Article(id=1280817738058806031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767456000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770652800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineDate=1783300345195, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300345195, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300345195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300345195, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3654, endPage=3663, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817740118209296, articleId=1280817738058806031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Establishment of a rapid rescue method for foot-and-mouth disease virus based on infectious subgenomic amplicons, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A reverse genetics platform for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an indispensable tool for studying the pathogenic mechanism, protein function, and vaccine development. However, the conventional method of constructing infectious clones of FMDV is usually laborious, time-consuming, and costly. Objective To establish a new reverse genetics platform for rapid rescue of FMDV based on infectious subgenomic amplicons (ISA), which can avoid in vitro ligation and bacterial cloning. Methods The whole gene of FMDV O/GDLeiZh/2020 strain was divided into five overlapping fragments and then individually amplified by high-fidelity PCR. The T7 promoter sequence was added to the 5′-end gene and the poly(A) tail was introduced at the 3′-end. At the same time, the poly(C) sequence and molecular markers were introduced by fusion PCR. Two large fragments covering the whole gene of FMDV were obtained by multiple rounds of fusion PCR amplification and co-transfected into BSR/T7 cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. The cell supernatant was collected 72 h post-transfection. The rescued virus was identified and characterized by RT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, plaque assay, and one-step growth curve assay. Results The typical cytopathic effect of FMDV was observed 60 h post-transfection. Sequencing, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy collectively confirmed that infectious FMDV was successfully rescued. Furthermore, one-step growth curve and plaque assays demonstrated that the rescued virus retained replication kinetics and biological characteristics comparable to those of the wild-type virus. Conclusion This study successfully establishes a new method for rapid and efficient rescue of FMDV based on ISA, which will lay a solid foundation for further improving FMDV rescue technology and rapidly expanding its application in the future.

, authors=Yifan OUYANG1, 2, Pu SUN1, 2, Ruju LIU1, 2, 3, Yuqi PEI1, 2, 4, Zhiyu XIANG1, 2, Yimei CAO1, 2, Xingwen BAI1, 2, Xueqing MA1, 2, Kun LI1, 2, Hong YUAN1, 2, Zengjun LU1, 2, Pinghua LI1, 2, authorsList=Yifan OUYANG, Pu SUN, Ruju LIU, Yuqi PEI, Zhiyu XIANG, Yimei CAO, Xingwen BAI, Xueqing MA, Kun LI, Hong YUAN, Zengjun LU, Pinghua LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Pinghua LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMDV)反向遗传操作平台的建立是研究病毒致病机制、蛋白功能及疫苗研发等不可或缺的工具,但传统构建FMDV感染性克隆的方法通常操作繁琐、周期长且成本高。 目的 基于感染性亚基因组复制子(infectious subgenomic amplicons, ISA)技术,建立一种无需体外连接和细菌克隆、快速拯救FMDV的反向遗传学新方法。 方法 将FMDV O/GDLeiZh/2020株全基因组分为5个重叠片段进行高保真PCR扩增,在5′端加入T7启动子序列,在3′端引入poly(A)尾巴,同时用融合PCR技术引入poly(C)序列和分子标记。扩增片段经多轮融合PCR扩增,最终获得覆盖FMDV全基因组的2个大片段。将这2个片段共转染表达T7 RNA聚合酶的BSR/T7细胞,72 h后收集转染上清,并用RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光、电镜观察、噬斑试验和一步生长曲线对拯救病毒进行鉴定和特性分析。 结果 两片段转染细胞60 h后观察到典型的FMDV致细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE),序列测定、免疫荧光和电镜观察均证实拯救的病毒为FMDV,一步生长曲线和噬斑试验表明拯救病毒保持了与野生病毒相似的复制动力学和生物学特性。 结论 本研究成功建立了基于感染性PCR扩增子快速、高效拯救FMDV的新方法,为未来进一步完善病毒拯救技术体系并快速拓展其应用奠定了坚实基础。

