Article(id=1297571059306353091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769529600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774972800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-01, onlineDate=1787294648243, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294648243, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294648243, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294648243, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4042, endPage=4060, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571059528651204, articleId=1297571059306353091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Sodium houttuyfonate alleviates acutepulmonary infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa by promoting polarization of alveolar macrophages via activation of the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely distributed Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that poses a serious threat to immunocompromised individuals, often leading to severe clinical infections. Sodium houttuyfonate (SH), the main active derivative of the Chinese medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata, has been widely used for anti-infection therapy. Recent studies suggest that the efficacy of SH against antibiotic-resistant pathogens extends beyond direct antibacterial effects to include delicate regulation of the host immune system. [Objective] To investigate the role of SH in promoting M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages against P. aeruginosa infection. [Methods] A mouse model of acute pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa was established via intratracheal intubation. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate the histopathological changes in the lung tissue. Bacterial load in the lung tissue was determined by the plate counting method, and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in the lung tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In the cell experiment, MH-S alveolar macrophages were co-cultured with SH for 6 h to induce M1 polarization. Polarization markers CD86 and CD206 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, and phagocytic capacity was evaluated with P. aeruginosa at 1×105 CFU/mL. The mRNA levels and inflammation levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. The expression of proteins in the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway was analyzed by Western blotting. To decipher the mechanism, we constructed TLR-4 overexpression and knockdown cell models to confirm SH regulation of this pathway and related inflammatory factors via TLR-4. [Results] The in vivo experiment results indicated that SH significantly reduced P. aeruginosa proliferation in the mouse lung tissue. Both HE staining and IHC results demonstrated that pulmonary inflammation in the treatment group was alleviated compared with the model group, suggesting that SH may enhance host immune clearance and thereby mitigate acute pulmonary infection. The cell experiment showed that SH promoted early M1 polarization of MH-S cells and enhanced their phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa. Western blotting further confirmed activation of the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway with upregulated protein expression after SH treatment. [Conclusion] SH can activate the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway to induce M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages during early infection, thereby exerting significant phagocytic and anti-infective effects.

, authors=Dinghui WANG1, Qianwen XU1, Shan YANG1, Changzhong WANG1, Tianming WANG1, Daqiang WU1, 2, authorsList=Dinghui WANG, Qianwen XU, Shan YANG, Changzhong WANG, Tianming WANG, Daqiang WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Daqiang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1297571060774359505, articleId=1297571059306353091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=鱼腥草素钠通过激活TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路促进肺泡巨噬细胞M1极化抗铜绿假单胞菌肺部急性感染, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)是一种广泛分布于环境中的革兰氏阴性机会致病菌,尤其对免疫功能低下人群致病性较强,可引发严重的临床感染。鱼腥草素钠(sodium houttuyfonate, SH)作为中药鱼腥草的主要活性衍生物,传统上广泛用于抗感染治疗。近年研究表明,其对耐药病原菌的作用不仅限于直接抑菌,还涉及对宿主免疫系统的精细调控。 【目的】 探讨SH通过促进肺泡巨噬细胞M1极化抗P. aeruginosa感染中的作用。 【方法】 通过气管插管法建立小鼠P. aeruginosa急性肺炎模型,苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, HE)染色评估肺组织病理学改变,平板计数法检测肺组织细菌载量,免疫组织化学 (immunohistochemistry, IHC)法分析肺组织Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR‑4)蛋白表达。细胞实验中,将MH‑S肺泡巨噬细胞与SH共培养6 h诱导M1极化,免疫荧光与流式细胞术检测极化标志物CD86和CD206的表达,并以1×105 CFU/mL P. aeruginosa评估其吞噬能力。实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别检测肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF‑α)、白细胞介素-1β (IL‑1β)、白细胞介素-6 (IL‑6)、白细胞介素-10 (IL‑10)的mRNA及蛋白水平,蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)分析TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达。构建TLR‑4过表达及沉默细胞模型,验证SH通过TLR‑4受体调控该通路及相关炎症因子表达的作用。 【结果】 体内实验显示,SH可显著抑制小鼠肺组织中P. aeruginosa的增殖;HE染色与IHC结果均表明,给药后小鼠肺部炎症较模型组减轻显著,提示SH可能通过增强宿主免疫清除能力缓解急性肺部感染。细胞实验表明,SH能够在感染早期促进MH‑S细胞向M1表型极化,并增强其对P. aeruginosa的吞噬作用。Western blotting结果进一步证实,药物处理后TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路被激活,相关蛋白表达均显著上调。 【结论】 研究表明SH可在感染早期促进肺泡巨噬细胞TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路活化,驱动M1极化,发挥显著的吞噬抗感染作用。

, authors=汪定慧1, 许倩雯1, 杨姗1, 汪长中1, 汪天明1, 吴大强1, 2, authorsList=汪定慧, 许倩雯, 杨姗, 汪长中, 汪天明, 吴大强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴大强, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

