Article(id=1280817651723251788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250972, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766592000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774886400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-31, onlineDate=1783300324612, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300324612, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300324612, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300324612, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3382, endPage=3393, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817652104933453, articleId=1280817651723251788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid protein pORF5 induces mitophagy and mitochondrial fission by activating Drp1, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid protein pORF5 on cellular mitophagy and mitochondrial fission and to elucidate whether its mechanism is related to Drp1 activation. Methods HeLa cells stably expressing pORF5 and control cells were constructed by lentiviral transfection. After serum starvation treatment, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins—microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1, and p62—were determined by Western blotting. Co-localization of LC3 and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20) was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence. Mitochondria were stained with MitoTracker Red CMXRos, and mitochondrial morphology was observed and analyzed through confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) phosphorylation and its translocation to mitochondria were examined by Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. To explore the role of Drp1 in autophagy and mitochondrial fission, we pretreated cells with the Drp1-specific mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1). Changes in mitochondrial morphology and Drp1 translocation were evaluated by confocal microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. Then, Western blotting was employed to determine the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins, and indirect immunofluorescence assay to analyze LC3 fluorescence intensity and its co-localization with TOMM20. Results Compared with the control group, pORF5 significantly upregulated the expression of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1, downregulated the expression of p62, and enhanced the co-localization of LC3 and TOMM20. pORF5 expression led to the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network structure. It promoted Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser616 and enhanced Drp1 translocation to mitochondria. Inhibition of Drp1 with Mdivi-1 attenuated Drp1 phosphorylation and translocation, resulting in elongated mitochondrial morphology. In addition, the Mdivi-1 inhibitor group showed downregulated expression of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1, upregulated the expression of p62, and attenuated co-localization of LC3 and TOMM20. Conclusion The C. trachomatis plasmid protein pORF5 may induce mitophagy and mitochondrial fission by promoting Drp1 phosphorylation and its mitochondrial translocation.