, authors=欧阳一凡1, 2, 孙普1, 2, 刘茹菊1, 2, 3, 裴玉奇1, 2, 4, 向知玉1, 2, 曹轶梅1, 2, 白兴文1, 2, 马雪青1, 2, 李坤1, 2, 袁红1, 2, 卢曾军1, 2, 李平花1, 2, authorsList=欧阳一凡, 孙普, 刘茹菊, 裴玉奇, 向知玉, 曹轶梅, 白兴文, 马雪青, 李坤, 袁红, 卢曾军, 李平花, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李平花, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

欧阳一凡:实验操作、论文撰写;孙普:实验指导;刘茹菊:实验操作;裴玉奇:实验操作与数据处理;向知玉:图片处理;曹轶梅:软件程序;白兴文:论文指导;马雪青:协助实验操作;李坤:协助实验设计;袁红:论文修改;卢曾军:协助实验设计和论文审阅;李平花:提出概念、实验设计、论文指导。

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Lane M: 5 000 bp DNA marker; Lane 1: F1 fragment (406 bp); Lane 2: F2 fragment (980 bp); Lane 3: F3 fragment (1 018 bp); Lane 4: F4 fragment (1 690 bp); Lane 5: F5 fragment (4 232 bp)., figureFileSmall=0KXK4ADqDyA+C5ef3ke42g==, figureFileBig=68M7wWO/HOs1/uiEAh0WGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925158743445815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817738058806031, language=CN, label=图2, caption=FMDV基因组的PCR扩增, figureFileSmall=0KXK4ADqDyA+C5ef3ke42g==, figureFileBig=68M7wWO/HOs1/uiEAh0WGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925158814748984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817738058806031, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Fusion PCR of FMDV genome. 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Primers for amplification of FMDV whole genome

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Sequence position
F1(+)ACTAGTTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTTGAAAGGGGGGCTAGGGTC1-20
F1(-)AGCGACGGTGTTACTTGGGAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG371-406
F2(+)TCACCCGAAGCCCGCCTTTCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCC350-386
F2(-)AGTGACCTCCTCCAGGTTGTCGAT1 309-1 330
F3(+)ATCGACAACCTGGAGGAGGTCACT1 309-1 330
F3(-)TCTCTCTTGGTGATGGAACAcAGCTCCGGCACCATCGCCA2 288-2 327
F4(+)TGGCGATGGTGCCGGAGCTgTGTTCCATCACCAAGAGAGA2 288-2 327
F4(-)GTTGACAGTGTCTACCAGTTTCGT3 955-3 978
F5(+)TCCTGAACTTCGACCTCCTCAAGC3 869-3 892
F5(-)TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGAAATAGGAAGCGGGGAAAACC8 101-8 140
), ArticleFig(id=1280925160068845895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817738058806031, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

扩增FMDV全基因组的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Sequence position
F1(+)ACTAGTTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTTGAAAGGGGGGCTAGGGTC1-20
F1(-)AGCGACGGTGTTACTTGGGAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG371-406
F2(+)TCACCCGAAGCCCGCCTTTCACCCCCCCCCCCCCCC350-386
F2(-)AGTGACCTCCTCCAGGTTGTCGAT1 309-1 330
F3(+)ATCGACAACCTGGAGGAGGTCACT1 309-1 330
F3(-)TCTCTCTTGGTGATGGAACAcAGCTCCGGCACCATCGCCA2 288-2 327
F4(+)TGGCGATGGTGCCGGAGCTgTGTTCCATCACCAAGAGAGA2 288-2 327
F4(-)GTTGACAGTGTCTACCAGTTTCGT3 955-3 978
F5(+)TCCTGAACTTCGACCTCCTCAAGC3 869-3 892
F5(-)TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTGAAATAGGAAGCGGGGAAAACC8 101-8 140
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基于感染性亚基因扩增子的口蹄疫病毒快速拯救方法建立
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欧阳一凡 1, 2 , 孙普 1, 2 , 刘茹菊 1, 2, 3 , 裴玉奇 1, 2, 4 , 向知玉 1, 2 , 曹轶梅 1, 2 , 白兴文 1, 2 , 马雪青 1, 2 , 李坤 1, 2 , 袁红 1, 2 , 卢曾军 1, 2 , 李平花 1, 2
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2026,66(7): 3654-3663
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微生物学报 |技术与方法 2026 , 66 (7) : 3654 -3663
基于感染性亚基因扩增子的口蹄疫病毒快速拯救方法建立
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欧阳一凡1, 2, 孙普1, 2, 刘茹菊1, 2, 3, 裴玉奇1, 2, 4, 向知玉1, 2, 曹轶梅1, 2, 白兴文1, 2, 马雪青1, 2, 李坤1, 2, 袁红1, 2, 卢曾军1, 2, 李平花1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所/兰州大学 动物医学与生物安全学院,动物疫病防控全国重点实验室,甘肃 兰州
