Article(id=1297571078306558936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768924800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773676800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineDate=1787294652772, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294652772, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294652772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294652772, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4167, endPage=4183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571078533051353, articleId=1297571078306558936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Bacterial-fungal community succession and cross-domain co-occurrence network features during Alnus cremastogyne leaflitter decomposition, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To characterize the successional dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities during leaf litter decomposition and elucidate the associations between keystone taxa and substrate component losses, thereby advancing our understanding of microbial regulation during litter decomposition in forest ecosystems. [Methods] We established an indoor microcosm with the leaf litter from Alnus cremastogyne to track microbial community succession during the litter decomposition. High-throughput sequencing, chemical composition analysis, and bacterial-fungal cross-domain co-occurrence network analysis were integrated to characterize microbial community dynamics, identify keystone taxa, and test their associations with loss rates of major chemical components across four decomposition stages (initial, 45%, 75%, and 90% mass loss). [Results] At the phylum level, bacterial and fungal community composition showed only minor changes in relative abundance across stages, with Pseudomonadota (relative abundance of 50%- 80%) dominating bacterial communities and Ascomycota (>95%) dominating fungal communities. In contrast, pronounced stage-dependent succession was observed at the genus level. Decomposition stage accounted for substantial variations in bacterial (R2=0.573, P<0.001) and fungal (R2=0.377, P<0.001) community structures. With the progression of decomposition, cross-domain networks exhibited increased nodes and connectivity and shifted from loose to modular structures, with positive correlations consistently exceeding negative correlations. The number of keystone taxa increased over time and became progressively dominated by fungi. During the first three decomposition stages, the number of bacterial nodes accounted for approximately 75% of total nodes, whereas at the 90% decomposition stage, the number of fungal nodes increased markedly (from 103 to 320), resulting in comparable proportions of bacterial and fungal nodes. At the 45% decomposition stage, keystone bacterial taxa were primarily associated with losses of non-structural components and hemicellulose, whereas at the 75% and 90% decomposition stages, keystone fungal taxa were more closely associated with cellulose and lignin losses. Functional predictions further supported this stage-specific division of labor, indicating stronger potential of structural carbon degradation at the late stages of decomposition. [Conclusion] Bacteria and fungi jointly participate in A. cremastogyne leaf litter decomposition with temporally differentiated contributions. Bacteria play a more prominent role during early and middle stages, whereas fungi become increasingly important at late stages. These findings indicate coordinated shifts in microbial community structure and resource utilization rather than simple taxonomic replacement, contributing new insights into microbial regulation during litter decomposition.

, authors=Shiyao SUN1, 2, Yi WANG2, Junjie SHI1, Xinrui CHEN1, 3, Dongzheng HUO3, Ling LI1, Hang WANG1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=Shiyao SUN, Yi WANG, Junjie SHI, Xinrui CHEN, Dongzheng HUO, Ling LI, Hang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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【目的】 探究凋落物分解过程中细菌与真菌群落的动态演替特征,解析细菌和真菌关键类群与底物损耗间的关系,对揭示森林生态系统凋落物分解的微生物调控机制具有重要意义。 【方法】 以亚热带森林优势树种桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)叶凋落物为研究对象,构建室内微宇宙分解体系。综合运用高通量测序、凋落物化学组分测定以及细菌-真菌跨域共现网络分析等方法,研究不同分解阶段(初始阶段、分解45%、分解75%和分解90%阶段)凋落物际细菌-真菌群落、关键类群及其与叶片凋落物化学组分损失率的相关性。 【结果】 凋落物际细菌与真菌在门水平物种组成相对稳定,细菌群落中假单胞菌门相对丰度最高(50%-80%),真菌群落中子囊菌门相对丰度最高(相对丰度均>95%);但在属水平上微生物群落随分解呈现阶段性演替,且不同分解阶段对凋落物际细菌群落结构(R2=0.573,P<0.001)和真菌群落结构(R2=0.377,P<0.001)均具有显著影响。随分解过程推进,细菌-真菌跨域共现网络节点数和边数增加,结构由松散转为模块化,且正相关边数始终高于负相关边数;同时关键节点随分解推进增多,并由真菌承担关键角色。在前3个分解阶段,细菌网络节点数约占总节点数的75%,而在分解90%阶段,真菌节点明显增加(由103增至320),二者占比各趋近50%。在分解45%阶段,关键细菌更多对应非结构性组分和半纤维素损失;而在分解75%和分解90%阶段,关键真菌占比增加,并更多对应纤维素和木质素损失。潜在功能分析结果进一步支持上述阶段性分工,指向分解后期更强的结构性碳降解潜力。 【结论】 细菌和真菌共同驱动桤木叶凋落物的分解过程,其中细菌在分解前3个阶段发挥主导作用,而真菌在分解后期(分解90%阶段)更加重要。但该过程并非简单的物种替代,而是细菌-真菌随凋落物底物持续损耗呈现出明显的动态演替特征。细菌和真菌通过资源利用互补与群落结构协同,共同维持分解过程的连续性。本研究为理解森林凋落物分解的微生物调控机制提供了新视角。

, authors=孙诗瑶1, 2, 王燚2, 施俊杰1, 陈欣蕊1, 3, 霍东政3, 李玲1, 王行1, 2, 3, 4, authorsList=孙诗瑶, 王燚, 施俊杰, 陈欣蕊, 霍东政, 李玲, 王行, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王行, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

孙诗瑶:采集样品、布设实验、指标测定、数据收集与分析、论文撰写和修改;王燚:指导提取DNA,提供数据分析支持;施俊杰:采集样品、布设实验;陈欣蕊:参与实验布设和指标测定;霍东政:参与部分实验布设和指标测定;李玲:参与部分指标测定;王行:论文框架设计与审阅。

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Geoderma, 2022, 427: 116139., articleTitle=Soil warming delays leaf litter decomposition but exerts no effect on litter nutrient release in a subtropical natural forest over 450 days, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1297571088100257840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, awardId=32460320, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460320), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571088188338225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, awardId=32460320, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32460320), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571088280612914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, awardId=32160311, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160311), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571088368693299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1297571078306558936, companyId=1297571081867523056, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.