Article(id=1297571010534994210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260121, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770566400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772553600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-04, onlineDate=1787294636615, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294636615, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294636615, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294636615, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3870, endPage=3888, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571010719543587, articleId=1297571010534994210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=MoEgh1 regulates sterol homeostasis and autophagy pathways in Magnaporthe oryzae, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ergosteryl-β-glucosidase (Egh1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of ergosteryl-β-glucoside for producing free ergosterol and glucose. This enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining intracellular membrane lipid homeostasis and regulating the morphological stability of organelles, including vacuoles. However, the biological functions of this enzyme class in plant pathogenic fungi remain poorly understood. [Objective] To elucidate the role of MoEGH1, an Egh1 homolog in Magnaporthe oryzae, in appressorium development, sterol metabolism, autophagy regulation, and pathogenicity. [Methods] MoEGH1, homologous to yeast EGH1, was identified by sequence homology analysis. A deletion mutant ΔMoegh1 was constructed through targeted gene replacement. The biological functions of MoEgh1 were systematically examined through phenotypic characterization, genetic complementation, autophagic flux assays, and assessments of appressorium formation and turgor pressure. [Results] The deletion of MoEGH1 markedly impaired the growth, development, and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. ΔMoegh1 displayed significantly reduced radial growth and conidiation, an increased proportion of malformed conidia, a substantial decrease in appressorial turgor pressure, and defective appressorium formation. These developmental defects led to an almost complete loss of pathogenicity. Furthermore, compared with the wild‑type strain, ΔMoegh1 demonstrated heightened sensitivity to rapamycin and sterol‑targeting antifungal agents, including natamycin, amphotericin B, and itraconazole. Additionally, the mutant displayed abnormally elevated activity of the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway concomitant with reduced levels of autophagy. [Conclusion] MoEgh1 is essential for vegetative growth, conidiation, and appressorium formation in M. oryzae. MoEgh1 regulates the autophagy process and sterol homeostasis by modulating TOR activity, thereby playing a critical role in the pathogenicity of this fungus.

, authors=Yuan MEI1, Xueming ZHU2, Zifang SHEN2, Jiandong BAO2, Yulan ZENG2, Fucheng LIN1, 2, 3, Lin LI2, 3, authorsList=Yuan MEI, Xueming ZHU, Zifang SHEN, Jiandong BAO, Yulan ZENG, Fucheng LIN, Lin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fucheng LIN, Lin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail: LIN Fucheng, ;
LI Lin,
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麦角甾醇-β-葡萄糖苷酶(ergosteryl-β-glucosidase, Egh1)催化甾醇-葡萄糖苷的水解反应,生成游离甾醇和葡萄糖。该酶在维持细胞内膜脂质代谢稳态以及调控液泡等细胞器形态稳定方面具有重要作用。然而,该类酶在植物病原真菌中的生物学功能尚不明确。 【目的】 探究稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)麦角甾醇-β-葡萄糖苷酶同源基因MoEGH1在附着胞发育、甾醇代谢、自噬调控、致病过程中的功能。 【方法】 通过同源比对鉴定稻瘟病菌中的MoEGH1基因,利用基因敲除技术构建ΔMoegh1突变体,并结合表型分析、基因互补、自噬流检测、附着胞形成与膨压测定等方法系统研究MoEgh1的生物学功能。 【结果】 敲除MoEGH1基因显著影响了稻瘟病菌的生长发育与致病能力。ΔMoegh1突变体的生长速率和产孢量明显降低,分生孢子畸形率升高,附着胞形成受阻,且附着胞的膨压也显著降低,致病力几乎完全丧失。此外,与野生型菌株相比,ΔMoegh1对雷帕霉素以及靶向真菌甾醇合成的抑制剂(如纳他霉素、两性霉素B和伊曲康唑)更为敏感。该突变体中雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路活性异常增强,自噬水平显著降低。 【结论】 MoEgh1参与调控稻瘟病菌生长、产孢和附着胞形成,并通过影响雷帕霉素靶蛋白(target of rapamycin, TOR)活性调控自噬过程及甾醇稳态,从而在病菌致病过程中发挥重要作用。

, authors=梅媛1, 朱学明2, 沈自芳2, 鲍坚东2, 曾宇兰2, 林福呈1, 2, 3, 李琳2, 3, authorsList=梅媛, 朱学明, 沈自芳, 鲍坚东, 曾宇兰, 林福呈, 李琳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林福呈, 李琳, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

梅媛:实验完成、起草文章、撰写论文初稿;朱学明:对文章内容作批评性审阅、论文修改;沈自芳:设计实验、论文修改;鲍坚东:获取基金、论文修改;曾宇兰:分析数据、论文修改;林福呈:获取基金;李琳:实验思路设计、论文修改提交。

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Biochemical Journal, 2022, 479(18): 1917-1940., articleTitle=TOR complex 2 is a master regulator of plasma membrane homeostasis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1297571020840399228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, awardId=32270078, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270078), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571020907508093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, awardId=32270078, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32270078), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571020974616958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, awardId=32370208, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370208), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571021058503039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, awardId=32370208, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32370208), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571014771241267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571014779629876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, companyId=1297571014771241267, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571014788018485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, companyId=1297571014771241267, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.浙江师范大学 生命科学学院,浙江 金华)]), AuthorCompany(id=1297571014846738742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571014855127351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, companyId=1297571014846738742, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571014859321656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, companyId=1297571014846738742, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江省农业科学院 植物保护与微生物研究所,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1297571014943207737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571014951596346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, companyId=1297571014943207737, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571014959984955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, companyId=1297571014943207737, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.