  • 2.甘肃省病原生物学基础学科研究中心,甘肃 兰州
  • 3.甘肃农业大学 动物医学院,甘肃 兰州
  • 4.甘肃农业大学 生命科学技术学院,甘肃 兰州
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

欧阳一凡:实验操作、论文撰写;孙普:实验指导;刘茹菊:实验操作;裴玉奇:实验操作与数据处理;向知玉:图片处理;曹轶梅:软件程序;白兴文:论文指导;马雪青:协助实验操作;李坤:协助实验设计;袁红:论文修改;卢曾军:协助实验设计和论文审阅;李平花:提出概念、实验设计、论文指导。

Establishment of a rapid rescue method for foot-and-mouth disease virus based on infectious subgenomic amplicons
Yifan OUYANG1, 2, Pu SUN1, 2, Ruju LIU1, 2, 3, Yuqi PEI1, 2, 4, Zhiyu XIANG1, 2, Yimei CAO1, 2, Xingwen BAI1, 2, Xueqing MA1, 2, Kun LI1, 2, Hong YUAN1, 2, Zengjun LU1, 2, Pinghua LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosafety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 2.Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 3.College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 4.College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260007
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口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMDV)反向遗传操作平台的建立是研究病毒致病机制、蛋白功能及疫苗研发等不可或缺的工具,但传统构建FMDV感染性克隆的方法通常操作繁琐、周期长且成本高。 目的 基于感染性亚基因组复制子(infectious subgenomic amplicons, ISA)技术,建立一种无需体外连接和细菌克隆、快速拯救FMDV的反向遗传学新方法。 方法 将FMDV O/GDLeiZh/2020株全基因组分为5个重叠片段进行高保真PCR扩增,在5′端加入T7启动子序列,在3′端引入poly(A)尾巴,同时用融合PCR技术引入poly(C)序列和分子标记。扩增片段经多轮融合PCR扩增,最终获得覆盖FMDV全基因组的2个大片段。将这2个片段共转染表达T7 RNA聚合酶的BSR/T7细胞,72 h后收集转染上清,并用RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光、电镜观察、噬斑试验和一步生长曲线对拯救病毒进行鉴定和特性分析。 结果 两片段转染细胞60 h后观察到典型的FMDV致细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE),序列测定、免疫荧光和电镜观察均证实拯救的病毒为FMDV,一步生长曲线和噬斑试验表明拯救病毒保持了与野生病毒相似的复制动力学和生物学特性。 结论 本研究成功建立了基于感染性PCR扩增子快速、高效拯救FMDV的新方法,为未来进一步完善病毒拯救技术体系并快速拓展其应用奠定了坚实基础。

口蹄疫病毒  /  感染性亚基因组复制子  /  快速拯救

A reverse genetics platform for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an indispensable tool for studying the pathogenic mechanism, protein function, and vaccine development. However, the conventional method of constructing infectious clones of FMDV is usually laborious, time-consuming, and costly. Objective To establish a new reverse genetics platform for rapid rescue of FMDV based on infectious subgenomic amplicons (ISA), which can avoid in vitro ligation and bacterial cloning. Methods The whole gene of FMDV O/GDLeiZh/2020 strain was divided into five overlapping fragments and then individually amplified by high-fidelity PCR. The T7 promoter sequence was added to the 5′-end gene and the poly(A) tail was introduced at the 3′-end. At the same time, the poly(C) sequence and molecular markers were introduced by fusion PCR. Two large fragments covering the whole gene of FMDV were obtained by multiple rounds of fusion PCR amplification and co-transfected into BSR/T7 cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. The cell supernatant was collected 72 h post-transfection. The rescued virus was identified and characterized by RT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, plaque assay, and one-step growth curve assay. Results The typical cytopathic effect of FMDV was observed 60 h post-transfection. Sequencing, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy collectively confirmed that infectious FMDV was successfully rescued. Furthermore, one-step growth curve and plaque assays demonstrated that the rescued virus retained replication kinetics and biological characteristics comparable to those of the wild-type virus. Conclusion This study successfully establishes a new method for rapid and efficient rescue of FMDV based on ISA, which will lay a solid foundation for further improving FMDV rescue technology and rapidly expanding its application in the future.

