通过黏附于黏液层或肠上皮细胞表面形成稳定的定植群体[16]。AKK最适生长pH为6.5,适宜在中性至弱酸性环境中生长,这与结肠内的pH环境(通常为6.5-7.5)相匹配;最适生长温度为37 ℃,与人体体温一致,体现了其对宿主肠道内环境的高度适应[6]。在潜在靶向益生元方面,AKK可以代谢糊精、半乳糖、麦芽糖等碳源,寡糖类、多糖类、多酚类对AKK的生长具有促进作用,研究表明将AKK与菊粉配伍制备合生元,经小鼠动物实验验证可使AKK肠道相对丰度由2.33%显著提升至17.13%,定植效率提高约6倍;并通过16S rRNA基因测序、实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)及组织学检测证实,该合生元可显著增强AKK在肠道屏障保护、代谢调节与抗炎等方面的益生功能[17-18]。环境适应性方面,AKK进化出了完善的应激响应机制,可通过自身基因组编码的应激相关基因,有效应对肠道内pH波动、氧化应激、胆汁酸刺激等复杂环境压力,显著增强其在肠道微生态中的定植能力与种间竞争力;此外,AKK外膜糖脂无重复O-抗原,为粗糙型脂多糖,其脂质A为四酰基化、低磷酸化结构,与常规革兰氏阴性菌六酰基化、多磷酸化且含长链O-抗原的脂多糖存在显著差异,因而免疫原性更低,不易诱发肠道过度免疫反应,是其可在宿主肠道稳定定植并形成互利共生的重要基础[19-22]
作为依赖宿主黏液层黏蛋白生存的核心菌群,AKK约占人体肠道菌群的3%-6%,研究表明,其丰度在时间与空间上普遍存在差异。例如,婴幼儿时期AKK丰度较低,随年龄增长逐步升高,在成年期维持相对稳定水平,而进入老年期后丰度会出现不同程度的下降,但百岁老人肠道中AKK的丰度仍较高[7,23]。从空间维度而言,AKK在人体结肠部位的丰度显著高于小肠,且在结肠不同区段(升结肠、横结肠、降结肠)的分布也存在细微差异[24]。同时,其丰度还会因地域饮食结构不同而有所区别,例如中国南方人群定植率(51.74%)显著低于欧洲(74.70%)和巴西(79.17%),而西方高脂饮食人群的AKK丰度普遍低于亚洲高膳食纤维饮食人群[25]。科研人员积极开展不同来源AKK的特性探究,石河子大学研究团队收集新疆和田、海南昌江、甘肃武威人群粪便样品,发现不同地域母婴族群AKK阳性检测率存在差异,和田母婴(75%)>昌江母婴(37.5%)>武威母婴(31.25%),且分离的24株AKK在模拟胃肠液耐受能力、疏水性、抗生素敏感性等体外益生特性上各有不同[26]。这说明AKK的丰度可能与居住环境、遗传背景或饮食结构相关。研究还发现,在野生动物中肠道AKK丰度在夏季显著高于冬季,这可能与冬季食物短缺有关,因为野生动物夏季日常饮食中富含酚类次级代谢物的植物,这类物质可促进黏蛋白合成并支持AKK生存;宿主本身是塑造肠道微生物群落的核心因素,而不同物种随季节变化的饮食结构,则共同驱动了肠道菌群的组成差异与趋同演化[27]
随着研究的深入,不同来源和特征的AKK分离菌株相继被发现,为其生理代谢特性及功能机制的深入探究提供了重要支撑[28-29]。值得注意的是,一项关键发现打破了先前的认知:不同于以往认为AKK生长完全依赖黏蛋白的结论,新的研究证实其不完全依赖黏蛋白,即便在无黏蛋白的复杂培养基中也可实现生长;为进一步验证这一结论并优化AKK的体外培养条件,Plovier等[30]以质量浓度16 g/L大豆蛋白胨、4 g/L苏氨酸以及25 mmol/L混合糖(葡萄糖、N-乙酰葡萄糖胺)替代黏蛋白,实验结果表明该复合培养基能够达到与黏蛋白培养基相近的培养效果,进一步佐证了AKK不完全依赖黏蛋白生长的新发现。基于上述研究进展,多种不同来源的AKK被相继分离与筛选,本文对相关已报道菌株进行了整理与归纳(表1)。
随着AKK分离技术的不断成熟,其分离来源也日益拓宽。研究者发现,不同宿主来源、不同分离环境的AKK在代谢能力、环境适应性及活性物质分泌量等方面存在细微差异。这种显著的菌株特异性,不仅丰富了AKK的功能多样性,更为其益生功能的精准挖掘与针对性研究提供了重要方向:不同特性的菌株在益生功效的发挥上存在差异。这为后续靶向性开发AKK相关益生产品、明确其益生作用的精准机制奠定了基础。
AKK作为下一代益生菌(NGPs)的代表性菌株,能通过调节肠道微生态平衡、增强肠道屏障功能、调控代谢及免疫反应等机制在多种人类疾病的预防和辅助治疗中展现出潜力。其作用机制及其在人类健康中的潜在应用引起了微生物学、医学等多学科领域的高度关注,已成为众多学者的研究热点,并取得了丰富的研究成果[53-55] (图1)。
在肿瘤相关研究中,Xu等[56]证实AKK分泌的十五烷酸可增强奥沙利铂对癌症的治疗作用;而Derosa等[57]发现,晚期非小细胞肺癌患者肠道中AKK的相对丰度与免疫抑制分子程序性死亡受体1及其配体(programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death-ligand 1, PD-1/PD-L1)抑制剂治疗的临床疗效相关:AKK适度富集与更高的客观缓解率及更长的总生存期相关,而AKK过度富集或使用抗生素则可能导致免疫治疗耐药。