汪定慧:实验操作论文撰写;许倩雯:提供技术支持;杨姗:协助实验操作;汪长中:研究构思和设计;汪天明:参与论文讨论;吴大强:论文撰写修改。

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A: Flow chart of P. aeruginosa infection modeling and treatment in mice; B: Morphological observation of mouse lung tissue; C: HE staining of lung tissues; D: Quantitative assessment of P. aeruginosa load in lung tissues of mice after treatment with different SH doses; E: Detection of TLR-4 protein expression by IHC. ns: Not significant; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=gcG87gxyRZgnj0wwKtUNkA==, figureFileBig=KunY1XnVOotpxKGeMCVW1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571064968663554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=CN, label=图1, caption=SH改善小鼠 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 急性肺炎感染, figureFileSmall=gcG87gxyRZgnj0wwKtUNkA==, figureFileBig=KunY1XnVOotpxKGeMCVW1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065182573059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The promoting effect of SH on M1 polarization of macrophages during the early stage of infection. A: Immunofluorescence images and quantitative analysis of CD86 and CD206 expression in MH-S macrophages, scale bar=50 µm; B: The distribution of MH-S macrophage polarization after drug treatment; C: Representative APC flow cytometry plots and quantitative analysis of CD86 expression; D: Representative FITC flow cytometry plots and quantitative analysis of CD206 expression. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=ZKZf7t5ZIM74Sdu5ZkQotw==, figureFileBig=NR4e5LcV92y6eB99SLNZKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065258070532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SH在感染早期对巨噬细胞M1极化的促进作用, figureFileSmall=ZKZf7t5ZIM74Sdu5ZkQotw==, figureFileBig=NR4e5LcV92y6eB99SLNZKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065316790789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Anti-infection effect of SH by promoting M1 polarization of MH-S macrophages. A: Bacterial clearance capability of polarized MH-S macrophages against P. aeruginosa at indicated time points; B: mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in polarized MH-S macrophages; C: Expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in polarized MH-S macrophages. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=b1OnaHYgwM1XyefZu3mCXw==, figureFileBig=wOoZYxz6K4XlH1EwUGAYqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065379705350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SH通过诱导MH-S巨噬细胞M1极化发挥抗感染作用, figureFileSmall=b1OnaHYgwM1XyefZu3mCXw==, figureFileBig=wOoZYxz6K4XlH1EwUGAYqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065442619911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Expression of the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in MH-S macrophages after SH intervention. A: Western blotting band diagram; B: Quantitative analysis of TLR-4 protein expression; C: Quantitative analysis of p-p65 protein expression; D: Quantitative analysis of MyD88 protein expression. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=gpP9zOtv7y4PJ81vKRTfVw==, figureFileBig=OY17ERwNCjfNwcfeFNYpag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065518117384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SH干预后MH-S巨噬细胞TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路蛋白表达, figureFileSmall=gpP9zOtv7y4PJ81vKRTfVw==, figureFileBig=OY17ERwNCjfNwcfeFNYpag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065585226249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Expression of proteins and inflammatory genes in MH-S macrophages after TLR-4 overexpression. A: Validation of TLR-4 overexpression by Western blotting and RT-qPCR; B: Effect of TLR-4 overexpression on TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway protein expression; C: Quantitative analysis of TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB protein expression in TLR-4-overexpressed cells; D: Expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10) in TLR-4-overexpressed cells. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=HoDagyFyzn4GAJOQkm9asQ==, figureFileBig=rQwDQkOIvzY1hHhsCjSeUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065677500938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TLR-4过表达后MH-S巨噬细胞蛋白与炎症基因表达, figureFileSmall=HoDagyFyzn4GAJOQkm9asQ==, figureFileBig=rQwDQkOIvzY1hHhsCjSeUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065761387019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Expression of proteins and inflammatory genes in MH-S macrophages after TLR-4 silencing. A: Screening of TLR-4 silencing sequences by Western blotting and RT-qPCR; B: Effect of TLR-4 receptor silencing on the protein expression of the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway; C: Quantitative analysis of TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway protein expression in cells following TLR-4 receptor silencing; D: Expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) in cells after TLR-4 receptor silencing. ns: Not significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=r0iToKJC+jsiZZvIPRlgjA==, figureFileBig=oG8GP2Mt6wwiNr6Brx/vZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571065824301580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=CN, label=图6, caption=TLR-4沉默后MH-S巨噬细胞蛋白与炎症基因表达, figureFileSmall=r0iToKJC+jsiZZvIPRlgjA==, figureFileBig=oG8GP2Mt6wwiNr6Brx/vZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571067468468749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences used for PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
TNF-α

Forward: AAGCCTGTAGCCCACGTCGTA

Reverse: AAGGTACAACCCATCGGCTGG

IL-1β

Forward: CAACCAACAAGTGATATTCTCCATG

Reverse: GATCCACACTCTCCAGCTGCA

IL-6

Forward: CTGCAAGAGACTTCCATCCAG

Reverse: AGTGGTATAGACAGGTCTGTTGG

IL-10

Forward: CTTACTGACTGGCATGAGGATCA

Reverse: GCAGCTCTAGGAGCATGTGG

β-actin

Forward: CGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAACA

Reverse: CGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAACA

), ArticleFig(id=1297571067564937742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
TNF-α

Forward: AAGCCTGTAGCCCACGTCGTA

Reverse: AAGGTACAACCCATCGGCTGG

IL-1β

Forward: CAACCAACAAGTGATATTCTCCATG

Reverse: GATCCACACTCTCCAGCTGCA

IL-6

Forward: CTGCAAGAGACTTCCATCCAG

Reverse: AGTGGTATAGACAGGTCTGTTGG

IL-10

Forward: CTTACTGACTGGCATGAGGATCA

Reverse: GCAGCTCTAGGAGCATGTGG

β-actin

Forward: CGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAACA

Reverse: CGTAAAGACCTCTATGCCAACA

), ArticleFig(id=1297571067632046607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Oligo sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Oligo namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
siRNA NC

Forward: UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT

Reverse: ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT

mmu-TLR-4-si3

Forward: GGUAGUGUCUAGACACUUUTT

Reverse: AAAGUGUCUAGACACUACCTT

mmu-TLR-4-si2

Forward: GGUAAAGAAUUUAGAAGAATT

Reverse: UUCUUCUAAAUUCUUUACCTT

mmu-TLR-4-si1

Forward: GGAUCUUUCUAAAUGUCAATT

Reverse: UUGACAUUUAGAAAGAUCCTT

), ArticleFig(id=1297571067732709904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571059306353091, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Oligo序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Oligo namePrimer sequences (5′→3′)
siRNA NC