, authors=Yan ZOU1, Liuliang GUO1, Boru TANG1, Jun ZHANG1, Yuzhen ZHOU2, Silu GONG3, authorsList=Yan ZOU, Liuliang GUO, Boru TANG, Jun ZHANG, Yuzhen ZHOU, Silu GONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Silu GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1280817655137415258, articleId=1280817651723251788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=沙眼衣原体pORF5质粒蛋白通过激活Drp1诱导细胞线粒体自噬与线粒体分裂, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探讨沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis)质粒蛋白pORF5对细胞线粒体自噬及线粒体分裂的影响,并阐明其机制是否与Drp1激活相关。 方法 采用慢病毒转染技术构建稳定表达pORF5基因的HeLa细胞株及对照细胞株,经血清饥饿处理后,采用Western blotting检测自噬相关蛋白微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, LC3)、Beclin-1和泛素结合蛋白p62的表达水平,利用间接免疫荧光检测LC3与线粒体外膜转位酶20 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20, TOMM20)共定位水平;采用MitoTracker Red CMXRos对线粒体进行染色,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察线粒体形态并分析相关形态参数;通过Western blotting和间接免疫荧光检测动力相关蛋白1 (dynamin-related protein 1, Drp1)的磷酸化水平及其在线粒体上的转位情况。为探究Drp1在细胞自噬和线粒体分裂中的作用,采用激光共聚焦及间接免疫荧光评估Drp1特异性线粒体分裂抑制剂1 (mitochondrial division inhibitor 1, Mdivi-1)预处理后细胞线粒体形态变化及Drp1转位情况,采用Western blotting检测自噬相关蛋白的表达水平,并运用间接免疫荧光法分析LC3的荧光强度及其与TOMM20的共定位情况。 结果 与对照组相比,pORF5可显著上调LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin-1蛋白表达,下调p62表达,并增强LC3与TOMM20的共定位;pORF5表达导致线粒体网络结构碎片化;pORF5能促进Drp1 Ser616位点磷酸化,并增强Drp1在线粒体上的转位;使用Mdivi-1抑制Drp1后可减弱Drp1磷酸化与转位,使线粒体形态趋于延长;Mdivi-1抑制剂处理组LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin-1表达下调,p62表达上调,且LC3与TOMM20共定位减弱。 结论 沙眼衣原体pORF5蛋白通过促进Drp1磷酸化及线粒体转位,进而诱导细胞线粒体自噬与线粒体分裂。

, authors=邹燕1, 郭柳亮1, 唐伯如1, 张君1, 周玉珍2, 龚思露3, authorsList=邹燕, 郭柳亮, 唐伯如, 张君, 周玉珍, 龚思露, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=龚思露, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

邹燕:实验设计、数据采集与分析、论文撰写、基金支持;郭柳亮:数据整理与分析;唐伯如:实验指导、经费管理;张君:图表制作;周玉珍:统计学分析;龚思露:实验方案指导、论文审阅与修改、基金支持。

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A: Western blotting analysis of protein expression levels of LC3, Beclin-1, and p62; B: Indirect immunofluorescence detection of LC3 expression and mitochondrial co-localization., figureFileSmall=r8ntt71etzIV4uHSYsZq0A==, figureFileBig=1z67voNdsoO39zCviP0I+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925310451421636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=CN, label=图1, caption=pORF5质粒蛋白对HeLa细胞自噬的影响, figureFileSmall=r8ntt71etzIV4uHSYsZq0A==, figureFileBig=1z67voNdsoO39zCviP0I+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925310547890629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effect of pORF5 plasmid