唐海茹等[58]还系统梳理了AKK在多种恶性肿瘤辅助治疗中的作用及机制,发现其可通过保护肠道屏障完整性、重塑肿瘤局部免疫微环境、直接抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, PI3K/Akt)信号通路等途径在胃癌、结直肠癌、肺癌等实体肿瘤模型中显著增强免疫检查点抑制剂(PD-1/PD-L1抗体)、化疗药物(奥沙利铂、5-氟尿嘧啶)及中药活性成分(如苦参碱、姜黄素)的抗肿瘤疗效,且在动物实验及体外细胞实验中不同剂量AKK干预均未出现明显的脏器毒性与肠道菌群紊乱。蒋怡等[59]发现AKK作为肠道中常见的共生细菌,可通过增强肠道化学、机械和免疫屏障以及调节免疫力对肠道炎症、肠道肿瘤、肝病和代谢性疾病等肠道相关疾病发挥抑制或保护作用,其细菌成分和代谢产物的作用机制正逐渐阐明,作为候选益生菌具有广阔的应用前景。目前AKK在肿瘤领域的研究多集中于动物实验与临床关联性研究,表明其可通过“肠道屏障-免疫调节-肿瘤微环境轴”增强化疗与免疫治疗效果。然而,现有研究仍存在一定局限性:一方面,AKK发挥最佳功效的浓度尚未明确,过高或过低均可能影响疗效;另一方面,临床证据多源于观察性关联分析,缺乏大规模、随机、对照的干预试验来直接确证其治疗价值。因此,AKK目前仍被视为一种极具潜力的辅助治疗策略,未来亟需开展确证性临床试验并建立标准化应用方案以推动其从实验室走向临床常规应用。
AKK可作用于神经退行性疾病。Maftoon等[60]构建微管相关蛋白(microtubule-associated protein tau, tau)过表达的阿尔茨海默病大鼠模型,经AKK灌胃干预8周后发现,模型大鼠海马区促炎因子白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)水平分别降低45.2%、38.7%;旷场实验与新物体识别实验结果显示,大鼠焦虑样行为显著缓解,空间记忆能力提升32.1%,证实AKK可通过抑制神经炎症改善阿尔茨海默病相关的认知障碍与情绪异常。相关临床数据显示,肥胖或糖尿病会显著升高年轻人的痴呆与阿尔茨海默病发病风险[61-62],也进一步印证了AKK在阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性疾病中的潜力正逐步显现[63]。Xu等[64]对6-羟基多巴胺诱导的帕金森病大鼠模型研究发现,大鼠粪便中AKK相对丰度较正常大鼠降低61.3%;经AKK活菌灌胃干预后,大鼠旋转行为次数减少58.9%,黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元存活率提升42.6%,且纹状体中IL-6/IL-17等神经炎症因子水平显著下调,其核心机制为AKK通过调节肠道丁酸盐代谢,抑制小胶质细胞的过度活化,进而减轻多巴胺能神经元的炎症性损伤。此外,Gotkine等[65]总结研究发现,转基因渐冻症小鼠在症状出现前即存在肠道菌群失调,无菌环境或广谱抗生素会加剧病情,而AKK可通过产生烟酰胺改善小鼠病情;对人类渐冻症的初步研究显示,患者肠道宏基因组存在与动物模型类似的功能改变,且其外周血及脑脊液中烟酰胺水平显著降低,这些跨物种的一致性证据表明,肠道菌群失调导致的烟酰胺代谢缺陷可能是渐冻症发病的关键机制之一,而靶向补充AKK或其代谢产物烟酰胺有望成为治疗该病的潜在新策略。综上所述,当前神经退行性疾病领域的研究多基于动物模型,证实AKK能通过“抗炎-维持肠屏障-调控肠-脑轴”这一核心机制改善神经损伤。然而,针对不同疾病的具体作用机制存在一定差异:阿尔茨海默病与帕金森病研究更侧重于AKK对炎症抑制与神经元保护,而渐冻症研究则指向其对特定代谢物(烟酰胺)的调控作用。总体而言,目前的临床证据仍局限于关联分析与小样本线索,由于缺乏直接干预临床试验,学界尚无法确证AKK对人类神经退行性疾病的确切治疗效果,这一结论仍需更高证据等级的研究加以验证。
研究表明,AKK参与人体能量代谢的调节,并与肥胖[66]、糖尿病[67]、心血管疾病[68]等代谢性疾病的发生发展密切相关,且临床研究证实,肥胖者和糖尿病患者肠道中AKK的丰度明显低于健康人[69-72]。秦珍珍等[73]深入探索发现,AKK作为NGPs,在肥胖、2型糖尿病、溃疡性结肠炎、慢性肾病3-4期患者肠道中丰度均显著降低;其核心机制为AKK通过降解黏蛋白促进肠道黏液层再生、产生乙酸/丁酸等短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs)、调节肠道黏膜调节性T细胞/辅助性T细胞17 (regulatory T cells/T helper 17 cells, Tregs/Th17)细胞平衡,以此改善肠道屏障完整性;该研究还提出每日灌胃1×109 CFU的AKK可作为这类慢性代谢性疾病的潜在预防与辅助治疗手段。董新燕等[74]发现糖尿病患者肠道中AKK相对丰度<0.8%的比例达89.7%,而健康人该比例仅为11.2%,这说明AKK丰度<0.8%可作为2型糖尿病早期诊断的潜在标志物;同时动物实验证实,AKK可通过改善肠道屏障、抑制肠系膜脂肪组织TNF-α/IL-6表达,提升胰高血糖素样肽-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1)的分泌量,从而改善胰岛素抵抗与血糖紊乱;此外该研究还发现,二甲双胍(500 mg/次,2次/日)干预可使糖尿病患者肠道AKK丰度提升,黄芪、葛根等降糖中药及高膳食纤维饮食也可通过上调AKK丰度发挥降糖作用,证实AKK是糖尿病治疗措施的重要靶点。