Article(id=1280817652201407357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769011200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776787200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-22, onlineDate=1783300324726, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300324726, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300324726, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300324726, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3664, endPage=3677, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817652633420670, articleId=1280817652201407357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research status and trends of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Baijiu brewing based on bibliometrics, columnId=1226195546256356225, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Special Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To provide valuable information on the current status of research and the hot topics in the field of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Baijiu brewing, this study conducted a literature review and screening of relevant publications from 2006 to 2025, based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and the Web of Science (WOS) core collection with “Baijiu” and “lactic acid bacteria” as search terms. We employed bibliometrics to analyze the annual number of publications, authors, research institutions, and keyword co-occurrence and bursts of 284 Chinese publications and 324 English publications in this field, and visualized the results in a knowledge map. The results showed that the annual number of publications on LAB in Baijiu brewing exhibited an upward trend overall, with the number of English publications significantly surpassing that of Chinese publications after 2020. Chinese scholars constituted the research mainstream, and XU Yan, ZHANG Suyi, SUN Baoguo and other scholars were major contributors to this research field. Universities such as Jiangnan University, Sichuan University, and Sichuan University of Science and Engineering formed the core research forces, exhibiting a distinct pattern of production-education-research collaboration. Research hotspots gradually shifted from the early isolation and identification of LAB to the in-depth analysis of community structure, dynamic succession, metabolism, and flavor substance formation mechanisms, driven by multi-omics technologies. Future research can focus on the multi-omics mechanisms of LAB, breeding of functional strains, intelligent regulation of synthetic microbial communities, and technological transformation for green brewing to boost the high-quality development of the Baijiu industry. As the first systematic bibliometric and visual analysis of this specific field, this study provides a reference for scholars to grasp the development trends and optimize academic layout, while also offering informational support to promote the scientific and intelligent upgrading of the Baijiu brewing industry.

, authors=Jie TANG1, Xinyue LI2, Zhiyong RUAN3, Shumiao ZHAO2, authorsList=Jie TANG, Xinyue LI, Zhiyong RUAN, Shumiao ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shumiao ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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为系统梳理白酒酿造乳酸菌领域的研究现状与热点,本研究基于中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)和Web of Science (WOS)核心合集数据库,以“白酒” “乳酸菌”等为主题词,对该领域2006-2025年中英文文献进行检索与筛选。分别从年度发文量、作者与机构合作网络、关键词共现及突现等维度,采用文献计量学方法对该领域284篇中文文献和324篇英文文献进行知识图谱可视化分析。结果表明,该领域整体发文量呈上升趋势,2020年后英文文献数量显著反超中文文献;中国学者是研究主体,徐岩、张宿义、孙宝国等为代表性研究者;江南大学、四川大学、四川轻化工大学等高校构成核心科研力量,产学研协同特征明显。研究热点由早期的乳酸菌分离鉴定,逐步转向基于多组学技术的群落结构、动态演替规律、代谢及风味物质形成机制的深度解析。未来可围绕乳酸菌多组学机制、功能菌株选育、合成菌群智能调控及绿色酿造技术转化开展研究,助力白酒产业高质量发展。本研究对白酒酿造乳酸菌领域开展系统性文献计量与可视化分析,为科研人员把握领域发展态势、优化学术布局提供参考,也为推动白酒酿造向科学化、智能化升级提供信息支撑。