protein on mitochondrial fission. A: Mitochondrial morphology observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy; B: Analysis of mitochondrial morphological parameters (mean branch length, branch length, branches, branch junctions, mean area, mean perimeter)., figureFileSmall=g2EiggdiIsq9G7xGXBx5lA==, figureFileBig=wYBdHmFqNokdtngsc1cBGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925310623388102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=CN, label=图2, caption=pORF5质粒蛋白对线粒体分裂的影响, figureFileSmall=g2EiggdiIsq9G7xGXBx5lA==, figureFileBig=wYBdHmFqNokdtngsc1cBGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925310682108359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=pORF5 plasmid protein induces Drp1 phosphorylation and translocation. A: Western blotting analysis of total Drp1 and p-Drp1 (Ser616) protein expression levels; B: Detection of Drp1 translocation by indirect immunofluorescence., figureFileSmall=eVGvBdkz8UUFEYVFa3gKwQ==, figureFileBig=M1f1zUq83Jlu4kfjwaj+hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925312368218568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=CN, label=图3, caption=pORF5质粒蛋白诱导Drp1磷酸化及转位, figureFileSmall=eVGvBdkz8UUFEYVFa3gKwQ==, figureFileBig=M1f1zUq83Jlu4kfjwaj+hQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925312477270473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=pORF5 induces mitochondrial fission via Drp1. A: Western blotting analysis of total Drp1 and p-Drp1 (Ser616) protein expression levels; B: Indirect immunofluorescence detection of Drp1 translocation; C: Mitochondrial morphology observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy after pretreatment with the Mdivi-1 inhibitor; D: Analysis of mitochondrial morphological parameters (mean branch length, branch length, branches, branch junctions, mean area, mean perimeter)., figureFileSmall=pY5MeZFBqNEn1aKvot/EJA==, figureFileBig=6JUYW5xkskbLP7bm3ZoD9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925312548573642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=CN, label=图4, caption=pORF5通过Drp1诱导线粒体分裂, figureFileSmall=pY5MeZFBqNEn1aKvot/EJA==, figureFileBig=6JUYW5xkskbLP7bm3ZoD9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925312632459723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of Drp1 on pORF5 plasmid protein-induced autophagy. A: Western blotting analysis of the protein expression levels of LC3, Beclin-1, and p62 after pretreatment with the Mdivi-1 inhibitor; B: Detection of LC3 expression and localization by indirect immunofluorescence after pretreatment with the Mdivi-1 inhibitor., figureFileSmall=vGyiEqqwbj3o5RzMb34i0g==, figureFileBig=eaq/isWpBTjJoqh5qvas6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925312712151500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Drp1pORF5质粒蛋白诱导自噬的影响, figureFileSmall=vGyiEqqwbj3o5RzMb34i0g==, figureFileBig=eaq/isWpBTjJoqh5qvas6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925312829592013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817651723251788, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Schematic