Article(id=1297571014335029676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260090, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769616000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1775491200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-07, onlineDate=1787294637520, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294637520, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294637520, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294637520, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3851, endPage=3869, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571014607659437, articleId=1297571014335029676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Pea-oat mixed cropping improves the diversity and community structure of soil carbon-fixing bacteria in an alpine region, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the effects of pea-oat mixed cropping at different ratios on soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and carbon-fixing microbial communities in the alpine region of Qinghai Province. [Methods] This study designed five treatments: monoculture of oat (T0), monoculture of pea (Q0), and pea-oat mixed cropping at three ratios (QT1, QT2, and QT3). Soil enzyme activities and physicochemical indicators were measured, and the community structure, diversity, and relationships with environmental factors of carbon-fixing bacteria were analyzed based on high-throughput sequencing data of cbbL. [Results] Compared with monoculture, mixed cropping significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities and nutrient content, with QT3 (the pea:oat ratio of 2:1) showing the most pronounced effects. Under QT3, the activities of sucrase, cellulase, protease, and other enzymes were the highest, and the content of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and other nutrients was also significantly increased. Mixed cropping optimized the community structure of soil carbon-fixing bacteria. Specifically, QT3 significantly increased the alpha diversity (with the highest Chao1 and Shannon indices) and enriched functional groups such as Cyanobacteria. Environmental factor analysis indicated that soil ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, and organic carbon were the main drivers of changes in the carbon-fixing bacterial community. Furthermore, microbial co-occurrence network analysis revealed that mixed cropping, especially QT3, significantly enhanced network complexity, connectivity, and modularity, which indicated higher structural stability and functional collaboration potential of the microbial community. [Conclusion] Pea-oat mixed cropping, particularly at a ratio of 2:1, significantly improved soil ecological functions in alpine regions by enhancing soil enzyme activities, increasing nutrient availability, and optimizing the structure and functional network of carbon-fixing microbial communities. This provides an effective approach for enhancing soil carbon sequestration potential and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

, authors=Duocheng SANG1, Wenyu MA1, Gensheng BAO2, Lianyu ZHOU1, 3, authorsList=Duocheng SANG, Wenyu MA, Gensheng BAO, Lianyu ZHOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lianyu ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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【目的】 探究青海省高寒地区不同豆禾混播比例对土壤养分、酶活性及固碳微生物群落的影响。 【方法】 在青海省高寒地区设置豌豆单播(Q0)、燕麦单播(T0),以及3种豆禾混播比例(QT1、QT2、QT3)共5个处理,测定土壤酶活性、理化指标,并基于cbbL基因高通量测序分析固碳细菌群落结构、多样性及其与环境因子的关系。 【结果】 豆禾混播处理较单播显著提升了土壤酶活性及养分含量,其中以豌豆:燕麦=2:1 (QT3)处理效果最为突出。该处理下土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶等多类酶活性均最高,有机碳、全氮、铵态氮等养分含量也显著增加。QT3处理显著提高了土壤固碳细菌群落α多样性(Chao1与Shannon指数均最高),并富集了蓝细菌等功能类群。环境因子分析表明,土壤铵态氮、全氮与有机碳是驱动固碳细菌群落变化的主要因素。微生物共现网络分析显示,混播(尤其是QT3)显著增强了网络的复杂性、连接紧密程度和模块化程度,表明其微生物群落具有更高的结构稳定性与功能协作潜力。 【结论】 豆禾混播通过增强土壤酶活性、提升养分有效性及优化固碳微生物群落结构与功能网络,显著改善了高寒地区土壤生态功能,为提升土壤碳汇潜力与农业可持续发展提供了有效途径。

, authors=桑多成1, 马文宇1, 鲍根生2, 周连玉1, 3, authorsList=桑多成, 马文宇, 鲍根生, 周连玉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周连玉, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

桑多成:实验操作、撰写文章、数据分析和图表制作;马文宇:实验操作、数据分析;鲍根生:田间试验设计,植物种植与管理;周连玉:获取基金、项目管理和文章审阅。

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Frontiers in Microbiology, 2025, 16: 1627840., articleTitle=Ecosystem carbon storage and carbon metabolizing microorganisms in three types of grasslands on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1297571023147262455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, awardId=2024-NK-135, language=EN, fundingSource=Qinghai Provincial Key Research and Transformation Program(2024-NK-135), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571023231148536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, awardId=2024-NK-135, language=CN, fundingSource=青海省重点研发与转化计划(2024-NK-135), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571016306352571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571016314741180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, companyId=1297571016306352571, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571016327324093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, companyId=1297571016306352571, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.青海师范大学 生命科学学院,青海 西宁)]), AuthorCompany(id=1297571016394432958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571016402821567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, companyId=1297571016394432958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571016415404480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, companyId=1297571016394432958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.青海大学 畜牧兽医科学院,青海 西宁)]), AuthorCompany(id=1297571016482513345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571016490901954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, companyId=1297571016482513345, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining, Qinghai, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571016499290563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, companyId=1297571016482513345, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.