, authors=唐洁1, 李欣悦2, 阮志勇3, 赵述淼2, authorsList=唐洁, 李欣悦, 阮志勇, 赵述淼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵述淼, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

唐洁:撰写和修改论文;李欣悦:撰写论文;阮志勇:审阅与修改论文;赵述淼:对论文撰写提供了思路及指导,审阅与修改论文。

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基于文献计量学的白酒酿造乳酸菌研究现状分析与发展趋势
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唐洁 1 , 李欣悦 2 , 阮志勇 3 , 赵述淼 2
微生物学报 | 专论 2026,66(7): 3664-3677
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微生物学报 |专论 2026 , 66 (7) : 3664 -3677
基于文献计量学的白酒酿造乳酸菌研究现状分析与发展趋势
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唐洁1, 李欣悦2, 阮志勇3, 赵述淼2
作者信息
  • 1.华中农业大学,图书馆,湖北 武汉
  • 2.华中农业大学 生命科学技术学院,农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉
  • 3.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室,北京
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

唐洁:撰写和修改论文;李欣悦:撰写论文;阮志勇:审阅与修改论文;赵述淼:对论文撰写提供了思路及指导,审阅与修改论文。

Research status and trends of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Baijiu brewing based on bibliometrics
Jie TANG1, Xinyue LI2, Zhiyong RUAN3, Shumiao ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Library, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260061
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为系统梳理白酒酿造乳酸菌领域的研究现状与热点,本研究基于中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)和Web of Science (WOS)核心合集数据库,以“白酒” “乳酸菌”等为主题词,对该领域2006-2025年中英文文献进行检索与筛选。分别从年度发文量、作者与机构合作网络、关键词共现及突现等维度,采用文献计量学方法对该领域284篇中文文献和324篇英文文献进行知识图谱可视化分析。结果表明,该领域整体发文量呈上升趋势,2020年后英文文献数量显著反超中文文献;中国学者是研究主体,徐岩、张宿义、孙宝国等为代表性研究者;江南大学、四川大学、四川轻化工大学等高校构成核心科研力量,产学研协同特征明显。研究热点由早期的乳酸菌分离鉴定,逐步转向基于多组学技术的群落结构、动态演替规律、代谢及风味物质形成机制的深度解析。未来可围绕乳酸菌多组学机制、功能菌株选育、合成菌群智能调控及绿色酿造技术转化开展研究,助力白酒产业高质量发展。本研究对白酒酿造乳酸菌领域开展系统性文献计量与可视化分析,为科研人员把握领域发展态势、优化学术布局提供参考,也为推动白酒酿造向科学化、智能化升级提供信息支撑。

白酒  /  乳酸菌  /  文献计量学  /  可视化分析

To provide valuable information on the current status of research and the hot topics in the field of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Baijiu brewing, this study conducted a literature review and screening of relevant publications from 2006 to 2025, based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and the Web of Science (WOS) core collection with “Baijiu” and “lactic acid bacteria” as search terms. We employed bibliometrics to analyze the annual number of publications, authors, research institutions, and keyword co-occurrence and bursts of 284 Chinese publications and 324 English publications in this field, and visualized the results in a knowledge map. The results showed that the annual number of publications on LAB in Baijiu brewing exhibited an upward trend overall, with the number of English publications significantly surpassing that of Chinese publications after 2020. Chinese scholars constituted the research mainstream, and XU Yan, ZHANG Suyi, SUN Baoguo and other scholars were major contributors to this research field. Universities such as Jiangnan University, Sichuan University, and Sichuan University of Science and Engineering formed the core research forces, exhibiting a distinct pattern of production-education-research collaboration. Research hotspots gradually shifted from the early isolation and identification of LAB to the in-depth analysis of community structure, dynamic succession, metabolism, and flavor substance formation mechanisms, driven by multi-omics technologies. Future research can focus on the multi-omics mechanisms of LAB, breeding of functional strains, intelligent regulation of synthetic microbial communities, and technological transformation for green brewing to boost the high-quality development of the Baijiu industry. As the first systematic bibliometric and visual analysis of this specific field, this study provides a reference for scholars to grasp the development trends and optimize academic layout, while also offering informational support to promote the scientific and intelligent upgrading of the Baijiu brewing industry.

