Article(id=1280817566734070220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768060800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770393600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineDate=1783300304348, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300304348, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300304348, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300304348, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3277, endPage=3290, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817567128334797, articleId=1280817566734070220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Targeted metabolomics analysis of metabolic pathway changes of ectoine in bacterium-alga co-culture, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To overcome the limitations such as high costs and restricted substrate utilization of mono-culture fermentation, bacterium-alga co-culture based on resource complementarity offers a promising new avenue for ectoine production. This study investigated the co-culture conditions of Dunaliella pseudosalina ZBY-1 and Halomonas campaniensis XH26 and the variations in ectoine yield, aiming to elucidate the metabolic regulation mechanism of ectoine biosynthesis in the co-culture system. Methods Strains XH26 and ZBY-1 were co-cultured at different inoculation ratios (1/0, 1/5, 1/10, 1/15, and 1/20) to screen the ratio yielding the highest ectoine production. Targeted metabolomics analysis was performed on the co-culture group [H group (H)], the bacterial control group [XH26 group (X)], and the algal control group [ZBY-1 group (D)] to identify significant differential metabolites. Results The highest ectoine yield was achieved at a bacterium-to-alga ratio of 1:15, while the pigment content of the algal strain was lower than that of the control group. Metabolomics analysis identified 15 (H vs. D), 16 (H vs. X), and 16 (X vs. D) significant differential metabolites, including L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-phenylalanine, malic acid, and pyruvic acid. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis were the significantly altered metabolic pathways. Conclusion The co-culture system exhibited an asymmetric pattern characterized by bacterial proliferation and algal inhibition. The co-culture system significantly activated the central carbon metabolic network of the bacteria. Notably, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were significantly accumulated in cells, serving as the direct carbon skeleton and amino donor, respectively, to directly promote the efficient synthesis of ectoine.

, authors=Xiaoyan CHANG1, Shuaikang ZHAO1, Ning LUO1, Haoxin LI1, Rui HAN2, Guanshun XIE3, Derui ZHU1, authorsList=Xiaoyan CHANG, Shuaikang ZHAO, Ning LUO, Haoxin LI, Rui HAN, Guanshun XIE, Derui ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Derui ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 为克服传统单菌发酵成本高、底物利用单一等局限,基于资源互补原理的菌-藻共培养技术为四氢嘧啶(ectoine)生产提供了一条极具潜力的新途径。本研究通过探究伪盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella pseudosalina) ZBY-1与坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌(Halomonas campaniensis) XH26的混合培养条件与四氢嘧啶产量变化,明确菌株XH26与藻株ZBY-1共培养后四氢嘧啶的代谢调控机制。 方法 采用不同接种比例(1:0,1:5,1:10,1:15,1:20)进行菌株XH26与藻株ZBY-1共培养,筛选四氢嘧啶产量最高的接种比例。设置混合培养实验组[H group (H)]、菌对照组[XH26 group (X)]和藻对照组[ZBY-1 group (D)]进行靶向代谢组学测序,并分析显著差异代谢物。 结果 菌-藻比为1:15时,菌株的四氢嘧啶产量最高,而藻株各色素含量均低于其单独培养对照组。代谢组学分析共筛选出15个(H vs. D)、16个(H vs. X)和16个(X vs. D)显著差异代谢物,包括L-丙氨酸、L-天冬酰胺、L-天冬氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、苹果酸和丙酮酸等。KEGG代谢通路富集分析表明,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢,精氨酸生物合成等途径发生了显著变化。 结论 混合培养体系呈现“菌体增殖、藻体受抑”的非对称模式。共培养体系显著激活了细菌的中心碳代谢网络,胞内天冬氨酸和谷氨酸显著积累,二者分别作为四氢嘧啶的直接碳骨架和氨基供体,有效促进了四氢嘧啶的高效合成。

, authors=常晓妍1, 赵帅康1, 罗宁1, 李昊鑫1, 韩睿2, 谢关顺3, 朱德锐1, authorsList=常晓妍, 赵帅康, 罗宁, 李昊鑫, 韩睿, 谢关顺, 朱德锐, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱德锐, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

常晓妍:数据收集及分析、验证、撰写文章等;赵帅康、罗宁:数据收集;李昊鑫:数据收集和分析;韩睿:提供监督管理;谢关顺:审阅;朱德锐:提出概念、执行调研、获取基金提供资源和审阅。