中国国家林业和草原局,云南滇池湿地生态系统国家定位观测研究站,云南 昆明)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571086066020386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Species composition of bacterial and fungal communities at the phylum and genus levels across decomposition stages. A: Top 10 bacterial taxa at the phylum level (Unassigned sequences were merged into Others); B: Top 15 bacterial taxa at the genus level; C: Top 9 fungal taxa at the phylum level (All fungal phyla detected in this study are shown); D: Top 15 fungal taxa at the genus level (IS denotes the initial stage, and D45%, D75%, and D90% denote the 45%, 75%, and 90% decomposition stages, respectively)., figureFileSmall=AkP+ybJK3ZmA3AcnErkuJQ==, figureFileBig=tarku8YRasXU62KO4iv04g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571086162489379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同分解阶段凋落物际细菌与真菌群落在门和属水平的物种组成特征, figureFileSmall=AkP+ybJK3ZmA3AcnErkuJQ==, figureFileBig=tarku8YRasXU62KO4iv04g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571086556753956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in the litter microhabitat across decomposition stages. A: Bacterial alpha diversity (Richness and Shannon indices); B: Fungal alpha diversity (Richness and Shannon indices); C: PCoA of bacterial communities based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities at the ASV level; D: PCoA of fungal communities based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities at the ASV level. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among decomposition stages (P<0.05); Different colors and symbols denote decomposition stages., figureFileSmall=lsiKekXxsT1xuwdLq7mS7w==, figureFileBig=30KSCutAzK/poULgJJA4sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571086871326757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同分解阶段凋落物际的细菌与真菌群落多样性分析, figureFileSmall=lsiKekXxsT1xuwdLq7mS7w==, figureFileBig=30KSCutAzK/poULgJJA4sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571086938435622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Cross-domain co-occurrence network analysis and keystone taxa of bacteria and fungi in the litter microhabitat across decomposition stages. A-D: Cross-domain (bacterial-fungal) co-occurrence networks at the initial stage (IS) and at 45%, 75%, and 90% decomposition stages; E-H: Proportional contributions of bacterial and fungal nodes and the relative abundance of key taxa in the stage-specific networks; Networks were constructed using ASVs filtered by relative abundance >0.05%, Spearman’s correlation |r|≥0.6, and FDR-adjusted P<0.05; Nodes are colored by phylum, and node size is proportional to degree centrality; Edge color indicates positive or negative associations, and edge width represents association strength., figureFileSmall=RKo3C2fdGyECLMAARAf1Tw==, figureFileBig=XJSekJuqbKN1HcqMW3CdAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571087026516007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同分解阶段凋落物际细菌-真菌跨域共现网络及关键类群分析, figureFileSmall=RKo3C2fdGyECLMAARAf1Tw==, figureFileBig=XJSekJuqbKN1HcqMW3CdAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571087106207784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Topological role analysis of bacterial-fungal cross-domain co-occurrence networks across litter decomposition stages. A-D represent the Zi-Pi distributions at the initial stage (IS), 45% decomposition (D45%), 75% decomposition (D75%), and 90% decomposition (D90%), respectively. Circles denote bacteria and triangles denote fungi; Nodes were classified according to the Zi-Pi criteria (Zi=2.5; Pi=0.62) into peripherals (Zi≤2.5 and Pi≤0.62), connectors (Zi≤2.5 and Pi>0.62), module hubs (Zi>2.5 and Pi≤0.62), and network hubs (Zi>2.5 and Pi>0.62)., figureFileSmall=3r7rr0PLc/5kPqmB5z0xMg==, figureFileBig=8umJtpstNEysmIRLpjRktQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571087324311593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同分解阶段凋落物际细菌-真菌跨域共现网络的 Zi-Pi 拓扑角色分析, figureFileSmall=3r7rr0PLc/5kPqmB5z0xMg==, figureFileBig=8umJtpstNEysmIRLpjRktQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571087378837546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Redundancy analysis of keystone microbial genera and chemical component loss rates across decomposition stages. A: Redundancy analysis ordinations at 45% decomposition stage; B: Redundancy analysis ordinations at 75% decomposition stage; C: Redundancy analysis ordinations at 90% decomposition stage. Black arrows indicate vectors of chemical component loss rates; Percentages in parentheses on axes indicate the explained variation by the first two constrained axes; Total R² indicates the total constrained explained variation, and adjusted R2 indicates the adjusted explained variation., figureFileSmall=BaygqRxsbQhskjj4ANV2vA==, figureFileBig=20mbsmXowOoNbsqJMfTc7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571087437557803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同分解阶段 Zi-Pi 识别的关键微生物属与凋落物化学组分损失率的冗余分析, figureFileSmall=BaygqRxsbQhskjj4ANV2vA==, figureFileBig=20mbsmXowOoNbsqJMfTc7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571087747936300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Functional predictions for keystone taxa across litter decomposition stages. A: Functional predictions for keystone bacterial amplicon sequence variants using FAPROTAX, with values standardized as Z-scores; B: Functional predictions for keystone fungal amplicon sequence variants using FUNGuild, with values standardized as Z-scores., figureFileSmall=NJkl64oAKdsk0kPv+nNJ6g==, figureFileBig=mQLoI8t/Tpqcou1/wysuPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571087810850861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同分解阶段关键节点ASV的功能预测结果, figureFileSmall=NJkl64oAKdsk0kPv+nNJ6g==, figureFileBig=mQLoI8t/Tpqcou1/wysuPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571087886348334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571078306558936, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Topological properties of bacterial-fungal cross-domain co-occurrence networks across four litter decomposition stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Decomposition stageNodesBacterial nodesFungal nodesPositive edgesNegative edgesNetwork densityModularityAverage degreeAverage path length