杨玥等[75]也进一步验证了这一结论,其发现AKK可以通过改善肠道屏障功能、抑制慢性炎症和增加与血糖调节相关的激素水平来改善糖尿病相关症状,AKK丰度的减少是糖尿病早期诊断的标志,目前二甲双胍、中药、功能性饮食等治疗糖尿病的作用机制均与其丰度的增加有关,这也是中医药干预糖尿病的潜在靶点,为糖尿病的预防和治疗提供了新的措施。除此之外,Ioannou等[76]通过全基因组测序与多中心临床队列分析系统阐明了AKK的系统发育与生态生理特征,明确其通过黏蛋白利用、免疫代谢调控、肠道屏障保护三大核心机制调控宿主能量代谢;该研究还提出,AKK在代谢性疾病中具备双重潜力:一方面作为标志物,其丰度变化可早于血糖、血脂异常6-8周出现;另一方面作为干预剂,灭活AKK制剂可使肥胖小鼠体脂率降低29.4%,使2型糖尿病模型小鼠空腹血糖降低31.6%。代谢性疾病是目前关于AKK研究证据最充分、可重复性最强的领域,该领域不仅拥有坚实的人群队列研究证据,还得到了动物实验与分子机制研究的充分佐证,多方数据高度吻合:AKK丰度与代谢健康呈正相关,其可通过改善肠道屏障功能、抗炎、调节激素分泌等多重机制发挥保护作用。然而,现有研究仍主要局限于观察性分析与小样本试验,缺乏大规模、长期且标准化的益生菌干预研究,因此现阶段AKK更适合被定义为疾病的风险预测标志物与辅助干预靶点,其作为独立治疗手段的确切疗效仍需进一步验证。
在消化系统疾病的研究中,大量研究证实了AKK及其代谢产物与炎症性肠病、结直肠癌、肝病等的相关性,并逐渐揭示了其作用机制[77]。Hua等[78]研究首次证实丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)与AKK联用可通过调节肠道菌群、修复肠屏障、抑制炎症、调控巨噬细胞与细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CD8+ T)浸润,协同缓解葡聚糖硫酸钠盐(dextran sulfate sodium salt, DSS)诱导的炎症性肠病,并抑制结肠炎相关结直肠癌的发生发展,同时增强PD-L1抗体免疫治疗疗效、提高小鼠生存率,而粪菌移植可再现其抑瘤作用,为炎症性肠病及相关结直肠癌提供了安全有效的益生菌联合干预新策略。针对结直肠癌领域,Birebent等[79]通过对结直肠癌患者的分析发现,肠道菌群失衡(尤其是AKK缺乏或过高)与血浆可溶性黏膜地址素细胞黏附分子-1 (soluble mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1, sMAdCAM-1)低水平可作为独立生物标志物,评估患者在化学免疫疗法治疗期间的生存情况,有望用于肿瘤精准诊疗分层。此外,Chen等[80]研究发现AKK可通过调节肠道菌群、修复肠道失衡,并激活孕激素受体膜组分1/沉默信息调节因子1/叉头框蛋白O1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1/sirtuin 1/forkhead box protein O1, PGRMC1/SIRT1/FOXO1)信号通路,有效改善奥氮平联合高脂饮食诱导的代谢相关脂肪性肝病,同时缓解胰岛素抵抗与脂代谢紊乱,为预防抗精神病药所致代谢副作用提供了新策略。在肠道炎症的创新治疗探索中,Wang等[81]发现黄秋葵多糖可以调节肠道中AKK的丰度,进而促进抗炎因子IL-10的分泌,增强肠道黏膜屏障功能,有效缓解肠道炎症,为肠道炎症的靶向肠黏膜屏障治疗提供了新策略。毛慧芳等[82]也进一步证实,AKK及其代谢产物SCFAs可通过保护肠黏膜的机械、化学、免疫和生物屏障来改善溃疡性结肠炎,且中药可通过调节二者的表达发挥协同保护作用。现有证据主要源于动物模型与分子机制研究,共同揭示了AKK通过强化肠道多层屏障功能进而发挥抗炎及抗损伤作用。中药、天然多糖等成分被证实可靶向调控AKK丰度,为中西医结合干预肠道疾病提供了新方向。然而,临床转化仍面临诸多困难,包括菌株标准化缺失、给药途径未定、剂量与疗程缺乏共识等问题,未来亟需开展更多临床研究以确证其在炎症性肠病等消化系统疾病中的实际应用价值及方案。
在对其他疾病的探究中,Xie等[83]发现脓毒症患者肠道中AKK的丰度降低,而活AKK及其代谢产物精氨酸-赖氨酸-组氨酸三肽(arginine-lysine-histidine tripeptide, RKH)可与Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)结合抑制全身炎症,进而显著改善动物模型的症状,为该疾病的治疗提供了新思路。Li等[84]研究发现,急性胰腺炎患者肠道中AKK显著减少,其活菌分泌的特异性代谢产物吲哚-3-乳酸(indole-3-lactic acid, ILA)可直接靶向结合并抑制半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶3 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3, CASP3)活性,以此减少肠上皮细胞凋亡、修复肠道屏障、减轻炎症及细菌易位,最终为急性胰腺炎相关肠损伤提供了AKK-ILA-CASP3这一全新的益生菌代谢物治疗靶点与策略。此外,Chen等[85]研究证实,微囊包封的AKK可有效提高其在幼年小鼠肠道内的定植率,并通过“肠-肺轴”修复肠道屏障、增加杯状细胞数量、减少肥大细胞浸润,从而减轻脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤,也为儿童急性肺损伤提供了安全有效的益生菌干预新策略。上述研究充分表明,AKK及其特异性代谢产物可通过调控炎症反应、修复组织屏障、靶向关键分子等多种机制发挥保护作用,揭示其在多种急重症疾病中均具有重要的治疗潜力与广阔的应用前景。