foot-and-mouth disease virus  /  infectious subgenomic amplicons  /  rapid rescue
欧阳一凡, 孙普, 刘茹菊, 裴玉奇, 向知玉, 曹轶梅, 白兴文, 马雪青, 李坤, 袁红, 卢曾军, 李平花. 基于感染性亚基因扩增子的口蹄疫病毒快速拯救方法建立. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3654 -3663 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260007
Yifan OUYANG, Pu SUN, Ruju LIU, Yuqi PEI, Zhiyu XIANG, Yimei CAO, Xingwen BAI, Xueqing MA, Kun LI, Hong YUAN, Zengjun LU, Pinghua LI. Establishment of a rapid rescue method for foot-and-mouth disease virus based on infectious subgenomic amplicons[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3654 -3663 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260007
反向遗传学(reverse genetics, RG)操作是一种在DNA水平上对病毒基因组进行编辑的关键技术,是指通过构建病毒的全长感染性cDNA克隆,实现在DNA水平上对病毒特定基因进行编辑(如敲除、插入、点突变和基因置换等)[1-2],进而拯救重组病毒,研究基因改变对表型的影响,从而为阐明病毒蛋白功能、揭示致病机制及开发新型疫苗等提供重要研究手段[3]
传统RNA病毒感染性克隆的构建通常需分段扩增病毒基因组,并依赖酶切-连接方法将各片段依次组装进质粒载体中。该方法不仅步骤繁琐、耗时,而且成功率常受限于可用酶切位点及大片段的连接效率;此外,部分病毒基因对宿主菌的毒性常导致克隆不稳定,难以获得完整克隆[4-5]。上述因素严重制约了多种RNA病毒反向遗传操作技术的快速发展。
近年来,随着无缝克隆与体外组装技术的发展,基于感染性亚基因组复制子(infectious subgenomic amplicons, ISA)的无细菌克隆技术应运而生。该技术将经过末端修饰[含启动子、HDV与poly(A)信号]的病毒基因组重叠片段直接转染易感细胞,利用细胞内同源重组机制在体内高效组装并拯救病毒。ISA技术由Aubry等[6]首次建立,并成功用于黄病毒科病毒(日本脑炎病毒、西尼罗河病毒、蜱传脑炎病毒、登革病毒、黄热病病毒)、基孔肯雅病毒和柯萨奇病毒等的拯救。此后,该技术被广泛应用于多种RNA病毒的研究中[7-9],包括发光病毒株的构建[7]、疫苗候选株的研制[8]以及病毒致病机制的解析[9]等。ISA技术的发展不仅有效规避了传统方法中对细菌克隆的依赖,而且显著提升了反向遗传学操作的效率与稳定性,为加速黄病毒、冠状病毒等RNA病毒的基础研究与疫苗开发提供了新的技术手段。
口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus, FMDV)是烈性传染病——口蹄疫(foot-and-mouth disease, FMD)的病原。该病毒基因组为单股正链RNA[10],可直接作为mRNA进行翻译,无需DNA中间体,这一特性致使在RNA水平直接操作病毒基因较为困难,从而限制了对其基因功能与表型关系的研究[11]。RNA病毒反向遗传操作技术的发展为攻克此难题提供了有效工具,极大地推动了FMDV的基础与应用研究[12]。截至目前,FMDV的反向遗传学研究仍完全依赖传统的多片段克隆策略组装病毒全长cDNA克隆,制约了相关基础研究的推进与应用开发的效率[13-14]。鉴于此,本研究利用ISA技术建立一种快速、高效且无需细菌克隆的FMDV反向遗传操作技术,以期为进一步拓展其基础与应用研究奠定基础。
O型FMDV O/GDLeiZh/2020[15]及BHK-21细胞由中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所宿主抗病毒感染与生物学团队提供,稳定表达T7 RNA聚合酶的BSR/T7细胞为Karl-Klaus Conzelmann教授惠赠[16]
