Article(id=1304366182874764015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769961600000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773763200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineDate=1788914731948, onlineDateStr=2026-09-09, pubDate=1788451200000, pubDateStr=2026-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788914731948, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788914731948, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788914731948, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304366133864321404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='9', pageStart='4291', pageEnd='4651', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788451200000', pubDateStr='2026-09-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1788914720263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788914779113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4601, endPage=4613, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304366183050924784, articleId=1304366182874764015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Optimization of the multi-enzyme cascade for synthesis of L-threitol from formaldehyde, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
L-threitol is a significant intermediate in pharmaceutical synthesis. Previously, we developed a one-pot, two-step multi-enzyme cascade for synthesizing L-threitol from formaldehyde. In this pathway, benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) catalyze the conversion of formaldehyde into L-erythrulose. This is followed by the reduction of L-erythrulose to L-threitol, driven by L-threitol dehydrogenase (TDH) and a methanol dehydrogenase (MDH)/isopropanol cofactor regeneration system. While this route boasts high atom economy and minimal by-products, the compatibility and optimal concentrations of the enzymes required optimization. [Objective] To systematically optimize the dosages and compatibility of enzymes in the multi-enzyme cascade to enhance both the reaction rate and conversion efficiency. [Methods] The activities of four key enzymes—BFD, FSA, TDH, and MDH—were assessed. Subsequently, factors including enzyme dosage, the cofactor regeneration system, reaction duration, and temperature were optimized step-by-step to improve the system compatibility. [Results] The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: enzyme dosages of BFD, FSA, TDH, and MDH being 10, 1, 1, and 8 mg/mL, respectively. Notably, the dosages of FSA and TDH were reduced by 87% and 67%, respectively, compared with pre-optimization levels. Other optimal parameters included a NAD+ concentration of 2 mmol/L, a reaction temperature of 30 ℃, and reaction duration of 8 h (representing a 60% decrease from that of the original system). Under these conditions, the maximum L-threitol concentration reached 166.76 mmol/L, with a yield of 89%. In a scale-up experiment, the L-threitol yield remained at 80%, representing a 43% increase compared with the pre-optimization level. [Conclusion] By systematically optimizing enzyme compatibility and reaction conditions, this study significantly reduces the enzyme dosages and reaction duration for converting formaldehyde to L-threitol. Simultaneously, it substantially improves the production efficiency and yield, establishing a robust foundation for the enzymatic synthesis of L-threitol from formaldehyde.
, authors=Ruke ZHANG
1, 2, Zijian TAN
2, Jinxia WEI
1, Leilei ZHU
2, *, authorsList=Ruke ZHANG, Zijian TAN, Jinxia WEI, Leilei ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Leilei ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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L-苏糖醇的反应体系优化, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