Baijiu  /  lactic acid bacteria (LAB)  /  bibliometrics  /  visual analysis
唐洁, 李欣悦, 阮志勇, 赵述淼. 基于文献计量学的白酒酿造乳酸菌研究现状分析与发展趋势. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3664 -3677 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260061
Jie TANG, Xinyue LI, Zhiyong RUAN, Shumiao ZHAO. Research status and trends of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Baijiu brewing based on bibliometrics[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3664 -3677 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260061
乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria, LAB)是白酒酿造中主要的可发酵糖类生成乳酸的酿造微生物[1],凭借其优异的产酸能力与环境适应性,在发酵中后期确立优势地位,对维持发酵环境稳定、抑制腐败菌生长及形成白酒风味骨架具有决定性作用[2-4]。然而,适度产酸有利于风味形成与微生态稳定,过量产酸则易导致酒醅酸败,乳酸乙酯过高也会掩盖主体香气,破坏风味协调性[5-7]。因此,如何科学认知并精准调控乳酸菌群落,平衡其在“风味贡献”与“发酵抑制”之间的双重角色,是当前学界与产业界共同面临的挑战[8-9]
近年来,随着微生物组学等技术的渗透,白酒酿造乳酸菌研究领域迎来成果的爆发式增长,在菌群演替规律、功能菌株选育及风味导向调控等方面取得了大量进展[2,10-11]。然而,研究成果较为分散,传统综述难以实现全景化、可视化、定量化的知识挖掘与揭示。因此,如何从宏观视角量化评估白酒酿造乳酸菌的研究现状,厘清其发展脉络并预测未来趋势,已成为亟待解决的科学问题。
文献计量学是运用数学与统计学方法,定量分析研究文献的分布结构、数量关系及变化规律,以揭示学科发展趋势、科研热点及知识结构的交叉学科,通过数据可视化与时空分析,可高效识别领域内核心作者、机构及期刊,为科研评价与预测提供科学依据[12-13]。本研究采用文献计量学方法全面分析近20年来发表在中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)和Web of Science (WOS)核心合集数据库中的白酒酿造乳酸菌领域科技文献,通过知识图谱可视化展示该领域发展趋势及作者、科研机构之间的合作关系,宏观把握研究态势与前沿热点,为后续科学研究和产业发展提供参考与借鉴。
本研究选取CNKI和WOS核心数据集作为中英文文献数据来源。CNKI检索式为SU%=(‘乳酸菌’+‘乳酸杆菌’+‘乳杆菌’+‘链球菌’+‘片球菌’+‘乳球菌’+‘魏斯氏菌’+‘魏氏菌’+‘肠球菌’+‘明串珠菌’) and TI%=(‘白酒’+‘酒醅’+‘糟醅’+‘黄水’+‘窖泥’+‘窖池’+‘酒曲’+‘大曲’+‘小曲’);WOS检索式为TS=(Lactobacillus OR Lactobacillaceae OR “lactic acid bacteria” OR Streptococcus OR Pediococcus OR Lactococcus OR Weissella OR Enterococcus OR Leuconostoc) AND TS=(Baijiu OR “Chinese liquor” OR Jiupei OR Zaopei OR Huangshui OR “ferment* grain*” OR “pit mud” OR “fermentation pit” OR Daqu OR Xiaoqu)。中文和外文文献的检索时间跨度均设定为2006-2025年,中文文献类型限定为学术期刊论文,英文文献选取研究论文(article)和综述论文(review)为目标文献类型,同时限定语种为“English”。检索完成后,对高被引文献实施引文追溯,并由2名研究者独立开展手动筛选与主题复核,剔除不相关文献并补充遗漏文献,完成去重与归一化处理。所有数据于2026年3月22日统一检索下载,避免数据库实时更新带来的偏差,最终纳入有效中文文献284篇、英文文献324篇。