将FMDV O/GDLeiZh/2020株全基因组分为5个片段,在扩增第1个片段的上游引物5′端添加6个冗余碱基和T7 RNA聚合酶启动子序列,下游引物末端引入15个G碱基,在扩增第2个片段的上游引物5′端引入15个C碱基,在扩增第3个片段的3′末端和第4个片段的5′端引入定点突变(消除Sac I酶切位点作为分子标记),在扩增第5个片段的3′端添加含17个T的多聚腺苷酸尾巴。基因组分段如图1所示,引物序列见表1
用RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen公司)按说明书提取FMDV O/GDLeiZh/2020株病毒总RNA,以5个负链引物合成第一链cDNA。以第一链cDNA为模板,分别用F1(+)/F1(-)、F2(+)/F2(-)、F3(+)/F3(-)、F4(+)/F4(-)和F5(+)/F5(-)引物扩增含该病毒全基因组的5个片段,分别命名为F1-F5片段。随后以F1和F2扩增片段为模板,以F1(+)/F2(-)为引物融合扩增F12片段;以F12、F3和F4为模板,以F1(+)和F4(-)为引物融合扩增F1234片段。采用PrimeSTAR® HS DNA Polymerase试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)进行扩增。反应体系:5×PrimeSTAR Buffer 10 μL,dNTP Mixture (2.5 mmol/L) 4 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.5 µL,PrimeSTAR HS DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/μL) 0.5 μL,cDNA 5 μL,RNase Free dH2O 29.5 μL。扩增程序:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性50 s,58 ℃退火50 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸8 min。将PCR产物经1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳鉴定后,用DNA凝胶纯化回收试剂盒[宝生物工程(大连)有限公司]纯化目的DNA片段。
将BSR/T7细胞铺于六孔板中,待细胞密度达到80%-90%后用脂质体LipofectamineTM 2000 (Invitrogen公司)介导转染,具体步骤如下:(1) 取灭菌的1.5 mL离心管,加入250 μL Opti-MEM溶液(Gibco公司)和1.5 μg F1234及F5片段,吹打混匀;另取一管加入250 μL Opti-MEM溶液和20 μL脂质体,轻柔混匀,室温放置5 min后将2管混合,继续室温孵育20 min;(2) 用PBS (pH 7.4,BI公司)溶液温和洗涤细胞2次,每孔加入1 mL Opti-MEM溶液;(3) 将PCR片段与脂质体复合物缓慢加入BSR/T7细胞中,轻柔混匀,置于含5% CO2的37 ℃培养箱中培养;(4) 转染5 h后,加入1 mL GMEM (Gibco公司)完全培养基[含10%胎牛血清(BI公司)],置于含5% CO2的37 ℃培养箱中继续培养,每日观察致细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE)。
取转染细胞上清,按RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen公司)操作说明书提取总RNA,用F3(+)和F4(-)引物进行RT-PCR扩增F34基因片段,采用PrimeScript One Step RT-PCR Kit v2 (TaKaRa公司)进行扩增。反应体系(50 μL):PrimeScript 1 Step Enzyme Mix 2 μL,2×One Step Buffer 25 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,RNA 5 μL,RNase Free dH2O 16 μL。扩增程序:50 ℃逆转录30 min;94 ℃酶激活2 min;94 ℃变性30 s,68 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸3 min,共30个循环。将扩增产物纯化回收后送上海桑尼生物科技有限公司测序。