IS427331961 0606620.018 90.6288.0663.91
D45%384292927936310.019 40.6017.4173.98
D75%4173141031 0499800.023 40.5539.7313.67
D90%6353153201 9791 3260.022 80.68610.4103.60
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四个分解阶段细菌-真菌跨域共现网络的拓扑特征参数

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Decomposition stageNodesBacterial nodesFungal nodesPositive edgesNegative edgesNetwork densityModularityAverage degreeAverage path length
IS427331961 0606620.018 90.6288.0663.91
D45%384292927936310.019 40.6017.4173.98
D75%4173141031 0499800.023 40.5539.7313.67
D90%6353153201 9791 3260.022 80.68610.4103.60
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桤木叶凋落物分解中的细菌-真菌演替及跨域网络特征
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孙诗瑶 1, 2 , 王燚 2 , 施俊杰 1 , 陈欣蕊 1, 3 , 霍东政 3 , 李玲 1 , 王行 1, 2, 3, 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4167-4183
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4167 -4183
桤木叶凋落物分解中的细菌-真菌演替及跨域网络特征
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孙诗瑶1, 2, 王燚2, 施俊杰1, 陈欣蕊1, 3, 霍东政3, 李玲1, 王行1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.西南林业大学 生态与环境学院,云南 昆明
  • 2.中国国家林业和草原局,云南玉溪森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站,云南 玉溪
  • 3.西南林业大学,云南省高原湿地保护修复与生态服务重点实验室,云南 昆明
  • 4.中国国家林业和草原局,云南滇池湿地生态系统国家定位观测研究站,云南 昆明
通讯作者:
王行
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

孙诗瑶:采集样品、布设实验、指标测定、数据收集与分析、论文撰写和修改;王燚:指导提取DNA,提供数据分析支持;施俊杰:采集样品、布设实验;陈欣蕊:参与实验布设和指标测定;霍东政:参与部分实验布设和指标测定;李玲:参与部分指标测定;王行:论文框架设计与审阅。

Bacterial-fungal community succession and cross-domain co-occurrence network features during Alnus cremastogyne leaflitter decomposition
Shiyao SUN1, 2, Yi WANG2, Junjie SHI1, Xinrui CHEN1, 3, Dongzheng HUO3, Ling LI1, Hang WANG1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
  • 2.National Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Yuxi Forest Ecosystem, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
  • 3.Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
  • 4.National Observation and Research Station of Yunnan Dianchi Wetland Ecosystem, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Kunming, Yunnan, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260057
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【目的】 探究凋落物分解过程中细菌与真菌群落的动态演替特征,解析细菌和真菌关键类群与底物损耗间的关系,对揭示森林生态系统凋落物分解的微生物调控机制具有重要意义。 【方法】 以亚热带森林优势树种桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)叶凋落物为研究对象,构建室内微宇宙分解体系。综合运用高通量测序、凋落物化学组分测定以及细菌-真菌跨域共现网络分析等方法,研究不同分解阶段(初始阶段、分解45%、分解75%和分解90%阶段)凋落物际细菌-真菌群落、关键类群及其与叶片凋落物化学组分损失率的相关性。 【结果】 凋落物际细菌与真菌在门水平物种组成相对稳定,细菌群落中假单胞菌门相对丰度最高(50%-80%),真菌群落中子囊菌门相对丰度最高(相对丰度均>95%);但在属水平上微生物群落随分解呈现阶段性演替,且不同分解阶段对凋落物际细菌群落结构(R2=0.573,P<0.001)和真菌群落结构(R2=0.377,P<0.001)均具有显著影响。随分解过程推进,细菌-真菌跨域共现网络节点数和边数增加,结构由松散转为模块化,且正相关边数始终高于负相关边数;同时关键节点随分解推进增多,并由真菌承担关键角色。在前3个分解阶段,细菌网络节点数约占总节点数的75%,而在分解90%阶段,真菌节点明显增加(由103增至320),二者占比各趋近50%。在分解45%阶段,关键细菌更多对应非结构性组分和半纤维素损失;而在分解75%和分解90%阶段,关键真菌占比增加,并更多对应纤维素和木质素损失。潜在功能分析结果进一步支持上述阶段性分工,指向分解后期更强的结构性碳降解潜力。 【结论】 细菌和真菌共同驱动桤木叶凋落物的分解过程,其中细菌在分解前3个阶段发挥主导作用,而真菌在分解后期(分解90%阶段)更加重要。但该过程并非简单的物种替代,而是细菌-真菌随凋落物底物持续损耗呈现出明显的动态演替特征。细菌和真菌通过资源利用互补与群落结构协同,共同维持分解过程的连续性。本研究为理解森林凋落物分解的微生物调控机制提供了新视角。

微生物  /  群落演替  /  细菌-真菌跨域网络  /  桤木

[Objective] To characterize the successional dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities during leaf litter decomposition and elucidate the associations between keystone taxa and substrate component losses, thereby advancing our understanding of microbial regulation during litter decomposition in forest ecosystems. [Methods] We established an indoor microcosm with the leaf litter from Alnus cremastogyne to track microbial community succession during the litter decomposition. High-throughput sequencing, chemical composition analysis, and bacterial-fungal cross-domain co-occurrence network analysis were integrated to characterize microbial community dynamics, identify keystone taxa, and test their associations with loss rates of major chemical components across four decomposition stages (initial, 45%, 75%, and 90% mass loss). [Results] At the phylum level, bacterial and fungal community composition showed only minor changes in relative abundance across stages, with Pseudomonadota (relative abundance of 50%- 80%) dominating bacterial communities and Ascomycota (>95%) dominating fungal communities. In contrast, pronounced stage-dependent succession was observed at the genus level. Decomposition stage accounted for substantial variations in bacterial (R2=0.573, P<0.001) and fungal (R2=0.377, P<0.001) community structures. With the progression of decomposition, cross-domain networks exhibited increased nodes and connectivity and shifted from loose to modular structures, with positive correlations consistently exceeding negative correlations. The number of keystone taxa increased over time and became progressively dominated by fungi. During the first three decomposition stages, the number of bacterial nodes accounted for approximately 75% of total nodes, whereas at the 90% decomposition stage, the number of fungal nodes increased markedly (from 103 to 320), resulting in comparable proportions of bacterial and fungal nodes. At the 45% decomposition stage, keystone bacterial taxa were primarily associated with losses of non-structural components and hemicellulose, whereas at the 75% and 90% decomposition stages, keystone fungal taxa were more closely associated with cellulose and lignin losses. Functional predictions further supported this stage-specific division of labor, indicating stronger potential of structural carbon degradation at the late stages of decomposition. [Conclusion] Bacteria and fungi jointly participate in A. cremastogyne leaf litter decomposition with temporally differentiated contributions. Bacteria play a more prominent role during early and middle stages, whereas fungi become increasingly important at late stages. These findings indicate coordinated shifts in microbial community structure and resource utilization rather than simple taxonomic replacement, contributing new insights into microbial regulation during litter decomposition.