湘湖实验室,浙江 杭州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571019540164972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the MoEGH1 homologous gene. Protein sequence alignment was performed for the following species and accession numbers: Magnaporthe oryzae MoEgh1 (NC_017852.1), Saccharomyces cerevisiae Egh1 (NP_012272.3), Aspergillus fumigatus SglA (8EXD_A), Fusarium venenatum (XP_065463483.1), Colletotrichum tofieldiae (KZL78723.1), Mycosarcoma maydis (XP_011386174.1). Regions highlighted with a red background and blue boxes denote sequences with identity exceeding six conserved nucleotides., figureFileSmall=dQfgYNBnQVNIRwoUR9LFWw==, figureFileBig=PNQPYOF1yTmKQOUgkznInw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571019603079533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MoEGH1 同源基因序列比对, figureFileSmall=dQfgYNBnQVNIRwoUR9LFWw==, figureFileBig=PNQPYOF1yTmKQOUgkznInw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571019808600430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=MoEgh1 is involved in hyphal growth, conidial morphology and conidiation. A: Growth of strains 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C; B: Conidia and conidiophores of strains 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C (Scale bar=50 μm); C: Measurement and analysis of colony growth diameters for strains 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C; D: Statistical analysis of conidiation in strains 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C [Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (t-test, ***P<0.001)]; E: Morphology of conidia from strains 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C (Scale bar=10 μm). Conidial types were classified as follows: Type Ⅰ, one cell; Type Ⅱ, two cells; Type Ⅲ, three cells); F: The abnormality rate of conidia in 70-15, ΔMoegh1 and ΔMoegh1-C was calculated., figureFileSmall=YPKJwFG6l4DMNQW26Lk8dA==, figureFileBig=k0b3GGqns+ODKaIDvkRVPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571019871514991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MoEgh1参与菌丝生长、分生孢子形态及分生孢子形成, figureFileSmall=YPKJwFG6l4DMNQW26Lk8dA==, figureFileBig=k0b3GGqns+ODKaIDvkRVPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571019967983984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Appressorium formation and appressorium turgor pressure were significantly impaired in the ΔMoegh1 mutant. A: Appressorium formation in strains 70-15, ∆Moegh1, and ∆Moegh1-C was observed at different time points (Scale bar=20 μm); B: Statistical analysis of appressorium formation rates of 70-15, ∆Moegh1, and ∆Moegh1-C at different time points, respectively; C: Incipient cytorrhysis (cell collapse) of 70-15, ∆Moegh1, and ∆Moegh1-C was observed at different glycerol solutions (Scale bar=20 μm); D: Statistical analysis of the rates of collapsed appressoria in 70-15, ∆Moegh1, and ∆Moegh1-C across different glycerol concentrations, respectively. Asterisks indicate significant differences (t-test, ***P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=eC+n0KSND8/Qf4CcHq3zgQ==, figureFileBig=kqkcg2PgFOeY3bie4yJgEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020047675761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ΔMoegh1 突变体中分生孢子的形成与附着胞膨压受损, figureFileSmall=eC+n0KSND8/Qf4CcHq3zgQ==, figureFileBig=kqkcg2PgFOeY3bie4yJgEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020127367538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Pathogenicity in the ∆Moegh1 mutant. A: Disease spots on isolated barley leaves inoculated with mycelial plugs of strains 70-15, ∆Moegh1, and ∆Moegh1-C; B: Disease symptoms observed on detached barley leaves with conidial suspensions of 70-15, ∆Moegh1 and ∆Moegh1-C; C: Rice seedlings (two weeks old) inoculated with conidia suspensions (5×104 spores/mL) of 70-15, ∆Moegh1, and ∆Moegh1-C; D: Lesion area and total leaf area (5 cm) of infected leaves were measured, and the proportion of lesion area to total leaf area was calculated. Asterisks indicate significant differences (t-test, ***P<0.001); E: Penetration assays conducted on isolated barley leaves (Scale bar=20 μm); F: Quantitative analysis of the number of different invasive hyphae types in strains 70-15, ∆Moegh1, and ∆Moegh1-C., figureFileSmall=kH5AmqUGoQqYXztrCs/hcw==, figureFileBig=//2VCDGkP/aXWvoICEVlgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020194476403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ΔMoegh1 突变体的致病性, figureFileSmall=kH5AmqUGoQqYXztrCs/hcw==, figureFileBig=//2VCDGkP/aXWvoICEVlgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020261585268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=MoEgh1 affects the mobilization and degradation of glycogen and lipid droplets. A: Glycogen distribution in conidia and appressoria of strains 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C (Scale bar=10 μm; B and C: Percentage of conidia and appressoria containing glycogen in 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C, respectively; D: Lipid droplet distribution in conidia and appressoria of 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C (Scale bar=10 μm); E and F: Percentage of conidia and appressoria containing lipid droplets in 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C, respectively. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (t-test, ***P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=bjSvH5eSqhqPbcWxhgtIng==, figureFileBig=MjUEIDNRWIAQzZe9fCC0eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020320305525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=CN, label=图5, caption=MoEgh1影响糖原和脂滴的转运与降解, figureFileSmall=bjSvH5eSqhqPbcWxhgtIng==, figureFileBig=MjUEIDNRWIAQzZe9fCC0eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020379025782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Abnormally elevated TOR activity in the ΔMoegh1 mutant. A: Growth conditions of the 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and the complemented strain were assessed in CM medium and CM medium supplemented with 100 ng/mL rapamycin; B: Relative growth rates were quantified and analyzed using Prism 7.0. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (t-test, ***P<0.001); C:Western blotting analysis of MoRps6 phosphorylation in the wild-type 70-15 and ΔMoegh1 mutant. Mycelia were cultured in CM medium for 2 days, followed by induction with 100 ng/mL rapamycin for 3 and 6 h. Proteins were extracted with TCA-acetone-SDS precipitation, and phosphorylation levels of MoRps6 were detected with MoRps6 and p-MoRps6 antibodies; D: Assessment of TORC2 activity. Mycelia were cultured in CM for 2 days and then treated with sterol biosynthesis inhibitors 3.4 μg/mL natamycin, 5 μg/mL amphotericin B, and 7.5 mg/mL itraconazole for 4 h. Proteins were extracted as described above, and phosphorylation of MoYpk1 was evaluated using MoYpk1 and p-MoYpk1 antibodies; E: Growth of strains 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C on plates containing sterol biosynthesis inhibitors at the concentrations indicated above; F: Relative growth inhibition rates of 70-15, ΔMoegh1, and ΔMoegh1-C on sterol biosynthesis inhibitor-containing plates. Asterisks indicate significant differences (t-test, ***P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=DKMvSQNmViXa3N6y0DxW9w==, figureFileBig=YeguwuQoZhLLG2HxPeztKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020458717559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=CN, label=图6, caption=ΔMoegh1TOR活性异常升高, figureFileSmall=DKMvSQNmViXa3N6y0DxW9w==, figureFileBig=YeguwuQoZhLLG2HxPeztKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020513243512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=MoEgh1 upregulates autophagy. A: Western blotting analysis of GFP-MoAtg8 degradation in the 70-15 and ΔMoegh1 mutant strains; B: Localization of GFP-MoAtg8 in the 70-15 and ΔMoegh1 mutant strains (Scale bar=10 μm); C: Degradation of GFP-MoAtg8 via autophagy in conidia of the 70-15 and ΔMoegh1 mutant (Scale bar=10 μm); D: Statistical analysis of the ratio of punctate fluorescence in conidia of the wild-type 70-15 and ΔMoegh1 mutant; E: Quantitative analysis of the proportion of free GFP using ImageJ software., figureFileSmall=LejDAvn+u/fpMxczaNQO3g==, figureFileBig=JTTGhBMd4Cz253jzyDnjig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020597129593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MoEgh1正向调控自噬过程, figureFileSmall=LejDAvn+u/fpMxczaNQO3g==, figureFileBig=JTTGhBMd4Cz253jzyDnjig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020655849850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
MoEGH1-upFAGGCTAACTGACACTCTAGAATATGTGCTATAGACAGGTCAC
MoEGH1-upRTGTTGACCTCCACTAAAGATTGGCCCGAAAGGTG
MoEGH1-downFGGAATAGAGTAGATGAAACACCCTTTGTTCTCTCAAC
MoEGH1-downRCGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTATCGGCATGATGCTCAACTGG
MoEGH1-upyzFTCAACCTCCTCAAAGAGACTC
MoEGH1-innerFTCAGAGGCATCAACGTTGC
MoEGH1-innerRTAAAGAGTCCACATTGGG
pKD5-MoEGH1-GFP-FACAATCACTAGTGAATTC GCACAGTCCATCCAAGTCTAAC
pKD5-MoEGH1-GFP-RCATCCCGGGGATGGATCC CATGATGCTGCACTGAGATACG
HPH-yzRGCAGCAGATGATAATAATGTCC
HPH-FTAGTGGAGGTCAACAATGAATG
HPH-RCATCTACTCTATTCCTTTGCC
Tubulin-FTGGAGCGTATGAGCGTCTAC
Tubulin-RAAGATGGCAGAGCAGGTCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1297571020727153019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571010534994210, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
MoEGH1-upFAGGCTAACTGACACTCTAGAATATGTGCTATAGACAGGTCAC
MoEGH1-upRTGTTGACCTCCACTAAAGATTGGCCCGAAAGGTG
MoEGH1-downFGGAATAGAGTAGATGAAACACCCTTTGTTCTCTCAAC
MoEGH1-downRCGACGGCCAGTGCCAAGCTTATCGGCATGATGCTCAACTGG
MoEGH1-upyzFTCAACCTCCTCAAAGAGACTC
MoEGH1-innerFTCAGAGGCATCAACGTTGC
MoEGH1-innerRTAAAGAGTCCACATTGGG
pKD5-MoEGH1-GFP-FACAATCACTAGTGAATTC GCACAGTCCATCCAAGTCTAAC
pKD5-MoEGH1-GFP-RCATCCCGGGGATGGATCC CATGATGCTGCACTGAGATACG
HPH-yzRGCAGCAGATGATAATAATGTCC
HPH-FTAGTGGAGGTCAACAATGAATG
HPH-RCATCTACTCTATTCCTTTGCC
Tubulin-FTGGAGCGTATGAGCGTCTAC
Tubulin-RAAGATGGCAGAGCAGGTCAG
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MoEgh1参与调控稻瘟病菌甾醇稳态和自噬途径
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梅媛 1 , 朱学明 2 , 沈自芳 2 , 鲍坚东 2 , 曾宇兰 2 , 林福呈 1, 2, 3 , 李琳 2, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 3870-3888
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 3870 -3888
MoEgh1参与调控稻瘟病菌甾醇稳态和自噬途径
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梅媛1, 朱学明2, 沈自芳2, 鲍坚东2, 曾宇兰2, 林福呈1, 2, 3 , 李琳2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.浙江师范大学 生命科学学院,浙江 金华
  • 2.浙江省农业科学院 植物保护与微生物研究所,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州
  • 3.湘湖实验室,浙江 杭州
通讯作者:
林福呈, 李琳
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

梅媛:实验完成、起草文章、撰写论文初稿;朱学明:对文章内容作批评性审阅、论文修改;沈自芳:设计实验、论文修改;鲍坚东:获取基金、论文修改;曾宇兰:分析数据、论文修改;林福呈:获取基金;李琳:实验思路设计、论文修改提交。

MoEgh1 regulates sterol homeostasis and autophagy pathways in Magnaporthe oryzae
Yuan MEI1, Xueming ZHU2, Zifang SHEN2, Jiandong BAO2, Yulan ZENG2, Fucheng LIN1, 2, 3 , Lin LI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  • 3.Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    E-mail: LIN Fucheng, ;
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260121
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麦角甾醇-β-葡萄糖苷酶(ergosteryl-β-glucosidase, Egh1)催化甾醇-葡萄糖苷的水解反应,生成游离甾醇和葡萄糖。该酶在维持细胞内膜脂质代谢稳态以及调控液泡等细胞器形态稳定方面具有重要作用。然而,该类酶在植物病原真菌中的生物学功能尚不明确。 【目的】 探究稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)麦角甾醇-β-葡萄糖苷酶同源基因MoEGH1在附着胞发育、甾醇代谢、自噬调控、致病过程中的功能。 【方法】 通过同源比对鉴定稻瘟病菌中的MoEGH1基因,利用基因敲除技术构建ΔMoegh1突变体,并结合表型分析、基因互补、自噬流检测、附着胞形成与膨压测定等方法系统研究MoEgh1的生物学功能。 【结果】 敲除MoEGH1基因显著影响了稻瘟病菌的生长发育与致病能力。ΔMoegh1突变体的生长速率和产孢量明显降低,分生孢子畸形率升高,附着胞形成受阻,且附着胞的膨压也显著降低,致病力几乎完全丧失。此外,与野生型菌株相比,ΔMoegh1对雷帕霉素以及靶向真菌甾醇合成的抑制剂(如纳他霉素、两性霉素B和伊曲康唑)更为敏感。该突变体中雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路活性异常增强,自噬水平显著降低。 【结论】 MoEgh1参与调控稻瘟病菌生长、产孢和附着胞形成,并通过影响雷帕霉素靶蛋白(target of rapamycin, TOR)活性调控自噬过程及甾醇稳态,从而在病菌致病过程中发挥重要作用。

麦角甾醇-β-葡萄糖苷酶  /  稻瘟病菌  /  附着胞发育  /  甾醇稳态  /  自噬

Ergosteryl-β-glucosidase (Egh1) catalyzes the hydrolysis of ergosteryl-β-glucoside for producing free ergosterol and glucose. This enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining intracellular membrane lipid homeostasis and regulating the morphological stability of organelles, including vacuoles. However, the biological functions of this enzyme class in plant pathogenic fungi remain poorly understood. [Objective] To elucidate the role of MoEGH1, an Egh1 homolog in Magnaporthe oryzae, in appressorium development, sterol metabolism, autophagy regulation, and pathogenicity. [Methods] MoEGH1, homologous to yeast EGH1, was identified by sequence homology analysis. A deletion mutant ΔMoegh1 was constructed through targeted gene replacement. The biological functions of MoEgh1 were systematically examined through phenotypic characterization, genetic complementation, autophagic flux assays, and assessments of appressorium formation and turgor pressure. [Results] The deletion of MoEGH1 markedly impaired the growth, development, and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. ΔMoegh1 displayed significantly reduced radial growth and conidiation, an increased proportion of malformed conidia, a substantial decrease in appressorial turgor pressure, and defective appressorium formation. These developmental defects led to an almost complete loss of pathogenicity. Furthermore, compared with the wild‑type strain, ΔMoegh1 demonstrated heightened sensitivity to rapamycin and sterol‑targeting antifungal agents, including natamycin, amphotericin B, and itraconazole. Additionally, the mutant displayed abnormally elevated activity of the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway concomitant with reduced levels of autophagy. [Conclusion] MoEgh1 is essential for vegetative growth, conidiation, and appressorium formation in M. oryzae. MoEgh1 regulates the autophagy process and sterol homeostasis by modulating TOR activity, thereby playing a critical role in the pathogenicity of this fungus.