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Different lowercase letters in the superscript indicate significant differences between groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=l8h9rbTypF6vb13Emug1kg==, figureFileBig=EbORf4RC/7k5fg6yPgi35Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925176862847931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817566734070220, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同培养基对菌-藻混合物合成四氢嘧啶的影响, figureFileSmall=l8h9rbTypF6vb13Emug1kg==, figureFileBig=EbORf4RC/7k5fg6yPgi35Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925176963511228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817566734070220, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Dry weight content (DWC) of the bacterial-algal mixture and ectoine accumulation under different single-factor conditions. A: NaCl; B: pH; C: L-glutamic sodium salt; D: Glucose; E: Peptone; F: FeSO4·7H2O., figureFileSmall=4QMutY4WMvRl34I1erlAKg==, figureFileBig=u9nOP6LTpTo5dNil1cZ0QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925177026425789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817566734070220, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同单因素条件下菌-藻混合物的干重(DWC)和四氢嘧啶积累量, figureFileSmall=4QMutY4WMvRl34I1erlAKg==, figureFileBig=u9nOP6LTpTo5dNil1cZ0QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925177085146046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817566734070220, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Analysis of ectoine content, dry weight of the mixture, and photosynthetic pigment content after mixing at different volumes. A: Ectoine yield after mixing at different volumes; B: Dry weight of the bacterial-algal mixture after mixing at different volumes; C: Photosynthetic pigment content after mixing at different volumes. 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Arrows indicate the upregulation and downregulation of metabolites., figureFileSmall=H8wV7nnmJbjGZ6uiWOmsiA==, figureFileBig=cNjumfV8qJeeSN2pl6KH7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925177735263175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817566734070220, language=CN, label=图7, caption=四氢嘧啶合成通路, figureFileSmall=H8wV7nnmJbjGZ6uiWOmsiA==, figureFileBig=cNjumfV8qJeeSN2pl6KH7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925177810760648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817566734070220, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Differential metabolites in different comparison groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetabolitesVIPP-value
H vs. DH vs. XX vs. D
L-alanine2.364 08-1.372 20<0.05
L-serine1.180 852.018 341.923 26<0.05
L-asparagine1.452 89--<0.05
L-aspartate1.109 85--<0.05
L-lysine1.264 811.640 201.438 33<0.05
L-glutamate1.510 261.723 471.386 44<0.05
L-phenylalanine1.903 74-1.346 21<0.05
L-arginine1.320 571.051 72-<0.05
L-tyrosine1.060 491.021 97-<0.05
Lactic acid2.893 33-2.200 13<0.05
Pyruvic acid1.525 93--<0.05
D-glucose1.810 271.837 511.382 40<0.05
Succinate2.072 56-1.248 52<0.05
Malic acid1.171 03--<0.05
D-erythrose-4-phosphate2.686 362.060 38-<0.05
L-valine-2.144 662.123 34<0.05
L-threonine-3.039 983.151 49<0.05
L-isoleucine-1.522 901.426 61<0.05
L-leucine-1.571 631.604 83<0.05
L-glutamine-1.064 08-<0.05
L-methionine-1.532 691.547 68<0.05
L-tryptophan-1.486 351.523 81<0.05
Glucose-6-phosphate-1.068 951.303 75<0.05
D-ribose-5-phosphate-1.619 711.684 86<0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1280925177898841033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817566734070220, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同比较组的差异代谢物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetabolitesVIPP-value
H vs. DH vs. XX vs. D
L-alanine2.364 08-1.372 20<0.05
L-serine1.180 852.018 341.923 26<0.05
L-asparagine1.452 89--<0.05
L-aspartate1.109 85--<0.05
L-lysine1.264 811.640 201.438 33<0.05
L-glutamate1.510 261.723 471.386 44<0.05
L-phenylalanine1.903 74-1.346 21<0.05
L-arginine1.320 571.051 72-<0.05
L-tyrosine1.060 491.021 97-<0.05
Lactic acid2.893 33-2.200 13<0.05
Pyruvic acid1.525 93--<0.05
D-glucose1.810 271.837 511.382 40<0.05
Succinate2.072 56-1.248 52<0.05
Malic acid1.171 03--<0.05
D-erythrose-4-phosphate2.686 362.060 38-<0.05
L-valine-2.144 662.123 34<0.05
