Article(id=1280817513571259252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768406400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770739200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineDate=1783300291674, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300291674, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300291674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300291674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3291, endPage=3308, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817513952940917, articleId=1280817513571259252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Characterization and molecular engineering of a β-xylosidase from Enterobacter cloacae GX-3, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To clone and express a gene encoding the β-xylosidase from Enterobacter cloacae GX-3, a putative member of the glycoside hydrolase family 3, systematically characterize the recombinant enzyme, and improve the xylose tolerance by molecular engineering of key amino acid residues involved in xylose binding. Methods On the basis of the whole-genome sequencing data of E. cloacae GX-3, primers were designed to amplify the β-xylosidase gene annotated as GH3. The target gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pQE30 expression vector, and the resulting recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli M15 for induced expression. The recombinant enzyme was purified by nickel-affinity chromatography, and its enzymatic properties were studied. Site-directed mutagenesis was conducted on amino acid residues associated with xylose tolerance. Results The β-xylosidase gene belonging to the GH3 family was successfully cloned from E. cloacae GX-3 and heterologously expressed in E. coli M15. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that the recombinant enzyme EXYL was a multifunctional enzyme exhibiting β-xylosidase, β-glucosidase, and α-L-arabinofuranosidase activities. EXYL showed the optimal performance with the substrate of pNPX and at pH 5.5 and 45 ℃. The Km and Vmax values of this enzyme were (0.73±0.06) mmol/L and (130.00±6.85) μmol/(mg·min), respectively. The inhibition constant (Ki) for xylose was (51.95±2.36) mmol/L. When EXYL acted on xylooligosaccharides (X3-X5), the main products were xylose and xylobiose, each accounting for approximately 50% of the yield. Site-directed mutagenesis of xylose tolerance-related residues yielded positive mutants W138C and W138A, which showed 2.38-fold and 1.83-fold improvements in xylose tolerance, respectively. Conclusion This study provides insights into the multifunctional activities of β-xylosidases and offers new strategies for enhancing the xylose tolerance of β-xylosidases in the GH3 family.

, authors=Lin TANG1, Qing LIU1, Jinqun HUANG1, Guidong LIAO2, Xiaoting YU1, Shenshen HUANG2, Liqin DU1, 2, authorsList=Lin TANG, Qing LIU, Jinqun HUANG, Guidong LIAO, Xiaoting YU, Shenshen HUANG, Liqin DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Liqin DU, authorNote=

These authors contributed equally to this work.

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 克隆表达来自阴沟肠杆菌GX-3中注释为糖苷水解酶家族3的β-木糖苷酶,并深入探究其酶学特性。针对该酶木糖耐受性较低的问题,对相关氨基酸残基进行分子改造以提高其木糖耐受性。 方法 根据阴沟肠杆菌GX-3基因组中注释为糖苷水解酶家族3的β-木糖苷酶序列设计引物,通过PCR扩增目的基因,以pQE30为载体构建重组质粒,将其转化至大肠杆菌M15中进行诱导表达,采用镍亲和层析法纯化重组酶,研究重组酶的酶学性质,并对木糖耐受性相关的氨基酸残基进行定点突变。 结果 从阴沟肠杆菌GX-3中成功克隆出属于糖苷水解酶家族3的β-木糖苷酶基因,并实现了在大肠杆菌中的异源表达。底物特异性分析表明,重组酶EXYL是一种多功能酶,具有β-木糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶3种酶活性。重组酶的最适底物为对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside, pNPX),其最适pH和温度分别为5.5和45 ℃,KmVmax值分别为(0.73±0.06) mmol/L和(130.00±6.85) μmol/(mg·min),木糖的抑制常数Ki值为(51.95±2.36) mmol/L。当重组酶EXYL作用于木寡糖(X3-X5)时,主要产物为木糖和木二糖,产量各约占50%。对EXYL木糖耐受性相关的氨基酸位点进行定点突变,获得正向突变体W138C和W138A,突变酶W138C和W138A的木糖耐受性分别提高了2.38倍和1.83倍。 结论 本研究为探究β-木糖苷酶的多功能酶活性提供了参考,也为增强GH3家族β-木糖苷酶的木糖耐受性提供了新的思路。

, authors=唐林1, 刘庆1, 黄金群1, 廖桂东2, 余晓婷1, 黄申申2, 杜丽琴1, 2, authorsList=唐林, 刘庆, 黄金群, 廖桂东, 余晓婷, 黄申申, 杜丽琴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杜丽琴, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

唐林:数据整理、论文撰写与实验操作;刘庆:实验操作和数据收集;黄金群:研究构思和设计;廖桂东:蛋白质及突变体酶的建模分析;余晓婷:参与论文修订与监督管理;黄申申:提供部分实验技术支持;杜丽琴:论文构思、写作指导、提供基金支持。

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FEBS Letters, 2017, 591(23): 3926-3936., articleTitle=Function and structure relationships of a β-1,2-glucooligosaccharide-degrading β-glucosidase, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1280925264225996868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, awardId=Guike AA24206048-2, language=EN, fundingSource=the Innovation-driven Development Special Funds of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Guike AA24206048-2), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1280925256214877179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925256227460092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, companyId=1280925256214877179, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Guangxi Technology Innovation Center for Microbial Resources Development and Utilization, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925256235848701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, companyId=1280925256214877179, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广西大学 生命科学与技术学院,广西微生物资源开发与利用技术创新中心,广西 南宁)]), AuthorCompany(id=1280925256336511998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925256353289215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, companyId=1280925256336511998, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Nanning, Guangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925256365872128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, companyId=1280925256336511998, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.