将BHK-21细胞铺于六孔板,待细胞生长至70%时接种转染上清,同时设正常细胞对照。37 ℃孵育6 h后,用4%多聚甲醛4 ℃固定20 min,PBS漂洗3次,Triton X-100室温通透10 min,PBS洗涤3次;加入FMDV 3A单抗3A24 (1:200稀释),37 ℃孵育1 h,PBS洗涤3次,加入二抗[山羊抗小鼠IgG-FITC (BOSTER公司) 1:400稀释],37 ℃作用1 h,洗去二抗后用荧光显微镜观察结果。
采用BHK-21细胞分别繁殖亲本病毒和拯救病毒各100 mL,冻融2-3次后,12 000 r/min离心1 h去除细胞碎片,上清加BEI (Sigma-Aldrich公司)灭活。灭活完成后,4 ℃、35 000 r/min离心3 h,沉淀用PBS (pH 7.6)缓冲液重悬,磷钨酸负染后在电镜下观察病毒粒子形态。
将第6代亲本病毒和拯救病毒分别进行10倍系列稀释,取10-3、10-4、10-5稀释度的病毒液(200 μL/孔)分别接种长满BHK-21细胞的六孔板,37 ℃孵育,每15 min轻轻摇动1次,1 h后加入2 mL黄芪胶混合液(2×MEM:1.2%黄芪胶=1:1),摇匀后静置培养48 h。加入固定液(甲醇:丙酮=1:1),-20 ℃固定3-4 h,经0.1%结晶紫室温染色2 h后观察病毒噬斑表型,并计算病毒噬斑形成单位(PFU/mL)。
将第6代拯救病毒和亲本病毒稀释至5×106 PFU/mL,分别接种BHK-21细胞,37 ℃孵育1 h,弃去未结合的病毒液,用MEM (Gibco公司)洗涤2次,加5 mL MEM培养基继续培养。分别于接种后4、8、12、20 h收取样品,反复冻融3次,通过噬斑法[18]在BHK-21细胞上测定各时间点的病毒滴度(PFU/mL)。实验重复2次,并绘制一步生长曲线。
以FMDV O/GDLeiZh/2020株病毒总RNA合成的cDNA为模板,用5对引物扩增覆盖FMDV全基因组的5个片段,电泳结果显示成功扩增到与预期大小相符的5条目的条带(图2);以纯化的F1和F2扩增片段为模板,以F1(+)和F2(-)为引物融合扩增F12片段;以F12、F3和F4为模板,以F1(+)和F4(-)为引物融合扩增F1234片段,电泳结果显示成功获得与预期大小相符的目的条带(图3)。
F1234和F5片段共转染BSR/T7细胞,60 h后细胞出现明显的FMDV致病变效应,表现为细胞变大、变圆,呈纤维状分布(图4),而对照细胞未出现任何变化。转染细胞孵育至72 h后收获细胞,反复冻融3次后接种BHK-21细胞连续传代。
以转染上清提取的总RNA为模板,用F3(+)和F4(-)引物成功扩增出2 708 bp的目的条带,与预期相符(图5)。测序峰图结果表明,拯救的重组病毒含有预期的分子标记(图6),说明拯救的病毒来源于2个亚基因组复制子的共转染,而非亲本病毒污染。
用FMDV特异的3A单抗检测重组病毒3A蛋白的表达。结果表明,亲本病毒与两片段共转染拯救的病毒感染的BHK-21细胞均能与FMDV 3A单抗反应,出现特异的绿色荧光,而对照细胞与3A单抗作用未见任何可见荧光(图7),说明拯救的病毒为FMDV。
亲本病毒与拯救病毒经磷钨酸负染后在电镜下观察,结果显示拯救病毒与亲本病毒形态一致,均为直径约25 nm的球形病毒粒子,与FMDV的形态完全一致(图8)。
拯救病毒与亲本病毒的噬斑试验结果表明,2株FMDV均可在BHK-21细胞上形成大小不一的噬斑,且噬斑形态相似(图9A)。
病毒生长动力学结果表明,两片段共转染拯救的重组病毒与亲本病毒具有相似的复制动力学(图9B)。
FMDV基因组全长约8 400 bp,若无特殊结构且无须引入分子标记,理论上可将其分为2个覆盖全基因组并带有重叠区的亚基因组复制子,直接转染即可拯救病毒。然而,FMDV基因组5′端非编码区含有一段连续的多聚胞嘧啶序列[poly(C)]特殊结构,长度通常在100-400 bp之间[12]。该区域G+C含量极高,使用常规RT-PCR难以直接从病毒RNA中扩增获得[19],通常需通过融合PCR或基因合成方式引入。前期研究表明,将poly(C)序列长度控制在12-17个核苷酸之间对拯救病毒的毒力无明显影响[20]。此外,为区分拯救病毒与野生型病毒,通常还需在病毒编码区内引入分子标记。同时,在融合PCR过程中若2个模板片段长度差异过大也会显著降低扩增效率[21]。基于上述考虑,本研究首先将全长基因组划分为5个具有重叠序列的片段(F1-F5)分别进行扩增,随后通过融合PCR将F1-F4连接为一个较长的片段,再与F5共转染细胞进行病毒拯救。该分段扩增与融合策略不仅规避了高G+C区域和长片段扩增的技术瓶颈,也减少了最终转染所需的DNA片段数量,从而有效提高了病毒拯救效率。