高原科学与可持续发展研究院,青海省青藏高原药用动植物资源重点实验室,青海 西宁)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571019863122403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Differences in the composition and structure of soil carbon-fixing bacterial communities under different planting patterns. A: Venn diagram showing shared and unique OTUs; B: Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on Bray-Curtis distances., figureFileSmall=FO1UeGzUI8ZRlyYUe8Q8ZQ==, figureFileBig=abJbZZwpANQUQOuKy2BZPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571019942814180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同比例混播土壤固碳细菌群落组成与结构差异, figureFileSmall=FO1UeGzUI8ZRlyYUe8Q8ZQ==, figureFileBig=abJbZZwpANQUQOuKy2BZPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020139946469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Taxonomic composition of soil carbon-fixing bacterial communities under different planting patterns at multiple taxonomic levels. A: Phylum level; B: Class level; C: Genus level., figureFileSmall=l8HZpRchcsnWs86xIuVleA==, figureFileBig=uiJksLRjIRiRykogpbbW1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020202861030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同比例混播土壤固碳细菌群落组成(不同分类水平), figureFileSmall=l8HZpRchcsnWs86xIuVleA==, figureFileBig=uiJksLRjIRiRykogpbbW1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020265775591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=LEfSe analysis of soil carbon-fixing bacteria under different pea and oat ratios., figureFileSmall=xIiXdoGMrxiNaPb9BhV28g==, figureFileBig=lrPZCEysIcXEGn87Cn9Ydg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020332884456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同比例混播土壤固碳细菌LEfSe分析, figureFileSmall=xIiXdoGMrxiNaPb9BhV28g==, figureFileBig=lrPZCEysIcXEGn87Cn9Ydg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020387410409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effects of soil physicochemical factors on soil carbon-fixing bacterial communities. A: Redundancy analysis (RDA); B: Correlation heatmap between dominant genera and environmental factors. * indicates significant difference (0.01<P≤0.05); ** indicates extremely significant difference (0.001<P≤0.01); *** indicates highly significant difference (P≤0.001)., figureFileSmall=5BOHP8Zliirt4PjgRYiXgA==, figureFileBig=6T6q7q8BjgXftaZNqiwqlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020475490794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=图4, caption=土壤理化因子对固碳细菌群落的驱动作用, figureFileSmall=5BOHP8Zliirt4PjgRYiXgA==, figureFileBig=6T6q7q8BjgXftaZNqiwqlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020559376875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Co-occurrence network of carbon-fixing bacteria under different pea and oat ratios., figureFileSmall=exTBd6KzKGfFuT3RUwXM8g==, figureFileBig=AP9KYn9NFr81jfEj5bawSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020622291436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同比例混播土壤固碳细菌共现网络, figureFileSmall=exTBd6KzKGfFuT3RUwXM8g==, figureFileBig=AP9KYn9NFr81jfEj5bawSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020701983213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Mantel test analysis of key soil physicochemical properties and network topology parameters. * indicates significant difference (0.01<P≤0.05); ** indicates extremely significant difference (0.001<P≤0.01); *** indicates highly significant difference (P≤0.001)., figureFileSmall=91KgQdvNBc4UbSvHr3plLg==, figureFileBig=dnVno7RFiwjcWc7YMgsiRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020773286382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=图6, caption=土壤关键理化性质与网络拓扑参数Mantel检验分析, figureFileSmall=91KgQdvNBc4UbSvHr3plLg==, figureFileBig=dnVno7RFiwjcWc7YMgsiRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571020836200943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Soil physical and chemical properties under different pea and oat ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentOrganic carbon/(g/kg)Total phosphorus/(g/kg)Total nitrogen/(g/kg)Ammonium nitrogen/(g/kg)Nitrate nitrogen/(mg/kg)pH
Q019.36±0.16c4.45±0.03b2.30±0.18c8.50±0.04d20.17±0.44b7.89±0.15c
T020.52±0.21b4.54±0.05ab2.35±0.16c7.82±0.04e20.67±0.19b8.36±0.07b
QT120.72±0.39b4.62±0.14ab2.92±0.07b10.22±0.04b21.19±0.60b8.78±0.06a
QT220.73±0.32b4.60±0.23ab2.88±0.06b9.22±0.06c22.36±0.76a7.71±0.10d
QT324.17±0.39a4.75±0.06a3.28±0.12a10.69±0.07a23.46±0.85a8.19±0.07b
), ArticleFig(id=1297571020903309808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同比例混播下土壤养分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentOrganic carbon/(g/kg)Total phosphorus/(g/kg)Total nitrogen/(g/kg)Ammonium nitrogen/(g/kg)Nitrate nitrogen/(mg/kg)pH
Q019.36±0.16c4.45±0.03b2.30±0.18c8.50±0.04d20.17±0.44b7.89±0.15c
T020.52±0.21b4.54±0.05ab2.35±0.16c7.82±0.04e20.67±0.19b8.36±0.07b
QT120.72±0.39b4.62±0.14ab2.92±0.07b10.22±0.04b21.19±0.60b8.78±0.06a
QT220.73±0.32b4.60±0.23ab2.88±0.06b9.22±0.06c22.36±0.76a7.71±0.10d
QT324.17±0.39a4.75±0.06a3.28±0.12a10.69±0.07a23.46±0.85a8.19±0.07b
), ArticleFig(id=1297571020970418673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soil enzyme activities under different pea and oat ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentSucrase/[mg/(g·24 h)]Cellulase/[mg/(g·72 h)]Protease/[mg/(g·24 h)]Peroxidase/[mg/(g·2 h)]Polyphenol oxidase/[mg/(g·2 h)]β-glucosidase/[µg/(g·h)]
Q043.63±1.88b0.21±0.02bc0.91±0.05c0.49±0.04d1.67±0.03d0.21±0.01d
T039.89±0.40c0.19±0.01d0.85±0.02c0.70±0.03bc1.53±0.03e0.20±0.01e
QT148.79±0.62a0.20±0.02b0.86±0.05c0.79±0.07ab2.44±0.03c0.24±0.01b
QT249.01±0.12a0.22±0.02c0.99±0.03b0.64±0.04c2.56±0.03b0.23±0.01c
QT348.40±0.54a0.25±0.01a1.07±0.03a0.88±0.07a2.87±0.03a0.26±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1297571021058499058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同比例混播下土壤酶活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentSucrase/[mg/(g·24 h)]Cellulase/[mg/(g·72 h)]Protease/[mg/(g·24 h)]Peroxidase/[mg/(g·2 h)]Polyphenol oxidase/[mg/(g·2 h)]β-glucosidase/[µg/(g·h)]
Q043.63±1.88b0.21±0.02bc0.91±0.05c0.49±0.04d1.67±0.03d0.21±0.01d
T039.89±0.40c0.19±0.01d0.85±0.02c0.70±0.03bc1.53±0.03e0.20±0.01e
QT148.79±0.62a0.20±0.02b0.86±0.05c0.79±0.07ab2.44±0.03c0.24±0.01b
QT249.01±0.12a0.22±0.02c0.99±0.03b0.64±0.04c2.56±0.03b0.23±0.01c
QT348.40±0.54a0.25±0.01a1.07±0.03a0.88±0.07a2.87±0.03a0.26±0.01a
