Article(id=1280817599076352462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250958, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766419200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774886400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-31, onlineDate=1783300312059, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300312059, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300312059, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300312059, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3337, endPage=3353, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817599470617039, articleId=1280817599076352462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Fur regulates iron homeostasis and oxidative stress response in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of ferric uptake regulator (Fur) on iron homeostasis, oxidative stress response, and virulence in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Methods BLASTp and multiple sequence alignment analyses were employed to analyze the conservation of Fur proteins in several Gram-negative bacteria. A fur gene deletion mutant (Δfur) and a complementation strain (CΔfur) were constructed. The growth of the wild-type (WT), Δfur, and CΔfur was compared under normal (iron-replete), iron-excess, iron-restricted, and oxidative stress conditions. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was employed to measure intracellular metal content in each strain. A zebrafish survival assay and a competition infection assay were performed to assess the impact of Fur on the virulence of V. parahaemolyticus. RNA sequencing was conducted to identify the genes regulated by Fur. Results The Fur proteins were highly conserved among several Gram-negative bacteria. The deletion of fur attenuated the growth of V. parahaemolyticus under normal (iron-replete) and iron-excess conditions, and reduced its sensitivity to iron restriction. The intracellular iron content in Δfur was significantly lower than that in the WT and CΔfur strains. Fur regulated the oxidative stress response in V. parahaemolyticus. Fur played no significant role in the virulence of V. parahaemolyticus in the zebrafish model. The expression of multiple genes related to iron uptake, iron storage, and type Ⅲ secretion system 1 (T3SS1) was significantly upregulated, whereas genes encoding iron-containing proteins and type Ⅵ secretion system 2 (T6SS2) components were significantly downregulated in Δfur. Conclusion Fur regulates iron homeostasis and oxidative stress response in V. parahaemolyticus, but does not affect its virulence in zebrafish.

, authors=Furong MA, Xiaoya ZHU, Wenxiu LI, Zhengzhong XU, Xiang CHEN, Xin’an JIAO, Chengkun ZHENG, authorsList=Furong MA, Xiaoya ZHU, Wenxiu LI, Zhengzhong XU, Xiang CHEN, Xin’an JIAO, Chengkun ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chengkun ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 探究铁摄取调节因子(ferric uptake regulator, Fur)对副溶血弧菌铁稳态、氧化应激反应和毒力的影响。 方法 通过BLASTp和多序列比对分析Fur蛋白在部分革兰氏阴性菌中的保守性。构建fur基因缺失株(Δfur)及其回补株(CΔfur),比较野生株、Δfur和CΔfur在正常培养(铁充足)、铁过量、铁限制及氧化应激条件下的生长情况。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定各菌株菌体内金属含量。通过斑马鱼存活率测定和竞争感染试验评估Fur对副溶血弧菌毒力的影响。利用转录组测序分析Fur调控的基因。 结果 Fur蛋白在部分革兰氏阴性菌中高度保守。fur基因缺失减弱副溶血弧菌在正常培养(铁充足)和铁过量条件下的生长,并降低其对铁限制的敏感性。Δfur胞内铁含量显著低于野生株和CΔfur。Fur参与调控副溶血弧菌的氧化应激反应。Fur对副溶血弧菌在斑马鱼模型中的毒力无显著影响。Δfur中多个铁摄取、铁储存和Ⅲ型分泌系统1相关基因表达显著上调,编码含铁蛋白和Ⅵ型分泌系统2相关基因表达显著下调。 结论 Fur调控副溶血弧菌的铁稳态和氧化应激反应,但不影响其在斑马鱼模型中的毒力。

, authors=马涪溶, 朱晓雅, 李文秀, 徐正中, 陈祥, 焦新安, 郑成坤, authorsList=马涪溶, 朱晓雅, 李文秀, 徐正中, 陈祥, 焦新安, 郑成坤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郑成坤, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

马涪溶:实验操作,论文初稿撰写;朱晓雅:实验操作,数据分析;李文秀:实验操作;徐正中:研究构思和设计;陈祥:研究构思和设计,提供资源;焦新安:获取基金,提供资源;郑成坤:获取基金,研究构思和设计,数据分析,论文修改。