AKK通过调节肠道微生态、肠道屏障、代谢及免疫等机制在人类多种疾病的预防和辅助治疗中展现出潜力,其作用机制、临床关联及潜在应用受到多学科关注,相关研究已取得诸多成果,表明补充AKK可能成为相关疾病防治的新方向,其作为NGPs具有广阔的应用前景[86-91]
AKK的研究发展迅速,目前在探索动物疾病相关机制和制定干预策略方面取得了重大进展,成为动物微生态与疾病防控领域的研究热点[92-94] (图2)。
Deng等[42]从林麝粪便中分离出AKK-D菌株,经鉴定其具有良好的益生菌特性,在体内实验中能通过调节肠道菌群、改善器官损伤、抑制炎症反应及增强肠道屏障功能显著缓解肠毒素大肠杆菌诱导的小鼠腹泻症状,有望作为林麝养殖中的益生菌添加剂。Zhang等[95]研究发现,AKK能利用宁乡猪初乳及纯化猪乳寡糖生长,通过糖苷降解酶分解寡糖并产生SCFAs,进而促进与肠道有益菌的协同共生,助力其在新生仔猪肠道内早期定植,从而维护肠道黏膜发育与代谢稳态、提高哺乳期仔猪存活率,该结果为前期观察到的宁乡仔猪肠道中AKK丰度较高可能与早期母乳相关这一推论提供了直接实验依据。此外,Lin等[96]从小鼠粪便中分离出AKK2菌株,发现其能有效控制高脂饮食喂养的小鼠和比格犬体重增加,并可重塑比格犬肠道菌群结构,提升芽孢杆菌门与拟杆菌门的相对丰度;同时,将该菌株制备成微胶囊制剂后,在模拟有氧环境及胃肠道胁迫条件下仍可维持较高稳定性与活菌活性,显著拓展了AKK在肥胖干预中的应用场景与适用范围。与之相似,Hong等[97]探究了热灭活的人源AKK株AMDK19对高脂饮食诱导肥胖模型犬的干预效应,发现其能有效抑制犬体重增加、体脂肪沉积及血清甘油三酯升高,并可调节粪便菌群组成,使放线菌门丰度上升、拟杆菌门丰度下降,表明热灭活AMDK19也可作为膳食补充剂用于改善犬类饮食诱导型肥胖。在畜禽炎症疾病防治方面,Zhang等[98]研究发现,AKK及其外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicles, OMVs)可治疗乳腺炎,其丰度与乳腺炎牛奶中关键炎症细胞因子水平负相关,给患病奶牛补充AKK能显著降低牛奶体细胞数,为开发抗生素替代品提供了有力证据。针对禽类养殖,Zhu等[99]研究发现,AKK可在雏鸡肠道定植,通过增加肠道杯状细胞数量、上调黏蛋白2与解痉多肽的表达水平、改善结肠长度及隐窝深度、促进肠道上皮细胞增殖,从而有效缓解鸡白痢沙门氏菌(Salmonella pullorum)感染造成的雏鸡肠道黏膜损伤、生长抑制与炎症反应,通过强化肠道屏障功能实现对病原菌感染的抵御作用。
综上所述,AKK在多物种、多病原、多系统疾病模型中均展现出明确的干预效果,其功能表现出显著的物种特异性、靶器官特异性与作用机制多样性,相关研究为动物疾病的绿色防控、减抗限抗及在畜牧养殖、伴侣动物医疗等领域的转化应用奠定了坚实的理论与实践基础。
AKK通过竞争性抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等致病菌的定植和繁殖,减少有害菌对肠道的侵袭,维持肠道菌群的多样性和稳定性,与其他有益菌协同作用,参与肠道内物质代谢,促进微生态系统的动态平衡[100]
树突状细胞、巨噬细胞作为关键的固有免疫哨兵,通过识别病原体相关分子模式启动炎症反应;而Tregs则通过分泌IL-10等抗炎因子发挥负向调控作用,共同维持肠道免疫微环境的动态平衡;肠上皮细胞转运的钾离子作为重要的细胞信号,其浓度梯度的变化可调节树突状细胞的抗原呈递能力,调控巨噬细胞的吞噬与活化状态,并通过影响局部微环境诱导Tregs的分化与IL-10的释放,从而抑制过度炎症、促进组织修复,直接影响这些免疫细胞的表型与功能[101]。已有实验证据表明,AKK能够直接接触肠道黏液层与肠上皮紧密连接结构,参与维护肠道屏障的结构完整性,减少病原体及有害物质的易位[102]。正是通过强化这一调控环路,AKK修复黏液层与上皮紧密连接,维护肠道屏障完整性[103]。综合现有研究,推测AKK可能通过首先维持肠道屏障完整性,使正常的肠上皮结构得以恢复、钾离子转运功能得以维持,进而为树突状细胞、巨噬细胞的感知及Tregs/IL-10轴的激活提供关键离子微环境;经由屏障功能与离子转运、免疫因子分泌等环节协同作用实现对肠道免疫反应的整体调控,最终维持肠道免疫稳态;通过这一“AKK-屏障-钾离子-免疫细胞级联”,AKK将物理屏障修复与免疫调控紧密耦合,实现了对急重症相关炎症的有效抑制(图3)。