将CNKI数据库检索到的284篇文献以“RefWorks”格式导出,将WOS数据库检索到的324篇文献以包含全记录与引用参考文献的“纯文本文件”格式导出,统一进行如下数据清洗与标准化处理:(1) 关键词标准化,避免连字符和大小写带来的匹配问题;(2) 对关键词中的变体词和同义词进行同义合并,剔除无意义虚词;(3) 校正机构和人名格式,对同一作者的不同拼写形式进行统一归并,对同一机构的不同英文名称及中文异名进行规范化处理。在数据可视化分析方面,结合VOSviewer 1.6.20和CiteSpace 6.4.R1两款软件的优势作图,并使用Origin 2021软件绘制统计图。
2006-2025年全球白酒酿造乳酸菌领域在CNKI和WOS数据库的年发文趋势如图1所示,研究呈现由低速起步、稳步积累至快速发展的阶梯式增长态势。初始阶段(2006-2013年),CNKI年发文量在8篇以下波动,WOS发文则始终低于2篇,此阶段CNKI发文量略高于WOS,说明早期研究以国内初步探索为主,国际关注度较低。稳定增长阶段(2014-2020年),CNKI发文量从4篇增至23篇,WOS从6篇增至24篇,二者差距显著缩小,表明国际研究快速追赶,国内外研究同步推进。快速发展阶段(2021-2025年),中外文发文量呈指数增长,WOS增速大幅反超CNKI,2025年WOS和CNKI数据库发文量均达到峰值,分别为66篇和37篇,凸显白酒酿造乳酸菌领域国际研究全面崛起,学术价值与影响力持续跃升。
对WOS数据库的发文国家进行统计,共有11个国家开展了白酒酿造乳酸菌领域的相关研究,且324篇外文文献的发文主体全部由中国学者参与完成,其中以国际合作形式发文20篇,占比不足7%,美国(8篇)、日本(5篇)和荷兰(4篇)成为我国合作发文最紧密的国家。这说明中国在全球白酒酿造乳酸菌研究领域中占据主导地位,但国际化合作程度尚不明显。
基于VOSviewer软件绘制了白酒酿造乳酸菌领域CNKI和WOS数据库的发文作者合作网络图谱(图2)。CNKI数据库发文作者共1 130位,其中发文量≥4篇的48位核心作者共现网络如图2A所示。徐岩(14篇)、赵东(10篇)和郭壮(9篇)为核心高产作者,徐岩与杜海合作发文8篇,研究聚焦白酒酿造过程中乳酸菌多样性、代谢特征及风味调控机制[14-15];赵东与郑佳共同发文8篇,主要关注微生物互作,近年转向白酒副产物黄水菌群结构研究[16-17];郭壮团队则侧重于酒曲及窖泥环境中乳酸菌的分离鉴定与功能研究[18-20]。从时间轴线看,郑佳、王松涛和沈才洪等作者节点呈黄色,表明其近年来科研产出活跃。WOS数据库发文作者共1 360位,其中发文量≥8篇的核心作者有44位,合作网络见图2B。徐岩以31篇的发文量成为核心领军作者,节点规模最大但其高产期集中在2016-2020年;以徐岩为中心形成了覆盖杜海、孙宝国等高产作者的核心合作集群,网络中还存在周荣清、郭壮等多个次级合作团队,各子网络内部合作密切,连线粗实。不同颜色簇群的子网络间也存在一定数量的合作连线,尤其体现在高校与企业之间的协同研究,如江南大学的徐岩与宜宾五粮液股份有限公司的郑佳,四川大学周荣清与泸州老窖股份有限公司的张宿义等。
图3A图3B分别展示了在CNKI与WOS数据库中白酒酿造乳酸菌领域发文量≥3篇的机构合作网络。CNKI数据库中,江南大学(33篇)和四川轻化工大学(29篇)为关键节点;宜宾五粮液股份有限公司发文量排名第三(15篇),中介中心性居首位,为0.22,是中文合作网络的核心枢纽。另外,酒企类机构在中文网络中占比显著,平均发文年限多集中于2007-2013年,研究起步较早。WOS数据库中江南大学发文量(55篇)和中介中心性(0.33)均排在第一位,为网络中最核心节点;此外,四川大学(41篇)、北京工商大学(26篇)也是重要的产出机构。可以看出,高校是外文发文主体,酒企类机构的发文量和中介中心性均较低。WOS机构平均发文年限整体偏晚,多集中于2017年后,还新增了伊利诺伊大学等海外机构。整体而言,江南大学为该领域中外文合作网络共有的核心节点,CNKI发文呈现产学研协同特征,WOS发文则以高校为主且国际合作较为薄弱。