diagram of Chlamydia trachomatis pORF5 plasmid protein induces mitophagy and mitochondrial fission via Drp1 activation. C. trachomatis secretes the pORF5 protein into the host cell cytoplasm. pORF5 promotes the phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission key protein Drp1 at its Ser616 site by activating it. The activated Drp1 is recruited to the mitochondrial outer membrane, mediating excessive mitochondrial fission and generating functionally impaired fragments. 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沙眼衣原体pORF5质粒蛋白通过激活Drp1诱导细胞线粒体自噬与线粒体分裂
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邹燕 1 , 郭柳亮 1 , 唐伯如 1 , 张君 1 , 周玉珍 2 , 龚思露 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3382-3393
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3382 -3393
沙眼衣原体pORF5质粒蛋白通过激活Drp1诱导细胞线粒体自噬与线粒体分裂
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邹燕1, 郭柳亮1, 唐伯如1, 张君1, 周玉珍2, 龚思露3
作者信息
  • 1.湘潭市妇幼保健院 检验科,湖南 湘潭
  • 2.湘潭市妇幼保健院 遗传科,湖南 湘潭
  • 3.湖南中医药大学第二附属医院 检验科,湖南 长沙
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

邹燕:实验设计、数据采集与分析、论文撰写、基金支持;郭柳亮:数据整理与分析;唐伯如:实验指导、经费管理;张君:图表制作;周玉珍:统计学分析;龚思露:实验方案指导、论文审阅与修改、基金支持。

Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid protein pORF5 induces mitophagy and mitochondrial fission by activating Drp1
Yan ZOU1, Liuliang GUO1, Boru TANG1, Jun ZHANG1, Yuzhen ZHOU2, Silu GONG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Clinical Laboratory, Xiangtan Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
  • 2.Department of Genetic Medicine, Xiangtan Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, China
  • 3.Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250972
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目的 探讨沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis)质粒蛋白pORF5对细胞线粒体自噬及线粒体分裂的影响,并阐明其机制是否与Drp1激活相关。 方法 采用慢病毒转染技术构建稳定表达pORF5基因的HeLa细胞株及对照细胞株,经血清饥饿处理后,采用Western blotting检测自噬相关蛋白微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, LC3)、Beclin-1和泛素结合蛋白p62的表达水平,利用间接免疫荧光检测LC3与线粒体外膜转位酶20 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20, TOMM20)共定位水平;采用MitoTracker Red CMXRos对线粒体进行染色,利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察线粒体形态并分析相关形态参数;通过Western blotting和间接免疫荧光检测动力相关蛋白1 (dynamin-related protein 1, Drp1)的磷酸化水平及其在线粒体上的转位情况。为探究Drp1在细胞自噬和线粒体分裂中的作用,采用激光共聚焦及间接免疫荧光评估Drp1特异性线粒体分裂抑制剂1 (mitochondrial division inhibitor 1, Mdivi-1)预处理后细胞线粒体形态变化及Drp1转位情况,采用Western blotting检测自噬相关蛋白的表达水平,并运用间接免疫荧光法分析LC3的荧光强度及其与TOMM20的共定位情况。 结果 与对照组相比,pORF5可显著上调LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin-1蛋白表达,下调p62表达,并增强LC3与TOMM20的共定位;pORF5表达导致线粒体网络结构碎片化;pORF5能促进Drp1 Ser616位点磷酸化,并增强Drp1在线粒体上的转位;使用Mdivi-1抑制Drp1后可减弱Drp1磷酸化与转位,使线粒体形态趋于延长;Mdivi-1抑制剂处理组LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin-1表达下调,p62表达上调,且LC3与TOMM20共定位减弱。 结论 沙眼衣原体pORF5蛋白通过促进Drp1磷酸化及线粒体转位,进而诱导细胞线粒体自噬与线粒体分裂。