Forward: UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT

Reverse: ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT

mmu-TLR-4-si3

Forward: GGUAGUGUCUAGACACUUUTT

Reverse: AAAGUGUCUAGACACUACCTT

mmu-TLR-4-si2

Forward: GGUAAAGAAUUUAGAAGAATT

Reverse: UUCUUCUAAAUUCUUUACCTT

mmu-TLR-4-si1

Forward: GGAUCUUUCUAAAUGUCAATT

Reverse: UUGACAUUUAGAAAGAUCCTT

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鱼腥草素钠通过激活TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路促进肺泡巨噬细胞M1极化抗铜绿假单胞菌肺部急性感染
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汪定慧 1 , 许倩雯 1 , 杨姗 1 , 汪长中 1 , 汪天明 1 , 吴大强 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4042-4060
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4042 -4060
鱼腥草素钠通过激活TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路促进肺泡巨噬细胞M1极化抗铜绿假单胞菌肺部急性感染
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汪定慧1, 许倩雯1, 杨姗1, 汪长中1, 汪天明1, 吴大强1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽中医药大学 中西医结合学院,病原生物学与免疫学教研室,安徽 合肥
  • 2.合肥医工医药股份有限公司,安徽 合肥
通讯作者:
吴大强
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

汪定慧:实验操作论文撰写;许倩雯:提供技术支持;杨姗:协助实验操作;汪长中:研究构思和设计;汪天明:参与论文讨论;吴大强:论文撰写修改。

Sodium houttuyfonate alleviates acutepulmonary infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa by promoting polarization of alveolar macrophages via activation of the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway
Dinghui WANG1, Qianwen XU1, Shan YANG1, Changzhong WANG1, Tianming WANG1, Daqiang WU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
  • 2.Hefei Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260084
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铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)是一种广泛分布于环境中的革兰氏阴性机会致病菌,尤其对免疫功能低下人群致病性较强,可引发严重的临床感染。鱼腥草素钠(sodium houttuyfonate, SH)作为中药鱼腥草的主要活性衍生物,传统上广泛用于抗感染治疗。近年研究表明,其对耐药病原菌的作用不仅限于直接抑菌,还涉及对宿主免疫系统的精细调控。 【目的】 探讨SH通过促进肺泡巨噬细胞M1极化抗P. aeruginosa感染中的作用。 【方法】 通过气管插管法建立小鼠P. aeruginosa急性肺炎模型,苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, HE)染色评估肺组织病理学改变,平板计数法检测肺组织细菌载量,免疫组织化学 (immunohistochemistry, IHC)法分析肺组织Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR‑4)蛋白表达。细胞实验中,将MH‑S肺泡巨噬细胞与SH共培养6 h诱导M1极化,免疫荧光与流式细胞术检测极化标志物CD86和CD206的表达,并以1×105 CFU/mL P. aeruginosa评估其吞噬能力。实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别检测肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF‑α)、白细胞介素-1β (IL‑1β)、白细胞介素-6 (IL‑6)、白细胞介素-10 (IL‑10)的mRNA及蛋白水平,蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)分析TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达。构建TLR‑4过表达及沉默细胞模型,验证SH通过TLR‑4受体调控该通路及相关炎症因子表达的作用。 【结果】 体内实验显示,SH可显著抑制小鼠肺组织中P. aeruginosa的增殖;HE染色与IHC结果均表明,给药后小鼠肺部炎症较模型组减轻显著,提示SH可能通过增强宿主免疫清除能力缓解急性肺部感染。细胞实验表明,SH能够在感染早期促进MH‑S细胞向M1表型极化,并增强其对P. aeruginosa的吞噬作用。Western blotting结果进一步证实,药物处理后TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路被激活,相关蛋白表达均显著上调。 【结论】 研究表明SH可在感染早期促进肺泡巨噬细胞TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路活化,驱动M1极化,发挥显著的吞噬抗感染作用。

鱼腥草素钠  /  铜绿假单胞菌  /  肺泡巨噬细胞  /  M1极化  /  免疫抗感染

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely distributed Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that poses a serious threat to immunocompromised individuals, often leading to severe clinical infections. Sodium houttuyfonate (SH), the main active derivative of the Chinese medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata, has been widely used for anti-infection therapy. Recent studies suggest that the efficacy of SH against antibiotic-resistant pathogens extends beyond direct antibacterial effects to include delicate regulation of the host immune system. [Objective] To investigate the role of SH in promoting M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages against P. aeruginosa infection. [Methods] A mouse model of acute pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa was established via intratracheal intubation. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate the histopathological changes in the lung tissue. Bacterial load in the lung tissue was determined by the plate counting method, and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in the lung tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In the cell experiment, MH-S alveolar macrophages were co-cultured with SH for 6 h to induce M1 polarization. Polarization markers CD86 and CD206 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, and phagocytic capacity was evaluated with P. aeruginosa at 1×105 CFU/mL. The mRNA levels and inflammation levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. The expression of proteins in the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway was analyzed by Western blotting. To decipher the mechanism, we constructed TLR-4 overexpression and knockdown cell models to confirm SH regulation of this pathway and related inflammatory factors via TLR-4. [Results] The in vivo experiment results indicated that SH significantly reduced P. aeruginosa proliferation in the mouse lung tissue. Both HE staining and IHC results demonstrated that pulmonary inflammation in the treatment group was alleviated compared with the model group, suggesting that SH may enhance host immune clearance and thereby mitigate acute pulmonary infection. The cell experiment showed that SH promoted early M1 polarization of MH-S cells and enhanced their phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa. Western blotting further confirmed activation of the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway with upregulated protein expression after SH treatment. [Conclusion] SH can activate the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway to induce M1 polarization of alveolar macrophages during early infection, thereby exerting significant phagocytic and anti-infective effects.