L-threonine-3.039 983.151 49<0.05
L-isoleucine-1.522 901.426 61<0.05
L-leucine-1.571 631.604 83<0.05
L-glutamine-1.064 08-<0.05
L-methionine-1.532 691.547 68<0.05
L-tryptophan-1.486 351.523 81<0.05
Glucose-6-phosphate-1.068 951.303 75<0.05
D-ribose-5-phosphate-1.619 711.684 86<0.05
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靶向代谢组学分析菌-藻混合培养时四氢嘧啶的代谢通路变化
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常晓妍 1 , 赵帅康 1 , 罗宁 1 , 李昊鑫 1 , 韩睿 2 , 谢关顺 3 , 朱德锐 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3277-3290
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3277 -3290
靶向代谢组学分析菌-藻混合培养时四氢嘧啶的代谢通路变化
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常晓妍1, 赵帅康1, 罗宁1, 李昊鑫1, 韩睿2, 谢关顺3, 朱德锐1
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学 医学院,基础医学研究中心,青海 西宁
  • 2.青海大学 农林科学院,蔬菜遗传与生理重点实验室,青海 西宁
  • 3.青海大学 机械工程学院,材料科学与工程教研室,青海 西宁
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

常晓妍:数据收集及分析、验证、撰写文章等;赵帅康、罗宁:数据收集;李昊鑫:数据收集和分析;韩睿:提供监督管理;谢关顺:审阅;朱德锐:提出概念、执行调研、获取基金提供资源和审阅。

Targeted metabolomics analysis of metabolic pathway changes of ectoine in bacterium-alga co-culture
Xiaoyan CHANG1, Shuaikang ZHAO1, Ning LUO1, Haoxin LI1, Rui HAN2, Guanshun XIE3, Derui ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 3.Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260028
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目的 为克服传统单菌发酵成本高、底物利用单一等局限,基于资源互补原理的菌-藻共培养技术为四氢嘧啶(ectoine)生产提供了一条极具潜力的新途径。本研究通过探究伪盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella pseudosalina) ZBY-1与坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌(Halomonas campaniensis) XH26的混合培养条件与四氢嘧啶产量变化,明确菌株XH26与藻株ZBY-1共培养后四氢嘧啶的代谢调控机制。 方法 采用不同接种比例(1:0,1:5,1:10,1:15,1:20)进行菌株XH26与藻株ZBY-1共培养,筛选四氢嘧啶产量最高的接种比例。设置混合培养实验组[H group (H)]、菌对照组[XH26 group (X)]和藻对照组[ZBY-1 group (D)]进行靶向代谢组学测序,并分析显著差异代谢物。 结果 菌-藻比为1:15时,菌株的四氢嘧啶产量最高,而藻株各色素含量均低于其单独培养对照组。代谢组学分析共筛选出15个(H vs. D)、16个(H vs. X)和16个(X vs. D)显著差异代谢物,包括L-丙氨酸、L-天冬酰胺、L-天冬氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、苹果酸和丙酮酸等。KEGG代谢通路富集分析表明,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢,乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢,精氨酸生物合成等途径发生了显著变化。 结论 混合培养体系呈现“菌体增殖、藻体受抑”的非对称模式。共培养体系显著激活了细菌的中心碳代谢网络,胞内天冬氨酸和谷氨酸显著积累,二者分别作为四氢嘧啶的直接碳骨架和氨基供体,有效促进了四氢嘧啶的高效合成。

四氢嘧啶  /  坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌  /  伪盐生杜氏藻  /  靶向代谢组学  /  能量代谢

Objective To overcome the limitations such as high costs and restricted substrate utilization of mono-culture fermentation, bacterium-alga co-culture based on resource complementarity offers a promising new avenue for ectoine production. This study investigated the co-culture conditions of Dunaliella pseudosalina ZBY-1 and Halomonas campaniensis XH26 and the variations in ectoine yield, aiming to elucidate the metabolic regulation mechanism of ectoine biosynthesis in the co-culture system. Methods Strains XH26 and ZBY-1 were co-cultured at different inoculation ratios (1/0, 1/5, 1/10, 1/15, and 1/20) to screen the ratio yielding the highest ectoine production. Targeted metabolomics analysis was performed on the co-culture group [H group (H)], the bacterial control group [XH26 group (X)], and the algal control group [ZBY-1 group (D)] to identify significant differential metabolites. Results The highest ectoine yield was achieved at a bacterium-to-alga ratio of 1:15, while the pigment content of the algal strain was lower than that of the control group. Metabolomics analysis identified 15 (H vs. D), 16 (H vs. X), and 16 (X vs. D) significant differential metabolites, including L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-phenylalanine, malic acid, and pyruvic acid. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis were the significantly altered metabolic pathways. Conclusion The co-culture system exhibited an asymmetric pattern characterized by bacterial proliferation and algal inhibition. The co-culture system significantly activated the central carbon metabolic network of the bacteria. Notably, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were significantly accumulated in cells, serving as the direct carbon skeleton and amino donor, respectively, to directly promote the efficient synthesis of ectoine.