ergosteryl-β-glucosidase  /  Magnaporthe oryzae  /  appressorium development  /  sterol homeostasis  /  autophagy
梅媛, 朱学明, 沈自芳, 鲍坚东, 曾宇兰, 林福呈, 李琳. MoEgh1参与调控稻瘟病菌甾醇稳态和自噬途径. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3870 -3888 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260121
Yuan MEI, Xueming ZHU, Zifang SHEN, Jiandong BAO, Yulan ZENG, Fucheng LIN, Lin LI. MoEgh1 regulates sterol homeostasis and autophagy pathways in Magnaporthe oryzae[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3870 -3888 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260121
稻瘟病(rice blast)是由稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae)引起的威胁全球水稻安全生产的毁灭性真菌病害,流行年份可造成严重减产甚至绝收[1]。目前,稻瘟病的防治主要依赖于化学杀菌剂(如三环唑、嘧菌酯等)和抗病品种的选育。然而,病原菌易快速进化产生抗药性与毒性变异[2]。因此,深入解析稻瘟病菌的致病机制并据此开发新型、可持续的防控策略具有重要意义。
自噬是真核生物中高度保守的细胞自我降解与再利用途径,包括巨自噬(macroautophagy)、微自噬(microautophagy)和分子伴侣介导的自噬(chaperone-mediated autophagy)。其中巨自噬依赖于一系列自噬相关基因编码的蛋白质协同作用,通过形成双层膜结构的自噬小体包裹部分胞质成分,随后与溶酶体(植物和酵母中为液泡)融合并降解内容物,实现物质回收[3]。自噬不仅维持细胞稳态,还能在营养匮乏、环境胁迫等条件下为细胞提供能量和物质支持[4-5]。在稻瘟病菌中,自噬对附着胞成熟、侵染钉的形成及糖原等营养物质的积累与动员尤为重要[6]。目前已鉴定的自噬核心蛋白(如MoAtg1、MoAtg4、MoAtg8、MoAtg9、MoAtg12、MoAtg13、MoAtg14、MoAtg16等)协同维持自噬通路的完整性,并显著影响稻瘟病菌的营养生长、分化和致病力。其中,MoAtg1作为丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,是自噬起始复合体的核心成分,可感应营养与发育信号以启动自噬[7];MoAtg4是一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶,其缺失导致菌丝生长、分生孢子形成与附着胞发育显著延迟[8];MoAtg8是锚定在自噬小体膜上的泛素样蛋白,其缺失将显著抑制自噬并导致细胞器清除受阻、能量不足与致病力下降[9-10];MoAtg9为多次跨膜蛋白,参与自噬小体膜来源与周转[11]。总体而言,这些核心蛋白通过调控自噬起始、自噬小体装配与底物降解共同维持稻瘟病菌在不同营养条件与侵染阶段的细胞稳态与代谢平衡[12-14]
雷帕霉素靶蛋白(target of rapamycin, TOR)信号通路是真核生物中高度保守的营养与能量感知途径[15],通过整合氨基酸、能量、生长因子及应激信号调控蛋白质合成、代谢、细胞生长与自噬等关键生命过程[16]。在动物细胞中,TOR形成2种功能复合体:TORC1因与雷帕霉素及FKBP12结合而具有雷帕霉素敏感性[17],主要负责促进合成代谢并抑制自噬;而TORC2由于其结构特性对雷帕霉素不敏感,主要参与细胞骨架调控、膜稳态维持与细胞存活[18-19]。在酵母中,TORC1是调节营养依赖性生长与自噬的核心开关[20]。营养充足时通过磷酸化Atg13抑制自噬起始,营养匮乏时其活性下降,Atg13去磷酸化并与Atg1组装成自噬起始复合体,从而激活自噬[21-22]。在植物病原真菌中,TORC1的功能研究较为深入,涉及蛋白质合成、自噬、次级代谢与致病性等多个方面[23-24]。TORC2的研究相对有限。然而,近年研究表明TORC2在侵染结构形成与环境应激适应中发挥重要作用[25-26]。例如,在稻瘟病菌中,氨基酸转运蛋白MoGap1通过激活TOR通路抑制自噬,促进营养生长和致病性[27];TORC1通过调控转录抑制因子MoMaf1参与tRNA合成及蛋白质生物合成,影响病菌发育与致病力[28]。相较之下,TORC2在稻瘟病菌中的功能研究尚处于起步阶段,已发现VASt结构域蛋白MoVast1通过调节质膜张力和甾醇稳态来影响TORC2活性,进而调控自噬与致病力[29]。此外,自噬相关蛋白MoSec13定位于TORC2调控网络上游通过影响囊泡运输和脂质代谢参与TORC2信号输出,并与乙酰转移酶MoGcn5b协同调控MoAtg8乙酰化,共同构建自噬调控网络[30]
甾醇是真菌细胞膜的重要结构成分,功能类似于动物细胞中的胆固醇,可通过调节磷脂双层的流动性与稳定性维持膜功能[31-32]。甾醇‑β‑葡萄糖苷水解酶(steryl‑β‑glucosidase)是甾醇糖苷(steryl glucosides, SGs)分解代谢中的关键水解酶,催化糖基化甾醇生成游离甾醇以维持SG/甾醇稳态[33]。在新生隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)中,首个被鉴定的甾醇‑β‑葡萄糖苷酶EGCrP2参与液泡中麦角甾醇‑β‑葡萄糖苷的分解,其缺失导致甾醇糖苷积累,生长停滞、毒力丧失、出芽分裂障碍及液泡形态异常[33-34]。在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中,同源蛋白Egh1参与甾醇糖苷分解及液泡形成[35];在烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)中,同源蛋白SglA参与菌丝发育和致病过程[36]。总体而言,甾醇糖苷水解受扰可破坏膜脂稳态,进而影响真菌生长、胁迫响应与致病力[37],但其在植物病原真菌中的功能仍不明确。
本研究以稻瘟病菌麦角甾醇‑β‑葡萄糖苷酶MoEgh1为对象,通过表型分析、基因互补、胁迫响应检测附着胞形成与膨压测定等方法,系统解析其在生长发育、致病性、胁迫应答、甾醇代谢与自噬调控中的功能,以期为理解稻瘟病菌甾醇代谢及开发靶向甾醇代谢的新型杀菌剂提供理论依据。