沙眼衣原体  /  pORF5质粒蛋白  /  Drp1  /  线粒体自噬  /  线粒体分裂

Objective To investigate the effects of Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid protein pORF5 on cellular mitophagy and mitochondrial fission and to elucidate whether its mechanism is related to Drp1 activation. Methods HeLa cells stably expressing pORF5 and control cells were constructed by lentiviral transfection. After serum starvation treatment, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins—microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1, and p62—were determined by Western blotting. Co-localization of LC3 and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20) was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence. Mitochondria were stained with MitoTracker Red CMXRos, and mitochondrial morphology was observed and analyzed through confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) phosphorylation and its translocation to mitochondria were examined by Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. To explore the role of Drp1 in autophagy and mitochondrial fission, we pretreated cells with the Drp1-specific mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1). Changes in mitochondrial morphology and Drp1 translocation were evaluated by confocal microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. Then, Western blotting was employed to determine the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins, and indirect immunofluorescence assay to analyze LC3 fluorescence intensity and its co-localization with TOMM20. Results Compared with the control group, pORF5 significantly upregulated the expression of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1, downregulated the expression of p62, and enhanced the co-localization of LC3 and TOMM20. pORF5 expression led to the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network structure. It promoted Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser616 and enhanced Drp1 translocation to mitochondria. Inhibition of Drp1 with Mdivi-1 attenuated Drp1 phosphorylation and translocation, resulting in elongated mitochondrial morphology. In addition, the Mdivi-1 inhibitor group showed downregulated expression of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1, upregulated the expression of p62, and attenuated co-localization of LC3 and TOMM20. Conclusion The C. trachomatis plasmid protein pORF5 may induce mitophagy and mitochondrial fission by promoting Drp1 phosphorylation and its mitochondrial translocation.

Chlamydia trachomatis  /  plasmid protein pORF5  /  Drp1  /  mitophagy  /  mitochondrial fission
邹燕, 郭柳亮, 唐伯如, 张君, 周玉珍, 龚思露. 沙眼衣原体pORF5质粒蛋白通过激活Drp1诱导细胞线粒体自噬与线粒体分裂. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3382 -3393 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250972