ectoine  /  Halomonas campaniensis  /  Dunaliella pseudosalina  /  targeted metabolomics  /  energy metabolism
常晓妍, 赵帅康, 罗宁, 李昊鑫, 韩睿, 谢关顺, 朱德锐. 靶向代谢组学分析菌-藻混合培养时四氢嘧啶的代谢通路变化. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3277 -3290 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260028
Xiaoyan CHANG, Shuaikang ZHAO, Ning LUO, Haoxin LI, Rui HAN, Guanshun XIE, Derui ZHU. Targeted metabolomics analysis of metabolic pathway changes of ectoine in bacterium-alga co-culture[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3277 -3290 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260028
四氢嘧啶(ectoine, Ect)作为一种优良的相容性溶质,不仅能赋予微生物在高盐环境下的生存能力,还在医药、化妆品及农业领域展现出巨大的应用潜力[1-3]。传统单菌发酵模式通常存在生长缓慢、代谢流向失调及产量偏低等问题,严重制约了四氢嘧啶的规模化高效制备[4]。为解决上述瓶颈,研究发现菌-藻共培养体系可通过特异性物质交换形成代谢偶联关系,这种相互作用不仅能够重塑双方的代谢流向,还能显著提升共培养体系的生理效能[5-6]。Daly等[7]利用三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum) CCAP 1055/15与假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis) TAC 125进行共培养,发现藻类的生理活动直接影响细菌胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)的分泌代谢;Cooper等[8]研究奥斯特球藻(Ostreococcus tauri)与恒雄芝氏亚历山大藻玫瑰杆菌(Dinoroseobacter shibae)的共培养体系时发现,藻类能够向细菌提供维生素B3及B7前体以换取细菌产生的维生素B1和B12,使菌藻双方在共存条件下均获得了优于单培养的生长优势。然而,在复杂的菌-藻共生微环境中,微生物间的物质交换与碳氮代谢流如何在物种间进行分配与重定向,亟需借助代谢组学技术进行系统解析。
菌-藻共培养体系通过种间作用影响微藻的生长效率与逆境适应性,同时可提高代谢物产量并增强其环境胁迫耐受性[9]。Paul等[10]采用非靶向代谢组学分析恒雄芝氏亚历山大藻玫瑰杆菌(Dinoroseobacter shibae)与假微型海链藻(Thalassiosira pseudonana)的共培养体系,发现细菌对硅藻代谢的影响较大,硅藻胞内氨基酸及其衍生物含量显著上调。坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌(Halomonas campaniensis) XH26是一株耐盐性极强且高产四氢嘧啶的菌株,其合成途径受高盐胁迫诱导[11];伪盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella pseudosalina) ZBY-1不仅具备与XH26相匹配的耐盐环境适应力,还能通过光合作用合成大量甘油等有机碳源[12]。二者在高盐环境下良好的生理兼容性,使其成为研究嗜盐微生物种间互作与四氢嘧啶合成调控的理想模型。逯心玥等[13]利用靶向代谢组学技术发现,在XH26的四氢嘧啶合成过程中,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢是最显著的富集通路;与此同时,本课题组郭敏等[12]利用非靶向代谢组学分析发现,ZBY-1在盐胁迫响应下同样显著富集了丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢通路。鉴于天冬氨酸是四氢嘧啶合成的直接前体,且该代谢通路在菌、藻双方的盐胁迫响应中均占据核心地位,本研究以坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌XH26和伪盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella pseudosalina) ZBY-1为研究对象,通过靶向代谢组学技术对比单培养与共培养模式下的差异代谢物谱,揭示菌-藻互作共生时前体供应、能量代谢及产物合成途径的调控机制。
伪盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella pseudosalina) ZBY-1分离自青藏高原扎布耶盐碱湖;野生盐单胞菌H. campaniensis sp. XH26 (CCTCC M2019776M)分离自小柴旦盐湖。
DM培养基成分[12]:NaCl 100.00 g/L,CO(NH2)2 0.84 g/L,NaH2PO4 0.06 g/L,KCl 74.00 mg/L,MgSO4 1.23 g/L,CaCl2 44.00 mg/L,NaHCO3 1.26 g/L,1% FeC6H5O7 0.50 mL,1.00 mL微量元素溶液[含H3BO3 2.86 g/L,MnCl2·4H2O 1.82 g/L,ZnSO4·7H2O 0.22 g/L,CuSO4·5H2O 0.08 g/L,Na2MoO4·2H2O 0.39 g/L,CO(NO3)2·6H2O 0.05 g/L];MG培养基成分(g/L)[4]:L-谷氨酸钠120.00,葡萄糖15.00,蛋白胨10.00,KH2PO4 3.00,K2HPO4 9.00,MgSO4·7H2O 0.40,FeSO4·7H2O 0.20,NaCl 6.00;OSM培养基成分(g/L)[13]:L-谷氨酸钠5.61,酶水解酪素7.50,NaCl 87.50,MgSO4·7H2O 24.65,柠檬酸钠3.00,无水CaCl2 0.20,KCl 55.88,酵母2.00。