非粮生物质能技术全国重点实验室,广西 南宁)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1280925261088657453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The analysis and alignment of EXYL structure and SDS-PAGE of the purified enzyme. A: The structure analysis of EXYL; B: The structure alignment of EXYL and 7zdy (purple is EXYL, blue is 7zdy); C: SDS-PAGE of recombinant protein EXYL. Lane 1: Protein marker; Lane 2: E. coli M15 with pQE30; Lane 3: Recombinant E. coli M15 with pQE30-exyl; Lane 4: Purified protein EXYL., figureFileSmall=T0EVQEMr3gt3rPUinYb/PA==, figureFileBig=AMaJS7nTDI1El61HlHX9tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925261168349230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EXYL蛋白质结构分析和比对图及纯酶SDS-PAGE分析, figureFileSmall=T0EVQEMr3gt3rPUinYb/PA==, figureFileBig=AMaJS7nTDI1El61HlHX9tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925261285789743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Determination of the optimal enzymatic reaction conditions and stability of EXYL. A: Effect of pH on EXYL enzyme activity; B: Effect of temperature on EXYL enzyme activity; C: The pH stability of EXYL; D: The thermal stability of EXYL., figureFileSmall=9/wJT9CEZsAva/8FXjTViw==, figureFileBig=QMX4VjO52N8+wVNj+Wq/yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925262904791089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图2, caption=EXYL的最适反应条件及稳定性的测定, figureFileSmall=9/wJT9CEZsAva/8FXjTViw==, figureFileBig=QMX4VjO52N8+wVNj+Wq/yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925262984482866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Km values and Vmax of β-xylosidase EXYL., figureFileSmall=MgWfWOz4itVZHcgTvMrdCw==, figureFileBig=p1tKET7ykUh1bMXvOYhN4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263047397427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图3, caption=β-木糖苷酶EXYLKmVmax, figureFileSmall=MgWfWOz4itVZHcgTvMrdCw==, figureFileBig=p1tKET7ykUh1bMXvOYhN4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263110311988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of metal ions and alcohols on EXYL activity. A: Effect of metal ions and alcohols on EXYL enzyme activity; B: Effect of alcohols on EXYL enzyme activity., figureFileSmall=NPhZQnNvzSBWe6msFdlj6Q==, figureFileBig=OFMYeL4aaGc6ADWdWVb26Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263185809461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图4, caption=金属离子及醇类试剂对EXYL酶活力影响, figureFileSmall=NPhZQnNvzSBWe6msFdlj6Q==, figureFileBig=OFMYeL4aaGc6ADWdWVb26Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263248724022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Tolerance of EXYL to xylose and its inhibition constant. A: Tolerance of EXYL to xylose; B: Xylose inhibition constant Ki of EXYL., figureFileSmall=eZlgL8L/4Yupozls/t/THg==, figureFileBig=vKE/z+thnYq6+p8Lg3xqrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263307444279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图5, caption=EXYL的木糖耐受性及抑制常数, figureFileSmall=eZlgL8L/4Yupozls/t/THg==, figureFileBig=vKE/z+thnYq6+p8Lg3xqrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263361970232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=HPLC analysis of xylooligosaccharides hydrolyzed by EXYL. A: HPLC analysis of xylose; B: HPLC analysis of standards (X2‒X5); C: HPLC analysis of Xylobiose (X2) hydrolysis products; D: HPLC analysis of xylotriose (X3) hydrolysis products; E: HPLC analysis of xylotetraose (X4) hydrolysis products; F: HPLC analysis of xylopentaose (X5) hydrolysis products., figureFileSmall=oW2t6bvQp4jUULg9P5ZMoQ==, figureFileBig=SZKEIPzPPJF12SlUqX9+Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263420690489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图6, caption=EXYL水解木寡糖HPLC分析, figureFileSmall=oW2t6bvQp4jUULg9P5ZMoQ==, figureFileBig=SZKEIPzPPJF12SlUqX9+Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263487799354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Multiple sequence alignment of EXYL. Multiple sequence alignment of EXYL with selected GH3 family enzymes was performed using MEGA-X. Full species names and PDB ID of the selected protein are as follows: 7ZB3: β-xylosidase from Thermotoga maritima MSB8; 5XXL: Beta-glucosidase from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482; 5TF0: Glycosyl hydrolase family 3 N-terminal domain protein from Bacteroides intestinalis DSM 17393; 6R5I: β-glucosidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1; Green box: The tryptophan residue within the conserved motif; Blue box: The catalytic nucleophile of the enzyme., figureFileSmall=qClc43CxwNyvPwkb0AKPRg==, figureFileBig=W8DVol18un0/y6K15G2oVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263563296827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图7, caption=EXYL的多序列比对图, figureFileSmall=qClc43CxwNyvPwkb0AKPRg==, figureFileBig=W8DVol18un0/y6K15G2oVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263630405692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Optimum conditions for EXYL and its mutant enzymes. A: Effect of pH on the enzyme activity of EXYL and its mutants; B: Effect of temperature on the enzyme activity of EXYL and its mutants., figureFileSmall=1DbVRH6cQLwIwxytCEPl+w==, figureFileBig=czkdt+G66Cx2C0UCBCh19Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263689125949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图8, caption=EXYL及突变酶的最适条件, figureFileSmall=1DbVRH6cQLwIwxytCEPl+w==, figureFileBig=czkdt+G66Cx2C0UCBCh19Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263747846206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Visualization of surface electrostatic potential and 2D interaction diagram for the EXYL and W138C mutant docking complex. A: Visualization of surface electrostatic potential for the EXYL; B: The 2D interaction diagram for the EXYL; C: Visualization of surface electrostatic potential for the W138C mutant; D: The 2D interaction diagram for the