microorganisms  /  community succession  /  bacterial-fungal cross-domain network  /  Alnus cremastogyne
孙诗瑶, 王燚, 施俊杰, 陈欣蕊, 霍东政, 李玲, 王行. 桤木叶凋落物分解中的细菌-真菌演替及跨域网络特征. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4167 -4183 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260057
Shiyao SUN, Yi WANG, Junjie SHI, Xinrui CHEN, Dongzheng HUO, Ling LI, Hang WANG. Bacterial-fungal community succession and cross-domain co-occurrence network features during Alnus cremastogyne leaflitter decomposition[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4167 -4183 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260057
森林凋落物分解作为陆地生态系统物质循环的核心环节[1],影响碳、氮等元素的转化路径与生态系统功能的长期维持[2]。该过程在很大程度上决定了有机质和养分在植物-土壤系统中的归宿[3]。微生物是驱动这一过程的关键生物因子[4],通过胞外酶分解与代谢转化等过程影响有机残体向稳定有机质和无机养分的转化速率与途径[5-6],进而驱动森林养分循环。因此,系统探究凋落物分解过程中微生物群落的动态演替规律及其对凋落物化学组分变化的响应,对深入理解森林生态系统碳氮循环过程具有重要科学意义。
凋落物分解是一个底物持续变化的过程,在资源利用策略上细菌和真菌通过互补共同参与有机质转化。一般认为,细菌更偏好利用凋落物分解初期释放的可溶性或结构相对简单的碳源,而真菌则在分解中后期通过分泌完整胞外酶体系降解纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等难分解结构性碳组分[7-8]。伴随分解过程推进,底物的复杂性与可利用性不断变化,从而改变微生物群落的建立过程与演替轨迹。已有研究证实,凋落物化学组分能够显著影响微生物群落的组成与多样性,并驱动微生物群落沿分解阶段进行调整[9]。在凋落物际尺度,虽然细菌群落多样性动态[10]和真菌群落阶段性更替[11]均已分别有报道,但目前研究仍以土壤微生物为主[4,12-14],且凋落物际研究多从细菌或真菌单类群视角展开。在分解连续推进的框架下,跨域细菌-真菌群落如何动态演替、关键类群在不同阶段与有机质转化的相关性如何,仍是亟待解决的关键问题。
近年来,跨域共现网络分析已成为解析细菌与真菌间潜在关联的重要工具,能够从网络结构层面揭示2类微生物的互作关系[15]。通过构建细菌-真菌跨域共现网络可识别不同微生物类群在群落中的相对拓扑位置,并反映微生物随底物环境变化的动态调整特征。基于此,本研究以亚热带森林优势树种桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)叶凋落物为研究对象,运用高通量测序及细菌-真菌跨域共现网络分析等方法,系统比较桤木叶凋落物初始、分解45%、分解75%和分解90%这4个阶段的凋落物际微生物群落构成。在此基础上,识别网络中占据关键拓扑位置的微生物类群,探讨不同分解阶段微生物类群与凋落物主要化学组分损失率之间的相关性,旨在从网络结构层面阐明凋落物分解过程中微生物群落的阶段性动态演替规律,为理解森林生态系统有机质转化的微生物结构基础及其潜在调控机制提供新视角。
本研究以桤木自然衰老叶片作为供试凋落物(分解起始底物)材料。叶片采集自云南省新平县磨盘山国家级森林公园(23°46′18″- 23°54′34″N,101°16′06″-101°16′12″E),仅采集自然脱落、无明显病虫害侵染或机械破损(破损面积<5%)、无霉变斑点且颜色一致(黄褐色)的枯萎叶片。为降低初始形态差异的影响,选择叶面积相近的叶片作为实验材料。叶凋落物带回实验室后在通风条件下自然风干,以减少采集时叶片含水量差异对后续分解的影响,保证分解起始底物条件一致。
微宇宙分解实验所用土壤为叶凋落物采集处30-40 cm深度的土层。土壤样品自然风干后用2 mm筛去除大块杂物。选择该层土壤有利于弱化新鲜有机质输入和根际微生物对微宇宙体系的干扰,使微生物活性变化主要响应供试凋落物输入。土壤类型依据中国土壤分类系统(GB/T 17296)[16]定为铁铝土。
采用室内恒温恒湿微宇宙实验模拟桤木叶凋落物的分解环境。称取200 g均质土样分别置于灭菌后的组培瓶(350 mL)中,使用无菌水调节含水量至田间持水量(约为土壤含水量的70%)。正式培养前,微宇宙体系需在25 ℃、黑暗条件下预培养14 d,以减弱风干复水引起的短期脉冲效应,使其达到相对稳定状态。称取2.50 g自然风干的桤木叶凋落物,装入6.5 cm×6.5 cm、孔径1.5 mm的尼龙分解袋中,平铺于预处理后的微宇宙土壤表面进行培养。正式培养在恒温培养箱中进行(25 ℃,相对湿度60%,避光)。培养期间每3 d称量微宇宙装置质量并补加无菌水,维持土壤含水量稳定。所有微宇宙装置随机放置于培养箱中,并每3 d前后左右轮换位置,以减少培养箱内潜在微环境对实验结果的影响。
分解阶段依据凋落物质量损失的整体变化趋势及Olson[17]质量衰减模型划分,分别于培养第1、90、210、310天进行破坏性取样,采集凋落物残体。上述时间点分别对应分解过程中初始阶段(initial phase, IS)、分解45% (decomposition 45%, D45%)、分解75% (decomposition 75%, D75%)和分解90% (decomposition 90%, D90%)阶段。每个分解阶段设置6个独立重复。采集的每个样品分为2部分保存:一部分称取0.5 g存于-80 ℃冰箱,用于凋落物际微生物群落分析;剩余部分在60 ℃烘箱中烘干至恒重,用于凋落物化学组分测定。