分析纯NaCl、MgSO4·7H2O,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;分析纯L-谷氨酸钠、葡萄糖,天津市永大化学试剂有限公司;HPLC级四氢嘧啶标准品、甲醇,ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
光照培养箱,上海堪鑫仪器设备有限公司;紫外分光光度计,Cyvita公司;微孔过滤器,天津亳津科技有限公司;高效液相色谱仪、色谱分析柱,Agilent公司;液相色谱柱,Waters公司;液相质谱联用仪,SCIEX公司。
采用MG、OSM和DM培养基培养菌-藻混合物(25 ℃,12:12 h,光强6 000 lx),通过四氢嘧啶积累量筛选最适菌-藻混合生长的培养基。在此基础上进行6因素单因素试验(n=3)优化培养基,并分析四氢嘧啶产量和混合物干重。单因素条件设置如下:NaCl (0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mol/L)、蛋白胨(0、5、10、15、20 g/L)、L-谷氨酸钠(0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 mol/L)、葡萄糖(0、5、10、15、20 g/L)、FeSO4·7H2O (0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mmol/L)、pH (6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5)。
将菌液和藻液分别培养至对数生长期后,设置4种藻-菌共培养比例(体积比为1:5、1:10、1:15、1:20)将ZBY-1藻株与坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌XH26共培养。控制微藻初始接种OD697=0.15,活化菌种XH26 (光密度值OD600=1.2,培养约12 h),按比例接种于液体培养基进行共培养(100 mL,n=3/组),光照培养(25 ℃,12:12 h,光强6 000 lx)至12 d。设置菌株XH26单培养作为对照组,初始接种量控制为1%。根据1.4.1节中的方法,每24 h抽提四氢嘧啶并进行HPLC定量检测,根据四氢嘧啶产量确定藻-菌共培养的最佳比例。
取1 mL培养液置于离心管中,经12 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清液;干浴锅预热至100 ℃后将离心管放入并加热15 min;加入1 mL去离子水复溶,充分涡旋振荡洗脱胞内物质;12 000 r/min离心5 min去除细胞碎片,所得上清液经0.22 μm水系微孔滤膜过滤,收集滤液作为色谱分析进样液。HPLC检测条件:流动相为甲醇/磷酸二氢钾溶液=5/95 (体积比),流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,检测波长210 nm,进样量5 µL。
设置藻株ZBY-1单培养作为对照组,初始接种量控制为10%,按4种藻-菌共培养比例(体积比为1:5、1:10、1:15、1:20)将ZBY-1藻株与坎帕尼亚盐单胞菌XH26共培养。取培养12 d的藻液2.0 mL,8 000 r/min离心5 min后弃上清,1 mL水重悬洗涤1次,8 000 r/min离心5 min弃上清,后加入2 mL无水乙醇低频声超30 min,4 ℃冷藏过夜后再低频超声30 min。8 000 r/min离心5 min后取上清液,测定吸光度值A665A649A470,并计算光合色素含量,如公式(1)、(2)所示。
总叶绿素(chlorophyll)=21.21×A649+8.02×A665
Ca=13.95×A665-6.88×A649
Cb=24.96×A649-7.32×A665
Ccarot=(1 000×A470-2.05×Ca-144.8×Cb)/245
式中:Ca为叶绿素a质量浓度,Cb为叶绿素b质量浓度,Ccarot为类胡萝卜素质量浓度(mg/L)。
当共培养体系进行至72 h时,采集1 mL均匀混合悬液置于预先称重的1.5 mL离心管中。样品经8 000 r/min离心5 min实现固液分离,弃去上清液后,将含有沉淀的离心管置于烘箱中干燥至恒重。最终伪盐生杜氏藻-盐单胞菌的混合干重(dry cell weight, DCW)根据公式(3)计算得出。
W=(Wb-Wa)/V1
式中:W为藻菌样品干重(g/L);Wa为离心管初始干重(mg);Wb为离心管加藻菌总重(mg);V1为样品体积(mL)。
设置实验组菌-藻混合培养(H group)、对照组XH26培养组(X group)、对照组ZBY-1培养组(D group),收集最佳培养条件下的藻株、菌株和菌-藻混合培养液(n=6) 8 000 r/min离心15 min弃上清,以等浓度盐溶液洗涤3次,再次离心取沉淀。称取50 mg样品,加入400 mL提取液(甲醇:水=4:1,体积比),含0.02 mg/mL内标(L-2-氯苯丙氨酸)进行代谢产物提取。样本于冷冻组织研磨仪中研磨6 min (-10 ℃, 50 Hz)后,低温超声提取30 min (5 ℃, 40 kHz)。将样品于-20 ℃静置30 min,4 ℃、13 000×g离心15 min,取上清液上机分析。