CNKI数据库发文关键词共现如图4A所示,频次最高的关键词为高通量测序(high-throughput sequencing),表明该技术是国内解析酿造微生物群落的主流方法。浓香型白酒(strong-flavor Baijiu)、乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria)、酒醅(fermented grains)等节点在网络中同样突出,显示出国内研究高度聚焦于特定香型白酒、核心功能微生物及其发酵载体。从节点颜色反映的时序演变来看,在早期以传统微生物鉴定与分离技术为主的研究阶段,以变性梯度凝胶电泳(denatured gradient gel electrophoresis, PCR-DGGE)、分离(isolation)等紫色节点为代表,绿色节点集群如酒醅(fermented grains)、窖泥(pit mud)和大曲(Daqu)等,构成了持续且稳定的研究核心,关注点集中于酿造微生态的结构组成。值得注意的是,黄色节点所指示的新兴研究方向,在国内网络中已初步显现,包括挥发性风味物质(volatile flavor substance)、代谢物(metabolites)、宏基因组学(metagenomics)等。这说明国内研究正从对群落结构的描述,逐步转向对群落功能、代谢机制与风味形成关联的深入探索。
WOS数据库发文关键词共现如图4B所示,节点最大的关键词为微生物群落(microbial community),其核心地位凸显;与之紧密关联的多样性(diversity)、发酵(fermentation)等高频绿色节点,共同构成了国际研究的基石,侧重于从系统性视角阐释酿造过程的微生物动态变化。相较于CNKI关键词共现网络,WOS中的浅黄绿色节点为2022年至今出现的新兴热点词,节点较小且数量较少,其中代谢组学(metabolomics)、宏基因组学(metagenomics)、群落组装(community assembly)、合成微生物(synthetic microbiota)为近年国际前沿热点,聚焦于多组学技术、微生物共现网络与合成菌群构建,反映出国际研究正向多组学整合与精准调控的方向迈进。
利用CiteSpace绘制关键词突现图谱,可反映特定时段内研究热点的快速兴起,是识别领域前沿与演化趋势的重要指标。图5为白酒酿造乳酸菌领域CNKI与WOS数据库的关键词突现图谱,红色线段代表关键词作为研究热点的活跃时段,突现强度表征其热度攀升幅度。如图5A所示,国内早期(2006-2016年)研究热点高度聚焦于酿造体系的核心要素,如窖泥(pit mud)、乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria)、固态发酵(solid fermentation)和优势细菌(dominant bacteria),表明该阶段的研究重点在于界定关键微生物类群与发酵模式。随后,研究方法向分子水平迈进,16S rDNA克隆文库和16S rRNA基因等成为热点,推动了对乳酸菌的精准鉴定与群落解析。2016年后,研究关注点转向酿造过程的系统解析,微生物多样性(microbial diversity)、发酵过程(fermentation process)、微生物群落结构(microbial community structure)以及挥发性风味物质(volatile flavor substance)成为近年来新兴前沿热点。相比之下国际研究起步稍晚(图5B),2016年以前的研究热点集中于细菌群落(bacterial community)、发酵剂(fermentation starter)、窖泥(pit mud);2016年后研究向多组学技术与精准定量升级,高通量测序(high-throughput sequencing)和定量分析(quantitative)成为热点词;2020年环境因子(environmental factors)、强化大曲(fortified Daqu)的出现标志着研究重点进一步转向酿造微生物组的生态调控与功能设计。此外,微生物相互作用(microbial interaction)、合成微生物群落(synthetic microbiota)、代谢(metabolism)成为近3年来突现强度较高的热点,显示出国际研究更侧重于乳酸菌的互作机制、代谢网络解析及合成菌群构建等方面。