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Journal of Bacteriology, 2008, 190(2): 476-486., articleTitle=Fur regulates expression of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type Ⅲ secretion system through HilD, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1280925216138314500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=287, issue=32, pageStart=27095, pageEnd=27105, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Sana TG, Hachani A, Bucior I, Soscia C, Garvis S, Termine E, Engel J, Filloux A, Bleves S, journalName=Journal of Biological Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sana TG, Hachani A, Bucior I, Soscia C, Garvis S, Termine E, Engel J, Filloux A, Bleves S. The second type Ⅵ secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 is regulated by quorum sensing and fur and modulates internalization in epithelial cells[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2012, 287(32): 27095-27105., articleTitle=The second type Ⅵ secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 is regulated by quorum sensing and fur and modulates internalization in epithelial cells, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1280925210538918608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1280925197242974858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925197255557771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, companyId=1280925197242974858, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925197268140684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, companyId=1280925197242974858, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=扬州大学 生物科学与技术学院,江苏省人兽共患病学重点实验室,江苏 扬州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1280925205241512636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Multiple sequence alignment of the Fur homologues. The GenBank accession numbers are as follows: Vibrio parahaemolyticus Fur, WP_005489847.1; Vibrio cholerae Fur, WP_001282826.1; Vibrio vulnificus Fur, ADV87235.1; Vibrio anguillarum Fur, WP_010318689.1; Vibrio harveyi Fur, AIV04866.1; Vibrio splendidus Fur, WP_004734226.1; Escherichia coli Fur, NP_415209.1; Salmonella Typhimurium Fur, NP_459678.1; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fur, NP_253452.1. The predicted secondary structures of V. parahaemolyticus Fur are shown at the top., figureFileSmall=qMZp2JcBQVceni7JjJuw6Q==, figureFileBig=qCtds3Jqm9XHt4YaLsxbEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925205426062013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=图1, caption=FUR蛋白的多序列比对, figureFileSmall=qMZp2JcBQVceni7JjJuw6Q==, figureFileBig=qCtds3Jqm9XHt4YaLsxbEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925205602222782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=PCR identification of fur deletion mutant and complemented strains. A: Positions of the primers used for the construction and identification of Δfur; B: PCR amplification of genomic DNA from the WT strain (lanes 1 and 4), Δfur (lanes 2 and 5), and CΔfur (lanes 3 and 6) using the primer pairs in1/in2 and out1/out2, respectively. Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker., figureFileSmall=aPVyoNA9FyY3hP6z6mWdjA==, figureFileBig=YGv6lT80yn1ucR7K+qvfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925205673525951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=图2, caption=FUR 基因缺失株和回补株的PCR鉴定, figureFileSmall=aPVyoNA9FyY3hP6z6mWdjA==, figureFileBig=YGv6lT80yn1ucR7K+qvfMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925205744829120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains on TSA (A) and in TSB (B). Data in (B) are presented as mean±SD from three independent experiments., figureFileSmall=GibgHxaSg+r9jqUbiU1lqw==, figureFileBig=aoXSp4h4HIgydj2y4c6atw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925205807743681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=图3, caption=副溶血弧菌各菌株在TSA (A)TSB (B)培养基中的生长情况, figureFileSmall=GibgHxaSg+r9jqUbiU1lqw==, figureFileBig=aoXSp4h4HIgydj2y4c6atw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925205874852546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains under iron-replete and iron-restricted conditions. A: 1 g/L TCD+H2O; B: 1 g/L TCD+1 mmol/L FeSO4; C: 1 g/L TCD+2 mmol/L FeSO4; D: Absolute ethanol (the solvent of 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl); E: 75 μmol/L 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl; F: 100 μmol/L 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl. TCD was supplemented to the medium to alleviate iron precipitation. Data are presented as mean±SD from three independent experiments., figureFileSmall=4TepMMbwIUcH6G7ixE1HKA==, figureFileBig=Q/gkeXwmMj8NBWNrgAf35w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925205946155715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=图4, caption=副溶血弧菌各菌株在铁充足和铁限制条件下的生长情况, figureFileSmall=4TepMMbwIUcH6G7ixE1HKA==, figureFileBig=Q/gkeXwmMj8NBWNrgAf35w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925206013264580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Analysis of intracellular metal content in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains. A: Iron content; B: Zinc content. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ns: No significant difference. Data are presented as mean±SD from four independent experiments., figureFileSmall=r3XwaE2180Oz28MIY0RwaA==, figureFileBig=OGGvWU2nYIDOiWSEkTr4lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925206084567749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=图5, caption=副溶血弧菌各菌株胞内金属含量分析, figureFileSmall=r3XwaE2180Oz28MIY0RwaA==, figureFileBig=OGGvWU2nYIDOiWSEkTr4lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925206151676614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains under oxidative stress conditions. A: TSB+75 μmol/L H2O2; B: TSB+100 μmol/L H2O2; C: 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl (100 μmol/L)-pretreated TSB+75 μmol/L H2O2; D: 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl (100 μmol/L)-pretreated TSB+100 μmol/L H2O2. Data are presented as mean±SD from three independent experiments., figureFileSmall=ZM74dRYqe9gah2Thc9y6OQ==, figureFileBig=UDC3koC9SJWxSpxv72dQUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925206227174087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=图6, caption=副溶血弧菌各菌株在氧化应激条件下的生长情况, figureFileSmall=ZM74dRYqe9gah2Thc9y6OQ==, figureFileBig=UDC3koC9SJWxSpxv72dQUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925209775555272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Virulence comparison of the WT and Δfur strains in a zebrafish model. A: Survival of zebrafish infected with the WT and Δfur strains; B: Competition between Δfur and the WT strain in the colonization of the zebrafish intestine. ns: no significant difference., figureFileSmall=3YiIwXu/VSWkSuwWd4oYbg==, figureFileBig=ma3789uuplDUEq9b/Nwllg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925209867829961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=图7, caption=野生株和Δfur 在斑马鱼模型中的毒力比较, figureFileSmall=3YiIwXu/VSWkSuwWd4oYbg==, figureFileBig=ma3789uuplDUEq9b/Nwllg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925209947521738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=RNA sequencing analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Δfur. A: A volcano plot of the DEGs in Δfur compared to the WT strain (Up, down, and ns represent the upregulated genes, downregulated genes, and non-differentially expressed genes, respectively); B: Gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis of the DEGs (GO terms with an Padj<0.05 were considered significantly enriched. BP, CC, and MF represent the biological process, cellular component, and molecular function, respectively)., figureFileSmall=Kx4/mdovbzWZ+hO8Cu9fzA==, figureFileBig=GhjGVPaqAlnFXsdl9WUp3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925210052379339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=图8, caption=RNA测序分析Δfur 的差异表达基因, figureFileSmall=Kx4/mdovbzWZ+hO8Cu9fzA==, figureFileBig=GhjGVPaqAlnFXsdl9WUp3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925210123682508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain or plasmidRelevant characteristicsSource or reference
Strains
V. parahaemolyticus
RIMD 2210633Clinical isolate from a diarrhea patient in Japan (1996), serotype O3:K6, CarbR[29]
Δfurfur deletion mutant of RIMD 2210633, CarbRThis study
furComplementation strain of Δfur, CarbR, CmRThis study
E. coli
DH5α λpirCloning host for recombinant vectorLaboratory collection
S17-1 λpirConjugal donor for recombinant vectorLaboratory collection
Plasmids
pDM4Suicide vector containing a sacB counterselectable marker, CmR[30]
pDM4-ΔfurKnockout vector for fur deletion, CmRThis study
pMMB207Wide-host-range low-copy-number vector, CmR[31]
pMMB207-furpMMB207 containing fur and a ribosome-binding site, CmRThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1280925210241123021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用的菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain or plasmidRelevant characteristicsSource or reference
Strains
V. parahaemolyticus
RIMD 2210633Clinical isolate from a diarrhea patient in Japan (1996), serotype O3:K6, CarbR[29]
Δfurfur deletion mutant of RIMD 2210633, CarbRThis study
furComplementation strain of Δfur, CarbR, CmRThis study
E. coli
DH5α λpirCloning host for recombinant vectorLaboratory collection
S17-1 λpirConjugal donor for recombinant vectorLaboratory collection
Plasmids
pDM4Suicide vector containing a sacB counterselectable marker, CmR[30]
pDM4-ΔfurKnockout vector for fur deletion, CmRThis study
pMMB207Wide-host-range low-copy-number vector, CmR[31]
pMMB207-furpMMB207 containing fur and a ribosome-binding site, CmRThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1280925210325009102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size/bp
L1TCCCCCGGGTTGAAGTGGGCGCTGTAG758
L2GGTCTAAAAGCCAGATGCGCACAAACC
R1GCGCATCTGGCTTTTAGACCCGCATCCTT734
R2GCTCTAGACGTTACCGCCTCTTCTTCT
in1TGGTCGTGGTGATGTTGAG185
in2CCAGACTGCCAGCACATC
out1CGGTTGGCCTACGTGATA821/441
out2GCAGTCCATGCCCTCTCT
C1CGGAATTCTAAGGAGGTAGGATAATAATGTCAGATAATAATCAGGCGC450
C2CGGGATCCTTATTTTGCAGGTTTGTGCG
), ArticleFig(id=1280925210392117967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817599076352462, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size/bp
L1TCCCCCGGGTTGAAGTGGGCGCTGTAG758
L2GGTCTAAAAGCCAGATGCGCACAAACC
R1GCGCATCTGGCTTTTAGACCCGCATCCTT734
R2GCTCTAGACGTTACCGCCTCTTCTTCT
in1TGGTCGTGGTGATGTTGAG185
in2CCAGACTGCCAGCACATC
out1CGGTTGGCCTACGTGATA821/441
out2GCAGTCCATGCCCTCTCT
C1CGGAATTCTAAGGAGGTAGGATAATAATGTCAGATAATAATCAGGCGC450
C2CGGGATCCTTATTTTGCAGGTTTGTGCG
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Fur调控副溶血弧菌的铁稳态和氧化应激反应
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马涪溶 , 朱晓雅 , 李文秀 , 徐正中 , 陈祥 , 焦新安 , 郑成坤
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3337-3353
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3337 -3353
Fur调控副溶血弧菌的铁稳态和氧化应激反应
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马涪溶, 朱晓雅, 李文秀, 徐正中, 陈祥, 焦新安, 郑成坤
作者信息
  • 扬州大学 生物科学与技术学院,江苏省人兽共患病学重点实验室,江苏 扬州
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