W138C., figureFileSmall=/iaRgHlw5AGiRctaqxoDrw==, figureFileBig=XTSDm4ciK8GlvlAh7ziQHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263819149375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图9, caption=EXYL与突变酶W138C分子对接后蛋白质表面静电势及相互作用2D展示图, figureFileSmall=/iaRgHlw5AGiRctaqxoDrw==, figureFileBig=XTSDm4ciK8GlvlAh7ziQHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263882063936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Molecular docking of EXYL and the W138C mutant enzyme with xylose. A: The active site for EXYL and xylose binding; B: The active site for the W138C mutant enzyme and xylose binding., figureFileSmall=3XmjDyS/asyZUtLT92N2aw==, figureFileBig=m4hPpG8sJ7QuNBq1YbMG6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925263944978497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=图10, caption=EXYLW138C与木糖分子对接细节图, figureFileSmall=3XmjDyS/asyZUtLT92N2aw==, figureFileBig=m4hPpG8sJ7QuNBq1YbMG6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925264003698754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Enzyme properties determination of mutants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EnzymeKm/(mmol/L)Vmax/[μmol/(mg·min)]Ki (xylose)/(mmol/L)
EXYL0.73±0.06130.00±6.8551.95±2.36
W138L1.10±0.13148.40±14.1337.18±1.97
W138C1.08±0.1292.83±6.07123.80±4.88
W138H0.81±0.05110.10±5.4351.29±2.69
W138N3.10±1.4122.66±9.0341.91±2.06
W138F0.57±0.05136.50±6.6136.09±1.76
W138A0.81±0.056.66±0.2695.09±5.74
), ArticleFig(id=1280925264070807619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817513571259252, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

突变酶的酶学性质研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EnzymeKm/(mmol/L)Vmax/[μmol/(mg·min)]Ki (xylose)/(mmol/L)
EXYL0.73±0.06130.00±6.8551.95±2.36
W138L1.10±0.13148.40±14.1337.18±1.97
W138C1.08±0.1292.83±6.07123.80±4.88
W138H0.81±0.05110.10±5.4351.29±2.69
W138N3.10±1.4122.66±9.0341.91±2.06
W138F0.57±0.05136.50±6.6136.09±1.76
W138A0.81±0.056.66±0.2695.09±5.74
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阴沟肠杆菌GX-3β-木糖苷酶的酶学性质及木糖耐受性分子改造
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唐林 1 , 刘庆 1 , 黄金群 1 , 廖桂东 2 , 余晓婷 1 , 黄申申 2 , 杜丽琴 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3291-3308
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3291 -3308
阴沟肠杆菌GX-3β-木糖苷酶的酶学性质及木糖耐受性分子改造
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唐林1, 刘庆1, 黄金群1, 廖桂东2, 余晓婷1, 黄申申2, 杜丽琴1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广西大学 生命科学与技术学院,广西微生物资源开发与利用技术创新中心,广西 南宁
  • 2.非粮生物质能技术全国重点实验室,广西 南宁
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

唐林:数据整理、论文撰写与实验操作;刘庆:实验操作和数据收集;黄金群:研究构思和设计;廖桂东:蛋白质及突变体酶的建模分析;余晓婷:参与论文修订与监督管理;黄申申:提供部分实验技术支持;杜丽琴:论文构思、写作指导、提供基金支持。

Characterization and molecular engineering of a β-xylosidase from Enterobacter cloacae GX-3
Lin TANG1, Qing LIU1, Jinqun HUANG1, Guidong LIAO2, Xiaoting YU1, Shenshen HUANG2, Liqin DU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi Technology Innovation Center for Microbial Resources Development and Utilization, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Energy Technology, Nanning, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260037
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目的 克隆表达来自阴沟肠杆菌GX-3中注释为糖苷水解酶家族3的β-木糖苷酶,并深入探究其酶学特性。针对该酶木糖耐受性较低的问题,对相关氨基酸残基进行分子改造以提高其木糖耐受性。 方法 根据阴沟肠杆菌GX-3基因组中注释为糖苷水解酶家族3的β-木糖苷酶序列设计引物,通过PCR扩增目的基因,以pQE30为载体构建重组质粒,将其转化至大肠杆菌M15中进行诱导表达,采用镍亲和层析法纯化重组酶,研究重组酶的酶学性质,并对木糖耐受性相关的氨基酸残基进行定点突变。 结果 从阴沟肠杆菌GX-3中成功克隆出属于糖苷水解酶家族3的β-木糖苷酶基因,并实现了在大肠杆菌中的异源表达。底物特异性分析表明,重组酶EXYL是一种多功能酶,具有β-木糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶3种酶活性。重组酶的最适底物为对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside, pNPX),其最适pH和温度分别为5.5和45 ℃,KmVmax值分别为(0.73±0.06) mmol/L和(130.00±6.85) μmol/(mg·min),木糖的抑制常数Ki值为(51.95±2.36) mmol/L。当重组酶EXYL作用于木寡糖(X3-X5)时,主要产物为木糖和木二糖,产量各约占50%。对EXYL木糖耐受性相关的氨基酸位点进行定点突变,获得正向突变体W138C和W138A,突变酶W138C和W138A的木糖耐受性分别提高了2.38倍和1.83倍。 结论 本研究为探究β-木糖苷酶的多功能酶活性提供了参考,也为增强GH3家族β-木糖苷酶的木糖耐受性提供了新的思路。

阴沟肠杆菌GX-3  /  β-木糖苷酶  /  木糖耐受性  /  分子改造

Objective To clone and express a gene encoding the β-xylosidase from Enterobacter cloacae GX-3, a putative member of the glycoside hydrolase family 3, systematically characterize the recombinant enzyme, and improve the xylose tolerance by molecular engineering of key amino acid residues involved in xylose binding. Methods On the basis of the whole-genome sequencing data of E. cloacae GX-3, primers were designed to amplify the β-xylosidase gene annotated as GH3. The target gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pQE30 expression vector, and the resulting recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli M15 for induced expression. The recombinant enzyme was purified by nickel-affinity chromatography, and its enzymatic properties were studied. Site-directed mutagenesis was conducted on amino acid residues associated with xylose tolerance. Results The β-xylosidase gene belonging to the GH3 family was successfully cloned from E. cloacae GX-3 and heterologously expressed in E. coli M15. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that the recombinant enzyme EXYL was a multifunctional enzyme exhibiting β-xylosidase, β-glucosidase, and α-L-arabinofuranosidase activities. EXYL showed the optimal performance with the substrate of pNPX and at pH 5.5 and 45 ℃. The Km and Vmax values of this enzyme were (0.73±0.06) mmol/L and (130.00±6.85) μmol/(mg·min), respectively. The inhibition constant (Ki) for xylose was (51.95±2.36) mmol/L. When EXYL acted on xylooligosaccharides (X3-X5), the main products were xylose and xylobiose, each accounting for approximately 50% of the yield. Site-directed mutagenesis of xylose tolerance-related residues yielded positive mutants W138C and W138A, which showed 2.38-fold and 1.83-fold improvements in xylose tolerance, respectively. Conclusion This study provides insights into the multifunctional activities of β-xylosidases and offers new strategies for enhancing the xylose tolerance of β-xylosidases in the GH3 family.