结合本研究CNKI与WOS数据库关键词共现(图4)与关键词突现(图5)分析结果可以看出,乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria)在中英文研究中均为核心高频关键词,与微生物群落(microbial community)、酒醅(fermented grains)、窖泥(pit mud)等节点高度关联,印证了乳酸菌是白酒酿造微生态系统中最受关注的核心功能类群。在白酒固态发酵过程中,微生物群落呈现出高度一致的演替规律:发酵前期以霉菌和酵母为优势类群[1],随发酵进行逐步转向以乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)为绝对主导的群落结构[21-23],这一普遍现象直接揭示了乳酸菌在白酒酿造生态系统中的核心地位。
从不同香型白酒研究证据与本研究关键词分布特征综合分析,乳酸菌在发酵后期形成优势具有跨香型的普适性。如图4所示,浓香型白酒(strong-flavor Baijiu)为最高频香型关键词,浓香型白酒发酵中乳杆菌属在中期即成为优势菌,发酵终点丰度可达98.0%[24],且老窖池更利于乳酸菌快速定殖[2,25],这与窖泥(pit mud)长期为核心热点的结论相互支撑。在清香型与小曲清香型体系中,乳杆菌同样可快速占据主导,末期丰度超95%[26],且优势形成速度与酿造工艺密切相关[27-28]。上述结果表明,无论香型与工艺差异,乳酸菌均是决定群落结构与演替方向的核心类群,这也与本研究关键词突现中微生物多样性(microbial diversity)、微生物群落结构(microbial community structure)持续为前沿热点的趋势相吻合。
乳酸菌能够在白酒酿造高酸、高醇、厌氧环境中长期维持优势,是其独特生理代谢特征与环境选择压力共同作用的结果,这也是该类群长期占据领域研究核心的重要原因。图4中酸度(acid)、代谢(metabolism)、耐胁迫(tolerance)等节点与乳酸菌高度关联,其优势形成的首要基础在于快速产酸降低环境pH,从而构建抑制竞争者的酸性微环境,在群落演替中占据主动[29]。同时,乳酸菌具备完善的耐酸胁迫系统,包括F1F0-ATPase质子泵、氨基酸代谢产氨、中和胞内酸性、DNA修复与膜脂重组等多重机制,使其可在持续酸性环境中保持代谢活性[30-33],这也解释了其在发酵后期仍能稳定增殖的内在机制。
此外,图4A中细菌素(bacteriocin)和乳酸链球菌素(nisin)等高频词的出现,表明部分乳酸菌可合成细菌素等抑菌物质,在抑制杂菌、维持群落稳定性方面发挥重要作用[34-35]。同时,乳酸菌多为厌氧或微好氧菌,高度适配白酒发酵密闭、缺氧、富营养的微生态环境,与酵母、霉菌等形成生态位互补与代谢时序分工。综上所述,乳酸菌在白酒酿造中的优势地位是环境适应、代谢特性与种间互作协同塑造的结果。
结合图4图5中的关键词分析结果可以看出,挥发性风味物质 (volatile flavor substance)、风味化合物(flavor compounds)均为领域核心研究热点,与乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria)高度关联,这充分说明乳酸菌对白酒风味物质形成的调控作用是国内外研究共同关注的核心科学问题。乳酸菌不仅通过产酸协调酒体风格、降低醇类刺激感,更作为关键功能类群,广泛参与多种特征性风味物质的合成与转化。
已有研究证实,乳酸菌在不同香型白酒中均与风味物质形成密切相关。清香型白酒中,多种乳杆菌属菌株与乳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯等典型酯类及苯乙醇等芳香族化合物显著正相关[28,36];酱香型体系中,魏斯氏菌(Weissella)、乳杆菌等类群同样是酯类物质合成的关键驱动因子[37];发酵后期高丰度的乳杆菌属还与2,3-丁二醇、苯乙醇等重要风味物质呈显著正相关[38]。然而,乳酸菌代谢失衡也会引发酿造风险,过量产酸易造成酒醅酸败,乳酸乙酯生成过多则会掩盖酒体主体风味导致风格失衡[5-7]。乳酸菌的这种双向作用也决定了其群落结构与代谢强度的精准调控成为白酒酿造微生态研究与产业化应用的关键切入点,与领域内智能化调控、群落定向干预等前沿研究趋势高度契合。上述结果表明,乳酸菌对白酒风味的贡献具有跨香型的普适性,其代谢功能与图4中代谢物(metabolites)、代谢通路(metabolic pathways)等新兴热点高度契合,反映了领域研究正从群落结构解析向风味代谢机制解析深度延伸。