sodium houttuyfonate  /  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  /  alveolar macrophages  /  M1 polarization  /  immunomodulatory anti-infection
汪定慧, 许倩雯, 杨姗, 汪长中, 汪天明, 吴大强. 鱼腥草素钠通过激活TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路促进肺泡巨噬细胞M1极化抗铜绿假单胞菌肺部急性感染. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4042 -4060 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260084
Dinghui WANG, Qianwen XU, Shan YANG, Changzhong WANG, Tianming WANG, Daqiang WU. Sodium houttuyfonate alleviates acutepulmonary infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa by promoting polarization of alveolar macrophages via activation of the TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4042 -4060 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260084
铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)是一种机会性人类病原体,可对免疫系统受损个体造成严重的急慢性感染[1]。该菌常见于水体环境,是引发医院获得性肺炎、呼吸机相关性肺炎以及囊性纤维化患者慢性肺部感染的主要病原体之一[2]P. aeruginosa常经污染的医疗器械表面(如插管、导管等介入性治疗设备)侵入人体,导致呼吸道、尿路、手术切口及烧伤组织等部位感染;该菌具有多种毒力因子,包括外毒素A、弹性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和绿脓菌素等,可直接损伤宿主细胞并干扰其细胞的免疫功能,引起相应的组织病变[3-5]。此外,该菌具有强大的环境适应能力和固有耐药性,尤其能形成生物膜。生物膜是一种主要由细菌自身分泌的细胞外聚合物构成的结构,这些物质作为支架将细菌包裹其中,保护其免受环境压力、阻碍吞噬作用,从而赋予细菌定殖和长期存活的能力[6]。随着广谱抗生素及糖皮质激素的广泛使用,P. aeruginosa的耐药性问题日益严峻,多重耐药菌株检出率持续上升。其固有耐药机制与多样化毒力因子协同作用,给临床治疗带来极大挑战[7-8]。因此,迫切需要开发新的防治策略以应对多重耐药P. aeruginosa的出现与传播。
鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata)是一种具有鱼腥气味的多年生草本药食两用植物,主要分布于中国、日本、韩国等东亚国家的潮湿阴凉地区[9]。鱼腥草素钠(sodium houttuyfonate, SH)是传统抗感染中药鱼腥草中主要活性成分——鱼腥草素与亚硫酸氢钠形成的稳定化学衍生物,属于化学合成单体药物,在保留H. cordata药理活性的同时具有更好的稳定性[10]。SH具有抗菌、抗炎等多种生物活性,并对肺组织具有保护作用[11]。研究表明,在无细胞毒性浓度下,SH可抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)刺激引起的促炎细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)的表达,从而避免过度炎症反应所致的组织损伤[12]。在病原菌侵袭时,SH在感染早期主要通过增强免疫细胞吞噬能力、提高血清备解素水平等方式调动并增强机体非特异性免疫功能以抵抗感染[13]。因此,研究SH通过调节免疫系统发挥抗感染与抗侵袭的双重作用具有重要意义。
巨噬细胞的活化是机体抵抗感染的关键防线,其在先天免疫反应中兼具“判断、协调与执行”等多重角色,是免疫应答的重要介导者[14]。目前,体外评估巨噬细胞及其功能时主要使用来源于骨髓、血液的单核/巨噬细胞系或原代培养细胞[15]。常用的小鼠巨噬细胞系包括RAW264.7和MH-S:前者来源于小鼠单核/巨噬细胞白血病细胞系;后者分离自BALB/c小鼠肺泡灌洗液,保留了包括吞噬功能、细胞因子与趋化因子产生能力以及对脂多糖等刺激的反应能力在内的巨噬细胞核心特性。相较于RAW264.7,MH-S细胞更能模拟肺部微环境中巨噬细胞的行为模式。巨噬细胞可响应不同刺激极化为M1或M2表型[16-17],其中M1型主要参与促炎反应,M2型则主要发挥抗炎与组织修复功能,两者均与炎症反应密切相关。通过调节巨噬细胞极化状态以改善炎症微环境,已成为治疗相关疾病的潜在有效策略[18]。在感染初期,多种中药活性成分(如黄芩苷、姜黄素等)可通过促进巨噬细胞向促炎、杀菌的M1表型极化,有效增强其吞噬与清除病原体的能力[19-21]。SH虽直接杀菌活性较弱,但可通过其表面活性作用促使P. aeruginosa细胞壁脂多糖脱落,干扰细菌结构完整性,进而削弱其致病力。
本研究旨在验证SH在感染早期通过激活肺泡巨噬细胞TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路,促进MH-S细胞向具有抗菌功能的M1表型极化,从而显著增强其吞噬及抗感染能力。本研究将为阐释鱼腥草素类药物通过调控免疫系统发挥抗感染作用的机制提供重要的理论与实验依据,进一步丰富相关药理学基础。
Pseudomonas aeruginosa模式菌株PAO1由上海交通大学生命科学与技术学院提供。60只SPF级雄性BALB/c小鼠,6-8周龄,体重(21±2) g,购自杭州子源实验动物科技有限公司。本研究所有动物实验均获得安徽中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准,编号为AHUCM-mouse-2024182。实验前,小鼠适应性饲养7 d。