从各样品中称取约200 mg凋落物残体,使用PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit (MO BIO公司)提取凋落物际微生物总脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA)。提取过程中采用叠氮溴化丙锭(propidium monoazide, PMA) (50 μmol/L)处理样品以减少对死亡细胞游离DNA的干扰,从而更真实地反映具有生物学活性的微生物群落组成[18]。同时设置DNA提取空白对照以监测潜在污染。共获得24个(4个分解阶段×6个独立重复) DNA质量和浓度合格的样品。细菌群落采用引物341F (5′-CCTAYGGGRBGCA SCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACNNGGGTATCT AAT-3′)扩增16S rRNA基因V3-V4区;真菌群落采用引物ITS1-F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGG AAGTAA-3′)和ITS2-R (5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCAT CGATGC-3′)扩增ITS片段。PCR反应、文库构建及Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台测序由深圳微科盟生物科技有限公司完成。
原始序列使用QIIME 2 (v2023.2)平台中的DADA2管道[19]完成去引物、双端序列合并、质量控制和去噪等处理步骤,并生成扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)丰度表。细菌与真菌序列分别使用SILVA数据库(SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database, v138.1)[20]和UNITE数据库(UNITE community database)进行分类注释,剔除古菌、叶绿体、线粒体及其他非目标序列,并根据《原核生物国际命名法规》(International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, ICNP, 2021)[21]对最新有效命名进行拉丁名更新。为减少样本间测序深度差异对群落结构分析的影响,根据样本测序量分布并结合稀释曲线对ASV表进行稀释抽平。研究中使用的微生物数据已经提交公共数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov),编号为PRJNA1404896。
凋落物质量损失率按公式(1)计算[22]。将样品从分解袋中取出时,使用小刷子清除附着在凋落物上的土粒,于60 ℃下烘干至恒重后称重,用于表征凋落物整体分解强度。凋落物化学组分(半纤维素、纤维素、木质素、非结构性组分)采用范氏洗涤纤维法测定,包括中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸解木质素和灰分质量。各化学组分含量计算如公式(2)-(4)所示。在范氏体系中,酸性洗涤纤维主要表征凋落物中相对稳定的结构性碳组分。因此,本研究将酸性洗涤纤维之外的部分作为凋落物中相对易降解的非结构性组分,其含量按公式(5)估算,用于表征凋落物中可快速分解组分的相对变化。相邻分解阶段t-1t化学组分的损失率计算如公式(6)所示。
Lt=(M0-Mt)/M0×100%
式中:Lt为凋落物在t时段质量损失率(%),M0为初始样品干重(g),Mt为分解t时段的样品干重(g)。
H=(M1-M2)/M×100%
式中:H为半纤维素含量(%),M1为中性洗涤纤维烘干后的质量(g),M2为酸性洗涤纤维烘干后的质量(g),M为加入的烘干样品质量(g)。
C=(M2-M3)/M×100%
式中:C为纤维素含量(%),M2为酸性洗涤纤维烘干后的质量(g),M3为酸解木质素烘干后的质量(g),M为加入的烘干样品质量(g)。
Lg=(M3-M4)/M×100%
式中:Lg为木质素含量(%),M3为酸解木质素烘干后的质量(g),M4为灰分质量(g),M为加入的烘干样品质量(g)。
Ns=(M-M2)/M×100%
式中:Ns为非结构性组分含量(%),M为加入的烘干样品质量(g),M2为酸性洗涤纤维烘干后的质量(g)。
Loss=[(Wt-1×Ct-1)-(Wt×Ct)]/(W0×C0)×100%
式中:Loss为相邻阶段损失率(%),Wt-1t-1阶段的样品干重(g),Ct-1t-1阶段的目标化合物浓度(mg/g),Wtt阶段的样品干重(g),Ctt阶段的目标化合物浓度(mg/g),W0为初始阶段的样品干重(g),C0为初始阶段的目标化合物浓度(mg/g)。
本研究的数据统计分析及可视化在R 4.3.1环境中进行。基于抽平后的ASV表,采用ggplot2包[23]绘制微生物群落在不同分类水平上的相对丰度堆叠图。微生物群落的α多样性指数使用vegan包[24]计算,不同分解阶段之间的差异通过单因素方差分析比较,不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。群落结构差异通过主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)进行可视化,基于Bray-Curtis距离矩阵,采用置换多因素方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA)检验不同分解阶段样品间群落结构的差异性。细菌-真菌跨域共现网络分析在筛选相对丰度大于0.05%的ASV基础上,采用Spearman相关分析计算,显著相关关系经多重比较校正(false discovery rate, FDR, P<0.05)后保留,并用于构建跨域共现网络。网络构建及相关计算使用psych包[25]、reshape2包[26]分析,于Gephi中完成绘图。网络拓扑特征及关键节点的识别基于igraph包[27]、dplyr包[28]和ggplot2包[23]完成。网络中节点的拓扑角色基于Zi-Pi分析进行划分。Zi表示模块内连接度(within-module connectivity),Pi表示模块间连接度(among-module connectivity)。根据Guimerà等[29]提出的标准,节点被划分为外围节点(Zi≤2.5且Pi≤0.62)、连接者(Zi≤2.5且Pi>0.62)、模块枢纽(Zi>2.5且Pi≤0.62)以及网络枢纽(Zi>2.5且Pi>0.62)。其中,模块枢纽、连接者和网络枢纽被定义为关键节点。为探讨网络结构关键类群与凋落物化学组分之间的统计关联,采用冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)将筛选得到的关键属与凋落物化学组分损失率投射至同一二维排序空间,以揭示不同关键类群对各类化学组分变化的响应特征。而后,使用FAPROTAX[30]、FUNGuild[31]功能数据库对关键细菌、真菌功能进行预测,关键物种功能预测结果经Z-score标准化处理,用于比较不同分解阶段关键类群潜在功能组成的相对变化。