本研究所用菌株包括稻瘟病菌野生型菌株70-15,含有敲除质粒载体pKO3A、携带回补载体pKD5的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)菌株及农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) AGL1。植物材料为感病水稻品种(Oryza sativa) CO-39及感病大麦品种(Hordeum vulgare) ZJ-8。以上菌株与植物材料由浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所真菌与植物免疫研究室保存。
ΔMoegh1缺失突变体及其回补菌株ΔMoegh1-C均为研究中构建获得。其中,大肠杆菌感受态细胞(Trans1-T1 phage-resistant chemically competent cell)购自北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司,根癌农杆菌感受态细胞(AGL-1 chemically competent cell)购自上海唯地生物技术有限公司。野生型菌株70-15、ΔMoegh1突变体及其回补菌株ΔMoegh1-C于完全培养基(CM)上培养,含pKO3A及pKD5的大肠杆菌菌株于添加卡那霉素的LB培养基中保存。本研究所用PCR引物均由杭州有康生物科技有限公司合成,序列信息列于表1
以稻瘟病菌MoEGH1 (MGG_00882)基因的蛋白序列为查询对象,在NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中进行检索。所得蛋白质序列利用ClustalW网站(https://www.genome.jp/toolsbin/ clustalw)进行多序列比对,比对结果用DNAMAN软件(https://www.dnaman.net/)绘制序列比对图。
取生长旺盛的菌丝置于2 mL离心管中,加入钢珠和500 μL DNA提取缓冲液(10 mmol/L EDTA、100 mmol/L Tris-HCl和1 mol/L KCl),于高通量组织研磨器中充分研磨。12 000 r/min离心10 min,吸取300 μL上清液至新离心管,加入等体积异丙醇,混匀,沉淀DNA。12 000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清。沉淀用500 μL 70%乙醇洗涤,12 000 r/min离心1 min,弃乙醇,室温晾干。加入30 μL ddH2O溶解DNA,备用。
以稻瘟病菌野生型菌株70-15的基因组DNA为模板,分别用引物MoEGH1-upF/MoEGH1-upR和MoEGH1-downF/MoEGH1-downR扩增获得MoEGH1基因上、下游各约2.0 kb的同源臂序列(表1)。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Phanta Max Master Mix (P525) 25 μL,正、反向引物(10 μmol/L)各2 μL,DNA模板1 μL,ddH2O 20 μL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,58 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸(1 min/2 kb),共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。
经琼脂糖凝胶电泳确认后回收纯化。使用引物HPH-F/HPH-R扩增并回收潮霉素抗性HPH基因片段(表1)。将上、下游同源臂、HPH片段与酶切线性化的pKO3A载体采用多片段融合酶系统进行体外重组,构建MoEGH1基因敲除载体。重组载体转化至大肠杆菌感受态细胞后,通过菌落PCR筛选阳性克隆。分别用MoEGH1-upF/MoEGH1-upR、MoEGH1-downF/MoEGH1-downR及HPH-F/HPH-R对阳性克隆进行PCR验证,可同时扩增出上、下游及HPH片段则判定为构建成功(表1)。经测序确认无误的阳性克隆扩大培养提取质粒,-20 ℃保存备用。采用农杆菌介导的遗传转化法(Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, ATMT)将敲除载体导入稻瘟病菌,在含潮霉素的平板上筛选转化子。提取潜在敲除突变体的基因组DNA,用引物MoEGH1-upyzF/HPH-yzR PCR检测上游与HPH基因的重组片段,同时以MoEGH1-innerF/MoEGH1-innerR检测基因内部片段。出现上游重组条带且内部片段缺失者判定为MoEGH1敲除突变体。
为构建带GFP标记的回补菌株,设计特异性引物pKD5-MoEGH1-GFP-F/pKD5-MoEGH1-GFP-R,扩增MoEGH1全长编码序列,并通过同源重组定向克隆至携带潮霉素抗性标记的载体pKD5中,构建融合表达MoEGH1与GFP的重组质粒pKD5-MoEGH1-GFP。重组质粒经测序确认基因序列及阅读框正确后,转化入农杆菌感受态细胞,采用农杆菌介导的转化方法,将其转入ΔMoegh1突变体中,在含潮霉素的平板上进行抗性筛选获得转化子。随机挑取转化子于显微镜下观察。若菌丝或附着胞等结构在特定激发光下发出绿色荧光,则初步判定为MoEgh1-GFP融合蛋白表达阳性。进一步采用位于MoEGH1基因内部的验证引物进行PCR检测,若能扩增出预期大小的MoEGH1基因片段,则表明回补载体已成功整合至突变体基因组中,从而获得回补菌株ΔMoegh1-C
将稻瘟病菌野生型菌株70-15、基因敲除突变体及其回补菌株分别接种于CM上活化培养。待菌落生长良好后,使用无菌刀片从各菌落边缘区域切取大小均匀的菌块(直径约5 mm),分别转接至新鲜CM平板中央,置于25 ℃恒温培养箱中培养7 d。培养期间设置光暗周期为光照8 h/黑暗16 h,促进菌丝正常分化。培养结束后,采用十字交叉法测量各菌落直径,分别沿平板2个垂直方向测量并取平均值,以准确反映菌落径向生长量。每个处理设3个生物学重复,整个实验独立重复3次,对菌落形态拍照保存,用于后续形态学比较和生长速率分析。同时将在平板中培养7 d后的70-15、突变体菌株及回补菌株用无菌蒸馏水刮除气生菌丝,置于超净工作台中风干1 h。用经70%乙醇消毒的解剖刀将菌落切成小块,转至载玻片上,于28 ℃光暗交替(光照8 h/黑暗16 h)条件下培养24 h。最后在光学显微镜下观察分生孢子梗形态并拍照记录。