Enterobacter cloacae GX-3  /  β-xylosidase  /  xylose tolerance  /  molecular engineering
唐林, 刘庆, 黄金群, 廖桂东, 余晓婷, 黄申申, 杜丽琴. 阴沟肠杆菌GX-3β-木糖苷酶的酶学性质及木糖耐受性分子改造. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3291 -3308 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260037
Lin TANG, Qing LIU, Jinqun HUANG, Guidong LIAO, Xiaoting YU, Shenshen HUANG, Liqin DU. Characterization and molecular engineering of a β-xylosidase from Enterobacter cloacae GX-3[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3291 -3308 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260037
木质纤维素的降解利用对于发展可持续性能源具有重要意义[1]。纤维素和半纤维素约占木质纤维素成分的2/3,二者可分别通过酶法生成葡萄糖和木糖,再经发酵处理生产生物乙醇[2]。木聚糖作为半纤维素的主要成分之一,约占植物细胞壁半纤维素的30%[3]。木聚糖由β-D-吡喃木糖通过β-1,4-木糖苷键形成主链,并带有阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、乙酸、阿魏酸、葡萄糖醛酸、对香豆酸等侧链基团,因此要彻底降解木聚糖需要多种酶的协同作用[3-4]。其中,降解木聚糖的2个关键酶为内切木聚糖酶(endo-β-1,4-xylanase, EC 3.2.1.8)和β-木糖苷酶(β-xylosidase, EC 3.2.1.37),木聚糖先由内切木聚糖酶水解成低聚木寡糖及少量木糖,再由β-木糖苷酶以外切的形式从非还原性末端催化水解低聚木寡糖的木糖苷键,从而释放木糖,减少终产物对β-内切木聚糖酶的抑制作用[5]。可见,β-木糖苷酶在木聚糖降解中发挥着重要作用。
据报道,糖苷水解酶家族3 (glycoside hydrolase family 3, GH3)中的β-木糖苷酶多表现出双功能乃至多功能活性[6-9]。这一特性意味着单个酶能催化不同反应,从而极大地提升了其在木聚糖降解中的催化效率和应用潜力。例如,Tong等[6]从变肿网状球菌(Dictyoglomus turgidum)克隆出β-木糖苷酶基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达,获得的Dt-2286具有β-木糖苷酶、α-阿拉伯糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性。Shi等[7]在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达了来源于嗜热细菌热泉热袍菌(Thermotoga thermarum) DSM 5069的β-木糖苷酶基因Tth xynB3,该酶表现出β-木糖苷酶和α-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性。Xia等[9]从嗜热真菌特异腐质霉(Humicola insolens) Y1中获得β-木糖苷酶基因,并在毕赤酵母中过表达,获得的重组酶XYL3A同时表现出β-木糖苷酶和α-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性。Patel等[8]从黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger) ADH-11中获得GH3家族的β-木糖苷酶,该酶是兼具β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的双功能β-木糖苷酶。Zhou等[10]表征了来自牦牛瘤胃宏基因组GH3家族的β-木糖苷酶基因,在大肠杆菌中表达的重组酶RuBGX1兼具β-木糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,β-木糖苷酶的双功能或多功能活性表明其具有将木聚糖或纤维寡糖降解生产木糖、阿拉伯糖和葡萄糖的应用潜力。
在碳水化合物酶数据库(carbohydrate-active enzymes database, CAZy, http://www.cazy.org/)中检索β-木糖苷酶的分类号[EC 3.2.1.37],可检索出14个糖苷水解酶家族,分别是GH1、GH10、GH11、GH116、GH120、GH2、GH3、GH30、GH39、GH5、GH51、GH52、GH54和GH43。β-木糖苷酶根据不同的催化机制分为保留型和反向型,反向型即异头碳构型发生整体反转,除来自GH43家族的属于反向型外,其余均属于保留型[3]。其中有些β-木糖苷酶可能对水解人工合成底物有活性,但尚未被证实对天然底物同样具有催化作用。已被证明能水解天然底物的β-木糖苷酶主要存在于GH家族3、5、30、39、43、51、52和120中[11]。除了降解木聚糖外,一些β-木糖苷酶可以去除天然活性物质或其类似物中的木糖基,产生的物质具有抗癌、抗氧化以及抗炎活性[12-17]。β-木糖苷酶所具备的转木糖基功能能够以醇类、糖类或其他物质作为受体,生成烷基木糖、低聚木糖和其他木糖基化合物等具有抗菌、抗氧化活性的化学物质[18-19]。因此,β-木糖苷酶在生物质能源、医药、食品、化妆品、饲料、环保等领域具有广泛的应用前景[20]
β-木糖苷酶在水解过程中常常受到木糖、葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖等单糖产物的抑制作用[11]。已报道的大多数来源于真菌或细菌的β-木糖苷酶木糖耐受性较差[6]。例如,来源于真菌哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)的β-木糖苷酶在仅有2 mmol/L木糖存在的情况下酶活力完全丧失[21]。纯化后的Dt-2286在100 mmol/L木糖存在时相对酶活力为63%[6]。黑曲霉ADH-11中的β-木糖苷酶在仅有12 mmol/L木糖的条件下保留50.52%的酶活力[8]。目前有报道通过定点突变提高木糖耐受性。Li等[22]通过I-TASSER和PyMOL构建蛋白质活性口袋同源模型并进行预测,找到2个假定的与木糖耐受相关的位点,获得的突变体Xln-DT-284ASP和Xln-DT-284ALA表现出较高的木糖耐受性,与野生型Xln-DT相比提高了9%-35%。Jordan等[23]对反刍月形单胞菌中的β-D-木糖苷酶/α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶双功能酶进行Trp145位点的定点饱和突变以提高酶对木糖的耐受性。黑曲霉中GH3家族的β-木糖苷酶Trp262也已通过定点突变的方式表明其对糖类物质的固定具有重要作用[24]