利用LC-ESI-MS/MS技术平台对样品中的目标代谢物进行定性和定量分析。液相色谱分离在ExionLC AD系统中完成,柱温恒定为40 ℃,进样体积为2 μL;流动相体系由0.1%甲酸水溶液(A相)和0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液(B相)组成。质谱检测使用SCIEX QTRAP 6500+仪,在正离子模式下运行。关键源参数设置如下:气帘气(CUR) 35,碰撞气(CAD) Medium,离子喷雾电压(IS) +5 000 V,温度(TEM) 350 ℃,雾化气(GS1)与辅助气(GS2)均为60。数据采集结束后,将原始LC-MS文件导入Progenesis QI软件(Waters Corporation, Milford公司)进行预处理,包括基线过滤、峰识别、积分、保留时间校正及峰对齐,最终生成包含保留时间、质荷比及峰强度的三维数据矩阵。随后,利用R软件(v.4.6.0)的ropls包对数据矩阵进行多变量统计分析,构建主成分分析(principal components analysis, PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)模型,并通过7次循环交互验证评估模型可靠性。差异代谢物的筛选标准设定为OPLS-DA模型中的变量投影重要度(variable importance in the projection, VIP)>1且Student’s t检验P<0.05。最后,基于KEGG数据库对差异代谢物进行通路注释,并利用Python (v.3.11.3) scipy.stats包执行Fisher精确检验,以富集显著相关的生物学通路。
利用Origin软件(v.8.6)和Adobe Illustrator (v.29.3.1)绘制实验图形,利用SPSS (v.27.0)软件进行方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)计算组间差异(显著性水平α=0.05)。原始代谢数据经偏差过滤、缺失值填补和归一化等处理后,再利用MetaboAnalyst (v.6.0)对不同组样品间的代谢物进行比较分析。
为筛选出最佳培养条件,本研究系统评估了菌-藻混合培养体系在DM、MG与OSM培养基中的四氢嘧啶合成能力(图1)。结果显示,3种培养基条件下菌-藻混合物的四氢嘧啶产量存在显著差异,其中MG培养基条件下混合培养的四氢嘧啶产量最高(1.1 g/L);OSM培养基条件下的最高产量可达0.59 g/L;DM培养基条件下产量最低(0.07 g/L)。
基于MG培养基,重点考察NaCl、蛋白胨、L-谷氨酸钠、葡萄糖、FeSO4·7H2O及pH共6种因素对四氢嘧啶积累量和菌-藻混合物生物量的影响。结果表明,各因素的最适浓度及相应积累量分别为NaCl 1.0 mol/L (1.18 g/L)、pH 7.5 (1.15 g/L)、L-谷氨酸钠0.7 mol/L (1.18 g/L)、葡萄糖10 g/L (1.1 g/L)、蛋白胨15 g/L (1.17 g/L)和FeSO4·7H2O 0.40 mmol /L (0.85 g/L,图2A-2F)。混合培养物干重与四氢嘧啶含量的变化趋势总体一致,不同之处在于菌-藻混合培养物的干重随葡萄糖浓度升高而增加,但四氢嘧啶产量并未进一步升高。
为探索混合培养体系中菌-藻的最佳体积比,按1.4节中的比例进行混合培养。不同比例混合培养结果显示(图3A),四氢嘧啶产量随培养时间延长呈先增后减趋势,且均高于单独培养。当菌-藻混合体积比为1:15并培养至7 d时四氢嘧啶产量最高,达1.25 g/L,此时XH26单独培养的四氢嘧啶产量为0.77 g/L。细菌干重结果显示(图3B),混合培养干重高于单独培养,7 d后干重呈下降趋势。光合色素含量结果显示(图3C),混合培养下杜氏藻的光合色素含量均低于单独培养。上述结果表明,混合培养能促进细菌的生物量积累和四氢嘧啶产量,但对藻的生长无促进作用。
为系统揭示菌-藻混合培养下代谢物的整体变化趋势与样本间差异,基于多元统计分析对代谢物进行模式识别(图4),以进一步验证组间代谢差异的显著性与系统性特征。PCA模型分析显示(图4A),第一主成分解释了18.098%的代谢物信息,第二主成分解释了81.121%的代谢物信息,对照组与实验组在空间分布上相对独立。PLS-DA模型分析显示(图4B),模型主要得分解释度为60.1%,正交得分解释度为33.3%。对照组与实验组样本组内分布较为聚集,组间总体分布趋势相对独立,代谢物差异明显。R2Q2的值超过0.4通常被视为可接受的阈值,靶向代谢物模型(图4C)的Q2值和R2Y均大于0.4,Q2的回归线截距为-0.737 4<0;表明该模型无过拟合现象,具有较好的可预测性和拟合度,能够准确描述数据。
为筛选与四氢嘧啶积累密切相关的关键代谢物,基于OPLS-DA模型筛选显著差异代谢物,并通过聚类分析比较不同组间代谢物的表达模式。结果显示,3个比较组中分别筛选出15个(H vs. D)、16个(H vs. X)和16个(X vs. D)显著差异代谢物(VIP>1,P<0.05,表1)。三组中共同差异代谢物是L-丝氨酸、L-赖氨酸、L-谷氨酸和D-葡萄糖。在H vs. D比较组中,L-丙氨酸、L-天冬酰胺、L-天冬氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、苹果酸和丙酮酸等上调;在H vs. X比较组中,L-谷氨酰胺、L-谷氨酸、L-丝氨酸、L-赖氨酸等上调;在X vs. D比较组中,L-苏氨酸、L-亮氨酸、L-甲硫氨酸、L-色氨酸等上调。
利用Origin软件对3个比较组菌-藻混合物、菌株XH26和藻株ZBY-1 (H、D、X)的代谢物进行层次聚类分析(hierarchical cluster analysis, HCA),其中蓝色表示上调,红色表示下调(图5)。结果显示,H组中D-葡萄糖、同型半胱氨酸、L-天冬氨酸、L-鸟氨酸及苹果酸等显著上调;D组中L-磺基丙氨酸、环磷酸鸟苷、鸟苷、3-脲基丙酸及甘油酸等显著上调;在X组中,己二酸、1,6-果糖二磷酸、L-甘氨酸、L-丝氨酸及L-谷氨酰胺等显著上调。整体而言,H组与D组、X组在代谢物变化上呈现出明显的相反趋势,具体表现为:在D组与X组中显著下调的代谢物(图5红色区域),在H组中则显著上调(图5蓝色区域)。