在生长与产孢实验中将70-15、突变体菌株及回补菌株接种于CM上,于25 ℃培养8 d,测量菌落直径并利用显微镜统计孢子产量。将孢子浓度稀释至5×104 spores/mL后滴加于载玻片上用显微镜观察,并用细胞壁钙荧光白(calcofluor white, CFW)荧光染色剂对分生孢子细胞壁和隔膜进行染色,统计不同孢子类型数目,每次重复统计3次,实验重复3次。同时将上述浓度的分生孢子悬浮液滴至覆有疏水膜的玻片上,28 ℃黑暗保湿培养,于诱导4、8、24 h后用显微镜观察孢子萌发情况。
将70-15、突变体及回补菌株接种于CM平板,28 ℃光暗交替(16 h光照/8 h 黑暗)培养8 d。加入4 mL无菌水刮取气生菌丝收集分生孢子,经三层滤纸过滤制备分生孢子悬浮液,并稀释至终浓度5×104 spores/mL。取20 μL分生孢子悬浮液滴加于经70%乙醇处理的人工疏水膜(铺于载玻片,每片3张)上,将载玻片置于加无菌水的保湿盒中,22 ℃黑暗条件下诱导附着胞形成。于诱导8 h和24 h统计附着胞形成率并拍照记录,每组设3次重复。测定附着胞渗透压耐受性时,诱导24 h后吸除疏水膜表面水分,加入等体积1.0、1.5、2.0 mol/L甘油溶液,室温处理5 min后迅速观察并统计附着胞塌陷率(塌陷数/总数),各菌株在不同甘油浓度下重复3次。
采用离体叶片接种法测定待测菌株致病性。具体步骤如下:剪取生长7 d、健康状况良好的大麦叶片,以及处于三叶一心期的水稻植株,用70%乙醇进行表面消毒后,以无菌ddH2O冲洗3次后备用。对待测菌株(于CM上培养7 d)使用无菌打孔器(直径约5 mm)获取均匀菌丝块,同时制备待测菌株孢子悬浮液(将分生孢子悬浮液稀释至5×104 spores/mL),将菌饼与分生孢子悬浮液分别贴接于大麦与水稻离体叶片上,每叶片接种3个点。接种后的叶片均置于铺有湿润滤纸的培养皿中,于25 ℃光照培养箱内光照交替(光照16 h/黑暗8 h)、保湿培养4 d后观察并记录病原菌侵染进程及病斑发育特征。同时,将待测菌株分生孢子悬浮液与等体积0.2%明胶混合均匀后喷洒至上述水稻叶片上,置于22 ℃培养箱黑暗培养2 d后,改为光照16 h/黑暗8 h条件继续培养4 d,观察病斑情况。为细致观察侵染过程,以相同的处理与培养方法将野生型、突变体及回补菌株的孢子悬浮液滴接于离体大麦叶片,于接种后36 h和48 h剪取接种点叶片组织,经甲醇脱色至白色后,用固定液(甘油:95%乙醇=1:2)固定,在光学显微镜下观察附着胞产生侵染钉的情况,计数统计侵染比例并拍照记录。每组实验均设3个独立生物学重复。
将70-15、突变体菌株及其回补菌株置于CM上,25 ℃恒温培养8 d后,获得各菌株分生孢子悬浮液。将其浓度调整至5×104 spores/mL,取适量滴加于载玻片上用于显微镜观察。糖原染色操作前需配制KI/I2溶液(含60 mg/mL KI与10 mg/mL I2)。分生孢子分别诱导0、8、16、24 h后,从保湿盒中取出带有分生孢子悬浮液的疏水膜,使用移液器或吸水纸轻柔吸除表面水分,随后加入等体积KI/I2溶液,覆盖盖玻片。通过光学显微镜记录分生孢子与附着胞中糖原染色状况并拍摄图像,每组实验独立重复3次。脂滴染色在诱导附着胞形成前进行,按每1 mL分生孢子悬浮液加入1 μL浓度为10 μg/μL的三环唑(tricyclazole),以抑制黑色素生成,便于后续荧光检测。配制10 μmol/L脂类染料氟硼二吡咯化合物(4,4-difluoro-boradiazaindacene, Bodipy)染液,取出疏水膜并吸去表面水分,加入等体积Bodipy染液,覆盖盖玻片后,在荧光显微镜下观察并统计分生孢子与附着胞脂滴染色结果,同时拍摄记录,每组重复3次。
以CM为基础,分别添加不同浓度甾醇合成抑制剂:3.4 μg/mL纳他霉素(natamycin, Nat)、5 μg/mL两性霉素B (amphotericin B, AmB)、7.5 mg/mL伊曲康唑 (itraconazole, Itra),配制一系列胁迫培养基。将各供试菌株均匀接种于含不同抑制剂的培养基表面,置于28 ℃黑暗环境中连续培养7 d。培养结束后,测定各菌落直径并计算相对生长率。为保证结果可靠性,每组实验均独立重复3次,每个处理均设3个生物学重复。
为分析70-15与突变体菌株内蛋白质磷酸化水平,将菌丝接种于CM液体培养基中,于25 ℃、150 r/min培养2 d。添加100 ng/mL雷帕霉素(rapamycin, Rap)于液体CM中,分别诱导处理0、2、4 h;分别添加3.4 μg/mL纳他霉素、5 μg/mL两性霉素B、7.5 mg/mL伊曲康唑于液体CM中诱导处理4 h,随后采用三氯乙酸-丙酮法提取总蛋白质。蛋白质磷酸化水平通过Western blotting检测。为测定MoRps6磷酸化水平,使用抗磷酸化Rps6 (S235/S236)抗体(cell signaling technology, 2211)进行检测。为分析MoYpk1 (S619)激酶磷酸化状态,使用MoYpk1磷酸化抗体(ABclonal生物技术有限公司)进行检测。
自噬实验采用GFP-MoAtg8融合蛋白及其自身启动子,通过ATMT方法将其转化至70-15与ΔMoegh1突变体内。将GFP-MoAtg8转化菌株于CM液体培养基中25 ℃培养约2 d,转移至氮饥饿(SD-N)培养基中培养4 h以诱导自噬。随后,取部分样品用细胞膜通透性染料7-氨基- 4-氯甲基香豆素(7-amino-4-chloromethylcoumarin, CMAC)染色,于荧光共聚焦显微镜下观察GFP-MoAtg8定位与自噬体形成情况。同时,提取总蛋白质,通过Western blotting分析游离GFP的生成情况以评估GFP-MoAtg8降解程度。将上述融合菌株于25 ℃培养7 d后,制备各菌株分生孢子悬浮液,滴加至覆有疏水膜的玻片上,28 ℃黑暗保湿培养,在诱导4、8、24 h后使用荧光共聚焦显微镜观察孢子萌发过程中GFP-MoAtg8降解情况。
通过生物信息学分析,稻瘟病菌中甾醇-β-葡萄糖苷水解酶MGG_00882基因位于第Ⅴ条染色体上,序列全长为2 809 bp,含3个外显子和2个内含子,编码一个由776个氨基酸组成的蛋白质。经同源比对将其命名为MoEgh1。根据DNA同源重组原理,以潮霉素抗性基因替换MoEGH1基因构建敲除突变体[原始数据存储于国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDCX0002213],获得MoEGH1基因敲除突变体ΔMoegh1。序列比对结果显示,MGG_00882编码的蛋白在不同物种中高度保守(图1),与酿酒酵母(S. cerevisiae) Egh1蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性为39.18%;与烟曲霉(A. fumigatus) SglA蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性为56.89%;与托氏炭疽菌(Colletotrichum tofieldiae)糖苷水解酶的氨基酸序列一致性为64.79%。