LB营养琼脂、LB肉汤,青岛海博生物技术有限公司;RPMI-1640培养基,大连美仑生物技术有限公司;胎牛血清,南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司;逆转录试剂盒、SYBR染料,吐露港生物有限公司;脂多糖,Sigma-Aldrich公司;封闭山羊血清,北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司;TAK-242,Glpbio公司;TRIzol、RIPA裂解液、抗荧光淬灭剂(含DAPI),SparkJade公司;磷酸酶抑制剂(50×)、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;TNF-α ELISA试剂盒,上海源桔生物科技有限公司;IL-1β、IL-6 ELISA试剂盒、IL-10 ELISA试剂盒,江苏酶免实业有限公司;TLR4 Rabbit pAb、MyD88 Rabbit pAb、NF-κB p65、Phospho-NF-κB p65,ABclonal公司;Anti-beta Actin、HRP标记山羊抗兔IgG、HRP标记山羊抗鼠IgG,成都正能生物技术有限公司;CD206 mouse antibody、CD86 Rabbit antibody、CoraLite488 IgG、CoraLite594 IgG,Proteintech公司;Anti-Mouse CD206、Anti-Mouse CD86、Intracellular Fixation,Elabscience公司;鱼腥草素钠(sodium houttuyfonate, SH),西安开来公司;硫酸多黏菌素B (polymyxin B sulfate, PMB),上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
万分之一天平,常州万泰天平仪器有限公司;正置显微镜,广州市明美光电技术有限公司;荧光倒置显微镜,奥林巴斯公司;高速离心机,北京雷勃尔医疗器械有限公司;细胞培养CO2培养箱,ThermoFisher公司;全自动细胞计数仪,上海伊赛公司;流式细胞仪,BD公司;荧光定量PCR仪,罗氏公司;化学发光成像仪,上海天能科技有限公司。
P. aeruginosa菌液50 μL均匀涂布于LB固体培养基上,37 ℃培养24 h。挑取单菌落接种于6 mL LB液体培养基中,37 ℃振荡培养12-16 h。
根据前期研究,将适应性饲养后的小鼠随机分为6组:空白对照组、模型组、SH高剂量组(150 mg/kg)、中剂量组(100 mg/kg)、低剂量组(50 mg/kg)及PMB阳性药物对照组(7.5 mg/kg)。将预培养的P. aeruginosa菌液经分光光度法测定浓度后稀释至1.5×108 CFU/mL。采用异氟烷麻醉小鼠,固定其门齿于60°倾斜板以保持气道平直。在冷光源喉镜辅助下暴露声门,于声门开放瞬间将预装50 μL菌液的24G静脉留置软管轻柔插入气管约1.0-1.5 cm,缓慢推注菌液。接种后保持小鼠头高位30 s以促进菌液分布。接种4 h后开始给药:空白组与模型组给予等体积生理盐水;SH各剂量组经灌胃给药;阳性药物组经尾静脉注射。持续观察小鼠状态,感染24 h后以异氟烷麻醉实施安乐死,采集肺组织及血清样本用于后续分析。
取小鼠右肺下叶,经4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后,常规梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明、石蜡包埋。制备厚度为4 μm的连续切片,贴附于防脱载玻片,60 ℃烤片2 h。切片经二甲苯脱蜡、梯度乙醇水化后,苏木素染液浸染8 min,流水冲洗后以1%盐酸乙醇分化3-5 s,流水返蓝15 min。随后以伊红染液复染2 min,梯度乙醇脱水,二甲苯透明,中性树胶封片。光学显微镜下观察肺组织病理学变化,细胞核呈蓝紫色,细胞质呈粉红色或红色。
取0.1 g新鲜小鼠肺组织,置于无菌研磨器中,加入1 mL预冷无菌PBS,充分研磨制备组织匀浆。4 ℃条件下收集匀浆液,经梯度稀释后取50 μL涂布于LB琼脂平板,37 ℃培养24 h。以每克肺组织所含P. aeruginosa菌落形成单位(colony-forming unit per gram, CFU/g)表示肺部细菌载量。
石蜡切片经脱蜡、水化后,于pH 6.0枸橼酸盐缓冲液中进行热介导抗原修复(95-98 ℃, 15-20 min)。依次以3% H2O2灭活内源性过氧化物酶、5%正常血清封闭非特异性位点,滴加经预实验优化的抗TLR-4一抗,4 ℃湿盒内孵育过夜。次日PBS洗涤后,滴加相应HRP标记二抗,室温孵育30-60 min。再次洗涤后以DAB显色,显微镜下控制显色时间,待棕黄色阳性信号清晰显现时终止。苏木素复染细胞核,脱水、透明后以中性树胶封片。
以小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞MH-S为研究对象,药物浓度根据CCK-8法细胞活力检测结果筛选,为后续干预实验的最佳浓度。实验药物组(SH 128 μg/mL)及阳性药物组(PMB 4 μg/mL)与MH-S细胞共培养6 h以构建M1极化模型;另设TLR-4抑制剂TAK-242 (10 μg/mL)组和LPS (14 μg/mL)组,分别作为阴性和阳性对照,空白组加入基础培养基。
使用抗CD86抗体和抗CD206抗体对巨噬细胞进行染色,分别特异性标记M1型促炎表型和M2型抗炎/修复表型,以评估巨噬细胞的极化状态。MH-S巨噬细胞按1.8节方法处理,以4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,PBS清洗3次。随后以0.3% Triton X-100透化10 min,5%山羊血清封闭60 min。加入一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜;二抗室温避光孵育1 h,各步间均以PBS充分洗涤。最后以DAPI染核10 min,于荧光显微镜下观察。通过M1型标志物CD86 (红色荧光)与M2型标志物CD206 (绿色荧光)信号分别评估巨噬细胞向M1和M2表型的极化情况。
MH-S巨噬细胞按1.8节方法处理,收集细胞并制成单细胞悬液。取1×106个细胞,PBS洗涤2次。随后加入荧光标记抗体:先加入APC-抗小鼠CD86抗体(M1表型标志),4 ℃避光孵育30 min,洗涤后以Intracellular Fixation试剂破膜,再加入FITC-抗小鼠CD206抗体(M2表型标志),4 ℃避光孵育30 min。同时设置单管染及同型对照管。孵育结束后以预冷PBS洗涤2次,经200目尼龙滤网过滤,PBS重悬细胞,立即上机检测。使用FlowJo v10软件进行数据分析。
MH-S巨噬细胞按1.8节方法处理,加入以RPMI-1640基础培养基稀释的1.5×105 CFU/mL P. aeruginosa菌液。参考本课题组前期在急性细菌性肺感染研究中的发现,感染后20 min和120 min是观察巨噬细胞快速响应及功能极化的关键时间节点[22]。因此,本研究分别于上述2个时间点收集细胞和上清样本,将细胞悬液置于冰浴中超声破碎,条件为:功率200 W,工作3 s、间歇5 s,总时间8 min。以无菌PBS进行梯度稀释,取50 μL均匀涂布于LB琼脂平板,37 ℃孵育24 h,结果以每毫升菌落形成单位(colony-forming unit per milliliter, CFU/mL)表示。