本研究从经过全基因组测序的阴沟肠杆菌GX-3中克隆出注释为糖苷水解酶家族(GH3)的β-木糖苷酶基因,并在大肠杆菌中克隆表达。探究重组酶的酶学性质及水解木寡糖的能力,同时通过序列比对及同源建模分析对重组酶木糖耐受相关氨基酸进行定点突变,以提高重组酶的木糖耐受性,并利用Discovery Studio和PyMOL可视化分析底物对接结果和蛋白质活性口袋。
本研究所用阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae) GX-3已完成全基因组测序,大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) XL1-Blue购自TaKaRa公司,E. coli M15/pREP4、质粒pQE30购自Qiagen公司。
Dpn Ⅰ、DNA聚合酶、限制性内切酶、T4 DNA连接酶、DNA Marker等,TaKaRa公司;DNA质粒小量提取试剂盒、PCR纯化试剂盒、胶回收试剂盒,BioFlux公司;IPTG,Gibco公司;Ni-NTA介质,Qiagen公司;咪唑,Amresco公司;各种对硝基苯基底物,Sigma-Aldrich公司;木糖及木寡糖,大连中科格莱克生物科技有限公司;SDS、N,N′-甲叉双丙烯酰胺、丙烯酰胺、四甲基乙二胺和过硫酸铵,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。
PCR仪,Biometra公司;分光光度计,Bekman公司;高效液相色谱分析仪,Agilent公司。
根据阴沟肠杆菌GX-3全基因组测序结果,找到一个注释为糖苷水解酶家族3的基因。首先在NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)数据库的BLASTx程序中进行基因序列比对,分析该基因编码的蛋白质结构组成(https://smart.embl.de/),使用AlphaFold3 (https://alphafoldserver.com/)对蛋白质进行从头建模,并进行结构比对。使用Expasy (https://www.expasy.org/)分析蛋白质理化性质并预测分子量。
根据分析结果设计引物扩增β-木糖苷酶基因exyl。上游引物为F-Bgl Ⅱ (5′-CTGAGATCT ACTGCAATCTATAAGGACGCGGGAC-3′),下游引物为R-Hind Ⅲ (5′-ACTAAGCTTCTACGC GTGCTGAACCTGACAGGTG-3′)。将纯化后的PCR产物进行双酶切处理(使用Bgl II和Hind Ⅲ),pQE30克隆载体使用BamH I和Hind Ⅲ双酶切处理。用T4 DNA连接酶连接后,转化到E. coli XL1-Blue宿主细胞,送华大基因公司测序验证。将成功构建的重组质粒命名为pQE-exyl
将质粒pQE-exyl转化至E. coli M15中表达,接种重组菌株至LB培养基(含100 μg/mL氨苄青霉素和25 μg/mL卡那青霉素),当菌液OD600达到0.4-0.6时加入终浓度为0.5 mmol/L的IPTG进行诱导,在30 ℃、200 r/min继续培养10 h后收集菌体,超声破碎细胞后采用Ni-NTA亲和层析法纯化重组酶EXYL。对纯酶EXYL进行SDS-PAGE分析[25]
β-木糖苷酶酶活力单位(U)的定义:以对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside, pNPX)为底物,1 U是指在酶的最适条件下,每分钟水解pNPX产生1 µmol pNP的酶量。
酶活力测定方法:将116 μL 0.1 mol/L柠檬酸-0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二钠缓冲液与14 μL 25 mmol/L pNPX混匀,再加入10 μL能够使反应液的OD410吸光值在pNP标准曲线范围内的稀释倍数的纯酶液。反应时间为15 min,加入70 μL 0.4 mol/L Na2CO3终止反应。取200 μL反应液,在酶标仪中读取OD410的吸光值。
测定EXYL对人工底物的水解能力,纯化后的EXYL分别以2.5 mmol/L的对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, pNPG)、pNPX、对硝基苯基-α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-α-L-arabinofuranoside, pNPA)、4-甲基伞形酮基-β-D-葡萄糖苷酸(4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide, MUG)、对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, pNP-galac)、对硝基苯基-N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide, N-acetyl-pNPG)、邻硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷(o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, oNPG)、对硝基苯基-β-D-纤维二糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-β-D-cellobioside, pNPC)为底物,测定酶活力。其中以MUG为底物时其反应产物需在紫外灯下检测。
将重组酶分别置于由0.2 mol/L磷酸氢二钠-0.1 mol/L柠檬酸配制的不同pH缓冲液中。在37 ℃下测定酶活力,以最高的酶活力为100%,计算其他pH下的相对酶活力,确定重组酶最适pH。在最适pH条件下,测定重组酶在30-60 ℃下的酶活力,以最高的酶活力为100%,以此计算其他温度的相对活力,确定重组酶最适温度。
将酶液置于pH 4.5-9.0的缓冲液中,放置12 h。在最适反应条件下测定酶活力,以未处理的酶液的酶活力为100%,计算相对酶活力,确定重组酶pH稳定性。将重组酶置于30-65 ℃条件下保温1 h。在最适条件下测定酶活力,以未经处理的酶活力为100%,以此计算其他温度处理后的相对酶活力,由此可得该酶的热稳定性。
在最适反应条件下,以0.1-10 mmol/L pNPX为底物测定EXYL的酶活力,以此计算KmVmax,每组浓度设3个平行实验。
在最适反应条件下,以不添加金属离子的反应体系作为空白对照,测定终浓度为5 mmol/L的K+、Ag+、Li+、Ni2+、Ca2+、Zn2+、Cu2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Hg2+、Mg2+、Fe3+、Al3+等不同金属离子存在下的相对酶活力,以确定各金属离子对酶活力的影响。
在最适反应条件下,以2.5 mmol/L pNPX为底物,测定甲醇、乙醇、1,2-丙二醇、异丙醇、丁醇在5%-25%浓度范围内对EXYL酶活力的影响,以未加醇类试剂为空白对照,计算对应的相对酶活力。