Yan ZOU, Liuliang GUO, Boru TANG, Jun ZHANG, Yuzhen ZHOU, Silu GONG. Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid protein pORF5 induces mitophagy and mitochondrial fission by activating Drp1[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3382 -3393 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250972
沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis)是一种最常见的性传播病原体,具有19个血清型,致病谱广泛,可引起致盲性沙眼(A-C)、泌尿生殖道感染(D-K)及性病淋巴肉芽肿(L1-L3)等疾病[1]。临床上,C. trachomatis生殖道感染通常症状隐匿,易延误诊治而导致盆腔炎、不孕不育、异位妊娠等严重并发症[2]。此外,C. trachomatis已被证实是协同人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus, HPV)促进宫颈癌发生发展的风险因子[3],并可增强人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)和单纯疱疹病毒(herpes simplex virus, HSV)的感染和传播能力[4]。目前C. trachomatis的致病机制尚未完全阐明,因此深入探究其与宿主的相互作用机制对有效预防和控制C. trachomatis感染性疾病具有重要意义。
C. trachomatis为革兰氏阴性、具有独特双向发育周期的专性胞内寄生菌[5]。为了顺利完成胞内复制,C. trachomatis需依赖宿主代谢获取营养物质,并调控宿主信号途径以逃避免疫清除[6]。线粒体作为宿主细胞代谢与信号转导的核心枢纽,不仅提供能量,还广泛参与凋亡、自噬、氧化应激及钙稳态等重要生物学过程[7]。因此,线粒体是C. trachomatis感染过程中操纵宿主细胞的重要靶标[8]。研究表明,C. trachomatis在感染晚期可通过诱导线粒体自噬获取营养,从而实现自身增殖与持续存活[9]。另有证据显示,C. trachomatis感染晚期伴随线粒体分裂[10],但其如何协调调控线粒体分裂与自噬的分子机制尚不明确。
C. trachomatis通过分泌效应蛋白与宿主发生相互作用,进而调控宿主细胞信号通路[11]。其中,pORF5是本课题组鉴定的唯一由C. trachomatis质粒编码的分泌性毒力蛋白,可介导多种宿主信号通路[12-13]。前期研究发现,pORF5能够通过上调HMGB1、激活未折叠蛋白反应诱导线粒体自噬[14-15],但其在自噬过程中是否调控线粒体分裂的具体机制尚不明确。Drp1是调控线粒体分裂的关键蛋白[16],研究证实Drp1 Ser616位点磷酸化可增强其活性并促进其向线粒体转位,进而诱导线粒体分裂[17],而Drp1向线粒体的转位是启动线粒体自噬的重要步骤[18]。因此,本文探究pORF5是否通过Drp1调控线粒体自噬和分裂。
为探究pORF5对线粒体自噬和线粒体分裂的调控作用,本研究构建了稳定过表达pORF5的HeLa细胞株,采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察线粒体形态变化,利用间接免疫荧光检测自噬水平,并采用Western blotting分析线粒体分裂相关蛋白的磷酸化状态及自噬标志蛋白的表达;进一步通过免疫荧光技术监测Drp1的线粒体定位情况,并结合Drp1抑制剂评价其对线粒体分裂与自噬过程的影响,从而系统揭示pORF5在C. trachomatis调控细胞线粒体分裂和自噬中的作用与机制。
HeLa细胞株,旗赛生物科技(武汉)有限公司;pORF5和对照慢病毒,汉恒生物科技(上海)有限公司。
DMEM培养基、胎牛血清,Keycell公司;线粒体分裂抑制剂1 (mitochondrial division inhibitor-1, Mdivi-1),InvivoChem公司;PMSF、RIPA裂解液、ECL化学发光试剂,Servicebio公司;BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒,广州捷倍斯生物科技有限公司;MitoTracker Red CMXRos、DAPI,HRP标记羊抗兔二抗,Beyotime公司;LC3-B抗体、Beclin-1抗体,Abcam公司;兔抗p62抗体,CST公司;小鼠单抗TOMM20、兔多抗Drp1,Proteintech公司;β-actin抗体、p-Drp1磷酸化抗体,Affinity公司;HRP标记羊抗小鼠二抗,武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;CY3-羊抗兔IgG,Boster公司;CY5-羊抗小鼠IgG,塞维尔生物科技有限公司。
激光共聚焦显微镜、荧光显微镜,奥林巴斯公司。
HeLa细胞接种于24孔板后,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养过夜。待细胞融合度达70%-80%时,以感染复数为10的剂量分别加入pORF5慢病毒或对照慢病毒。感染6 h后,弃去病毒液并更换为新鲜完全培养基。病毒感染后72 h,使用倒置荧光显微镜观察荧光表达情况。之后,更换为含有2 μg/mL嘌呤霉素的培养基进行抗性筛选。
细胞接种于含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素溶液的高糖DMEM培养基中,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。待细胞融合度达80%-90%时进行相应实验处理。其中,部分实验根据需要对pORF5-HeLa细胞进行抑制剂预处理:使用10 μmol/L的Drp1选择性抑制剂Mdivi-1预处理1 h。
采用RIPA裂解液裂解各细胞样本后收集细胞总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度。蛋白样品经高温变性后,通过SDS-PAGE进行分离,随后转至PVDF膜。使用含5%脱脂牛奶的TBST溶液室温封闭2 h。之后根据实验需求加入LC3-B、Beclin-1、p62、p-Drp1、Drp1一抗,于4 ℃孵育过夜。次日经TBST洗涤后,将膜与HRP标记的羊抗兔或羊抗鼠二抗于37 ℃孵育1 h,蛋白条带采用化学发光法进行显影。