MH-S巨噬细胞按1.8节方法处理,收集细胞后以Trizol法提取总RNA。每组取800 ng RNA,采用ToloBio HiScript Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit逆转录为cDNA。逆转录反应体系(20 μL):2×RT Mix 10 μL,HiScript Ⅱ Enzyme Mix 2 μL,RNA 1 μL,ddH2O 7 μL。反应条件:50 ℃逆转录15 min,85 ℃酶失活5 s。合成的cDNA产物于-20 ℃保存。以cDNA为模板,使用ToloBio SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix及基因特异性引物进行RT-qPCR。反应体系(20 μL):2×Q3 SYBR Master Mix 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.4 µL,cDNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 8.2 µL。反应条件:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃退火30 s,40个循环。扩增结束后进行熔解曲线:95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 60 s,95 ℃ 15 s。每样品设3个技术重复,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算目的基因相对表达量,并进行组间比较与统计学分析,引物序列详见表1
MH-S巨噬细胞按1.8节方法处理,收集细胞培养上清液,以相应ELISA试剂盒测定上清液中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10炎症因子含量,结果以皮克每毫升(picogram per milliliter, pg/mL)表示。
收集按1.8节方法处理的MH‑S细胞,以预冷RIPA裂解液在冰上裂解30 min,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min后取上清。BCA法测定蛋白浓度,等量调整后加入loading buffer煮沸变性。每孔上样30 μg总蛋白进行10% SDS-PAGE,恒压分离后湿转至PVDF膜。5%脱脂奶粉/TBST室温封闭1 h,TBST洗涤后一抗4 ℃孵育过夜;TBST洗涤后二抗室温孵育1 h。ECL化学发光液显影,以β-actin为内参,ImageJ软件分析条带灰度值,计算目的蛋白与内参灰度比值,以空白组归一化后进行组间统计分析。
MH‑S巨噬细胞于对数生长期(存活率>95%)接种至培养板,待细胞融合度达60%-70%时进行转染。操作步骤如下:取1.5 mL离心管A与B,A管中加入200 μL无血清1640培养基与5 μL转染试剂,轻轻混匀后室温静置5 min;B管中加入200 μL无血清1640培养基与5 μL相应siRNA或过表达载体(Ad5‑TLR‑4/Ad5‑gfp),混匀静置5 min。将A管液体逐滴加入B管,混匀后室温静置20 min。转染前吸弃原培养基,每孔加入预热的1640基础培养基至终体积2 mL,随即加入上述转染复合物。6 h后更换为1640完全培养基,并设空白对照组。转染24 h后收集细胞,用于后续mRNA及蛋白检测。siRNA引物序列详见表2
操作步骤同第1.14节。
操作步骤同第1.12节。
实验数据采用GraphPad Prism 9.5.0软件进行统计分析。数据以均值±标准差(SD)表示,基于至少3次独立实验(n≥3)。两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)。数据经正态性及方差齐性检验后,符合参数检验条件者采用参数检验,否则采用非参数检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
构建小鼠急性肺炎模型,评估SH对P. aeruginosa诱导的急性肺感染的治疗效果,治疗周期为24 h (图1A)。肺大体解剖观察显示(图1B),模型组肺部呈明显充血、水肿状态,表面可见弥漫性出血点,提示急性肺损伤模型构建成功。与模型组相比,SH干预呈剂量依赖性地减轻上述大体病理改变。HE染色结果(图1C)从细胞层面验证了SH的保护效应:模型组肺泡结构严重破坏,肺泡间隔显著增厚,并伴有大量炎性细胞浸润;而SH处理组上述组织学异常得到显著改善,表现为肺泡结构趋于完整,炎性浸润程度明显减轻,呈良好的剂量依赖性。小鼠肺部细菌载量分析结果显示(图1D),对照组(Control组)未见P. aeruginosa生长;模型组(Model组)菌落数量最多,而给药组菌落数量随SH剂量增加呈递减趋势,表明SH在体内可剂量依赖性地促进肺部细菌清除。肺组织IHC结果表明(图1E),SH治疗能有效减轻P. aeruginosa感染诱发的肺部炎症反应。既往研究提示,SH在体外对P. aeruginosa的直接杀菌作用有限,但其在体内模型中对细菌的清除效果显著,因此推测SH可能主要通过免疫调节机制发挥作用。具体而言,SH可能通过诱导巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,增强其吞噬功能,从而提升机体对病原菌的清除能力,最终缓解由P. aeruginosa引起的急性肺组织损伤,改善感染相关的炎症病理状态。
为深入探究SH在体内清除P. aeruginosa的抗感染机制,本研究进一步构建体外细胞极化模型进行验证。免疫荧光(图2A)与流式细胞术(图2B-2D)检测巨噬细胞标志物的结果显示,与Control组相比,LPS刺激显著促进了M1型巨噬细胞标志物CD86的表达;SH组及阳性药物PMB组CD86表达均上调。TLR-4抑制剂TAK-242处理组CD206蛋白表达增多。SH药物组的效果与LPS组趋势一致,提示SH可能通过激活TLR-4信号通路促进巨噬细胞M1型极化,从而发挥免疫抗感染作用。
值得注意的是,免疫荧光与流式细胞术在检测CD206表达时呈现一定差异,这可能源于方法学原理的不同。免疫荧光作为定性/半定量分析方法,所选取的典型视野通常为细胞密度均匀、染色清晰的区域,可能放大局部细胞的阳性信号;而流式细胞术通过对数千个细胞进行高通量定量统计,反映群体平均水平,更具统计学代表性。此外,CD206作为M2型极化标志物存在显著的细胞异质性,免疫荧光观察到的局部增强可能源于某一细胞亚群的响应,而流式检测的整体平均荧光强度则被非响应细胞稀释。因此,流式结果显示CD206上调不显著,提示TAK-242虽在个别细胞或局部区域可能促进CD206表达,但在全细胞群体层面尚未达到统计学显著水平。