EXYL在最适条件下以2.5 mmol/L pNPX为底物,以不加木糖的反应作为对照,分别加入50-500 mmol/L木糖,测定酶活力,计算其相对酶活力,以此探究木糖对EXYL酶活力的影响。根据参考文献[26]中方法,分别在0、200、400 mmol/L 3个木糖浓度下,以0.1-0.8 mmol/L的pNPX为底物,测定EXYL的酶活力。采用GraphPad Prism 10.6软件里的Competitive inhibition方法对结果进行分析。
结合EXYL的热稳定性和pH稳定性,水解木寡糖(X2-X5)的反应pH为6.0,温度为37 ℃。反应总体积是700 μL,加入70 μL的1%的木寡糖,加入0.5 U的EXYL,用pH为6.0的磷酸氢二钠-柠檬酸缓冲液补足至700 μL。分别在反应30 min和12 h后,置于沸水浴10 min终止反应,进行高效液相色谱HPLC测定。
高效液相色谱条件如下:仪器为Agilent 1100 Series色谱仪;检测器为Alltech 2000ES型蒸发光散射检测器;色谱柱为Alltima Amino (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm);流动相为乙腈:水=74:26;流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温为28 ℃。
GH3家族的β-木糖苷酶氨基酸序列中的一个或者多个色氨酸位点对于糖类物质的固定具有重要作用[23-24]。根据GH3家族序列比对结果找到保守区的色氨酸。将其突变成与色氨酸残基侧链存在一定差异但是性质相近的氨基酸,期望影响酶与木糖结合的亲和性,得到木糖耐受性提高的突变酶。以重组质粒pQE-exyl为模板,设计引物反向PCR获得突变子:W138L、W138C、W138A、W138H、W138N、W138F。各突变体的诱导表达纯化按照1.3节中方法完成,突变体的酶学性质按照1.4.2节中相应的方法来测定。其中,突变体的木糖抑制常数Ki值按照1.4.5节中的方法测定。
EXYL和突变酶通过在SWISS-MODEL在线网站上以来自海热袍菌(Thermotoga maritima) MSB8的β-木糖苷酶(SMID:7zdy)为同源建模模板(序列一致性为43%),获得EXYL和突变酶的蛋白质三维结构,使用Autodock Vina分别对木糖进行半柔性对接。木糖与EXYL进行分子对接时,对接盒子大小为40×40×40 Å3,对接盒子中心为(27.094, 14.495, 87.735);木糖与W138C分子对接时对接盒子大小为40×40×40 Å3,对接盒子中心为(29.652, 11.252, 87.418)。使用PyMOL 3.0和Discovery Studio 2025进行可视化分析。
将来自阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)GX-3的基因exyl的核苷酸序列上传到GenBank数据库中,得到基因的序列号为PX754653。
首先找到阴沟肠杆菌GX-3中注释为糖苷水解酶家族3的核苷酸序列的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF),ORF全长2 376 bp,编码791个氨基酸。根据BLASTx序列比对分析,结果显示该基因与阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)中glycoside hydrolase family 3 N-terminal domain-containing protein的序列一致性(identities)为99% (786/791),相似性(positives)为99% (790/791),无空位(gaps为0/791,占0)。对该基因氨基酸序列的结构组成进行分析,发现该基因具有3个结构域:从第24位到第357位氨基酸为典型的Glyco_hydro_3结构域;从第394位到第652位氨基酸为Glyco_hydro_3_C结构域;而第689位到第758位氨基酸是Fn3_like结构域,且不具有信号肽(图1A)。
根据1.3节中的引物,以阴沟肠杆菌GX-3的基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增出目的基因,得到约2.3 kb的特异性条带,测序验证成功后将其命名为exyl,所编码蛋白质大小预计为85 697.11 Da,蛋白质的等电点pI为5.37,命名为EXYL。
使用AlphaFold3对氨基酸序列进行蛋白质结构预测,并与同属GH3家族、来自海热袍菌(Thermotoga maritima) MSB8的β-木糖苷酶的晶体结构(SMID:7zdy)进行重叠比对。结果显示,2个蛋白的三级结构高度重合,RMSD=0.95,表明二者在结构上相似度很高,EXYL的蛋白质结构具备典型的GH3家族结构特征[27],含有TIM-barrel、(α/β)-sandwich和Fn Ⅲ结构(图1B)。根据上述序列比对及结构比对结果,初步确定EXYL为GH3家族的糖苷水解酶类。对纯酶进行SDS-PAGE分析,在85 kDa处有明显的蛋白质条带,结果与理论分子量一致(图1C)。
按照1.4.1节中的方法测定EXYL在不同底物(β-pNPG、β-pNPX、α-pNPA、MUG、pNP-galac、N-acetyl-pNPG、oNPG、pNPC)下的酶活力。结果表明在酶液稀释倍数相同的条件下,EXYL水解β-pNPX的酶活力最高,水解α-pNPA的酶活力次之,此外也能够水解β-pNPG。在紫外光照射下观察到EXYL对MUG有水解活性,其他底物未测到酶活性。其中EXYL的β-木糖苷酶、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活力比值为344.8:104.1:1。上述结果表明EXYL是β-木糖苷酶/α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶/β-葡萄糖苷酶多功能酶。目前已发现的GH3糖苷水解酶家族的β-木糖苷酶大多具备双功能甚至多功能特性[7,28-29]。来源于嗜热菌的Tth xynB3是具备α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性的双功能β-木糖苷酶,其对β-pNPX和α-pNPA的Kcat/Km的比值分别是1 173.4 L/(mmol·s)和505.9 L/(mmol·s)[7]。Ramírez-Escudero等[28]利用宏基因组技术从瘤胃微生物群落中筛选出GH3糖苷水解酶家族的酶GlyA1,该酶被鉴定为β-葡萄糖苷酶/β-木糖苷酶,以β-pNPX和β-pNPG为底物,酶活力之比为624.3:197.0。来自变肿网状球菌(Dictyoglomus turgidum)的同属GH3家族的β-木糖苷酶Dt-Xyl3,在测定底物特异性时该酶对于pNPX的亲和力最高,同样也可以水解pNPG、pNPArf、pNPArp[29]
EXYL在以pNPX为底物时最适pH为5.5 (图2A)。EXYL的最适温度为45 ℃ (图2B)。EXYL在pH 7.0-9.0范围内较稳定,保持80%以上的活力,而在pH低于5.5时基本无酶活(图2C)。在30-40 ℃范围内可保留60%以上的酶活力,特别是在30-35 ℃保存下较稳定,保持相对较高的酶活力,若保存温度超过45 ℃,则酶活力急剧下降(图2D)。目前报道的β-木糖苷酶的热稳定性和半衰期大多有待提高。Zhang等[30]通过结合祖先序列重建和结构分析的计算辅助设计,理性改造β-木糖苷酶,获得组合突变体rXYLOM25I/S51L/S79E,在60 ℃半衰期增加了6.9倍,同时在pH稳定性、催化效率和水解活性方面也有所提升。