L-苏糖醇(L-threitol)是一种重要的药物合成中间体。本课题组前期开发了以甲醛为原料的一锅两步多酶级联合成路线,该路线由甲醛裂合酶(benzoylformate decarboxylase, BFD)、D-果糖-6-磷酸醛缩酶(fructose-6-phosphate aldolase, FSA)催化甲醛生成L-赤藓酮糖(L-erythrulose),在L-苏糖醇脱氢酶(L-threitol dehydrogenase, TDH)和甲醇脱氢酶(methanol dehydrogenase, MDH)/异丙醇辅酶循环体系的驱动下,将L-赤藓酮糖还原为L-苏糖醇。该路线具有原子经济性高、副产物少的优势,但亟需优化各酶的适配性及最佳浓度。【目的】系统优化甲醛转化为L-苏糖醇的多酶级联反应体系中各酶的用量及适配性,提升反应速率与转化率。【方法】通过对反应途径中的BFD、FSA、TDH和MDH 4个关键酶进行酶活评估,进而对酶用量、辅酶循环体系、反应时间及反应温度等进行逐步优化,有效提升了反应体系中各因素的适配性。【结果】最佳反应条件:BFD、FSA、TDH及MDH的酶用量分别为10、1、1、8 mg/mL,其中FSA、TDH用量较优化前分别降低87%和67%;辅酶NAD+用量为2 mmol/L,反应温度30 ℃,反应时长仅需8 h,较原体系大幅缩短了60%。在此最优条件下,L-苏糖醇产量最高达166.76 mmol/L,产率为89%。放大实验中L-苏糖醇产率仍保持在80%,较优化前提升了43%。【结论】本研究通过对多酶体系中酶的适配性及反应条件的系统优化,显著降低了甲醛转化为L-苏糖醇的关键酶用量并缩短了反应时间,同时大幅提高了L-苏糖醇的生成效率与产率,为酶法催化甲醛合成L-苏糖醇的工业化应用奠定了重要基础。
, authors=张如珂
1, 2, 谭子瑊
2, 魏金霞
1, 朱蕾蕾
2, *, authorsList=张如珂, 谭子瑊, 魏金霞, 朱蕾蕾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱蕾蕾, authorNote=
作者贡献声明
张如珂:实验及文章撰写;谭子瑊:数据分析及文章修改;魏金霞:文章修改;朱蕾蕾:整体实验设计指导及文章修改。
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Structures of L-threitol, D-threitol, and erythritol., figureFileSmall=dT5Sez1FsxKvS24DexosZQ==, figureFileBig=9ol8dhg1z/M/LMjVakm1Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064208184164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
L-苏糖醇、D-苏糖醇、赤藓糖醇的结构式, figureFileSmall=dT5Sez1FsxKvS24DexosZQ==, figureFileBig=9ol8dhg1z/M/LMjVakm1Ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064350790501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Conventional synthetic routes of L-threitol[14-16] and multi-enzyme cascade for the synthesis of L-threitol in this study. A: From L-tartaric acid to L-threitol; B: From butadiene to L-threitol; C: Multi-enzyme cascade for the synthesis of L-threitol., figureFileSmall=+X+SqX6rtFK1/aGUWxaYbQ==, figureFileBig=hJjRDd720uyxeiQfHbMFiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064426287974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
L-苏糖醇的常见制备路线[14-16]及本研究使用的多酶级联合成路线, figureFileSmall=+X+SqX6rtFK1/aGUWxaYbQ==, figureFileBig=hJjRDd720uyxeiQfHbMFiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064480813927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified key enzymes. A, B: SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified BFD-M6, FSAA129S, NsTDH, and BsMDH. Lane 1: Protein marker; Lane 2: Purified FSAA129S; Lane 3: Purified BFD-M6; Lane 4: Purified NsTDH; Lane 5: Purified BsMDH., figureFileSmall=St+xk8Bd3HCRwxJ6LpfwBg==, figureFileBig=jdL4/FV9lOuHekSXkc/r+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064577282920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
关键酶的纯化及SDS-PAGE分析, figureFileSmall=St+xk8Bd3HCRwxJ6LpfwBg==, figureFileBig=jdL4/FV9lOuHekSXkc/r+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064753443689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Effect of BFD-M6 concentration on L-erythrulose production. Reaction conditions: 300 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 1 500 mmol/L substrate, 1 mmol/L TPP, at 30 ℃ for 5 h and 10 h., figureFileSmall=46tbkdZX7njhqNoic4iXCg==, figureFileBig=mSC+vnBRa5AwIVbxqCK6wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064841524074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
BFD-M6浓度对L-赤藓酮糖产量的影响, figureFileSmall=46tbkdZX7njhqNoic4iXCg==, figureFileBig=mSC+vnBRa5AwIVbxqCK6wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064917021547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Effect of FSAA129S concentration on L-erythrulose production. Reaction conditions: 300 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 1 500 mmol/L substrate, 1 mmol/L TPP, at 30 ℃ for 5 h., figureFileSmall=5moX/zC1/ZwC2jAfx/Ie/g==, figureFileBig=H3wnySExap5eeEVE3D5wvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389065055433580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