取对数生长期、生长状态良好的细胞,以1×105个/孔接种于12孔板中的细胞爬片上,37 ℃培养过夜。每孔加入MitoTracker Red CMXRos染料和DAPI染色工作液,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下孵育30 min。采用激光共聚焦显微镜及其配套软件进行图像采集,使用ImageJ软件的Mitochondrial Analyzer插件分析线粒体形态参数。
将细胞以每孔1×105个的密度接种于12孔板中的玻片上,完成处理后用37 ℃预热的4%多聚甲醛固定30 min。经37 ℃ PBS洗涤3次后,室温下用含0.1% Triton X-100的PBS透化10 min。PBS洗涤3 min后,室温下用正常山羊血清封闭30 min。随后与抗TOMM20和Drp1的一抗于4 ℃孵育过夜。PBST洗涤3次后,于37 ℃避光条件下与CY3-羊抗兔IgG及CY5-羊抗鼠IgG二抗孵育1 h。PBST洗涤后,DAPI避光染核5 min,再次PBST洗涤3次,最终用抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片。使用激光共聚焦显微镜采集图像。
所有实验数据均采用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行统计学分析,以mean±SD表示。两组数据间的比较采用独立样本t检验。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
细胞经饥饿处理后,Western blotting结果显示:与对照组相比,pORF5-HeLa细胞中LC3-Ⅱ与Beclin-1的蛋白水平显著升高,而p62表达下调(图1A)。免疫荧光结果进一步证实,pORF5-HeLa细胞中LC3荧光斑点显著增加,且与线粒体标记蛋白TOMM20的共定位程度增强(图1B)。
激光共聚焦显微镜观察显示,对照组中线粒体呈现连续、细长且相互连接的网状结构,而pORF5-HeLa细胞中线粒体网络结构破碎,片段化增加(图2A)。为量化线粒体分裂程度,本研究分析了线粒体形态各项参数(图2B)。与对照组相比,pORF5-HeLa细胞线粒体平均分支长度缩短(1.36±0.12 vs. 0.55±0.12)、分支长度缩短(2.20±0.46 vs. 0.59±0.14)、分支数减少(1.61±0.25 vs. 1.06±0.04)、分支结数减少(0.32±0.13 vs. 0.03±0.02)、平均面积减少(1.14±0.24 vs. 0.45±0.07)、平均周长减少(6.22±0.89 vs. 2.70±0.29),差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.000 1)。
Western blotting结果显示,相较于对照组,pORF5-HeLa细胞组Drp1在Ser616位点的磷酸化水平显著增加(图3A)。同时,免疫荧光分析结果显示,与对照组相比,pORF5-HeLa细胞中Drp1与线粒体的共定位显著增强(图3B)。
使用Drp1特异性抑制剂Mdivi-1预处理后,Western blotting分析显示pORF5-HeLa细胞p-Drp1 (Ser616)的表达水平显著降低(图4A)。免疫荧光观察发现,相较于对照组,Mdivi-1预处理组Drp1与线粒体的共定位明显减少(图4B)。线粒体形态学观察进一步显示,与未处理组相比,Mdivi-1显著缓解了pORF5诱导的线粒体碎片化现象(图4C)。线粒体形态分析结果显示(图4D),经Mdivi-1处理的pORF5-HeLa细胞线粒体平均分支长度延长(0.57±0.13 vs. 1.23±0.15)、分支长度延长(0.60±0.15 vs. 1.71±0.34)、分支数增加(1.04±0.03 vs. 1.39±0.16)、分支结数增加(0.02±0.02 vs. 0.20±0.01)、平均面积增加(0.49±0.09 vs. 1.27±0.18)、平均周长增加(2.83±0.35 vs. 5.42±0.61),两组相比差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.000 1)。
Western blotting结果显示,相较于DMSO对照组,Mdivi-1预处理组LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin-1蛋白表达水平降低,而p62蛋白表达水平升高(图5A)。间接免疫荧光结果显示,相较于对照组,Mdivi-1预处理组LC3荧光强度减弱,且与线粒体的共定位也减少(图5B)。
本研究发现,pORF5能够特异性激活线粒体分裂关键蛋白Drp1,通过促进其Ser616位点的磷酸化驱动线粒体网络碎片化并诱导线粒体自噬(图6)。利用抑制剂Mdivi-1阻断Drp1功能可同时逆转pORF5诱导的线粒体分裂与自噬。本研究揭示了pORF5通过激活Drp1这一枢纽蛋白,协同调控线粒体分裂与自噬的完整通路,确立了“pORF5-Drp1轴”在C. trachomatis感染中的新机制,为理解C. trachomatis如何精细调控宿主细胞环境以维持其持续性感染提供了全新视角。
C. trachomatis是一种专性胞内寄生病原体,为实现胞内生长发育和增殖,其可分泌多种效应蛋白干扰宿主细胞的生理过程,包括细胞增殖、自噬和细胞凋亡等[19]。大多数C. trachomatis血清型携带一个约7.5 kb的隐蔽性质粒[20],该质粒的缺失可导致C. trachomatis在小鼠生殖道及非人灵长类动物眼道中的毒力显著减弱[21-22],提示该隐蔽性质粒在C. trachomatis致病机制中具有核心作用。该质粒编码8个开放阅读框(pORF1-pORF8),其中pORF5是唯一分泌至宿主细胞质内的质粒蛋白[12]。研究已证实pORF5是C. trachomatis感染过程中的重要毒力因子,能够引起生殖道免疫病理损伤并促进持续感染[23]。在机制层面,既往研究揭示pORF5可通过调控宿主蛋白表达影响多条信号通路诱导线粒体自噬[14-15]。值得注意的是,线粒体自噬与线粒体分裂密切相关,线粒体分裂可产生功能异常的子代线粒体,从而触发线粒体自噬将其清除[24]。二者关系紧密,相继发生且协同维持细胞内线粒体稳态,从而保障细胞正常生理活动[25]。本研究阐明了pORF5通过磷酸化激活Drp1来介导线粒体分裂和自噬,不仅为pORF5诱导线粒体自噬的现象提供了机制上的解释,也揭示了C. trachomatis通过pORF5操控宿主线粒体质量控制系统的新策略。