β-木糖苷酶EXYL的酶活性在高浓度底物下会受到抑制。当底物pNPX浓度为1 mmol/L时,EXYL表现出最高的酶活力。底物浓度超过1 mmol/L时,酶活性随着底物浓度的增加而逐渐降低。在高底物浓度条件下(6-10 mmol/L),EXYL只剩下20%-30%的酶活力。使用GraphPad Prism 10.6软件中的Substrate inhibition模型,β-木糖苷酶EXYL以pNPX为底物时的Km值为(0.73±0.06) mmol/L,Vmax为(130.00±6.85) μmol/((mg·min) (图3)。
当金属离子浓度为5 mmol/L时,Li+、K+、Ba2+、Mg2+对EXYL具有轻微激活作用,而Ag+和Hg2+对EXYL的抑制作用明显。Cu2+对EXYL也具有抑制作用,可能是因为Cu2+会催化半胱氨酸分子的自氧化,从而导致分子内和分子间二硫键或亚磺酸的形成[31]。有文献报道Mg2+、Mn2+和Co2+能够激活β-木糖苷酶的活性,而Ca2+、Ni2+和Zn2+对其不产生激活作用,甚至具有轻微抑制作用[32]。值得注意的是,5 mmol/L Al3+对Dt-xyl3 β-木糖苷酶具有强烈的抑制作用[29],而5 mmol/L Al3+对EXYL无显著的抑制作用,酶活力可以保持在90%左右,表明EXYL对Al3+具有一定的耐受性,且其他金属离子对EXYL的抑制作用不显著(图4A)。1,2-丙二醇对EXYL有激活作用,能使酶活力提升2.7倍,EXYL能够耐受5%的甲醇、乙醇,酶活力不受影响,不能耐受高浓度的丁醇(图4B)。
低浓度木糖对EXYL具有轻微激活作用,如在50、100、150、200 mmol/L的木糖浓度下,EXYL的酶活力比不加木糖的酶活力高,并且在50 mmol/L木糖的存在下,酶活力达到最高,相对酶活力为125.7% (图5A),该激活作用的具体机制尚未明确。在热泉热袍菌(Thermotoga thermarum) DSM 5069的β-木糖苷酶同样存在低浓度木糖激活作用的情况,当200 mmol/L木糖存在时,酶活力达到最高,比对照组高约20%[7]。来源于黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)的β-木糖苷酶在5 mmol/L的木糖浓度下,相对酶活力达到126%[33]。例如Xln-DT在1 000 mmol/L木糖的存在下酶活力达到最高,高于未添加木糖时的酶活力[15]。此外,当木糖浓度达到200-400 mmol/L时,EXYL的相对酶活力还能保持80%以上。当木糖浓度达到500 mmol/L时,EXYL的相对酶活力也能保持在70%以上。EXYL对木糖的耐受性相对较高。按照1.4.5节中的方法计算木糖抑制常数Ki值,使用GraphPad Prism 10.6软件里的Competitive inhibition模型进行分析,计算得到木糖抑制常数Ki值为(51.95±2.36) mmol/L (图5B)。
当前报道高木糖耐受性的β-木糖苷酶有Tth xynB3,当木糖浓度为1 000 mmol/L时,该酶能保持原始活力的50%左右[7]。An-xyl在400 mmol/L木糖的存在下能保持58.3%的酶活力[34],Amβxyl在1 000 mmol/L的木糖存在下保持100%的酶活力,在1 500 mmol/L木糖存在下保持60%的酶活力,并且在250 mmol/L的木糖下其相对酶活力约为未处理酶活力的2.5倍[35]。在100 mmol/L木糖溶液中,Xyl4900的酶活性高于50%[36]。Xln-DT的Ki能够达到3 300 mmol/L,Dt-xyl3的耐木糖系数为20.2 mmol/L[37]。以上都是木糖耐受性相对较高且未经突变的β-木糖苷酶。本研究中的EXYL的木糖耐受性高于大多数真菌和细菌来源的β-木糖苷酶[29]。然而,EXYL的耐受木糖能力仍待提高,后续将通过分子改造的方式进一步提高其木糖耐受性。
EXYL水解木寡糖30 min后,其中水解X5时产物有X4、X3、X2、X,水解X4时产物有X3、X2、X,水解X3产物为X2、X,水解X2产物主要为木糖。由此可知,EXYL可能以外切方式从非还原末端切割木糖苷键释放木糖。当EXYL水解木寡糖12 h后,以木二糖为底物,产物为木糖,水解率超过50%,X3、X4、X5最终的水解产物均是木糖和木二糖(图6)。
已报道GH3家族β-木糖苷酶的木糖耐受性与保守区域的色氨酸相关[23-24]。由于色氨酸Trp(W)是非极性氨基酸,其中的吲哚环作为弱的电子供体,能够与糖类产生范德华力、CH-π (carbon hydrogen-Pi)相互作用和氢键等。通过与GH3家族氨基酸序列比对发现,在保守区域有3个色氨酸位点,分别是W138、W175、W283 (图7)。W138处于催化口袋的远端Loop区域,R177是活性口袋中的关键氨基酸,WRG是GH3家族糖苷水解酶的保守序列区域,W175与R177十分接近,W283位点处于二级结构α-螺旋末端,且与催化作用位点相对较近。根据同属GH3家族的糖苷水解酶BtBGL (PDB ID:5XXL)中D286作为催化亲核试剂[38],鉴于序列的保守性,预测EXYL的催化亲核位点对应为D291。在不影响酶的主要结构和酶催化作用的前提下,选择W138位点作为定点突变位点,并将其突变成同样具备疏水性侧链的苯丙氨酸Phe (F)、亮氨酸Leu (L)、丙氨酸Ala (A),含有芳香杂环且为中性的组氨酸His (H),以及具有巯基侧链的半胱氨酸Cys (C)和中性的天冬酰胺Asn (N)。推测138位的色氨酸被替换后可能使酶在不失活的前提下影响其对糖类底物的亲和力。按照1.5节中的方法获得各突变酶。测定6个突变酶(W138L、W138C、W138A、W138H、W138N、W138F)的最适温度和最适pH (图8),以及动力学常数和木糖抑制常数(表1)。
图8结果显示,野生酶EXYL及各个突变酶的最适pH均为5.5,但突变酶W138A、W138F、W138C、W138H在pH 6.0-7.5条件下酶活力高于野生酶EXYL。W138N和W138A在40 ℃反应条件下表现出最高酶活力,W138A在50-55 ℃范围内酶活力还能保持在80%以上,其余突变酶的最适反应温度为45 ℃,且其变化趋势与野生酶相似。以最适底物pNPX分析野生酶EXYL及各突变酶的动力学参数,相比EXYL,W138F对底物的亲和力提高,W138F和W138L的Vmax也有所提高(表1)。
在不同浓度的木糖下,以0.1-0.8 mmol/L pNPX为底物测定各突变酶的酶活力。由表1可知,与EXYL相比,突变酶W138C和W138A的木糖抑制常数Ki分别提高了2.38倍和1.83倍,表明突变酶W138C和W138A的木糖耐受性提高。初步猜测原因可能是色氨酸上的吲哚环与糖类物质形成的范德华力、CH-π相互作用等对木糖起固定作用,替换为半胱氨酸、亮氨酸或丙氨酸后,减弱了对糖类物质的固定作用,木糖与W138C和W138A结合的亲和力减小,木糖更加容易从结合口袋中脱离,从而表现出木糖耐受性提高。