高通量测序数据经质量控制和去噪处理后,所有样品均满足后续群落比较分析需求。基于ASV划分结果,共获得细菌ASV序列8 520条,隶属于39门109纲174目252科441属;共获得真菌ASV序列1 185条,隶属于9门25纲59目122科214属。细菌群落在门水平上,不同分解阶段均以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)为优势菌门,其相对丰度在所有样本中均占较高比例,并在整个分解过程中保持相对稳定(图1A)。此外,放线菌门(Actinomycetota)和芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)在不同分解阶段中也保持较高的相对丰度,是细菌群落的重要组成部分。在属水平上,细菌群落物种组成随分解阶段发生明显变化(图1B)。初始阶段和分解45%阶段样品中,多个属的相对丰度普遍较低且分布较为均匀;随着分解推进,分解75%和分解90%阶段红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)的相对丰度明显提高(由14%增至21%),成为该阶段的主要优势属。
真菌群落在门水平上的物种组成较为单一,各阶段变化较小(图1C)。不同分解阶段中,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)均为绝对优势菌门,其相对丰度在各样本中均超过95%;其余真菌门在各阶段均呈较低的相对丰度。在属水平上,真菌群落物种组成随分解阶段表现出明显差异(图1D)。初始阶段样本中,主要优势属包括阿尔谢拉菌属(Arxiella)、织球壳菌属(Plectosphaerella)、串枝孢霉属(Rachicladosporium)和刺球壳菌属(Chaetasbolisia),各属相对丰度较为均匀。分解45%阶段,刺球壳菌属(Chaetasbolisia)的相对丰度明显提高;分解75%阶段串枝孢霉属(Rachicladosporium)的相对丰度进一步升高(由18%增至25%);分解90%阶段,真菌群落中优势属的组成更加多样化。真菌群落物种组成在门水平上高度一致,但在属水平上随分解阶段发生明显变化。
进一步对不同分解阶段中细菌和真菌群落进行多样性分析,结果表明不同分解阶段凋落物际细菌和真菌群落的α多样性在丰富度(Richness)和香农 (Shannon)指数上均存在显著差异(P<0.05,图2A2B)。细菌群落丰富度指数在分解75%阶段最高(中位数为1 064),在初始阶段最低(中位数为782);分解90%阶段的香农指数显著低于其他分解阶段(P<0.05,图2A)。真菌群落丰富度在初始阶段最低(中位数为61),分解45%阶段达到最高(中位数为145),香农指数在不同分解阶段间存在显著差异(P<0.05,图2B)。
基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析(PCoA)显示,不同分解阶段的细菌和真菌群落在排序空间中明显分离(图2C2D)。置换多因素方差分析结果表明,分解阶段对细菌群落结构(R2=0.573,F=7.727,P<0.001)和真菌群落结构(R2=0.377,F=3.393,P<0.001)均具有显著影响。
在不同分解阶段分别构建了凋落物际细菌-真菌跨域共现网络(图3),结果显示4个分解阶段的跨域共现网络在节点数、边数及网络密度等拓扑特征上表现出明显差异(表1)。总体上,跨域共现网络节点数和边数随分解推进而增加,分解90%阶段的节点数(635)和边数(3 305)均达最高值。从网络组成来看,初始阶段(图3E)、分解45% (图3F)和分解75% (图3G)阶段中细菌节点数均高于真菌节点数,约占节点总数的75%;而在分解90%阶段真菌节点数明显增加(由103增至320),细菌与真菌节点在网络中的占比各趋近50% (图3H)。各分解阶段的跨域共现网络中均同时存在正相关边和负相关边,且正相关边数在所有阶段均高于负相关边数;分解90%阶段正相关边数进一步增加(表1)。上述结果表明,不同分解阶段凋落物际微生物群落的潜在共现结构存在明显差异。
在属水平上,不同分解阶段跨域共现网络中节点组成发生明显变化(图3)。假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)和无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)在初始阶段(图3E)和分解45%阶段(图3F)的跨域共现网络中相对丰度较高;而红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)和慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)在分解75% (图3G)和分解90% (图3H)阶段的跨域共现网络中相对丰度较高。德沃斯氏菌属(Devosia)在前3个分解阶段跨域共现网络中的相对占比随分解推进而增加。相比之下,真菌织球壳菌属(Plectosphaerella)、阿尔谢拉菌属(Arxiella)、串枝孢霉属(Rachicladosporium)和刺球壳菌属(Chaetasbolisia)在4个分解阶段中均保持较高的网络占比;其中在分解75%阶段,腐质霉属(Humicola)和镰孢菌属(Fusarium)进入跨域共现网络占比前列。
基于Zi-Pi拓扑分析,不同分解阶段跨域共现网络中节点的拓扑角色分布存在明显差异(图4)。初始阶段网络以外围节点为主,关键节点数量较少(26个,图4A);随分解进程推进,分解45% (图4B)、分解75% (图4C)和分解90% (图4D)阶段网络中模块枢纽和连接者数量明显增加。各分解阶段识别出的关键节点中同时包含细菌和真菌类群,其中模块枢纽节点中真菌所占比例相对较高。不同分解阶段识别出的关键类群在组成上存在差异,表明参与跨域共现网络核心结构的微生物类群随分解阶段发生变化。
基于Zi-Pi分析识别的跨域共现网络关键类群,进一步通过冗余分析探讨不同分解阶段微生物类群与凋落物主要化学组分损失率之间的空间对应关系(图5)。鉴于初始阶段凋落物分解程度较低、主要化学组分损失尚不明显,本研究重点分析分解45%、分解75%和分解90%阶段关键类群与化学组分损失率之间的关联特征。