图4图5可以看出,微生物相互作用(microbial interaction)是近3年国际上突现强度较高的前沿方向之一,相关性分析(correlation analysis)也在中英文数据库中高频出现,充分说明微生物互作已成为解析乳酸菌功能机制的核心视角。在白酒复杂发酵系统中,乳酸菌通过与酵母、霉菌、梭菌等类群的协同与竞争关系动态调控群落结构与功能[39]
研究表明,乳酸菌与酵母常表现为互利共生关系:酵母代谢产生的氨基酸和维生素为乳酸菌提供生长营养,而乳酸菌分解产生的葡萄糖和半乳糖又可被酵母利用,这种协同作用在清香型等白酒发酵中对乙酸乙酯等关键风味物质的生成具有调控意义[40-41],且二者在硫化合物生产上也存在协同效应[42]。然而,乳酸菌与其他微生物的关系并非全是正向的,例如在窖泥微生态中乳酸菌与梭菌属呈现显著的负相关,这种竞争或抑制关系可用于调控有害异味物质如甲酚的产生[43];同时,乳酸菌通过产酸降低环境pH值,能抑制发酵前期霉菌的生长,如魏斯氏菌、明串珠菌(Leuconostoc)等乳酸菌类群与多种霉菌表现出负相关性[40]。总体而言,乳酸菌通过与不同菌种间的营养互作、竞争抑制等多种机制动态调节着白酒发酵群落的结构与功能,进而影响风味成分的平衡及食品安全。
结合图4可以看出,宏基因组学(metagenomics)、代谢组学(metabolomics)、宏转录组学(metatranscriptomics)等多组学技术类关键词在近年持续高频出现,清晰揭示多组学技术的深度融合与交叉应用将成为系统解析乳酸菌环境适应、代谢通路与功能分化的核心支撑,也为从遗传本质层面阐明乳酸菌在酿造体系中形成优势、塑造风味的内在机制提供了关键研究路径。
全基因组测序(whole genome sequencing, WGS)作为多组学研究的基础工具,能够完整揭示功能微生物的遗传信息、精细代谢网络及其环境适应性进化机制,在白酒乳酸菌功能解析中已展现出重要价值。已有研究借助基因组数据有效解释表型特征、预测功能潜力并阐明环境适应机制:Zhu等[44]通过基因组测序证实,植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)QS7T中糖苷水解酶编码基因比例较高,支撑其对菊粉、果聚糖等碳水化合物的高效利用;Jeon等[45]基于全基因组比较发现,前噬菌体基因与磷酸盐ABC转运蛋白基因可能影响L. plantarum GB-LP3的生存适应性;Wang等[46]对古窖泥来源解乳酸发酵产己酸杆菌(Caproicibacterium lactatifermentans) JNU-WLY1368的基因组分析,明确了乳酸转化合成己酸的关键代谢途径,从遗传层面揭示了浓香型白酒主体风味物质己酸乙酯的合成机制。
在白酒研究领域,尽管已有部分文献开展了相关比较基因组学分析,但针对分离自不同香型白酒的特征乳酸菌,从种内与种间水平进行系统探讨的研究仍相对有限[47-48]。我国不同香型白酒发酵体系中乳酸菌资源极为丰富,且已有研究证实不同香型的优势乳酸菌种存在显著差异[29,49-51]。在相似地理气候条件下开展不同香型白酒乳酸菌的比较基因组研究可最大程度排除环境背景干扰,更精准地揭示特定发酵条件对乳酸菌基因组的选择压力,进而阐明其适应性进化与风味功能分化的核心机制,这也是本领域未来值得重点突破的重要方向。
当前,我国白酒产业正处于新国标全面实施、绿色低碳转型、智能化酿造加速普及的关键转型期,高质量发展对传统酿造技术提出了更为严苛的现实要求。白酒新国标在风味协调性和有害物质限量等方面做出明确约束,尤其强调氨基甲酸乙酯(ethyl carbamate, EC)、生物胺等风险物质的控制水平,同时对酒体酸度平衡、风味稳定性提出更高标准[52-54];而智能化发酵的推广则要求酿造菌群具备更高的稳定性、均一性与可调控性,传统依靠经验、粗放式的菌群管理模式难以应对机械化、智能化生产带来的环境波动与菌群扰动,乳酸菌作为发酵后期的绝对优势菌,其代谢强度与群落结构直接决定酒体品质与生产稳定性,精准、高效、安全的定向调控技术已成为当前产业升级亟待突破的关键瓶颈[55-56]