巨噬细胞在感染早期向M1表型极化,是机体清除病原菌的首道关键防线。与Control组相比,LPS组、SH组及PMB组处理后的MH-S巨噬细胞在20 min与120 min时对P. aeruginosa的吞噬杀伤能力均显著增强,表现为平板培养中菌落数量明显减少(图3A)。细胞因子检测结果(图3B3C)进一步显示,LPS、SH与PMB均可诱导MH-S巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的分泌水平显著升高,而抗炎因子IL-10的表达相应降低。综上所述,SH能够有效促进MH-S巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,增强其促炎应答与杀菌功能,从而系统性提升巨噬细胞的早期免疫防御能力。
M1型巨噬细胞极化与TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的激活密切相关,其典型特征为TLR-4、p-p65及MyD88蛋白表达水平显著升高。Western blotting结果显示(图4),与Control组相比,LPS对照组及SH组与PMB组中TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路相关蛋白的表达均显著上调。该结果进一步证实,SH在感染早期可通过激活该信号通路有效促进MH-S巨噬细胞向M1表型极化。
为验证SH是否通过TLR-4受体促进MH-S巨噬细胞极化,本研究构建了TLR-4过表达体系,并通过检测TNF-αIL-1βIL-6IL-10的mRNA水平,以及TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达,进一步确认SH的作用机制。首先,通过RT-qPCR与Western blotting结果显示,与Control组及Ad5-gfp阴性对照组相比,Ad5-TLR-4组中TLR-4的基因与蛋白表达均显著升高(图5A),表明TLR-4过表达体系构建成功。随后,在TLR-4过表达基础上进行药物回补实验(图5B5C)。结果显示,PAO1刺激条件下,Control+PAO1组及Ad5-gfp+PAO1组中TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路蛋白表达相对于Control组上调;联合SH干预后,该通路蛋白表达进一步增强,其中Ad5-gfp+SH+PAO1组较Ad5-gfp+PAO1组显著升高。特别值得注意的是,Ad5-TLR-4+SH+PAO1组较Ad5-TLR-4+PAO1组,TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路蛋白表达上调。进一步RT-qPCR检测结果(图5D)表明,TLR-4过表达本身即可促进TNF-αIL-1βIL-6的表达;加入SH干预后,上述促炎因子的上升趋势更为显著,同时抑炎因子IL-10的表达进一步降低。综上所述,SH可通过TLR-4受体有效促进MH-S巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,激活TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路及相关炎症因子释放,从而增强其免疫应答功能。
本研究设计了3条靶向TLR-4的siRNA序列,经基因表达检测与Western blotting筛选,确定了最有效的干扰片段(图6A)。结果显示,Control组与阴性对照(NC)组TLR-4蛋白及基因表达均无明显变化;而TLR-4-si-1、TLR-4-si-2及TLR-4-si-3组与Control组相比,蛋白和基因表达均下降。其中,TLR-4-si-3组TLR-4基因表达水平最低,且差异具有统计学意义,因此选定该序列用于后续实验。在PAO1单独刺激条件下,NC+PAO1组与TLR-4-si-3+PAO1组相比,前者TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路表达及相关炎症因子TNF-αIL-1βIL-6的上调更为明显,IL-10表达为下调,NC组与NC+PAO1组比较,后者TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路表达上调,TNF-αIL-1βIL-6炎症因子表达上调,IL-10表达下调。加入SH干预后,与TLR-4-si-3+PAO1+SH组相比,NC+PAO1+SH组TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路表达上升,TNF-αIL-1βIL-6等炎症因子上调,抑炎因子IL-10表达下调(图6B-6D)。综上所述,SH可通过激活TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路促进MH-S巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,增强相关炎症因子释放,从而提升其吞噬病原菌的能力,发挥抗感染的免疫调控作用。
SH是从传统药物中发掘出的具有新型生物活性的天然先导化合物[23]。研究表明,其抗菌机制可能涉及与细菌细胞膜成分的疏水性相互作用,进而破坏膜结构与流动性[24]。毒理学实验显示其安全性良好,即使高剂量给药也未引起明显毒性反应[25]。该化合物在临床上已广泛用于上呼吸道感染等疾病的抗菌治疗[26]。除直接抗菌外,SH还具有免疫调节作用,能够增强巨噬细胞的吞噬功能并提升酸性磷酸酶等溶酶体酶的水平[27]
先天免疫是保护肺部免受病原体侵害的关键机制,其中Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR)通过识别特定微生物配体,在该过程中发挥重要介导作用[28]。哺乳动物气道与肺泡表面的上皮细胞是病原体与宿主先天免疫相互作用的首要场所[29]。此外,具有游走与吞噬功能的肺泡巨噬细胞构成抵御入侵病原体的首道防线[30-31]。研究表明,P. aeruginosa一旦进入气道,会直接与上皮细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞接触,从而激活一系列宿主免疫应答以清除细菌,包括释放细胞因子和趋化因子、募集吞噬细胞至感染部位等[32]。因此,有效清除病原体主要依赖于肺泡巨噬细胞和上皮细胞对病原体的识别,二者通过细胞内信号通路共同启动宿主先天免疫防御。为实现这一防御,宿主利用TLR识别保守的微生物结构或病原相关分子模式。肺泡巨噬细胞与上皮细胞作为肺部感染中最早接触P. aeruginosa的细胞,可感知该细菌并通过MyD88依赖性信号通路触发先天免疫反应[28]