为评估MoEgh1的生物学功能,本研究系统分析了ΔMoegh1突变体在菌丝生长、分生孢子形成及孢子形态方面的表型。结果表明,与野生型70-15和回补菌株相比,ΔMoegh1突变体菌落生长直径显著减小,降幅约12% (图2A2C)。在产孢能力方面,ΔMoegh1突变体在培养24 h后仅产生少量分生孢子,孢子产量较70-15与回补菌株降低约35% (图2B2D)。此外,突变体孢子形态也出现明显异常:超过75%的ΔMoegh1分生孢子缺乏隔膜或仅具单一隔膜,而野生型70-15中,超过80%的分生孢子均具2个隔膜(图2E2F)。上述结果表明,MoEgh1在稻瘟病菌营养生长、孢子形态建成及产孢过程中具有重要作用。
稻瘟病菌侵染过程中,附着胞通过产生高渗透压穿透宿主表皮[30]。为探究MoEgh1在附着胞发育中的功能,比较了ΔMoegh1突变体与野生型菌株70-15及回补菌株在不同诱导时间点的附着胞形成情况。结果表明,接种4、8、12 h后,ΔMoegh1突变体分生孢子附着胞形成率均显著低于野生型和回补菌株。诱导8 h后,ΔMoegh1突变体中仅约25%的分生孢子形成附着胞,而70-15和回补菌株的形成率均超过70% (图3A3B)。即使至24 h,ΔMoegh1突变体附着胞形成能力依旧明显滞后,表明其在附着胞发育进程中存在持续性缺陷(图3A3B)。同时,通过不同浓度甘油溶液处理评估附着胞膨压调节能力:在1 mol/L甘油浓度下,ΔMoegh1突变体塌陷率为(38±3.60)%,而野生型与回补菌株分别为(17.66±2.51)%、(18.33±2.52)%;将甘油浓度升至1.5 mol/L与2 mol/L后,野生型与回补菌株塌陷率逐渐升高,但仍低于突变体的(52±4.35)%与(65.33±2.51)% (图3C3D)。上述结果表明,ΔMoegh1突变体的附着胞形成率和膨压均显著降低。
为明确MoEgh1在稻瘟病菌致病过程中的功能,本研究首先通过离体大麦叶片接种实验比较了ΔMoegh1突变体、70-15及回补菌株的致病情况。接种后第4天,ΔMoegh1突变体仅产生少量小型病斑,而野生型和回补菌株则引发典型的融合型病斑(图4A)。进一步使用各菌株分生孢子悬浮液接种于大麦叶片,发现接种ΔMoegh1突变体的大麦叶片病斑面积远小于对照组(图4B)。在水稻幼苗侵染实验中,ΔMoegh1突变体病斑面积同样显著减小(图4C4D),表明MoEgh1缺失严重削弱了稻瘟病菌对水稻的致病能力。
为深入解析ΔMoegh1突变体致病性下降的原因,在离体大麦叶片中进行了附着胞侵染过程的系统观察。根据侵染菌丝(invasion hyphae, IH)的形态特征,将侵染表型分为3种类型:I型(未形成IH,初始侵染受阻)、II型(IH仅限于单个细胞)和III型(IH穿透并扩散至邻近细胞)。结果显示,在侵染36 h后,野生型和回补菌株中约80%的侵染菌丝表现为III型,而ΔMoegh1突变体完全未观察到III型菌丝,仅出现I型和II型菌丝(图4E4F)。至48 h,突变体中III型菌丝比例仍低于30%,远低于对照组(>90%) (图4E4F)。上述结果表明,MoEgh1缺失不仅影响附着胞的穿透能力,还显著抑制了侵染菌丝在植物组织内的扩展速率和细胞间迁移效率。
在稻瘟病菌侵染过程中,分生孢子内的糖原和脂滴通过芽管降解并转运至附着胞,甘油由此积累,从而产生侵染所需的膨压。为阐明ΔMoegh1突变体膨压受损的潜在机制,本研究系统比较了野生型菌株70-15、ΔMoegh1突变体及其回补菌株ΔMoegh1-C在附着胞成熟过程中糖原与脂滴的转运与降解动态。结果显示,在分生孢子阶段,ΔMoegh1突变体糖原含量与野生型无显著差异(图5A5B)。萌发8 h后,ΔMoegh1突变体中仍有(42±2.45)%的分生孢子滞留糖原,显著高于野生型的(17.33±2.45)% (图5A5B)。至萌发16 h,野生型与回补菌株中糖原已基本转运至附着胞并显著降解;相比之下,ΔMoegh1突变体即使至萌发24 h,其附着胞中糖原仍未见明显降解(图5A5C)。类似地,脂滴转运过程在ΔMoegh1突变体中也表现出明显延迟。在孢子萌发0-8 h期间ΔMoegh1突变体分生孢子中脂滴转运速率显著低于野生型与回补菌株(图5D5E)。至16-24 h,野生型与回补菌株中脂滴已基本完成降解,而ΔMoegh1突变体附着胞中仍有约34%的脂滴未被降解(图5D5F)。上述结果表明,ΔMoegh1突变体在分生孢子萌发及附着胞发育过程中,糖原与脂滴的转运及降解效率显著降低,这可能是导致其膨压形成能力减弱和致病性下降的重要原因。
在表型分析中,首先发现ΔMoegh1突变株对雷帕霉素表现出显著敏感性(图6A6B)。雷帕霉素是经典的TORC1特异性抑制剂,可作为其活性调节的关键探针[38],为探究MoEgh1是否参与TORC1信号通路的调控,进一步检测了TORC1下游效应子MoRps6的磷酸化水平。免疫印迹结果显示,经100 ng/mL雷帕霉素处理3 h和6 h后,ΔMoegh1突变体中MoRps6磷酸化条带显著增强,较野生型菌株呈明显上调趋势(图6C),表明MoEgh1缺失影响TORC1活性。
甾醇含量和分布的变化会影响膜张力状态[39],并可能通过膜脂信号反馈调控与膜稳态密切相关的TORC2通路[40]。在酵母和哺乳动物中,TORC2通过磷酸化下游AGC激酶Ypk1,进而精细调节膜脂组成与稳态[41-42]。稻瘟病菌中MoYpk1的S619位点是TORC2的直接磷酸化位点[29,43]。为评估MoEgh1是否参与TORC2信号调控,检测MoYpk1的磷酸化水平,以此作为TORC2活性的指标。结果显示,ΔMoegh1突变体对甾醇合成抑制剂(纳他霉素、两性霉素B和伊曲康唑)表现出更高的敏感性,其生长明显受阻(图6E6F)。进一步分别用这3种药物诱导处理菌株,检测Ypk1磷酸化水平发现,ΔMoegh1突变体Ypk1磷酸化信号强度均明显高于野生型菌株(图6D),表明MoEGH1基因缺失导致TORC2信号过度激活。综上所述,MoEgh1通过协同调控TORC1和TORC2信号通路共同调节细胞对营养变化及膜胁迫的响应。