基于感染性亚基因组复制子(infectious subgenomic amplicons, ISA)的无克隆技术为RNA病毒反向遗传学研究提供了高效技术平台,尤其适用于基因组在大肠杆菌中不稳定或具有毒性的病毒。在该策略中,通常在病毒基因组5′端上游插入人巨细胞病毒(CMV)或T7启动子,并在3′末端引入丁型肝炎病毒核酶(HDV)序列与SV40多聚腺苷酸化信号(pA)[6],以便在细胞核内转录出带有完整poly(A)尾的病毒RNA,并促进其向细胞质转运[22]。然而,本团队前期基于常规克隆方法构建FMDV感染性克隆的研究表明,其拯救过程对转录终止信号的依赖程度较低,仅需在5′端引入T7启动子,在基因组3′末端直接添加poly(A)尾及紧随其后的限制性内切酶位点(用于线性化全长),无需额外的核酶或多聚腺苷酸化信号即可实现病毒的高效拯救[18]。因此,本研究采用了该简化设计,在覆盖全基因组的亚基因组复制子中5′端添加T7启动子序列,3′端添加一段含17 nt的poly(A)尾。经验证,将2个覆盖全基因组的亚基因组复制子共转染至表达T7 RNA聚合酶的BSR/T7细胞后可成功拯救出具有感染性的FMDV。此外,本研究同时进行了3个亚基因组复制子(F123+F4+F5)的共转染,结果也能成功拯救FMDV,但病毒CPE出现的时间明显滞后于两片段转染。事实上,对于基因组更大的病毒,如新型冠状病毒,已有研究通过7个甚至更多片段实现拯救,但效率随片段数增加而降低[23]
科学技术的发展通常具有双面性,反向遗传学技术也不例外。基于感染性亚基因组复制子(ISA)的无克隆病毒拯救技术在新发或突发病毒性传染病的应急研究中具有不可替代的速度优势[22]。然而,该技术也存在固有的局限性,尤其在重复性以及单个基因突变引起表型变化等研究中,稳定可靠的传统克隆平台依然不可或缺[24]。因此,ISA病毒拯救技术与传统全长感染性克隆技术并非相互替代,而是功能互补、各有侧重的工具,研究者应根据具体研究目标和时间要求灵活选择应用。
本研究基于ISA技术成功构建了FMDV高效拯救体系。该方案完全避免了体外连接及细菌克隆等繁琐步骤,可在2-4 d内实现病毒的快速拯救,为FMDV疫苗候选株的快速研发及疫情株的变异评估等提供了高效、便捷的技术平台。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1802501)
  • 兰州市创新创业项目(2024-HL-7)
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2026年第66卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260007
  • 接收时间:2026-01-04
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-04
  • 录用日期:2026-02-10
基金
The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1802501)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1802501)
The Lanzhou Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project(2024-HL-7)
兰州市创新创业项目(2024-HL-7)
作者信息
    1.中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所/兰州大学 动物医学与生物安全学院,动物疫病防控全国重点实验室,甘肃 兰州
    2.甘肃省病原生物学基础学科研究中心,甘肃 兰州
    3.甘肃农业大学 动物医学院,甘肃 兰州
    4.甘肃农业大学 生命科学技术学院,甘肃 兰州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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