巨噬细胞是一个功能异质的细胞群体,其表型和功能会根据微环境信号发生极化改变[33]。MH-S巨噬细胞是驻留在肺泡表面的关键先天免疫屏障,负责感知并响应呼吸道合胞病毒等病原体感染[34-35]。在病毒感染过程中这些巨噬细胞会被激活并极化为2种主要表型:经典活化的M1型和替代活化的M2型[36]。M1型巨噬细胞以分泌大量促炎细胞因子(如IL-1β)、趋化因子以及诱导性一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS)等效应分子为特征,从而启动强大的抗菌免疫反应[37]
本研究采用小鼠P. aeruginosa急性肺部感染模型进行体内实验,结果显示SH可显著降低肺组织细菌载量,减轻炎症反应,并有效缓解P. aeruginosa感染所致的小鼠急性肺损伤。鉴于前期研究表明SH在体外对P. aeruginosa的直接杀菌活性较弱[22],提示其在体内可能主要通过免疫调节途径发挥抗感染作用。为验证这一机制,本研究进一步构建了SH诱导的MH-S肺泡巨噬细胞极化模型,结合免疫荧光与流式细胞术检测极化标志物CD86和CD206的表达,并系统评估不同时间点细胞对病原菌的吞噬能力。结果显示,SH在感染早期能显著促进MH-S细胞向M1型极化,并有效增强其吞噬与杀菌功能。Western blotting分析进一步表明,SH在作用初期可明显激活TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,促进TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等相关炎症因子的表达,从而诱导巨噬细胞M1极化,增强机体免疫应答。为明确TLR-4在SH调控过程中的关键作用,本研究通过TLR-4基因敲低与过表达实验证实,SH通过作用于宿主细胞表面的TLR-4受体调控肺泡巨噬细胞向M1型极化。值得注意的是,本研究中使用的游离LPS与P. aeruginosa外膜上的LPS在功能上存在差异。所用外源性LPS的处理浓度(14 μg/mL)高于P. aeruginosa培养上清中内源性LPS的估算浓度(约1-5 μg/mL)[38]。这一差异主要基于以下考虑,外源性LPS为一次性外源刺激,需达到一定浓度阈值方可有效激活相应信号通路;而细菌自身分泌的LPS在感染过程中持续产生并累积,可通过时间依赖性方式实现对细胞的渐进式刺激。因此,两者在浓度上的差异并不影响实验结论的可靠性。在本研究体系中,外源性LPS主要作为“免疫预刺激信号”,低剂量预处理可诱导巨噬细胞发生“训练免疫”或“内毒素耐受”效应。这一过程并非免疫抑制,而是通过重塑细胞代谢与表观遗传状态使巨噬细胞进入增强的警戒模式,从而在后续活菌感染时更迅速地启动M1极化与杀菌程序,发挥保护作用。综上所述,本研究系统揭示了SH通过激活TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路促进肺泡巨噬细胞M1极化,从而增强机体清除病原体免疫能力的机制。这一机制可概括为“天然产物驱动的宿主导向免疫清除”新策略,为SH及其衍生物在抗感染治疗中的应用提供了重要的理论依据。
然而,本研究仍存在一定的局限性。目前尚未评估SH在体内的长期效应,也未阐明其长期使用可能与炎症抑制之间的潜在关联。此外,SH的生物利用度可能受溶剂种类、环境温度及pH值等多种因素的影响,这或许是不同SH制剂在应用中表现出效力差异的原因之一。针对上述问题,本团队已开展进一步的研究,深入完善相关机制与疗效评价。未来研究需进一步评估SH的体内长期效应及其与炎症抑制的关联,并明确溶剂、温度、pH等因素对SH生物利用度的影响,以完善相关机制与疗效评价。
本研究发现,SH在感染早期能有效诱导MH-S巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,其作用机制涉及识别并激活TLR-4受体,进而活化TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,调控下游炎症因子的表达,从而促进M1极化巨噬细胞在小鼠P. aeruginosa肺部感染模型中发挥抗菌作用。通过TLR-4敲低与过表达实验进一步证实,SH在感染早期可通过增强TLR-4/MyD88/NF-κB通路活性诱导巨噬细胞M1极化,并显著增强其吞噬与杀伤能力。上述发现为理解SH等天然中草药成分通过调控免疫细胞功能增强宿主对病原体清除能力提供了新的视角,也为感染性疾病的治疗策略拓展了基于宿主免疫调节的新思路。
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(2023AH050727)
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(2023AH040114)
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(2024AH050921)
  • 合肥市自然科学基金(HZR2436)
  • 安徽省博士后科学研究项目(2024A755)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260084
  • 接收时间:2026-01-28
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-28
  • 录用日期:2026-04-01
基金
Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province(2023AH050727)
安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(2023AH050727)
安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(2023AH040114)
安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(2024AH050921)
Hefei Natural Science Foundation(HZR2436)
合肥市自然科学基金(HZR2436)
Postdoctoral Science Research Project of Anhui Province(2024A755)
安徽省博士后科学研究项目(2024A755)
作者信息
    1.安徽中医药大学 中西医结合学院,病原生物学与免疫学教研室,安徽 合肥
    2.合肥医工医药股份有限公司,安徽 合肥

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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