为进一步解析差异代谢物在代谢网络中的生物学功能,利用MetaboAnalyst平台对差异代谢物进行KEGG通路的富集分析,确定主要受影响的代谢途径,并绘制各比较组的气泡图(前25个,图6)。结果显示,在H vs. D比较组中,与菌-藻混合物胞内代谢相关的代谢物主要富集于丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢(alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism),乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢(glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism),精氨酸生物合成(arginine biosynthesis),苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成(phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis)及三羧酸循环(TCA cycle)等通路(图6A)。在H vs. X比较组中主要富集于缬氨酸、亮氨酸与异亮氨酸的生物合成(valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis),新霉素、卡那霉素与庆大霉素的生物合成(neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis),精氨酸的生物合成(arginine biosynthesis),氮代谢(nitrogen metabolism)及乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢(glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism)等通路(图6B)。在X vs. D比较组中主要富集于缬氨酸、亮氨酸与异亮氨酸的生物合成(valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis),新霉素、卡那霉素与庆大霉素的生物合成(neomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin biosynthesis),半胱氨酸与甲硫氨酸代谢(cysteine and methionine metabolism),缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸的降解(valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation)及D-氨基酸代谢(D-amino acid metabolism)等通路(图6C)。
在复杂的生态系统中,细菌与藻类经过长期的相互作用可能存在4种关系,即共生、共栖、竞争或寄生[14]。在常见的共生互利关系中,细菌和微藻通过交换彼此的代谢物来促进双方生长[15]。Croft等[16]研究发现,藻类通过光合作用固定二氧化碳为细菌提供碳源,而细菌则向微藻提供维生素B12以促进藻的生长。然而,藻-菌间的相互作用并非总是表现为互利共生,二者之间也会因争夺限制性营养元素而产生种间竞争。Løvdal等[17]研究发现,在共培养体系中细菌比赫氏圆石藻(Emiliania huxleyi)更容易从有机化合物中获取氮,导致芽孢杆菌快速增殖并抑制了藻的生长。本研究通过探究菌-藻混合培养体系对四氢嘧啶产量、混合物干重及光合色素含量的影响,揭示了混合培养对微生物代谢与生长行为的调控作用。结果表明,当菌-藻体积比为1/15、培养至7 d时,四氢嘧啶产量达到最高值1.25 g/L,且在所有实验组中均显著高于单独培养,说明适宜的混合比例与培养时间能够有效促进代谢物的生物合成[18]。此外,混合培养下菌-藻混合物干重均高于单独培养,进一步证实了混合体系对菌株XH26的生长具有促进作用。
与菌株XH26的生长相反,混合培养对藻株ZBY-1的生长呈现抑制作用。结果显示(图3C),混合培养体系中藻细胞的光合色素含量均显著低于单独培养组,这一现象打破了常见的“互利共生”模式,揭示了该共培养体系中存在非对称的种间相互作用,即细菌对微藻构成了竞争压力或抑制效应[19-20]。原因主要涉及3个方面:(1) 营养竞争,细菌通常具有比藻类更快的生长速率和更强的营养吸收能力,尤其是对氮、磷等关键营养元素的摄取[19],导致藻细胞因营养匮乏而色素合成受阻;(2) 遮光效应,随着细菌生物量的快速增加,培养液浊度上升,降低了光在培养基中的穿透深度,限制了微藻对光能的捕获效率,导致光合色素合成水平下调[21];(3) 化感作用,细菌可分泌特定的胞外酶(如蛋白酶)或次级代谢产物(如抗生素类物质),诱导藻细胞裂解或增加其细胞膜通透性[22-24]。裂解后的藻细胞释放出富含氨基酸、多肽及核苷酸的胞内物质,不仅为细菌提供了额外的有机碳氮源,更可能作为前体物质直接被细菌摄取利用。综上所述,微生物之间并不都是相互促进的,也存在“藻供菌用”的竞争模式。