AKK能够调控代谢过程与免疫反应。在代谢方面,已有多项证据证实AKK参与人体能量代谢调节,通过影响脂肪储存、糖代谢等过程与肥胖、糖尿病等代谢性疾病密切相关[104]。研究显示,其丰度降低可能加剧代谢紊乱,补充后则可改善胰岛素敏感性、调节血糖和脂质水平,同时AKK还能产生多胺、2-羟基丁酸、胆汁酸等代谢产物,现有研究表明上述物质可能参与抗衰老、抗癌及调节肝脏代谢等作用[101]。在免疫与炎症反应方面,实验证据表明AKK能够抑制TNF-α、IL-6等促炎因子的释放,促进IL-10等抗炎因子的分泌,从而缓解肠道及全身慢性炎症,对炎症性肠病、脓毒症等具有保护作用;进一步研究表明,AKK的OMVs或特定多糖成分可能通过与TLR4等受体结合调控免疫系统信号通路,平衡先天免疫和适应性免疫,增强宿主对病原体的抵抗力,同时减少过度免疫反应对组织的损伤[105-106]。然而,必须明确现有结论多为间接推断或基于特定菌株/成分的研究结果。
AKK能够介导多系统交互作用,通过代谢产物或信号分子参与“肠-肝轴”、“肠-脑轴”等“神经-内分泌-免疫轴”的多系统调控,不仅能间接影响中枢神经系统功能,在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病中可能通过改善肠道屏障、减少神经炎症等机制发挥潜在作用,还在肿瘤辅助治疗等方面产生间接影响,关联宿主整体健康[107]。上述调节肠道微生态平衡、增强肠道屏障功能、调控代谢与免疫反应以及介导多系统交互作用的机制相互协同,使AKK在维持宿主健康、预防和辅助治疗代谢性疾病、肠道疾病、免疫相关疾病等方面展现出重要潜力[108]
上述机制相互交叉、协同作用,使AKK在代谢紊乱、肠道疾病、免疫失调、神经退行性疾病及肿瘤辅助治疗中均展现出重要的保护潜力。
由于AKK对氧气和胃酸较为敏感,直接补充活菌存在较大难度。现有研究发现其灭活后仍可保留部分生物学功能,这一特性显著区别于传统益生菌。进一步研究表明,灭活AKK的作用核心与其外膜功能蛋白及OMVs密切相关:其关键功能蛋白(如Amuc_1100)耐热性强,常规灭活工艺可完整保留其结构与活性,甚至能使功能蛋白更充分暴露以提升作用效率;OMVs结构稳定,可作为载体递送活性成分发挥调控作用;同时菌体细胞壁及残留代谢产物也可通过结合毒素、调节微生态等途径协同发挥功能。此外,灭活AKK安全性更高、稳定性更强,无需冷链保存,在临床与产业化应用中更具优势。肠道菌群与宿主健康密切相关,其中AKK发挥生理功能的核心载体之一便是外膜蛋白。这些镶嵌于细菌外膜的特殊分子,具有调节代谢、维护肠道健康、延缓认知衰退、增强肿瘤免疫治疗效果等作用[109]。在目前已明确功能的AKK外膜蛋白中,Amuc_1100蛋白、P9蛋白和Amuc_1409蛋白凭借独特的作用机制和广泛的健康调控潜力成为学界与产业界关注的焦点。三者在核心功能与生理效应上各有侧重,共同维护肠道稳态、改善宿主健康。
Amuc_1100是AKK外膜上含量最丰富的蛋白质之一,分子量为33 kDa,含4个α螺旋、4条反平行β链,N端有跨膜螺旋,研究多聚焦于其胞外结构域,该结构域在溶液中主要以单体形式存在;α1缺失会形成稳定二聚体且其对Toll样受体2 (Toll-like receptor 2, TLR2)的亲和力更高,同时Amuc_1100热稳定性良好,经巴氏灭菌后仍能保持活性,可刺激肠道干细胞更好地分化,从而促进黏液分泌[110]
Plovier等[30]的研究表明,活的和巴氏灭活的AKK均可显著改善肥胖和糖尿病小鼠模型的代谢功能(如减轻体重[111]、减少脂肪积累[112]、改善胰岛素抵抗[113]等),且巴氏灭活菌株的效果更优,其核心机制为灭活菌中保留的Amuc_1100蛋白通过与TLR2受体结合,使小鼠肠道紧密连接蛋白1 (zonula occludens-1, ZO-1)表达量提升,显著增强肠道屏障功能并调控宿主能量代谢;初步人体试验表明,这2种菌株在超重人群中均安全耐受,为治疗代谢综合征提供了新策略。邓思思等[114]进一步验证了AKK及Amuc_1100蛋白的代谢调控作用,发现口服AKK活菌、巴氏灭活菌和Amuc_1100均可减少高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠体重增加和全身炎症,改善肠道屏障功能,但对肠道菌群结构无显著影响。Amuc_1100蛋白的功能并非局限于代谢性疾病。Xu等[115]研究揭示,Amuc_1100可通过抑制贾纳斯激酶/信号转导及转录激活因子通路(Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, JAK/STAT)促进肺癌微环境中CD8⁺ T细胞的募集与毒性增强,动物实验显示其能使肿瘤浸润CD8+ T细胞数量增加2倍并降低PD-L1表达,为免疫检查点抑制剂联合治疗提供了新方向。
P9蛋白(Amuc_1631)由AKK分泌,分子量为84 kDa,属于肽酶S41A家族,在改善宿主肥胖和葡萄糖稳态方面具有重要作用[116-117]。通过配体-受体结合分析发现,P9能够直接与细胞间黏附分子2 (intercellular adhesion molecule 2, ICAM-2)结合,并以钙离子依赖的方式促进GLP-1的分泌,激活腺苷活化蛋白激酶信号通路(adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway, AMPK),刺激棕色脂肪组织的产热功能,从而有效改善高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖及其葡萄糖代谢紊乱[117]。这使得P9在糖尿病等代谢性疾病的治疗中具有潜在的应用价值。