为探究MoEgh1在自噬过程中的作用,通过Western blotting分析GFP-MoAtg8在饥饿条件下的降解动态。结果表明,在营养剥夺0-4 h期间,野生型菌株70-15中GFP-MoAtg8条带逐渐减弱,并伴随游离GFP条带的出现,表明自噬流被成功激活;而在ΔMoegh1突变体中,GFP-MoAtg8条带减弱及游离GFP信号增强的幅度均显著低于野生型,表明自噬过程受到明显阻碍(图7A)。进一步利用荧光显微镜观察GFP-MoAtg8的亚细胞定位,发现在营养充足条件下,野生型与突变体中均可观察到细胞质中呈点状分布的自噬体结构,但ΔMoegh1突变体自噬体数量更多,说明其基础自噬水平较低;饥饿处理后,野生型菌株自噬体荧光信号转移并弥散至液泡,表明自噬体降解正常发生,而ΔMoegh1突变体中大量点状自噬体信号仍滞留于细胞质,显示其自噬体未能顺利进入降解阶段(图7B7E)。进一步比较菌株孢子萌发诱导0-24 h期间的自噬动态变化,发现在营养充足时二者均在细胞质中呈现点状GFP-MoAtg8信号;但在诱导8-24 h后,野生型GFP-MoAtg8信号逐渐转移至液泡,而突变体点状信号始终滞留于细胞质,未能进入正常降解途径(图7C7D)。上述结果表明,MoEGH1基因缺失导致稻瘟病菌自噬在多个发育阶段受到持续阻碍,MoEgh1蛋白正向调控自噬进程。
甾醇是真核生物细胞膜中必不可少的脂类成分,真菌中主要以麦角甾醇为代表,其通过调节膜的流动性、厚度及弯曲性维持质膜与细胞器膜的物理性质和功能[44-45]。甾醇代谢涵盖甾醇类化合物(如胆固醇、植物甾醇、麦角甾醇等)在生物体内的合成、转化、转运、储存及分解过程[46]。在稻瘟病菌中,多重甾醇代谢相关酶与致病力密切相关,如酵母葡萄糖苷酶II同源蛋白MoGls2缺失可显著降低致病力与侵染性生长[47]。阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶MoAbfB可降解水稻细胞壁成分,是致病必需因子,其降解产物也可能诱导宿主防御反应[48]。本研究鉴定了稻瘟病菌麦角甾醇-β-葡萄糖苷酶MoEgh1。MoEgh1缺失显著影响稻瘟病菌的营养生长和产孢能力,ΔMoegh1突变体菌落直径仅为野生型70-15的85.20% (图2C),产孢量下降至野生型的33.67% (图2D)。同时,ΔMoegh1分生孢子畸形率显著升高,附着胞形成能力与膨压维持能力受阻(图2E3A3C)。此外,糖原与脂滴等能量物质的转运显著受阻(图5A-5E),导致该突变体在大麦和水稻上完全丧失致病能力(图4)。上述结果一致表明,MoEgh1对稻瘟病菌生长发育、分化及致病过程具有关键作用。
TOR为高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,参与细胞生长、核糖体生物合成、细胞有丝分裂和自噬等关键过程[49]。在植物病原真菌中,TOR信号通路已被证实调控细胞生长、有丝分裂、自噬及毒力形成等。其中,TORC1是调控细胞生长信号转导与自噬进程的主要复合体,其在营养感知、蛋白质合成及代谢重编程等方面的分子机制已得到较为系统和深入的解析[50]。TORC2是维持细胞膜稳态、膜张力和膜脂组成的关键调节因子,并通过下游AGC激酶调控细胞极性与细胞壁完整性[51]。在稻瘟病菌中,固醇结合蛋白MoVast1通过调节质膜甾醇的动态平衡影响膜张力,从而协同调节TOR活性与自噬过程[29];另一固醇结合蛋白MoVast2与MoVast1互作,介导甾醇由质膜向内质网的转运,质膜甾醇升高可激活TORC2并促进鞘脂合成,同时激活TORC1以推动有丝分裂与生长[43]。然而,TOR在稻瘟病菌中如何精细控制一系列发育事件,以及TORC1和TORC2的具体分工与协作机制仍待阐明。尤其是除MoVast1/MoVast2等直接结合或转运甾醇的因子外,是否存在通过调控甾醇化学形式与代谢稳态而间接影响TOR活性的调节因子,目前相关研究仍较为匮乏,其作用机制尚不明确。
本研究发现,ΔMoegh1突变体对雷帕霉素的敏感性显著高于野生型菌株(图6A6B),表明其TOR信号通路可能发生异常。进一步检测发现,ΔMoegh1中TORC1活性明显升高,相对于野生型处于过度激活状态(图6C)。同时,ΔMoegh1对甾醇合成抑制剂(纳他霉素、两性霉素B与伊曲康唑)表现出显著敏感性,说明其甾醇代谢可能受到破坏(图6E6F)。在此基础上,检测了TORC2下游靶蛋白MoYpk1的磷酸化水平,发现ΔMoegh1中MoYpk1磷酸化水平显著上调,表明TORC2信号同样被过度激活(图6D)。鉴于TOR通路在稻瘟病菌中精密调控自噬过程以响应环境变化并影响致病性[29-30,43],进一步分析ΔMoegh1中的自噬水平发现,该突变体自噬过程受到明显抑制(图7A),且在附着胞萌发阶段(图7C)与营养菌丝生长阶段(图7B)均表现出显著的自噬流减缓,表明ΔMoegh1中的自噬通路受到系统性抑制。
综上所述,MoEgh1可能位于TOR信号通路的上游,作为调控甾醇代谢与甾醇稳态的关键因子参与信号传递。MoEgh1功能缺失导致膜甾醇稳态失衡,引发TOR信号异常激活,进而抑制自噬通路的正常运转。甾醇代谢紊乱与自噬受阻的协同作用最终严重削弱了稻瘟病菌的生长能力和致病力。总体而言,MoEgh1在甾醇代谢、TOR信号调控与自噬通路之间扮演关键的桥梁角色,为构建稻瘟病菌生长发育及致病性调控网络模型提供了重要的理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32270078)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32370208)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260121
  • 接收时间:2026-02-09
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-09
  • 录用日期:2026-03-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270078)
国家自然科学基金(32270078)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370208)
国家自然科学基金(32370208)
作者信息
    1.浙江师范大学 生命科学学院,浙江 金华
    2.浙江省农业科学院 植物保护与微生物研究所,农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州
    3.湘湖实验室,浙江 杭州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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