), ArticleFig(id=1297571021138190835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Alpha diversity of soil carbon-fixing bacterial communities under different pea and oat ratios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentAbundance indexDiversity indexCoverage/%
Chao1Observed_speciesSimpsonShannon
Q05 662.24±120.15b3 083.07±149.50b7.37±0.33b0.93±0.02b0.997±0.001
T06 652.83±317.32a3 546.70±144.72a7.56±0.12ab0.95±0.01b0.998±0.002
QT15 468.29±277.66b2 966.00±152.61b8.05±0.22a0.98±0.01a0.990±0.001
QT25 028.42±501.10b2 734.73±222.20b7.72±0.30ab0.96±0.03ab0.998±0.001
QT36 328.33±462.76a3 464.93±226.76a8.08±0.23a0.97±0.01a0.989±0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1297571021234659828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同比例混播下土壤固碳细菌群落α多样性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentAbundance indexDiversity indexCoverage/%
Chao1Observed_speciesSimpsonShannon
Q05 662.24±120.15b3 083.07±149.50b7.37±0.33b0.93±0.02b0.997±0.001
T06 652.83±317.32a3 546.70±144.72a7.56±0.12ab0.95±0.01b0.998±0.002
QT15 468.29±277.66b2 966.00±152.61b8.05±0.22a0.98±0.01a0.990±0.001
QT25 028.42±501.10b2 734.73±222.20b7.72±0.30ab0.96±0.03ab0.998±0.001
QT36 328.33±462.76a3 464.93±226.76a8.08±0.23a0.97±0.01a0.989±0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1297571022903992821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Topology network parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeaturesSole seedingSeed mixture
T0Q0QT1QT2QT3
Nodes number407408415422425
Edges number6 3276 2996 5806 8507 216
Average degree48.1548.0352.1855.3262.44
Network diameter5.855.685.925.986.52
Graph density0.0770.0760.0810.0840.089
Average clustering coefficient0.6170.6180.6350.6480.682
Modularity0.5130.5110.5320.5510.587
Connecting components2424222018
Average path length3.003.002.952.912.87
), ArticleFig(id=1297571023038210550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571014335029676, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

拓扑网络参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FeaturesSole seedingSeed mixture
T0Q0QT1QT2QT3
Nodes number407408415422425
Edges number6 3276 2996 5806 8507 216
Average degree48.1548.0352.1855.3262.44
Network diameter5.855.685.925.986.52
Graph density0.0770.0760.0810.0840.089
Average clustering coefficient0.6170.6180.6350.6480.682
Modularity0.5130.5110.5320.5510.587
Connecting components2424222018
Average path length3.003.002.952.912.87
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高寒区豌豆燕麦不同比例混播对土壤固碳细菌多样性及群落结构的影响
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桑多成 1 , 马文宇 1 , 鲍根生 2 , 周连玉 1, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 3851-3869
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 3851 -3869
高寒区豌豆燕麦不同比例混播对土壤固碳细菌多样性及群落结构的影响
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桑多成1, 马文宇1, 鲍根生2, 周连玉1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.青海师范大学 生命科学学院,青海 西宁
  • 2.青海大学 畜牧兽医科学院,青海 西宁
  • 3.高原科学与可持续发展研究院,青海省青藏高原药用动植物资源重点实验室,青海 西宁
通讯作者:
周连玉
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

桑多成:实验操作、撰写文章、数据分析和图表制作;马文宇:实验操作、数据分析;鲍根生:田间试验设计,植物种植与管理;周连玉:获取基金、项目管理和文章审阅。

Pea-oat mixed cropping improves the diversity and community structure of soil carbon-fixing bacteria in an alpine region
Duocheng SANG1, Wenyu MA1, Gensheng BAO2, Lianyu ZHOU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 2.Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 3.Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Animal and Plant Resources on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260090
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【目的】 探究青海省高寒地区不同豆禾混播比例对土壤养分、酶活性及固碳微生物群落的影响。 【方法】 在青海省高寒地区设置豌豆单播(Q0)、燕麦单播(T0),以及3种豆禾混播比例(QT1、QT2、QT3)共5个处理,测定土壤酶活性、理化指标,并基于cbbL基因高通量测序分析固碳细菌群落结构、多样性及其与环境因子的关系。 【结果】 豆禾混播处理较单播显著提升了土壤酶活性及养分含量,其中以豌豆:燕麦=2:1 (QT3)处理效果最为突出。该处理下土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶等多类酶活性均最高,有机碳、全氮、铵态氮等养分含量也显著增加。QT3处理显著提高了土壤固碳细菌群落α多样性(Chao1与Shannon指数均最高),并富集了蓝细菌等功能类群。环境因子分析表明,土壤铵态氮、全氮与有机碳是驱动固碳细菌群落变化的主要因素。微生物共现网络分析显示,混播(尤其是QT3)显著增强了网络的复杂性、连接紧密程度和模块化程度,表明其微生物群落具有更高的结构稳定性与功能协作潜力。 【结论】 豆禾混播通过增强土壤酶活性、提升养分有效性及优化固碳微生物群落结构与功能网络,显著改善了高寒地区土壤生态功能,为提升土壤碳汇潜力与农业可持续发展提供了有效途径。

豆禾混播  /  高寒地区  /  土壤养分  /  土壤酶活性  /  固碳微生物

[Objective] To investigate the effects of pea-oat mixed cropping at different ratios on soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and carbon-fixing microbial communities in the alpine region of Qinghai Province. [Methods] This study designed five treatments: monoculture of oat (T0), monoculture of pea (Q0), and pea-oat mixed cropping at three ratios (QT1, QT2, and QT3). Soil enzyme activities and physicochemical indicators were measured, and the community structure, diversity, and relationships with environmental factors of carbon-fixing bacteria were analyzed based on high-throughput sequencing data of cbbL. [Results] Compared with monoculture, mixed cropping significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities and nutrient content, with QT3 (the pea:oat ratio of 2:1) showing the most pronounced effects. Under QT3, the activities of sucrase, cellulase, protease, and other enzymes were the highest, and the content of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and other nutrients was also significantly increased. Mixed cropping optimized the community structure of soil carbon-fixing bacteria. Specifically, QT3 significantly increased the alpha diversity (with the highest Chao1 and Shannon indices) and enriched functional groups such as Cyanobacteria. Environmental factor analysis indicated that soil ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, and organic carbon were the main drivers of changes in the carbon-fixing bacterial community. Furthermore, microbial co-occurrence network analysis revealed that mixed cropping, especially QT3, significantly enhanced network complexity, connectivity, and modularity, which indicated higher structural stability and functional collaboration potential of the microbial community. [Conclusion] Pea-oat mixed cropping, particularly at a ratio of 2:1, significantly improved soil ecological functions in alpine regions by enhancing soil enzyme activities, increasing nutrient availability, and optimizing the structure and functional network of carbon-fixing microbial communities. This provides an effective approach for enhancing soil carbon sequestration potential and promoting sustainable agricultural development.