Di等[118]通过密码子优化AKK的P9成熟多肽链并与N端信号肽Usp45融合,在乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)中成功实现P9的异源分泌,其上清液可刺激人结直肠腺癌细胞(national cancer institute-H716, NCI-H716)生成GLP-1并上调相关合成基因的表达,这是首次报道P9在该菌中的分泌表达,表明该工程菌可能具有治疗糖尿病、肥胖症等代谢性疾病的潜力。Sundaram等[119]提出,饮食来源的大蒜外泌体样纳米颗粒(garlic exosome-like nanoparticles, GaELNs)可训练肠道微生物群(如AKK)释放健康OMVs,这类OMVs能逆转小鼠高脂饮食引发的2型糖尿病、抑制大脑炎症,且GaELNs可通过提高OMVs中Amuc_1100、P9及磷脂酰胆碱的水平发挥作用,揭示了其对代谢综合征相关脑功能障碍的治疗潜力。
Amuc_1409是AKK的分泌蛋白,可能短暂存在于周质空间或外膜,最终以游离形式释放到肠道腔中;其分子量约16.5 kDa,热稳定性较高,能在肠道中保持活性,为生物制剂开发奠定了基础[120]。Amuc_1409通过与E-钙黏蛋白相互作用促进其与β-连环蛋白复合物解离,进而激活经典Wnt信号通路(wingless/integrated-β-catenin signaling pathway, Wnt/β-catenin),改善肠道稳态,说明益生菌分泌的胞外蛋白可作为宿主-微生物组互作的调控因子对宿主健康产生积极影响[120-121]
Xie等[122]研究发现,重症急性胰腺炎患者粪便中AKK数量显著减少,且与全身炎症严重程度呈负相关,AKK及其衍生物Amuc_1409可通过增加外周Tregs数量、增强IL-10表达抑制重症急性胰腺炎引发的胰腺及全身炎症,机制上Amuc_1409通过与泛素结合酶E2K蛋白(ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2K, Ube2k)相互作用,阻止叉头框蛋白P3 (forkhead box protein P3, Foxp3)的泛素化降解,促进Tregs分化及IL-10的产生,表明二者或可成为治疗急性胰腺炎及其他炎症性疾病的潜在益生菌与生物分子。
综上所述,Amuc_1100、P9和Amuc_1409是目前AKK功能最明确的3类关键蛋白,在作用形式、靶点通路与应用方向上各具特点,共同构成其核心益生机制。Amuc_1100为外膜结构蛋白,耐热性突出,主要靶向TLR2通路,兼顾肠道屏障、代谢调控与肿瘤免疫增强,是灭活AKK发挥作用的关键分子;P9为分泌型肽酶,直接结合ICAM-2并调控GLP-1与AMPK通路,功能更集中于肥胖、糖尿病等代谢紊乱;Amuc_1409为小分子分泌蛋白,通过Wnt/β-catenin及Ube2k/Foxp3通路维持肠道稳态与抑制炎症,在急性胰腺炎等重症炎症中表现出独特的保护作用。三者虽功能各有侧重,但均以蛋白分子直接作用于宿主,不依赖活菌定植,为AKK从活菌制剂向蛋白/OMVs类生物制品的转化提供了重要支撑。
AKK自被发现以来,其与人体健康的紧密联系不断被揭示,相关研究持续推动着制剂的应用探索。目前,AKK制剂在健康领域的应用正逐步展开,展现出独特的发展潜力。从当前研发与应用现状来看,AKK制剂已形成多元化剂型结构,主要研发形式可归纳为三大类:(1) 活菌与灭活菌制剂,热灭活菌因稳定性高、安全性好、无需肠道定植即可发挥功效,成为临床转化的重要方向;(2) 微胶囊包埋与合生元制剂,通过与益生元复配、壁材包埋等技术,显著提升AKK在胃肠道环境中的稳定性与存活率;(3) 基于基线丰度的精准干预制剂,依据个体肠道内AKK基础水平制定“缺者再补”的个性化补充策略,实现更高效的益生菌干预。
灭活菌制剂是目前AKK临床转化最成熟、最具产业化前景的方向。AKK为严格厌氧菌株,对氧气、胃酸和胆盐高度敏感,活菌在体外培养、储存、运输及体内定植过程中极易失活,极大限制了其实际应用[23]。近年来一系列关键研究证实,经巴氏消毒等温和灭活方式处理后的AKK仍可保留核心生物学功能,这一重要发现彻底改变了AKK只能以活菌形式发挥作用的传统认知,也为后生元制剂开发奠定了理论基础[123]。最早明确灭活AKK仍具有代谢调节功能的经典研究来自Plovier等[30],该团队首次证实活菌与巴氏消毒灭活AKK均可显著改善肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及糖尿病模型小鼠的代谢紊乱,且灭活菌株的作用效果与活菌相当甚至更优,其机制与Amuc_1100介导的TLR2信号通路激活、肠道屏障功能增强密切相关。这一里程碑式研究直接证明AKK的益生功能可不依赖活菌定植,而由耐热性功能蛋白主导,为灭活制剂的研发提供了首个关键实验依据。此后,多项体外、动物及临床试验进一步巩固了灭活菌的应用价值。由于热灭活处理能够在保留Amuc_1100等关键功能蛋白结构与活性的同时彻底灭活菌体,制剂在稳定性、安全性、储存条件、生产工艺等方面均显著优于活菌:无需严格厌氧环境、无需冷链、耐受胃酸与胆盐、不存在肠道定植风险与基因转移隐患,更适合大规模工业化生产与临床推广[76]。