线粒体自噬是细胞选择性清除功能异常或受损线粒体的过程,既是细胞内的“再循环系统”,也是一种抵御病原体的先天性免疫防御机制[26]C. trachomatis与线粒体自噬之间的相互作用较为复杂:C. trachomatis感染宿主后,一方面可诱导自噬以获取自身增殖所需的营养物质;另一方面也能干扰自噬进程,从而逃避被宿主降解与清除[9]。已有研究表明,C. trachomatis感染宿主细胞24 h后可诱导自噬特异性指标的表达;而敲除自噬相关基因后,C. trachomatis的感染率上升,提示自噬在C. trachomatis感染中具有一定作用[27]。本研究中pORF5的表达上调了LC3-Ⅱ及Beclin-1蛋白水平,同时下调了p62蛋白水平;免疫荧光结果进一步显示LC3荧光强度增强,且与线粒体的共定位增加(图1)。由于LC3-Ⅱ水平的升高既可能是自噬诱导的结果,也可能是溶酶体降解受阻所致[28],因此本研究增加了自噬流的检测,即增设自噬抑制剂氯喹(chloroquine, CQ)处理组以阻断溶酶体降解。结果表明,pORF5与CQ联合组的LC3-Ⅱ累积量显著高于单纯抑制剂对照组[数据已上传ScienceDB数据库(https://www.scidb.cn/communities),CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00067]。上述结果一致表明pORF5能够诱导线粒体自噬,与已有研究结论相符。
线粒体是一种高度动态的细胞器,通过持续的融合与分裂过程维持其网络稳态[29]。近年来研究发现,多种细菌入侵宿主细胞后可通过调控线粒体融合与分裂来逃避免疫清除并促进自身繁殖,这已成为感染性疾病机制研究的一个重要方向[30]。Kurihara等[10]在研究中观察到,C. trachomatis感染HeLa细胞后线粒体形态呈现动态变化:感染早期以融合为主,而感染晚期则表现为分裂增强。进一步研究显示,C. trachomatis感染早期诱发的线粒体融合与线粒体呼吸活性增强、ATP含量升高及衣原体增殖密切相关,而感染后期线粒体分裂的加剧,可能与细菌快速增殖所需的高代谢适应有关[31],但其具体原因与分子机制尚不明确。本研究通过MitoTracker Red CMXRos染色及激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现,与对照组相比,pORF5稳转细胞中线粒体呈现显著碎片化表型,线粒体网络参数(分支数、分支长度、平均分支长度及分支连接数)均减少,反映线粒体大小的参数(平均面积、平均周长)也减少(图2)。这些结果提示pORF5具有促进线粒体分裂的作用,从而为阐释C. trachomatis感染后期线粒体分裂的调控机制提供了新的实验依据。
Drp1是调控线粒体分裂的关键蛋白,正常情况下定位于胞质中,在接受线粒体分裂信号后可被招募至线粒体表面,通过寡聚化及GTP水解驱动线粒体分裂[16]。研究已证实,Drp1 Ser616位点的磷酸化能增强其活性并促进其向线粒体转位[17]。本研究发现,pORF5并不影响Drp1总蛋白表达,但明显增加其Ser616磷酸化水平,并促进Drp1向线粒体易位(图3)。使用Mdivi-1抑制Drp1活性后,其磷酸化和易位过程均受到阻碍,同时pORF5所诱导的线粒体分裂也被有效抑制(图4)。上述结果表明,pORF5通过Drp1 Ser616磷酸化来促进线粒体分裂。
近年来研究表明Drp1介导的线粒体分裂与线粒体自噬之间存在密切的相互依赖关系[32]。Drp1可与自噬受体FUNDC1和BNIP3等蛋白发生相互作用诱导自噬 [33],且Drp1 Ser616位点发生磷酸化并触发线粒体分裂后也可促进自噬[34];反之Drp1缺失在阻碍线粒体分裂的同时,也会影响线粒体自噬[35]。本研究发现,使用Mdivi-1抑制Drp1活性后,pORF5稳转细胞中LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin-1的表达水平下降,p62表达上调,同时LC3荧光强度降低,且与线粒体共定位减少(图5)。上述结果表明,Drp1在pORF5诱导线粒体自噬过程中发挥着重要作用。然而,本研究主要利用药理学抑制剂Mdivi-1来干预Drp1功能。尽管Mdivi-1在线粒体分裂研究中被广泛用作Drp1的特异性抑制剂[36-37],但本研究注意到近期有研究提示,Mdivi-1可通过抑制线粒体复合物I依赖的氧消耗和逆转电子传递介导的ROS来靶向线粒体分裂[38],因此未来将通过Drp1敲除或显性负性突变体等方法进一步夯实Drp1在本通路中的核心地位。pORF5如何激活Drp1?其调控宿主线粒体分裂与自噬的生物学反应机制对C. trachomatis感染有何作用?这些问题均需进一步深入研究。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ6445)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ40324)
  • 湖南省卫健委基金(W20243080)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250972
  • 接收时间:2025-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-25
  • 录用日期:2026-03-31
基金
The Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2024JJ6445)
湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ6445)
湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ40324)
The Hunan Provincial Health Commission Fund(W20243080)
湖南省卫健委基金(W20243080)
作者信息
    1.湘潭市妇幼保健院 检验科,湖南 湘潭
    2.湘潭市妇幼保健院 遗传科,湖南 湘潭
    3.湖南中医药大学第二附属医院 检验科,湖南 长沙

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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