pea-oat mixed cropping  /  alpine region  /  soil nutrient  /  soil enzyme activity  /  carbon-fixing microorganism
桑多成, 马文宇, 鲍根生, 周连玉. 高寒区豌豆燕麦不同比例混播对土壤固碳细菌多样性及群落结构的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3851 -3869 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260090
Duocheng SANG, Wenyu MA, Gensheng BAO, Lianyu ZHOU. Pea-oat mixed cropping improves the diversity and community structure of soil carbon-fixing bacteria in an alpine region[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3851 -3869 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260090
豆禾混播是饲草生产中应用较为广泛的重要种植模式。豆科与禾本科饲草因生态位存在差异,混播后可更高效地利用光照、水分、养分等资源,从而增加饲草产量,提高土壤质量,增强生态系统的稳定性[1]。大量研究发现,不同豆科与禾本科饲草品种、混播比例、混播方式(混播、间播)、混播密度、播种行距等因素均会对混播饲草产量和营养品质产生影响[2-6]。与此同时,豆禾混播可调整土壤碳、氮、磷等营养组分[1,7-10],而这些组分的变化又与参与物质循环的微生物生物量及种类息息相关[11-12]
面对大气二氧化碳持续增加及其对全球气候的负面影响,开发并利用自然界的生物固碳能力已成为缓解温室效应的关键策略[13-14]。固碳微生物因其固碳途径多样、适应性强、分布广泛等特点而受到研究者的广泛关注,已成为生态学与微生物学交叉领域的研究热点。目前,已知微生物固碳途径主要包括7种:(1) 卡尔文-本森-巴沙姆循环(Calvin-Benson-Bassham, CBB)循环,主要存在于光合自养和化能自养细菌中,可将CO2固定为糖类,是最常见且高效的固碳途径;(2) 逆三羧酸循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, rTCA),常见于厌氧细菌,利用还原力逆转TCA循环固定CO2;(3) Wood-Ljungdahl途径(还原乙酰辅酶A途径),存在于乙酰生成细菌和古菌中,可在厌氧条件下将CO2还原为乙酰-CoA;(4) 3-羟基丙酸双环(3-hydroxypropionate bicycle, 3-HP bicycle),存在于某些绿藻和细菌中,通过双环机制固定CO2;(5) 3-羟基丙酸/4-羟基丁酸循环(3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, 3-HP/4-HB),常见于古菌中,可产生琥珀酰-CoA等中间产物;(6)二羧酸/4-羟基丁酸循环(dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, DC/4-HB),与3-HP/4-HB类似,但起始于二羧酸;(7) 还原甘氨酸途径,近年发现于某些细菌中,通过甘氨酸还原固定CO2。上述途径反映了微生物在不同环境中的适应策略,其中CBB循环因其广泛分布和高效性而备受关注[15-19]。自养细菌以光能或无机物作为能源,通过特定代谢途径将CO2转化为有机物[15]。在多种固碳途径中,CBB循环存在于多种光合自养和化能自养细菌中,是固碳效率最高的途径之一。该循环的关键酶为核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, RubisCO)[16-19],具有Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型2种主要形式。其中,I型RubisCO主要存在于细菌和部分古菌中,其大亚基由cbbL基因编码,由于该基因序列高度保守(不同物种间相似度高,便于PCR扩增和序列比对)、功能明确(专编码RubisCO大亚基,与CBB循环直接相关)且在环境样本中特异性强(可区分自养和异养微生物),cbbL基因已成为识别环境中自养固碳细菌的重要分子标记。相较于其他标记基因(如cbbM用于Ⅱ型RubisCO),cbbL更适合分析I型RubisCO主导的固碳微生物多样性,因为其覆盖了土壤中大多数自养细菌群落[20-21]。农业土壤在全球碳捕获与封存中扮演着关键角色,尤其在半干旱和高寒地区[22]。土壤固碳菌多样性及群落结构与土壤性质、环境条件及农业管理措施密切相关[23-28]。近年来,基于cbbL基因的研究进展显著,尤其在土壤生态系统领域。高通量测序技术的应用使研究者能够大规模解析cbbL携带微生物的多样性、群落结构及其对环境因子的响应。2020-2025年间的研究显示:氮沉降[29]、降水变化[30]、冻融循环[31-32]、生物炭施用[33-34]和永久冻土退化[35-36]等因素可显著调控cbbL细菌的丰度、多样性和群落组成;在高寒湿地、草原、农田和泥炭地中,cbbL群落常以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)为主导,关键属包括红长命菌属(Rubrivivax)、亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)、中生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)等;此外,cbbL丰度与土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)、全氮(total nitrogen, TN)、pH和酶活性密切相关,且在某些生态系统中表现出与碳汇潜力的正相关。土壤固碳菌种类在水稻连作、水稻/油菜轮作、油菜/玉米轮作等种植土壤中存在较大差异[37]。最近,Bai等[38]通过玉米单作、玉米-大豆轮作并结合施肥的试验表明,玉米-大豆轮作可富集参与碳氮循环的细菌类群,包括德沃斯氏菌属(Devosia)、硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)、生丝微菌目(Hyphomicrobiales)和Nitrosospira;Li等[39]的玉米-大豆轮作试验中,玉米-大豆间作主要富集了链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、红色杆形菌属(Rubrobacter)、Nordella、小石球菌属(Lapillicoccus)等。不同作物体系土壤自养微生物群落组分的差异可能源于根系分泌物、根茬等种类的不同。比较不同种植模式对土壤理化性质及固碳菌群的影响有利于优化农田种植模式,实现农业可持续发展。
一年生禾谷类草本植物燕麦(Avena sativa)隶属禾本科燕麦属(Avena),具有产量较高、品质优良、耐寒、耐旱、耐盐碱、喜氮肥等特性,可种植于各山区高原寒冷地带,兼具粮用、饲用及生态价值。豌豆(Pisum sativum)隶属豆科,为粮、菜、饲兼用型植物,具有固氮、喜冷凉、耐寒力强、耐贫瘠、营养价值高等特点,但生长中后期易倒伏,产量和品质明显下降。燕麦与豌豆混播后可分别充分利用土壤表层和深层的水分与养分,豌豆通过结瘤固氮为自身及燕麦提供氮素,减少施肥,缓解燕麦单播造成的土壤板结;而燕麦能有效防止豌豆倒伏,这种营养需求与物理支撑的互补性使二者具有更高的生物量和营养品质[40-41]。Luo等[42]在青海湟中、门源、贵南3个生态区域设计了燕麦与饲料豌豆、普通苜蓿和蚕豆的混播试验,发现燕麦与饲料豌豆混播可增加牧草产量,提高土壤有机碳含量及蔗糖酶、亚硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性;混播模式下土壤Chao1和Shannon指数均高于燕麦单播,优势属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)和硝化球菌属(Nitrococcus)的占比也高于燕麦单播。然而,混播种植模式对土壤固碳细菌群落组分的影响研究仍不充分。鉴于此,本研究以饲用豌豆和燕麦为材料,在青海省泽库县宁秀镇设置单播及不同比例混播处理,分析土壤成分、酶活性及固碳细菌群落多样性,明确不同比例混播条件下土壤固碳细菌群落特征,并揭示其与土壤环境因子的关系,以期为高寒半干旱地区农业可持续发展提供科学依据。