在此基础上,多项临床研究逐步推进。例如,Kang等[124]的12周双盲试验显示,每日补充1010 TFU (total functional units)灭活菌可使老年参与者左下肢伸肌峰值扭矩提升12%,并提高肌肉生长抑制素拮抗剂卵泡抑素水平,且参与者肝肾功能、血常规等指标无显著异常,证实该灭活菌制剂可安全、有效地改善老年肌肉减少症患者的肌肉功能,为肌肉减少症提供了非药物干预方案。活菌制剂仍以改善代谢与肠道微生态为主要方向,但受限于厌氧培养与储存稳定性问题,多依赖包埋与益生元协同技术。其中,宋居易等[125]筛选出益生作用较好的元麦β-葡聚糖,将其与AKK作为芯材,以羧甲基纤维素钠、乳清蛋白为壁材,按芯材与壁材体积比1:6制备出β-葡聚糖-AKK合生元微胶囊,其包埋率达(93.2±5.1)%,胃肠耐受性和贮藏性良好,能显著提高活菌数量。除制剂技术的优化外,在精准干预方面,上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院Zhang等[126]的研究首次证实AKK补充的代谢获益与参与者基线肠道AKK丰度密切相关,提出“缺者再补”的精准干预策略,为个体化益生菌应用提供了范式。
上述研究从不同角度展现了AKK制剂的应用价值,不仅在多种疾病的机制探索和干预策略上提供了新方向,还在制剂技术优化及精准干预等方面取得进展,凸显了其在健康领域的广阔应用前景。
AKK通过增强肠道物理屏障、促进黏液分泌、调节免疫反应和改善微生物平衡对动物肠道健康具有多种保护作用[127]。然而,尽管AKK作为NGPs显示出显著的代谢和免疫调节潜力,其临床应用仍面临诸多安全挑战和工业限制[128]
在安全性评估方面,周鑫等[129]探索了AKK作为NGPs的潜力,指出了AKK在改善代谢性疾病、增强肠道屏障和调节免疫力方面的作用;该菌最佳培养pH为6.5,整体安全性良好,但仍存在菌株异质性、特殊人群安全数据不足等问题。现有研究表明,不同AKK株的安全性和有效性存在显著差异。例如,AKK ATCC BAA835在动物实验中表现出良好的安全性,而某些菌株可能会在肠道炎症模型中过度降解黏液层,从而加剧黏膜损伤;就抗生素耐药性而言,AKK ATCC BAA835对氨基糖苷类抗生素的天然耐药性可能造成基因水平转移的风险;宿主因素也会影响安全性评估,AKK在免疫功能低下者和肠道炎症患者等特殊人群中的干预效果和潜在风险仍需进一步验证[130]。剂量控制也是一个关键问题,尽管短期高剂量暴露在动物实验中未显示出明显的毒性,但长期使用的安全数据仍然缺乏[131]。此外,Cozzolino等[132]对AKK DSM 22959的益生菌潜力进行了首次系统评估,并将其与经典益生菌鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, LGG)进行了比较,他们发现AKK DSM 22959具有适度的疏水性、快速的自聚集能力,并与一些病原体共聚集,说明该菌株具备良好的肠道黏附与定植潜力,拥有成为益生菌的关键表面特性;但AKK具有很高的抗生素耐药性,与LGG共培养时可显著促进其生长,这一结果表明其在安全性评价上仍需重点关注耐药基因传播风险,同时也表明AKK与LGG存在正向互作关系,为复合益生菌制剂开发提供了依据。由此可见,AKK具备成为下一代益生菌的良好潜力,但菌株异质性、抗生素耐药性及特殊人群安全性问题仍有待系统阐明与完善。因此,后续需结合菌株精准筛选、制剂形式优化与规范化安全性评估,才能更好地支撑其临床转化与产业化应用,为AKK作为NGPs的安全性和功能研究提供基础数据。
在潜在毒性方面,Liu等[133]发现AKK对DSS诱导的小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的影响具有菌株特异性:只有FSDLZ36M5菌株显著减轻炎症,改善结肠长度、体重、肠道通透性和抗炎因子表达等,而FSDLZ20M4菌株可能加剧炎症;基因组分析表明,FSDLZ36M5菌株具有特有的免疫防御和蛋白质合成相关基因,如5-甲基四氢蝶酰三谷氨酸-同型半胱氨酸甲基转移酶(5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase, metE)和宿主特异性缺陷R亚基(host specificity defective R, hsdR),可能与其保护作用有关,表明在临床实践中需要严格筛选菌株。除此之外,Qu等[134]发现,在恶性肠道环境中AKK过度生长可通过过度降解黏蛋白破坏肠道黏液层,导致紧密连接蛋白表达降低,损害肠道屏障功能,加剧结肠炎和癌症的发展,表明活细菌作为益生菌可能存在潜在风险。在神经精神疾病领域,Lei等[135]探讨了AKK在抑郁症、焦虑症、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、多发性硬化症、中风和孤独症谱系障碍等多种神经精神疾病中的作用及潜在机制,指出其可通过产生神经活性代谢物、调节肠道菌群、保护肠道黏膜屏障、调控宿主免疫和代谢等方式影响这些疾病;虽被视为潜在益生菌,但在部分疾病中的具体作用仍存在争议,其治疗应用有待进一步研究。由此可见,AKK的潜在毒性与应用效果具有明显的菌株特异性和肠道微环境依赖性,同一菌种在不同病理状态下可表现出保护或损伤的双重效应。因此,在临床转化中必须严格进行菌株筛选、剂量控制与适用人群评估,并根据宿主肠道状态合理选择制剂形式以规避活菌的潜在风险。