面向上述产业痛点与技术挑战,乳酸菌在绿色酿造与工艺创新中具备不可替代的应用潜力。在菌株选育与安全调控方面,通过从酒醅、窖泥、黄水中筛选低氨基酸脱羧酶活性、高氨基甲酸乙酯前体降解能力的乳酸菌菌株,或利用诱变与适应性进化进行定向改良,可在不改变传统固态发酵模式的前提下显著降低有害物积累,并利用其代谢有机酸构建天然抑菌体系,减少化学助剂使用,更好匹配新国标对白酒品质安全的严苛要求[57];在工艺调控与风味平衡方面,针对乳酸菌过度代谢导致乳酸积累、酒体风味失衡的行业共性问题,可通过构建乳酸菌与梭菌、毕赤酵母等协同发酵体系,将冗余乳酸定向转化为丁酸、乙酸等风味前体,结合制曲温度优化、窖泥养护等措施实现乳酸菌群落的精准调控,提升发酵过程稳定性,满足智能化生产对菌群可控性的需求[58];在副产物资源化方面,充分挖掘黄水中高丰度乳酸菌的应用潜力,将其用于人工窖泥制备、酯化液生产及生物肥料研发可实现酿造副产物梯级利用与污染物减排,助力白酒产业绿色低碳转型[59-60]
本研究采用文献计量学方法,结合CiteSpace与VOSviewer工具,对近20年CNKI与WOS数据库中白酒酿造乳酸菌领域的研究态势进行了系统梳理与可视化分析。结果表明,该领域研究整体呈现如下发展特征:早期研究以乳酸菌的分离鉴定为主,重点关联传统酿造工艺与群落组成;2016年以后,随着高通量测序技术的普及与广泛应用,研究重心转向微生物群落结构、动态演替、多样性等分子层面解析;近年来,宏基因组学、代谢组学、微生物相互作用、合成微生物群落等新兴热点持续显现,国内外研究由乳酸菌资源发掘、群落结构解析转向代谢机制解析、功能调控、产业应用快速升级,组学技术已成为解析乳酸菌环境适应、功能分化与风味调控的核心支撑。
面向白酒产业高质量发展、新国标实施及智能化绿色酿造转型的重大需求,结合本研究分析结果及领域前沿趋势,未来的研究可着重关注以下方面:(1) 深化多组学整合的基础机制研究:以多组学技术为支撑,系统开展不同香型、不同生态位乳酸菌的比较基因组与代谢组研究,揭示乳酸菌环境适应性进化与风味功能分化的分子基础,为精准理解白酒品质形成机制提供理论支撑;(2) 强化功能乳酸菌资源挖掘与定向改良:聚焦新国标对白酒安全性、风味协调性的要求,定向筛选低生物胺、低氨基甲酸乙酯前体、高风味增益的优良乳酸菌资源,定向培育性能稳定、适配机械化与智能化发酵的功能菌株,提升发酵可控性与产品均一性;(3) 推进合成微生物群落构建与智能化调控应用:围绕乳酸菌构建稳定高效的合成功能菌群,阐明乳酸菌与酵母、梭菌、霉菌等的协同调控机制,实现乳酸代谢平衡、风味定向优化及有害物消减等多重目标,结合智能化发酵技术建立乳酸菌群落动态监测与精准调控技术体系,破解传统酿造依赖经验、稳定性不足的产业痛点;(4) 加快乳酸菌技术在绿色酿造与副产物资源化中的落地转化:充分发挥乳酸菌在产酸抑菌、风味提升、副产物利用等方面的优势,将其应用于人工窖泥培育、黄水与丢糟等高值化利用等环节,实现资源循环利用与低碳减排,助力白酒产业绿色低碳、安全高效、可持续高质量发展。
  • 湖北省重点研发计划(2023BBB004)
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2026年第66卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260061
  • 接收时间:2026-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-22
  • 录用日期:2026-04-22
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The Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2023BBB004)
湖北省重点研发计划(2023BBB004)
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    1.华中农业大学,图书馆,湖北 武汉
    2.华中农业大学 生命科学技术学院,农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉
    3.中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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