试验地位于青海省泽库县宁秀镇(35°21′N,100°84′E,海拔3 320 m),属高原大陆性气候,年均温-1.5 ℃,仅有冷热两季,无绝对无霜期。年均降水量595 mm,主要集中在6-8月,占全年降雨量的70%左右。土壤类型以高山草甸土为主。
供试燕麦为‘青海甜燕麦’,饲用豌豆为‘青建1号’,均由青海大学畜牧兽医科学院草原所提供。
试验设5个处理:豆科饲草单播(Q0)、燕麦饲草单播(T0)及3个豆禾混播处理(QT1,豌豆:燕麦=1:1;QT2,豌豆:燕麦=1:2;QT3,豌豆:燕麦=2:1)。每个处理3次重复,小区面积15 m2 (3 m×5 m),各小区间设定2 m保护行,共15个小区。2024年7月进行田间播种,播种前人工均匀撒施肥料,其中尿素、磷酸二铵施用量分别为150 kg/hm2和90 kg/hm2。种植点无灌溉条件,豌豆全生育期不进行灌溉。试验于2024年7月播种,至2024年10月中旬(燕麦乳熟期、豌豆鼓粒期)统一收获,全生育期约90-100 d。豌豆分枝期和开花期人工除草2次。
采用不锈钢土钻在各小区取5个样点的土壤(0-20 cm),充分混匀后分为3份:一份于-80 ℃保存,用于Illumina高通量测序;一份于阴凉处风干,用于土壤理化性质测定;一份于-20 ℃保存,用于土壤酶活性测定。
参考鲍士旦等主编的《土壤农化分析》[43]测定土壤pH、全磷(total phosphorus, TP)、全氮(TN)、有机碳(SOC)、铵态氮(ammonium nitrogen, NH4+-N)、硝态氮(nitrate nitrogen, NO3--N)等土壤理化因子,参考关松荫等主编的《土壤酶及其研究法》[44]测定土壤蔗糖酶(invertase, INV)、纤维素酶(cellulase, CEL)、蛋白酶(protease, PRO)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)活性;采用PNPG培养-比色法[45]测定β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase, BGL)活性。
采用Mag Beads Fast DNA Kit for Soil试剂盒(MP Biomedicals公司)提取总DNA。对抽提完成的DNA进行0.8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳以判断分子大小,并利用Nanodrop NC2000进行定量。使用固碳细菌标准扩增引物F (5′-GACTTCACC AAAGACGACGA-3′)和R (5′-TCGAACTTGATT TCTTTCCA-3′)扩增cbbL基因[46]。PCR反应体系:5×Reaction Buffer 5 μL,5×HighGC Buffer 5 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,Q5 DNA Polymerase 0.25 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O 8.75 μL。PCR循环条件:98 ℃预变性30 s;98 ℃变性15 s,50 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共27个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。使用琼脂糖凝胶DNA Recovery Kit (MP Biomedicals LLC公司)对目标条带进行回收纯化,纯化后的PCR产物用于MiSeq高通量测序。
PCR产物纯化后送至上海百趣生物医学科技有限公司,利用Illumina MiSeq平台对群落DNA片段进行PE300配对测序。用cutadapt软件切除序列中的引物片段,丢弃不匹配引物的序列,使用Vsearch的fastq_mergepairs模块进行拼接。拼接完成后,利用fastq_filter模块进行质量控制,再用derep_fulllength模块去除重复序列。随后,通过cluster_size模块以98%相似度对序列进行聚类,嵌合体由uchime_denovo模块去除,并使用Perl脚本进行过滤,获得高质量序列。最后,利用cluster_size模块以97%相似度对高质量序列进行聚类,输出代表性序列和操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU),并基于NT数据库进行物种注释。
在R软件(v4.5.1)环境中,采用MicrobiotaProcess包的get_alpha_index()函数计算微生物群落α多样性指数(包括物种丰富度指标ACE与Chao1指数、多样性指标Simpson与Shannon指数),并应用get_pcoa()函数进行主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)以评估样本间β多样性。对于土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及微生物α多样性指数等定量数据,采用stats包的aov()函数进行单因素方差分析(one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA),当处理效应显著(P<0.05)时,进一步使用agricolae包的duncan.test()函数进行邓肯多重范围检验(Duncan’s multiple range test),以不同小写字母标注组间差异显著性,同时采用Wilcoxon秩和检验评估分类单元丰度的组间差异。利用linkET包的mantel_test()函数计算理化因子间及其与微生物群落的相关性(含统计显著性检验),结合qcorrplot包构建关联网络热图,并应用pheatmap包绘制环境因子与属水平优势菌群的相关热图;采用UpSetR包的upset()函数生成OTU分布直方图;所有可视化均基于ggplot2包实现以确保数据呈现的准确性与图形质量。
表1可知,各处理间土壤养分指标存在显著差异(P<0.05)。混播处理下土壤全氮(2.24-2.30 g/kg)和铵态氮(7.78-10.77 g/kg)含量较单播处理显著提高22.56%-42.69%和8.51%-36.79%。QT3处理下土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮含量均显著高于其他处理,分别较其他处理提高16.60%-24.82%、12.38%-42.69%和4.68%-36.79%。土壤pH值范围为7.64-8.85,表明试验地为弱碱性土壤。
土壤酶活性分析表明(表2),混播处理(QT1、QT2、QT3)整体显著高于单播处理(Q0、T0) (P<0.05)。具体而言,混播处理下土壤蔗糖酶[39.59-49.44 mg/(g·24 h)]、多酚氧化酶[1.50-2.90 mg/(g·2 h)]和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著高于单播处理,分别提高10.94%-22.87%、46.01%-87.27%和7.35%-27.90%。其中,QT3处理的纤维素酶[0.18-0.26 mg/(g·72 h)]、蛋白酶[0.83-1.10 mg/(g·24 h)]、多酚氧化酶[1.50-2.90 mg/(g·2 h)]和β-葡萄糖苷酶[0.20-0.27 mg/(g·h)] 4种酶活性均表现最佳,显著高于其他处理,分别提高15.22%-33.51%、8.62%-25.60%、12.29%-87.27%和7.60%-27.90%。综上所述,混播处理土壤酶活性显著高于单播处理,且以QT3处理表现最优。
α多样性表征特定区域或生态系统内的生物多样性水平,是综合评价微生物群落物种丰富度与均匀度的核心指标。由表3可知,所有样本的测序覆盖率(coverage)均高于0.98,表明测序深度已充分覆盖样本的微生物组成,测序结果可真实反映群落结构特征。在丰富度指标方面,Chao1指数与Observed_species指数分析结果一致:不同混播比例处理组与单播处理组间均呈显著差异(P<0.05),其中QT3和T0处理组的群落丰富度显著高于其余处理组。