在分解45%阶段,关键类群在RDA排序空间中呈现出较为清晰的空间分布差异(图5A)。细菌关键属主要分布于RDA1正向区域,而真菌关键属更多分布于RDA1负向区域,且2类群在排序空间中的数量分布相对均衡。部分细菌属[如农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)]位于非结构性组分和半纤维素损失率附近,而红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)、德沃斯氏菌属(Devosia)等细菌则分布于相近区域。总体而言,细菌与真菌关键类群在RDA空间中沿不同化学组分损失率呈现出差异化的分布。
在分解75%阶段,关键类群在RDA空间中的分布范围进一步扩展(图5B)。与纤维素、木质素和半纤维素损失率相关的关键类群中,真菌属在数量和分布上占比较高。部分真菌属,如外瓶霉属(Exophiala)、镰孢菌属(Fusarium)、附球菌属(Epicoccum)和阿尔谢拉菌属(Arxiella)分布于纤维素损失率附近,而曲霉属(Aspergillus)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)和节孢霉属(Arthrographis)等真菌则更多分布于木质素损失率所指示的区域。腐质霉属(Humicola)、织球壳菌属(Plectosphaerella)和普鲁氏菌属(Preussia)等真菌在排序空间中位于半纤维素及非结构性组分损失率附近。
在分解90%阶段,关键类群在RDA空间中的分布进一步发生变化(图5C)。与纤维素、木质素和半纤维素损失率相关的关键类群中真菌属占比较高,且其分布位置整体更接近木质素损失率区域。不同分解阶段关键类群在RDA排序空间中的分布特征随化学组分损失率而变化,反映了微生物群落与凋落物化学组成之间的阶段性对应关系。
基于Zi-Pi分析识别的跨域共现网络关键节点ASV,进一步利用FAPROTAX和FUNGuild数据库对不同分解阶段关键细菌和真菌的潜在功能进行分析(图6)。各功能类群的预测结果经Z-score标准化处理,用以表征不同分解阶段关键微生物功能类型分布的相对变化特征。
在关键细菌ASV的功能预测结果中(图6A),不同分解阶段的潜在功能分布呈现出明显差异。初始阶段与分解45%阶段,尿素分解、发酵、动物寄生或共生相关功能、细胞内寄生相关功能,以及甲基营养和甲醇氧化等功能类群在预测结果中具有较高的Z-score值。随分解过程推进至90%阶段,与光能利用和氮循环相关的功能类群在预测结果中占比较高,包括光能营养、光异养和光自养功能,以及一氧化二氮反硝化、亚硝酸盐呼吸、亚硝酸盐反硝化、硝酸盐反硝化和反硝化作用等氮转化相关功能。此外,无氧光自养(硫氧化型与非硫氧化型)、几丁质分解、好氧化能异养、芳香族化合物降解,以及氮呼吸、硝酸盐呼吸和硝酸盐还原等功能在分解后期的预测结果中呈现出较高的相对水平。
在关键真菌ASV的功能预测结果中(图6B),不同分解阶段同样表现出阶段性的功能类别分布差异。初始阶段,内生真菌、真菌寄生型、动物病原型、木材腐生型、植物残体腐生型及附生真菌等功能占比较高。分解75%阶段,相较于初始阶段,粪生腐生型功能类群水平提高。在分解90%阶段,与有机底物降解和腐生生活方式相关的功能类群明显增强,包括动物病原型、木材腐生型、植物残体腐生型、地衣寄生型、植物病原型、附生真菌以及未明确定义的腐生型功能类群。
在凋落物分解过程中,细菌与真菌共同参与不同化学组分的转化,其群落结构随分解进程发生明显调整。在门水平上,细菌群落在各分解阶段均以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)为主(图1),该类群通常具有较高的代谢多样性和环境适应能力,能够对分解过程中不断变化的底物条件作出快速响应[32-33]。真菌群落在不同分解阶段持续由子囊菌门(Ascomycota)占据优势,其相对丰度始终保持在95%以上(图1),提示子囊菌门在桤木凋落物分解体系中占据主导地位并可能在分解过程中发挥重要作用。已有研究表明,子囊菌门中包含大量与植物残体分解相关的真菌类群,使其在多种凋落物分解体系中具有较高的出现频率[34]。同时,微宇宙培养条件下相对均一的环境背景可能削弱空间异质性和外源补给,从而加强对适应性强、繁殖快类群的筛选。因此,子囊菌门在本研究中的高度优势既可能反映桤木凋落物分解体系的群落特征,也可能与实验条件下的环境筛选效应有关,有待后续进一步验证。属水平的阶段性变化进一步揭示了分解过程中微生物群落的动态调整。细菌群落中,红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)在分解75%和90%阶段相对丰度显著升高,并成为分解后期的重要组成类群。从现有研究看,该属常见于森林土壤环境[35],被认为对资源受限条件具有较强适应能力,其在分解后期的富集更可能反映底物可利用性降低背景下的群落筛选结果,而非直接意味着其在结构性碳组分降解中发挥主导作用。真菌群落中,刺球壳菌属(Chaetasbolisia)和串枝孢霉属(Rachicladosporium)在分解45%与75%阶段交替占据优势。已有研究表明,凋落物分解过程中部分子囊菌(如毛壳菌属Chaetomium)具有较强的纤维素、半纤维素降解潜力[36-38],在植物残体降解中发挥重要作用。然而,目前关于刺球壳菌属(Chaetasbolisia)相关降解功能的直接证据仍较有限,其在中期分解阶段的富集可能与底物组成变化及微环境条件改变有关。串枝孢霉属(Rachicladosporium)在分解75%阶段富集,则可能反映不同真菌类群对分解过程中微环境差异的响应。这种优势类群的交替更接近功能相关类群在时间尺度上的阶段性更替,而非简单的物种替代。
本研究中的α多样性分析结果显示,细菌群落丰富度在分解75%阶段达到最高,而香农指数变化有限(图2A),表明中期新增类群主要为低丰度物种,群落均匀度整体保持稳定。这符合可利用底物从单一易降解物质转向多类型中间产物时机会型细菌加入的情形。真菌群落的丰富度与香农指数呈相反趋势(图2B),提示中后期优势类群增强,群落均匀度下降。PCoA分析进一步表明,细菌与真菌群落在不同分解阶段均发生清晰分离(图2),表明分解阶段对群落结构具有稳定的区分作用。侯卓男等[39]研究也发现,在凋落物分解的不同阶段,微生物群落结构存在明显差异。这些结果共同表明,凋落物分解过程中微生物群落不仅在物种组成上发生变化,其群落复杂度和组织方式也呈现出明确的阶段性建立与演替特征。