FSAA129S 浓度对L-赤藓酮糖产量的影响, figureFileSmall=5moX/zC1/ZwC2jAfx/Ie/g==, figureFileBig=H3wnySExap5eeEVE3D5wvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389066745738093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Effect of NsTDH concentration on L-threitol production. Reaction conditions: 300 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 375 mmol/L substrate, 2 mmol/L NAD+, at 30 ℃ for 5 h and 10 h., figureFileSmall=NHrRJN71/jhqOOpxt/tGJQ==, figureFileBig=D+zBPGWoaVkQokQ5KaOIag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389066863178606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
NsTDH浓度对L-苏糖醇产量的影响, figureFileSmall=NHrRJN71/jhqOOpxt/tGJQ==, figureFileBig=D+zBPGWoaVkQokQ5KaOIag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389066934481775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=
Effect of BsMDH concentration on L-threitol production. Reaction conditions: 300 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 375 mmol/L substrate, 2 mmol/L NAD+, at 30 ℃ for 2 h and 12 h., figureFileSmall=yTR1X1vgL6BEBNbhexqhhg==, figureFileBig=tuA2KM7AQCApcz+X7l6T+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389066997396336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
BsMDH浓度对L-苏糖醇产量的影响, figureFileSmall=yTR1X1vgL6BEBNbhexqhhg==, figureFileBig=tuA2KM7AQCApcz+X7l6T+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067064505201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=
Effect of initial cofactor forms (NAD⁺ and NADH) on L-threitol production. Reaction conditions: 1.5 mL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 187.5 mmol/L isopropanol, 2 mmol/L NAD+ or 2 mmol/L NADH, at 30 ℃ for 3, 5 and 8 h., figureFileSmall=kLwqXd+gYT3bXYiYN9QG0Q==, figureFileBig=Py+HoOpSoBZ0lsiwxaBCbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067274220402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
初始辅酶形式(NAD⁺和NADH)对L-苏糖醇产量的影响, figureFileSmall=kLwqXd+gYT3bXYiYN9QG0Q==, figureFileBig=Py+HoOpSoBZ0lsiwxaBCbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067404243827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=
Effects of reaction time and coenzyme concentration on L-erythrulose (A) and L-threitol (B) production. In A, Reaction conditions: 1.5 mL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 1 500 mmol/L substrate, 1 mmol/L TPP, at 30 ℃ for 3 h and 5 h. In B, Reaction conditions: 750 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 375 µL of the reaction mixture from the BFD-M6 and FSAA129S coupling step was transferred to serve as the substrate, 2 or 3 mmol/L NAD+, 187.5 mmol/L isopropanol, at 30 ℃ for 3, 5, and 8 h., figureFileSmall=M6xBOv8T1MEqI4MZEQxwLw==, figureFileBig=IioaijAyY/OCs9QYss5IAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067530072948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
反应时间与辅酶浓度对L-赤藓酮糖(A)和L-苏糖醇(B)产量的影响, figureFileSmall=M6xBOv8T1MEqI4MZEQxwLw==, figureFileBig=IioaijAyY/OCs9QYss5IAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067702039413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=
Reaction temperature optimization for L-threitol production from L-erythrulose. Reaction conditions: 750 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 375 µL of the reaction mixture from the BFD-M6 and FSAA129S coupling step was transferred to serve as the substrate, 2 mmol/L NAD+, 187.5 mmol/L isopropanol, at 30 ℃, 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃ for 3 h., figureFileSmall=17vsIJK9Qpv14GB4OrjZKQ==, figureFileBig=iMWopBm6AykiQFIqZZhehw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067773342582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
L-赤藓酮糖生成L-苏糖醇的反应温度优化, figureFileSmall=17vsIJK9Qpv14GB4OrjZKQ==, figureFileBig=iMWopBm6AykiQFIqZZhehw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067853034359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=