基于OTU分类结果绘制Venn图,由图1A可知,混播和单播处理土壤固碳细菌共有OTU数为1 407个;QT1、QT2、QT3特有的OTU数分别为1 933、2 579、1 593,约占总OTU数的10.98%、14.65%、9.05%;T0和Q0处理特有的OTU数分别为2 595和2 003个,约占总OTU数的14.74%、11.38%。相较于单播,混播处理(QT1、QT2、QT3)的特有OTU比例较低(9.05%-14.65%),而单播处理(T0、Q0)的特有OTU比例更高(11.38%-14.74%)。
为分析混播和单播土壤中固碳细菌的β多样性,在OTU水平上采用Bray-Curtis算法进行PCoA分析。PCoA结果反映了各处理间固碳细菌群落的差异,其中Axis1和Axis2为最主要的2个特征值,分别可解释固碳细菌群落变异的29.1%和14.6% (图1B)。从PCoA结果来看,单播豌豆(Q0)与单播燕麦(T0)在第一轴(Axis 1)上呈现出极为明显的空间分离,表明两种作物对土壤微生物群落的塑造具有截然不同的选择性。随着豌豆与燕麦混播比例的改变(QT1、QT2、QT3),混播组的群落结构表现出独特的分布特征。其中,2:1混播组(QT3)在空间分布上更趋近于单播燕麦(T0),而1:2混播组(QT2)则介于单播组之间。
在门水平上(图2A),所有OTU归属于9门10纲49属。混播与单播处理下,土壤固碳细菌群落均以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 78.94%-83.58%)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 12.00%-17.07%)为核心菌门,二者相对丰度合计占90%-95%以上,门水平群落结构高度稳定。其余各门丰度极低,不同处理间仅观察到PseudomonadotaActinomycetota比例的轻微波动。
在纲水平上(图2B),主要类群包括β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria, 30.20%-36.38%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria, 26.76%-35.84%)、放线菌纲(Actinomycetes, 12.58%-17.32%)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria, 4.12%-13.21%)和蓝藻纲(Cyanophyceae, 0.02%-0.14%)。其中,AlphaproteobacteriaBetaproteobacteria始终保持共优势地位;Gammaproteobacteria在Q0处理中的相对丰度显著高于其他处理;Alphaproteobacteria则在QT3处理中的相对丰度显著高于其他混播处理(QT1、QT2)和豌豆单播(Q0)。
在属水平上(图2C),优势菌属包括Mesorhizobium (15.58%-25.22%)、贪噬菌属(Variovorax, 13.61%-18.40%)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia, 5.95%-9.12%)、Rubrivivax (5.89%-8.26%)和甲基养菌属(Methylibium, 3.89%-4.95%)。Mesorhizobium在混播处理中的丰度为16.28%-20.39%,而在T0处理中显著升至25.22%,成为绝对优势菌属。硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)在混播处理中丰度较低(1.00%-4.37%),在Q0处理中则大幅增至11.10%,跃居第3大优势菌属。在混播处理中,Mesorhizobium丰度依次递增:QT1 (16.28%)、QT2 (17.66%)、QT3 (20.39%);Variovorax则呈相反趋势,依次递减:QT1 (18.40%)、QT2 (17.67%)、QT3 (14.41%)。此外,QT3处理中RubrivivaxMethylibium的相对丰度均显著高于其他处理。
LEfSe分析(LDA>3, P<0.05)显示,混播和单播处理土壤固碳细菌标志物种存在显著差异(图3)。QT1处理显著富集的细菌类群主要隶属于Pseudomonadota中的β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria),尤其是硝化单胞菌目(Nitrosomonadales)及其下的硝化单胞菌科(Nitrosomonadaceae)和亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)。此外,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)中的生丝微菌目(Hyphomicrobiales)也有多个类群富集,包括硝化杆菌科(Nitrobacteraceae)、固氮螺菌科(Azospirillaceae)、固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)及中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)。
QT3处理中显著富集的类群最为多样。蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)及其下的Cyanophyceae、聚球藻目(Synechococcales)、ProchlorococcaceaeCyanobium是该处理显著的富集类群。此外,Pseudomonadota的多个类群也显著富集,包括β-变形菌纲中的伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)及其下的SphaerotilaceaeRubrivivax;α-变形菌纲中的醋杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae)、斯塔普氏菌科(Stappiaceae)、斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)以及红螺菌目(Rhodospirillales)下的玫瑰色巨大菌属(Rhodovastum)。γ-变形菌纲中的甲基球菌属(Methylococcus)也是QT3处理的标志性类群。
T0处理显著富集的类群主要集中于Pseudomonadota。其中,γ-变形菌纲的黄单胞菌目(Xanthomonadales)及其下的罗河杆菌科(Rhodanobacteraceae)和Dokdonella属最为显著。此外,α-变形菌纲的生丝微菌目(Hyphomicrobiales)以及放线菌门(Actinomycetota)的假诺卡氏菌目(Pseudonocardiales)、假诺卡氏菌科(Pseudonocardiaceae)和假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)也是该处理的重要富集类群。β-变形菌纲中的红环菌目(Rhodocyclales)、红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)和芳香烃降解菌属(Aromatoleum)同样为T0处理所特有。Q0处理显著富集的类群以γ-变形菌纲为核心。其中最突出的是嗜酸铁氧化杆菌目(Acidiferrobacterales)及其下的嗜酸铁氧化杆菌科(Acidiferrobacteraceae)和硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)。此外,着色菌科(Chromatiaceae)及其下的网硫菌属(Thiodictyon)也是该处理的显著特征。β-变形菌纲中的伯克霍尔德氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae)和贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)同样在Q0处理中特异性富集。
冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)结果表明(图4A),RDA1和RDA2分别解释了49.10%和35.83%的变异,所选取的6种环境因子(TP、TN、SOC、NH4+-N、NO3--N和pH)共同解释了细菌群落总变异的84.93%。NH4+-N、TN和SOC是驱动研究区域土壤细菌群落结构变化的关键环境因子。三者在RDA1轴上具有较高的正向载荷,表明其对细菌群落分布格局的形成起主导作用。β-变形菌纲的分布与NH4+-N和TN呈显著正相关;放线菌纲的分布则与SOC和NH4+-N浓度密切相关;α-变形菌纲与NO3--N和SOC呈正相关关系;γ-变形菌纲的分布模式与多数氮素因子相反,呈负相关关系。pH值在RDA2轴上表现出负向影响,表明其也是影响细菌群落结构,尤其是γ-变形菌纲分布的重要调节因子。
通过对微生物群落与环境因子及酶活性的相关性分析(图4B),将其大致分为两大响应类群:第一类为与碳氮代谢酶和养分呈显著正相关的‘促生/分解型’菌属,主要包括NocardiaBradyrhizobiumNocardia与转化酶(INV)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL)、总氮(TN)及铵态氮(NH4+-N)均达到了显著或极显著的正相关水平(P<0.05或P<0.01);Bradyrhizobium同样与INV、PPO、BGL、总磷(TP)、TN、NH4+-N及硝态氮(NO3--N)表现出显著或极显著的正相关关系(P<0.05或P<0.01)。此外,SulfuricaulisVariovorax也表现出正相关趋势,均与pH和过氧化物酶(POD)达极显著和显著正相关(P<0.01和P<0.05)。第二类为与酶活性或部分理化指标呈显著负相关的类群主要包括MesorhizobiumRubrivivaxDokdonellaCupriavidus。其中,MesorhizobiumRubrivivax与POD酶活及pH均呈现极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01);Dokdonella与pH呈显著负相关(P<0.05);而Cupriavidus仅与纤维素酶(CEL)活性达极显著负相关(P<0.01)。
为探究单播和混播2组固碳细菌群落的结构特征,本研究选择相对丰度大于0.01%的固碳细菌物种进行共现网络分析(图5)。由固碳细菌共现网络的拓扑参数可知(表4),与单播处理相比,混播处理显著改善了土壤微生物共现网络的结构属性。混播体系在节点数、边数和平均加权度等关键指标上均优于单播处理,表明混播使固碳细菌间相互作用增强,网络复杂性和连接强度得到提升。同时,混播处理的模块化程度和聚类系数更高,反映出更清晰的模块化结构和更紧密的物种关联。QT3处理在所有混播处理中表现最为优异,其节点数和边数最高,平均加权度最大,表明该处理下微生物间相互作用最为活跃。此外,QT3具有最高的平均聚类系数和模块化系数,显示其模块内连接最为紧密,网络结构最为清晰。同时,QT3的连接部件数最少,平均路径长度最短,说明网络整合程度最高,信息传递效率最优。
豆禾混播栽培能够有效优化土壤微生物共现网络结构,其中QT3处理效果最为显著,构建的微生物网络具有复杂度高、连接紧密、模块结构清晰和信息传递高效等特点,对增强土壤生态系统的稳定性和功能具有重要意义。
采用Mantel检验分析土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)与网络拓扑参数(包括节点、边、度等9项指标)之间的相关性,结果如图6所示。SOC与网络拓扑结构显著相关,SOC与固碳细菌网络的边数(r=0.26, P=0.03)及连接部件数量(r=0.24, P=0.027)均呈显著正相关。这表明,随着土壤SOC含量的升高,固碳细菌网络中的相互作用(连接数)趋于增加,同时整个网络可能分化成更多独立的子群落。TN与网络拓扑结构无显著关联,TN与所有检测的网络拓扑参数之间均未发现统计学上的显著相关性,说明在本研究的种植体系中TN含量并非影响固碳细菌网络整体拓扑特征的主要限制因子。
网络拓扑参数内部存在紧密的协同关系。图6热图展示了各网络拓扑参数间的Spearman相关性。网络的边数与连接部件数呈极显著强负相关(r=-0.92),而与平均加权度呈极显著强正相关(r=0.82),表明网络参数内部具有高度关联性,同时也揭示了固碳细菌网络作为复杂生态系统,其内部结构属性相互制约、协同变化。
本研究表明,与燕麦(T0)和豌豆(Q0)单播相比,各混播处理均不同程度地提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮等养分含量,且豌豆:燕麦=2:1的QT3处理在多数养分指标上表现最为突出。这说明,在高寒半干旱地区合理配制豆禾混播比例有助于突破单一种植模式下土壤养分积累缓慢的瓶颈。该结果与保护性耕作和作物多样化促进土壤碳氮供给的普遍规律[22,47]一致,并进一步验证了豆科与禾本科间作可通过资源互补实现协同增效的理论预期[48-49]。本研究结果显示,该混播比例在多数土壤理化指标上表现最优,说明其在资源利用和系统稳定性方面更具优势,这与类似生态系统中的研究结论[50-51]一致。Zhang等[52]发现,与单播中华羊茅或草地早熟禾相比,二者混播能显著提高土壤有机质、氨态氮、硝态氮、总磷和有效磷含量,但对土壤pH和全氮无显著影响。然而,不同禾草组合的影响可能存在差异。姜鑫等[53]研究显示,垂穗披碱草、中华羊茅、羊茅的两两或3种混播显著降低了土壤pH和全氮含量,但显著提高了全磷含量。Luo等[42]在青海3个生态区域开展的试验进一步支持了混播的积极效应,其通过燕麦与饲料豌豆、普通苜蓿和蚕豆的混播试验发现,燕麦与饲用豌豆混播不仅提高了牧草产量,还增加了土壤有机碳含量。
土壤酶活性作为表征土壤生物化学过程强度的敏感指标[44,54],在本研究中对各混播处理响应显著。与单播相比,混播显著提升了蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶(碳循环相关酶)、蛋白酶(氮循环相关酶)以及多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶(木质素降解相关酶)的活性,且QT3 (豌豆:燕麦=2:1)处理在多数酶种中活性最高。这一结果与高海拔地区豆禾混播可增强土壤酶活性和微生物活性的报道[1,55]一致,表明混播通过优化植物根系分泌物的组成与数量、改善凋落物质量(C/N比),有效激发了植物-土壤-微生物间的正反馈互作。尤其值得关注的是,QT3处理下碳、氮循环酶系的同步激活,可能解释了该处理土壤有机碳和氮素组分同时累积的机制,即碳氮水解与氧化过程的耦合增强,而非单一的矿化加速或固持占优。这进一步说明,在高寒半干旱区,适宜的豆禾配比不仅是养分供给策略,更是调控土壤生物学过程速率的关键工程参数。
固碳微生物特别是携带cbbL基因的自养细菌,是土壤碳同化和碳汇形成的重要生物基础[19,21]。本研究基于cbbL基因高通量测序揭示了不同种植方式下固碳细菌群落结构与多样性的差异。α多样性分析显示,混播处理特别是QT3在Chao1指数、Observed species、Shannon指数和Simpson指数等方面均高于单播处理,表明豆禾混播可在维持较高物种丰富度的同时提高群落均匀度和功能冗余。较高的微生物多样性通常与生态系统稳定性和抗干扰能力增强相关[56],本研究结果与农田和草地固碳微生物的相关报道[23,25]一致。
β多样性(PCoA)分析表明,不同处理间固碳细菌群落结构分异明显,混播与单播样本在排序空间中清晰分离,说明种植模式是驱动固碳细菌群落构建的重要因素。在门/纲水平上,Pseudomonadota和放线菌门为优势类群,且β-变形菌纲和放线菌纲在混播处理中相对丰度较高,提示其对富养分、高有机质环境具有较强适应性。在属水平上,MesorhizobiumVariovoraxNocardia等为重要类群。中生根瘤菌在豌豆单播中高度富集,与豆科根瘤菌专性共生特征相符;在混播处理尤其是QT3中该属仍保持较高丰度,说明适宜的混播比例可以在增强系统多样性的同时维持固氮和固碳关键类群的生态位。