菌-藻共培养体系通过种间相互作用(如物质交换)显著影响双方的代谢网络[25]。Villa等[26]研究发现,瓦恩兰德固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii)可以为富油新绿藻(Neochloris oleoabundans)提供无机氮以促进绿藻生长。本研究发现,与单培养组相比,H组中四氢嘧啶合成的关键前体L-天冬氨酸、L-谷氨酸及相关代谢物L-丙氨酸均显著上调(表1)。KEGG富集分析也显示“丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢”是受影响最显著的通路之一(图6A)。鉴于天冬氨酸是四氢嘧啶合成的碳骨架,而谷氨酸是主要的氨基供体[27],这些前体物质的积累表明共培养环境通过增加底物供应流向四氢嘧啶合成途径,从而有利于四氢嘧啶的积累(图7)。此外,中心碳代谢的活跃程度也发生了变化。代谢组学数据显示,糖酵解(Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, EMP)途径的末端产物丙酮酸以及三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA)中间体苹果酸在H组中显著上调(图5),且TCA循环通路显著富集(图6A)。EMP途径和TCA循环的活跃通常伴随能量(ATP)和还原力(NADH/NADPH)的生成[28],可为四氢嘧啶等次级代谢产物的合成提供必要的能量支持。值得注意的是,磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)中的代谢物(D-ribose-5-P)呈现下调趋势。Chen等[29]通过转录组学分析发现,盐胁迫下Halomonas cupida J9将碳通量更多地分配至EMP途径,通过草酰乙酸回补生成天冬氨酸,而非流向以核苷酸合成为主的PPP途径,从而保证了四氢嘧啶合成前体的供应。基于此,本研究表明共培养环境促使盐单胞菌将更多碳源通过EMP途径流向四氢嘧啶合成,限制流向PPP途径的非必要碳通量,最终实现了产量的提升。这种碳代谢流的重定向,结合胞内L-丝氨酸、L-赖氨酸等其他相容性溶质的同步积累,表明共培养体系可能通过协同扩充氨基酸库并优化碳源分配以应对环境胁迫并维持细胞稳态[30]
碳、氮源的协同供给不仅决定了细胞的能量状态,更是驱动代谢流向特定次级代谢产物汇聚的关键动力[31]。本研究通过优化MG培养基的营养组合条件(NaCl 1.0 mol/L,L-谷氨酸钠0.7 mol/L,葡萄糖10 g/L,蛋白胨15 g/L)揭示了特定碳氮配比对四氢嘧啶合成通量的驱动机制。经计算,该优化体系下的总碳氮物质的量比(C/N ratio)约为5:1。这一特定的碳氮物质的量比通过调控代谢流分配发挥关键作用:相对较低的C/N比有效抑制了碳骨架向脂质或聚羟基脂肪酸酯等储能物质的分流,促使更多代谢通量进入四氢嘧啶这一富氮化合物的合成路径[32]。首先,高浓度的L-谷氨酸钠(0.7 mol/L)在混合体系中扮演了双重角色,既作为氮源维持菌-藻混合物生长,更作为关键的氨基供体,通过转氨作用直接驱动前体L-2,4-二氨基丁酸(DABA)的生成[33]。这一结论与代谢组学结果相呼应,在H vs. X比较中,L-谷氨酰胺(L-glutamine)和L-谷氨酸(L-glutamic acid)显著上调,表明充足的胞内谷氨酸是促进四氢嘧啶合成的关键;同时,精氨酸生物合成(arginine biosynthesis)和氮代谢(nitrogen metabolism)通路的富集(图6A6B)揭示了共培养体系中氮素利用效率的提升。其次,适量葡萄糖(10 g/L)的添加为细胞提供了必要的ATP和NADPH,并通过增强糖酵解途径为TCA循环提供乙酰辅酶A[34]。然而,本研究发现葡萄糖浓度过高会导致生物量与四氢嘧啶合成出现“解偶联”现象(图2D),这可能是由于过量碳源导致碳元素更多地流向细胞壁合成或储备物质而非四氢嘧啶途径[35]。结合本研究代谢组学数据,在最佳条件下,TCA循环中的苹果酸和丙酮酸显著上调,说明优化后的碳源供给成功引导代谢流进入TCA循环,从而保证了四氢嘧啶合成骨架,即草酰乙酸的持续供应;此外,15 g/L蛋白胨提供了丰富的肽和生长因子,维持了微生物的基础代谢活性[36];而1.0 mol/L NaCl构建的高渗环境则是这一代谢网络的“总开关”,通过渗透胁迫信号激活四氢嘧啶合成基因簇(ectABC)的转录表达,使细胞将摄入的碳氮源转化为相容性溶质[37]。需要指出的是,本阶段研究尚未全面探究各因子间的交互作用,响应面分析法(response surface methodology, RSM)将是未来进行工业化放大研究时的重点工作。综上所述,菌-藻共培养体系并非简单叠加,而是通过重塑代谢网络,即强化中心碳代谢、扩充氨基酸前体库并优化氮素利用,从而构建了一个有利于四氢嘧啶积累的人工微生态系统。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32260019)
  • 青海中央引导地方科技发展资金(2024ZY015)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260028
  • 接收时间:2026-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-11
  • 录用日期:2026-02-07
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32260019)
国家自然科学基金(32260019)
The Qinghai Central Government Guide Local Science and Technology Development Fund(2024ZY015)
青海中央引导地方科技发展资金(2024ZY015)
作者信息
    1.青海大学 医学院,基础医学研究中心,青海 西宁
    2.青海大学 农林科学院,蔬菜遗传与生理重点实验室,青海 西宁
    3.青海大学 机械工程学院,材料科学与工程教研室,青海 西宁

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260028
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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