由于W138C突变酶木糖耐受性的提高效果最佳,因此通过分子对接进一步分析其木糖耐受性提高的原因。将EXYL与突变酶W138C分别与D-木糖分子进行Autodock Vina分子对接后,分析两者与木糖的亲和力、蛋白质表面静电势、配体相互作用及活性口袋变化。根据构象合理性及较低的对接结合能筛选最佳的结合构象。EXYL与木糖分子对接的结合自由能为-5.20 kcal/mol,W138C与木糖分子对接的结合自由能为-4.77 kcal/mol,与猜测一致,EXYL与木糖结合的亲和力要高于突变体W138C与木糖的亲和力。因为分子对接的结合自由能绝对值越大,则说明该配体与受体分子的亲和力越高[22]
使用PyMOl 3.0分析2个蛋白质表面的静电势,EXYL与W138C的表面静电势存在变化,正负电势范围增大(图9A9C)。推测其原因是原本疏水性极强的色氨酸残基被半胱氨酸残基替换后,导致带负电的天冬氨酸残基附近的静电环境发生改变,进而导致整个蛋白质静电势范围的变化。然而,蛋白质表面静电势的改变与木糖耐受性之间是否存在相关性尚未得到充分解释。使用Discovery Studio 2025软件对分子对接结果进行分析,绘制配体-蛋白相互作用2D图。木糖分子与EXYL对接后,可能参与相互作用的关键氨基酸残基有9个,其中7个氨基酸残基与木糖形成氢键,分别是Glu115、Lys212、His213、Glu533、Arg77、Arg177、Tyr260。此外,还存在与Asp292之间的C-H相互作用,以及Tyr293苯环与木糖分子中氧原子的Pi-孤对电子相互作用(图9B)。W138C与木糖可能形成相互作用的关键氨基酸有9个,其中同样有7个氨基酸残基与木糖形成氢键,并存在Asp292与木糖形成的C-H相互作用,Tyr428与氧原子产生新的2个氢键,失去Tyr293与木糖形成的Pi-孤对电子相互作用(图9D),活性口袋相互作用的改变可能是木糖耐受性提高的原因。
分析木糖分子与EXYL和W138C的活性口袋对接情况。EXYL与木糖对接后,His213与木糖分子的氧原子形成氢键,Glu533与木糖2号位的羟基形成氢键,Lys212与木糖5号位的羟基形成氢键,Glu115与木糖形成2组氢键,距离分别为2.2、2.0、1.9、2.0、2.1 Å (图10A)。W138C与木糖对接后,His213、Glu533、Lys212、Glu115与木糖结合的氢键距离分别为2.5、2.3、1.8、1.9、2.2 Å (图10B),而Arg77形成的氢键距离均为2.3 Å。由此可见,W138C突变酶是由于突变影响木糖与氨基酸残基所形成的氢键的距离,推测突变后的木糖与活性口袋的结合发生了轻微的偏移,处于更接近口袋入口的位置,使得木糖更容易从活性口袋脱离,从而木糖耐受性提高。李琦[37]对来自GH39家族的β-木糖苷酶Xln-DT进行定点突变、分子对接分析其耐木糖机制。其中将His284突变为Asp后,获得耐糖系数提高的突变体Xln-DT-284ASP,比原始酶高1.35倍,Ki达到了4 602 mmol/L;进一步分析出283、284氨基酸位点是Xln-DT耐糖的关键位点,提出酶的木糖耐受性强弱可能与木糖与酶的底物通道的结合位点的位置有关;木糖分子能够与酶的底物通道底部、中部或者外部的位点结合;酶的耐受木糖能力与木糖的不同结合倾向性密切关联,所获得的木糖耐受性增强的突变体均显示了木糖结合在偏向活性位点外的氨基酸位点,这种偏向程度直接决定了β-木糖苷酶对木糖耐受性的高低[37]。分子对接结果表明,与EXYL相比,在突变酶W138C中木糖与Tyr293之间原有的Pi-孤对电子相互作用消失,而木糖与非活性位点Tyr428之间形成了新的氢键。这表明突变酶W138C木糖结合位点偏向非活性位点,这可能是其木糖耐受性提高的直接原因。
综上所述,在6个突变酶中木糖抑制常数提升的酶有W138C和W138A,其中W138C突变酶在木糖耐受性方面提升显著。这表明Trp138可能是EXYL木糖耐受性相关的关键作用氨基酸。经过分子对接分析,W138C相比野生酶EXYL与木糖结合的亲和力更低,原因可能在于缺少了保守区域中第138位色氨酸对糖类的固定作用,138位的色氨酸被突变成半胱氨酸后,氨基酸侧链由极为疏水的吲哚环变为巯甲基,吲哚环与木糖可能形成的相互作用缺失,木糖分子与活性口袋中的几个关键氨基酸位点的相互作用也发生了改变。进一步观察对接结果发现,木糖分子在活性口袋的结合位置发生偏移,可能处于更为靠近活性口袋入口的位置,并且更倾向与非活性位点结合,使得木糖更容易从活性口袋中脱落,W138C突变酶表现出木糖耐受性提高。在实际应用中,该类耐受木糖的β-木糖苷酶具备更高的整体性能和应用价值,该分子改造结果具有重要意义。
本研究探究了来自阴沟肠杆菌GX-3的注释为GH3糖苷水解酶家族的基因,经过序列分析、结构比对确定其为GH3家族的糖苷水解酶。经过底物特异性分析确定该酶为兼具α-阿拉伯糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的β-木糖苷酶,酶活力之比为344.8:104.1:1。测得酶的最适反应条件为pH 5.5,45 ℃,Km为(0.73±0.06) mmol/L,Vmax为(130.00±6.85) μmol/(mg·min),木糖抑制常数Ki为(51.95±2.36) mmol/L,EXYL在500 mmol/L的木糖存在下仍可保持70%以上的相对酶活力。为获得木糖耐受性更高的β-木糖苷酶突变体,对第138位Trp进行定点突变,突变酶W138C和W138A的木糖抑制常数Ki分别较野生型提高了2.38倍和1.83倍,W138C和W138A的木糖抑制常数分别为(123.80±4.88) mmol/L和(95.09±5.74) mmol/L。相比以往报道,突变酶W138C和W138A木糖耐受性的提高具有一定意义。本研究不仅丰富了GH3糖苷水解酶家族多功能β-木糖苷酶的研究,也为后续针对β-木糖苷酶木糖耐受性的分子改造提供新思路。
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2026年第66卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260037
  • 接收时间:2026-01-15
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-15
  • 录用日期:2026-02-11
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the Innovation-driven Development Special Funds of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Guike AA24206048-2)
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    1.广西大学 生命科学与技术学院,广西微生物资源开发与利用技术创新中心,广西 南宁
    2.非粮生物质能技术全国重点实验室,广西 南宁

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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