固碳微生物特别是携带cbbL基因的自养细菌是土壤碳同化和碳汇形成的重要生物基础。本研究LEfSe分析及属水平鉴定出的关键固碳微生物主要包括MesorhizobiumVariovoraxNocardiaRubrivivaxMethylibiumSulfuricaulisMethylococcus等。这些类群均为已证实的真实固碳微生物。国内外大量研究已证实,Mesorhizobium作为豆科根瘤菌,不仅具有固氮能力,还携带I型RubisCO基因(cbbL),可通过CBB循环进行化能自养固碳[57-58];隶属于PseudomonadotaVariovoraxMesorhizobium,已在喀斯特湿地和农田土壤中被鉴定为cbbL优势属,通过化能自养途径固定CO2[59-60]Nocardia为放线菌门典型代表,部分菌株携带cbbL基因,具有自养固碳潜力;Rubrivivax为光合细菌,已在多个湿地和草原土壤中被报道为cbbL主导属,可通过光能自养固碳[59,61]CyanobiumMethylococcus分别属于蓝细菌门和γ-变形菌纲,前者通过光合CBB循环固碳,后者作为甲烷氧化菌兼具cbbL功能,已在青藏高原湿地和河口沉积物中证实其固碳活性[60-61]Sulfuricaulis为硫氧化细菌,利用无机硫化合物提供能量进行化能自养固碳,在喀斯特和农田土壤中为常见cbbL携带者[59]。上述结果表明,本研究识别的类群均具备真实的cbbL介导固碳能力,而非偶然富集。
本研究中混播处理(尤其是QT3,豌豆:燕麦=2:1)显著改变了上述类群的丰度,其主要原因和机理如下。(1) 根系分泌物与养分互补:豌豆通过Mesorhizobium结瘤固氮增加土壤铵态氮和全氮,为VariovoraxMethylibium等化能自养菌提供氮源和还原力,同时豌豆根系分泌的有机酸和糖类为CyanobiumRubrivivax等光合/化能自养菌提供碳源和能量底物;燕麦则通过深根系改善土壤通气和有机碳输入,进一步促进Methylococcus的甲烷氧化-固碳耦合。(2) pH与氧化还原微环境优化:QT3处理下土壤pH适中,有利于RubrivivaxCyanobium等需微碱环境的紫细菌与蓝细菌生长,而单播Q0的Sulfuricaulis丰度升高则与豌豆单播导致的局部酸化及硫循环增强有关。(3) 植物-微生物正反馈:混播的生态位互补提升了根际碳氮输入,增强了固碳细菌的竞争优势和网络稳定性,这与国内外高寒/湿地研究[38,42]一致。单播处理则因养分单一,导致SulfuricaulisDokdonella等专性硫/铁氧化菌主导细菌群落结构。综上所述,混播特别是QT3比例通过优化土壤碳氮有效性和微环境重塑了固碳细菌群落结构,不仅提高了多样性,还富集了多途径协同固碳功能群,为高寒地区土壤碳汇提升提供了微生物学机制。
本研究基于RDA、相关性热图和Mantel检验分析了固碳细菌群落与土壤环境因子的关系,结果表明土壤养分状况和理化性质是驱动固碳微生物群落构建和功能网络演变的关键因素。RDA排序显示,土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)对群落变异的解释贡献最为突出,表明这3类因子是影响固碳细菌群落结构的主导环境梯度;这一结论与农田和草地自养固碳微生物研究中“氮素与有机碳为主控因子”的结果[26-28]高度一致。
在群落分类单元层面,SOC、TN和NH4+-N与β-变形菌纲和放线菌纲呈显著正相关,而与部分γ-变形菌纲类群呈负相关,反映出不同固碳功能群对养分水平和pH条件具有差异化响应。富养分条件下β-变形菌纲和放线菌纲的优势地位可能与其较高的代谢多样性和对根际有机碳、氮源的高效利用能力有关[20,26];而pH升高对部分γ-变形菌纲产生抑制作用,则提示其更适宜在相对偏酸环境中生长,这与一些森林和农田土壤的研究发现相吻合。在属水平上,相关性热图进一步揭示了固碳细菌与环境因子之间的精细耦合关系。Nocardia等属与SOC、蔗糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶等碳循环相关酶活性呈显著正相关,说明其不仅可能参与有机碳降解和外源酶分泌过程,还可能通过促进底物周转为自养固碳菌群提供稳定的无机碳源和能量基础。MesorhizobiumVariovorax与TN、NH4+-N及脲酶活性呈正相关,Mesorhizobium作为典型的豆科共生固氮菌[57-58],其与氮素指标的正相关关系与本研究中混播体系下生物固氮作用的增强预期一致;而Variovorax作为已知的化能自养固碳菌[59-60],其同样与氮素因子呈正相关,暗示混播体系中固氮过程释放的无机氮素可能为化能自养固碳提供了底物支持。二者在氮素驱动下的协同响应模式,与前人报道的豆禾混播中固氮与固碳功能群生态位互补机制[23,25]相吻合。
Mantel检验结果表明,SOC、TN和NH4+-N等关键环境因子与微生物共现网络的多个拓扑指标之间存在显著相关性。随着SOC和TN含量的提高,网络的节点数、边数和模块化系数呈增加趋势,而连接部件数和平均路径长度逐渐降低,表明土壤碳氮水平越高,固碳微生物网络越复杂、连通性越好、信息传递路径越短,整体结构更加紧凑高效。这一结果与“土壤养分提升促进微生物共现网络复杂化和稳定化”的观点一致[56],也进一步证实了本研究中QT3处理在SOC和TN水平较高的同时,其共现网络复杂度和模块化程度最高、连接部件数最低的特征。
总而言之,豆禾混播通过提高SOC和矿质氮含量、改善pH和酶活性等土壤环境因子增强了固碳微生物与环境因子间的正向耦合:一方面,养分提升促进了固碳关键类群的多样性和丰度;另一方面,这些微生物又通过参与碳氮循环和酶促反应加速有机碳积累和氮素周转,形成“植物-土壤-微生物-环境因子”之间的正反馈环路。
本研究表明,豆禾混播特别是豌豆:燕麦=2:1的QT3处理,不仅显著改善了高寒土壤理化性质和酶活性,还通过改变SOC、TN和NH4+-N等关键环境因子重塑了固碳细菌群落结构和共现网络特征,使微生物网络呈现高复杂度、高连通性和高模块化的稳定结构。这表明,在高寒半干旱地区推广适宜的豆禾混播模式有望在提高饲草产量和品质的同时,增强土壤碳汇能力和生态系统稳定性,对区域农业可持续发展具有重要实践价值[1,42]
本研究周期相对有限,对混播制度下土壤碳库和固碳微生物群落的长期演变仍缺乏连续证据;同时,基于cbbL基因的扩增子测序主要反映群落结构和潜在功能,对实际固碳速率和关键代谢通路尚缺乏直接量化。
豆禾混播通过优化土壤微环境、提升酶活性与养分有效性显著改善了高寒地区土壤生态功能,其中豌豆:燕麦=2:1比例(QT3)效果最为突出。该模式不仅增强了固碳细菌群落多样性并富集了关键功能类群,还构建了复杂度更高、连接更紧密、模块化更强的微生物共现网络,表明固碳细菌群落具备更高的结构稳定性和功能协作潜力。环境因子分析进一步证实,土壤有机碳、全氮和铵态氮是驱动固碳细菌群落变化及网络优化的核心因素。这揭示了豆科固氮与禾本科根系的协同作用可有效提升土壤碳汇潜力,为高寒半干旱区饲草生产与农业可持续发展提供了科学依据。然而,本研究周期较短,未能开展长期动态监测,也未直接量化实际固碳速率,存在一定局限性。未来研究应聚焦多年连续观测,结合宏基因组与稳定同位素示踪技术验证固碳功能,并拓展至不同高寒生态区,以进一步深化混播模式在土壤碳循环中的应用机制。
  • 青海省重点研发与转化计划(2024-NK-135)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260090
  • 接收时间:2026-01-29
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-29
  • 录用日期:2026-04-07
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Qinghai Provincial Key Research and Transformation Program(2024-NK-135)
青海省重点研发与转化计划(2024-NK-135)
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    1.青海师范大学 生命科学学院,青海 西宁
    2.青海大学 畜牧兽医科学院,青海 西宁
    3.高原科学与可持续发展研究院,青海省青藏高原药用动植物资源重点实验室,青海 西宁

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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