从工业化角度来看,AKK严格的厌氧特性给生产过程带来了挑战,临床转化面临着标准化制备和大规模临床试验证据不足等障碍[136]。AKK严格的厌氧特性是制约其规模化生产的关键因素,且不同应用形式的制剂面临的技术挑战存在显著差异。对于活菌制剂,其工业化生产需全程维持严格的厌氧环境,微量氧气即可导致菌体活力下降、增殖效率降低,不仅需要专用的厌氧发酵设备,还需在发酵过程中精准控制温度、pH值、碳源供给等参数;发酵结束后需快速进行无氧离心、冻干处理,避免菌体死亡,这一系列流程不仅增加了生产难度,还大幅提高了生产成本;同时,活菌制剂的稳定性极差,储存和运输过程中需全程冷链,且长期储存仍会导致菌体活力显著衰减,难以满足产业化推广的需求[121]。对于灭活菌制剂,虽无需维持菌体活力,对发酵过程的厌氧控制要求相对降低,但需在发酵阶段保证菌体浓度和核心功能蛋白的表达量,且灭活工艺需精准控制,既要彻底灭活菌体,又要完整保留功能蛋白的活性,避免因工艺不当导致制剂功效丧失[137]。对于蛋白制剂,工业化生产不仅需要优化发酵条件以促进功能蛋白的分泌,还需增加复杂的蛋白纯化步骤,去除杂质蛋白,同时面临蛋白易被蛋白酶降解、稳定性差等问题,进一步提高了生产难度和成本[138]。未来的研究需集中在精确的菌株筛选、基因工程改进和代谢产物开发上[139]。通过跨学科合作建立综合评价体系,促进AKK从基础研究向安全应用的转变[136]。上述挑战的解决将为AKK在代谢疾病、免疫调节、中医药及其他领域的临床应用奠定坚实基础。
AKK作为近年来备受关注的NGPs,其研究已从基础特性探索迈向多元化应用开发阶段。通过对其生理特性、益生功能及作用机制的系统解析,明确了其在调节肠道微生态平衡、增强肠道屏障、改善代谢紊乱、辅助肿瘤免疫及缓解神经退行性疾病等方面的核心价值。无论是活菌、灭活菌还是代谢产物(如Amuc_1100蛋白、SCFAs),均展现出独特的干预潜力,且微胶囊包埋等制剂技术的优化为其稳定性提升提供了可行路径。然而,菌株特异性差异导致的功效不均、规模化培养的厌氧技术壁垒、临床安全性评估的复杂性,以及大样本循证医学证据的缺乏仍是制约其产业化落地的关键瓶颈。
未来研究需首先聚焦于精准化与个性化应用:应针对不同疾病类型筛选特异性高效菌株,结合多组学技术解析“菌株-宿主遗传-生活方式”的互作机制,明确“缺者再补”等精准干预策略的适用场景。同时,需通过基因工程技术增强菌株的靶向调节能力,例如强化其对特定炎症因子的抑制或对肠道屏障的修复功能,为个体化治疗提供科学依据。
在产业化与临床转化层面,需突破技术与证据的双重限制。一方面,应开发低成本、高稳定性的规模化厌氧培养工艺,优化复合壁材微胶囊等制剂技术,提升AKK在胃肠环境中的存活率与定植效率;另一方面,需开展多中心、大样本的临床试验,验证其在人类疾病中的疗效与长期安全性,尤其关注免疫低下者、重症患者等特殊人群的适用性,建立标准化的剂量-效应评价体系。此外,还可拓展其在畜牧养殖、生态修复等跨领域的应用。最终,通过“基础研究-技术创新-临床验证-标准制定”的全链条突破,推动AKK从实验室走向规模化产业应用,为人类健康及相关领域的发展提供新动能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32400109)
  • 西安市科技局农业技术攻关一般项目(24NYGG027)
  • 陕西省科学院基础研究项目(2024k-22)
  • 陕西省三秦英才特支计划
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260143
  • 接收时间:2026-02-19
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-19
  • 录用日期:2026-04-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32400109)
国家自然科学基金(32400109)
Agricultural Technology Research and Development Project of Xi’an Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology(24NYGG027)
西安市科技局农业技术攻关一般项目(24NYGG027)
Basic Research Project of Shaanxi Academy of Sciences(2024k-22)
陕西省科学院基础研究项目(2024k-22)
Sanqin Talents Special Support Program of Shaanxi Province
陕西省三秦英才特支计划
作者信息
    1.西安理工大学 生态环境与化工学院,陕西 西安
    2.陕西省微生物研究所,陕西 西安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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