基于物种共现关系构建的生态网络为从群落层面刻画微生物类群之间的潜在关联提供了有效工具,有助于揭示分解过程中群落的变化[15]。本研究构建了细菌与真菌群落的跨域共现网络,用以比较凋落物分解过程中不同阶段微生物群落结构的变化特征。结果显示(图3),跨域共现网络由分解初期的相对分散结构逐步转变为分解后期更具模块化的网络形态,表明随着分解推进,微生物群落在结构上呈现出更为清晰的模块划分。已有研究指出,模块化网络结构有助于增强系统对环境变化的稳定性[40-41],不同模块可能对应于差异化的资源利用或微环境条件。因而,本研究中分解后期模块化程度的增强可能反映了凋落物化学组成变化背景下群落结构的重新组织。
在4个分解阶段中,正相关边数始终多于负相关边数(表1),表明在整体网络结构中,不同微生物类群之间具有较高的共现频率。其中,负相关边所占比例随分解推进逐渐升高,并在分解75%阶段达到较高水平(48.30%),可能是易利用底物的减少导致不同类群之间的资源竞争或生态位分化逐步增强[42-44]。然而,分解初期网络以细菌节点为主,而随分解过程推进,真菌节点比例逐渐上升,并在分解90%阶段真菌节点数超过细菌节点数(表1),说明细菌与真菌会竞争复杂底物降解过程中释放的产物,但不一定意味着全面竞争的普遍加剧。不同分解阶段中网络模块枢纽主要由真菌节点承担(图4),该现象可能与真菌的生长特性及其形成菌丝网络的能力有关,使其更易在局部模块中呈较高的连接度。Clausen[45]研究表明,分解早期细菌的代谢活动可通过改变底物理化性质提高真菌对残体的可及性,从而为真菌的后续定殖创造条件。据此推测,本研究中观察到的细菌-真菌共存模式可能源于二者在凋落物分解过程中紧密的生物物理与代谢相互作用。
进一步而言,跨域共现网络的结构变化可能通过调节细菌与真菌之间的功能分工与资源利用方式[46],在群落层面影响凋落物分解进程,分解初期以正相关边为主且细菌节点占优势,可能反映在底物相对充足条件下类群间的协同利用;而在分解后期,负相关比例升高、模块化程度增强以及真菌节点比例上升,提示在资源逐渐受限背景下生态位分化加强,真菌在底物转化过程中可能发挥更为重要的作用。因此,细菌与真菌并非简单替代,而是在不同分解阶段通过动态变化形成阶段性的协同与分化,从群落互作层面维持凋落物分解功能的持续运行。需要指出的是,共现网络基于相关性构建,难以直接揭示因果调控关系,上述机制推断有待未来结合功能证据进一步验证。
叶凋落物主要由纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和非结构性组分等不同复杂程度的有机聚合物组成,其分解过程通常依赖微生物分泌的多种胞外酶参与[47],并表现出显著的阶段性化学组分损失特征。这种底物组成与可利用性的持续变化为凋落物际微生物群落的建立与演替提供了动态背景[43]。本研究基于RDA分析显示(图5),不同分解阶段关键微生物类群在排序空间中的分布方向随主要化学组分损失发生变化,反映出群落对底物条件变化的阶段性响应。在分解45%阶段(图5A),细菌类群在RDA空间中离散度较高,更多沿非结构性组分和半纤维素损失梯度方向分布,表明该阶段群落结构更倾向于响应易利用或中等复杂度碳源的变化。这与分解早中期底物中非结构性组分尚未完全耗竭、细菌代谢灵活性较高的生态特性一致。相应地,功能预测结果也显示(图6),该阶段关键细菌以化能异养、发酵及氮相关代谢功能为主,其变化趋势与群落结构在排序空间中的分布特征保持一致。随着分解推进至75%和90%阶段(图5B5C),RDA中真菌类群整体更倾向于沿纤维素与木质素损失率方向分布,提示分解后期群落变化与结构性碳组分损失的关联更为突出。相应地,功能预测显示芳香族化合物降解与复杂有机质转化等功能类群占比上升,表明群落功能潜力在趋势上与结构性组分损失的阶段性变化相呼应。值得注意的是,尽管后期以真菌为主,仍有部分细菌类群在RDA中与纤维素、半纤维素及木质素损失方向保持一致,说明细菌在中后期分解阶段仍可能参与底物转化,而非被真菌完全替代。研究报道,细菌对纤维素和半纤维素等多糖具有较强的降解潜力,在某些凋落物类型或环境条件下其相对贡献可与真菌相当[12]
本研究表明,亚热带森林桤木叶凋落物的分解过程并非细菌与真菌的简单物种替代,而是伴随底物可利用性持续变化呈现阶段性群落演替。在初始阶段与分解45%阶段,微生物群落对非结构性组分与半纤维素等易利用或中等复杂度碳源响应更为敏感,细菌凭借其较高的多样性与环境适应性在早期分解中占主导地位。随分解推进,纤维素与木质素等结构性碳组分成为限制因子,网络结构重心向真菌转移,模块化程度增强,关键节点也更多由真菌承担,反映出生态位分化与模块边界增强的趋势,这有助于提升分解体系的稳定性。关键微生物类群与化学组分损失率之间存在阶段性对应关系,进一步支持了细菌与真菌通过资源利用互补和群落结构协同形成跨域共现结构,从而共同维系分解过程的连续性。本研究结论为深入理解森林凋落物分解的微生物调控机制提供了新的视角。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32460320)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32160311)
  • 云南省教育厅科学研究基金(2022Y621)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260057
  • 接收时间:2026-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-21
  • 录用日期:2026-03-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460320)
国家自然科学基金(32460320)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160311)
国家自然科学基金(32160311)
Scientific Research Fund of the Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2022Y621)
云南省教育厅科学研究基金(2022Y621)
作者信息
    1.西南林业大学 生态与环境学院,云南 昆明
    2.中国国家林业和草原局,云南玉溪森林生态系统国家定位观测研究站,云南 玉溪
    3.西南林业大学,云南省高原湿地保护修复与生态服务重点实验室,云南 昆明
    4.中国国家林业和草原局,云南滇池湿地生态系统国家定位观测研究站,云南 昆明

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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