Scale-up of the cascade reaction for L-threitol synthesis from formaldehyde. Step 1: From formaldehyde to L-erythrulose. Reaction conditions: 20 mL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 10 mg/mL BFD-M6, 1 mg/mL FSAA129S, 1 500 mmol/L formaldehyde, 1 mmol/L TPP, at 30 ℃ for 5 h. Step 2: From L-erythrulose to L-threitol. Reaction conditions: 36 mL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 18 mL step 1 reaction mixture, 8 mg/mL BsMDH, 1 mg/mL NsTDH, 187.5 mmol/L isopropanol, 2 mmol/L NAD+, at 30 ℃ for 3 h., figureFileSmall=6Y8n0OsQJdhE5/0tFeCZtw==, figureFileBig=p6lHomZUPveEt/FFqW1aNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389068134052728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
放大体系中甲醛合成L-苏糖醇的级联反应, figureFileSmall=6Y8n0OsQJdhE5/0tFeCZtw==, figureFileBig=p6lHomZUPveEt/FFqW1aNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389068205355897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Strains and plasmids used in this study
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Strains and plasmids | Description | Source |
|---|
| Strains | | |
| BL21-Gold (DE3) | F-ompT hsdS (rB-mB-) gal dcm+(DE3) | Lab collection |
| BL21-pET28a | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a | Lab collection |
| BL21-BFD-M6 | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-BFD-M6 | Lab collection |
| BL21-FSAA129S | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-FSAA129S | Lab collection |
| BL21-BsMDH | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-BsMDH | Lab collection |
| BL21-NsTDH | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-NsTDH | Lab collection |
| Plasmids | | |
| pET28a | pBR322 ori with PT7; KanR | Lab collection |
| pET28a-BFD-M6 | pET28a vector, NdeІ-BFD-M6-XhoI | Lab collection |
| pET28a-FSAA129S | pET28a vector, NdeІ-FSAA129S-XhoI | Lab collection |
| pET28a-BsMDH | pET28a vector, NdeІ-BsMDH-XhoI | Lab collection |
| pET28a-NsTDH | pET28a vector, NdeІ-NsTDH-XhoI | Lab collection |
), ArticleFig(id=1304389068297630586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
本研究所用的菌株和质粒
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Strains and plasmids | Description | Source |
|---|
| Strains | | |
| BL21-Gold (DE3) | F-ompT hsdS (rB-mB-) gal dcm+(DE3) | Lab collection |
| BL21-pET28a | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a | Lab collection |
| BL21-BFD-M6 | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-BFD-M6 | Lab collection |
| BL21-FSAA129S | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-FSAA129S | Lab collection |
| BL21-BsMDH | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-BsMDH | Lab collection |
| BL21-NsTDH | BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-NsTDH | Lab collection |
| Plasmids | | |
| pET28a | pBR322 ori with PT7; KanR | Lab collection |
| pET28a-BFD-M6 | pET28a vector, NdeІ-BFD-M6-XhoI | Lab collection |
| pET28a-FSAA129S | pET28a vector, NdeІ-FSAA129S-XhoI | Lab collection |
| pET28a-BsMDH | pET28a vector, NdeІ-BsMDH-XhoI | Lab collection |
| pET28a-NsTDH | pET28a vector, NdeІ-NsTDH-XhoI | Lab collection |
), ArticleFig(id=1304389068360545147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Specific activity of BFD-M6, FSAA129S, NsTDH, and BsMDH
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Enzyme | Substrate concentration/(mmol/L) | Specific activity/(U/mg) |
|---|
| BFD-M6 | 1 500 | 0.49 |
| FSAA129S | 1 500 | 15.07 |
| NsTDH | 375 | 6.73 |
| BsMDH | 375 | 0.28 |
), ArticleFig(id=1304389068540900220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
BFD-M6、FSAA129S 、 NsTDH和 BsMDH的酶活
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Enzyme | Substrate concentration/(mmol/L) | Specific activity/(U/mg) |
|---|
| BFD-M6 | 1 500 | 0.49 |
| FSAA129S | 1 500 | 15.07 |
| NsTDH | 375 | 6.73 |
| BsMDH | 375 | 0.28 |
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