马涪溶:实验操作,论文初稿撰写;朱晓雅:实验操作,数据分析;李文秀:实验操作;徐正中:研究构思和设计;陈祥:研究构思和设计,提供资源;焦新安:获取基金,提供资源;郑成坤:获取基金,研究构思和设计,数据分析,论文修改。

Fur regulates iron homeostasis and oxidative stress response in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Furong MA, Xiaoya ZHU, Wenxiu LI, Zhengzhong XU, Xiang CHEN, Xin’an JIAO, Chengkun ZHENG
Affiliations
  • Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250958
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目的 探究铁摄取调节因子(ferric uptake regulator, Fur)对副溶血弧菌铁稳态、氧化应激反应和毒力的影响。 方法 通过BLASTp和多序列比对分析Fur蛋白在部分革兰氏阴性菌中的保守性。构建fur基因缺失株(Δfur)及其回补株(CΔfur),比较野生株、Δfur和CΔfur在正常培养(铁充足)、铁过量、铁限制及氧化应激条件下的生长情况。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定各菌株菌体内金属含量。通过斑马鱼存活率测定和竞争感染试验评估Fur对副溶血弧菌毒力的影响。利用转录组测序分析Fur调控的基因。 结果 Fur蛋白在部分革兰氏阴性菌中高度保守。fur基因缺失减弱副溶血弧菌在正常培养(铁充足)和铁过量条件下的生长,并降低其对铁限制的敏感性。Δfur胞内铁含量显著低于野生株和CΔfur。Fur参与调控副溶血弧菌的氧化应激反应。Fur对副溶血弧菌在斑马鱼模型中的毒力无显著影响。Δfur中多个铁摄取、铁储存和Ⅲ型分泌系统1相关基因表达显著上调,编码含铁蛋白和Ⅵ型分泌系统2相关基因表达显著下调。 结论 Fur调控副溶血弧菌的铁稳态和氧化应激反应,但不影响其在斑马鱼模型中的毒力。

副溶血弧菌  /  Fur  /  铁稳态  /  氧化应激反应  /  毒力  /  调控

Objective To investigate the effects of ferric uptake regulator (Fur) on iron homeostasis, oxidative stress response, and virulence in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Methods BLASTp and multiple sequence alignment analyses were employed to analyze the conservation of Fur proteins in several Gram-negative bacteria. A fur gene deletion mutant (Δfur) and a complementation strain (CΔfur) were constructed. The growth of the wild-type (WT), Δfur, and CΔfur was compared under normal (iron-replete), iron-excess, iron-restricted, and oxidative stress conditions. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was employed to measure intracellular metal content in each strain. A zebrafish survival assay and a competition infection assay were performed to assess the impact of Fur on the virulence of V. parahaemolyticus. RNA sequencing was conducted to identify the genes regulated by Fur. Results The Fur proteins were highly conserved among several Gram-negative bacteria. The deletion of fur attenuated the growth of V. parahaemolyticus under normal (iron-replete) and iron-excess conditions, and reduced its sensitivity to iron restriction. The intracellular iron content in Δfur was significantly lower than that in the WT and CΔfur strains. Fur regulated the oxidative stress response in V. parahaemolyticus. Fur played no significant role in the virulence of V. parahaemolyticus in the zebrafish model. The expression of multiple genes related to iron uptake, iron storage, and type Ⅲ secretion system 1 (T3SS1) was significantly upregulated, whereas genes encoding iron-containing proteins and type Ⅵ secretion system 2 (T6SS2) components were significantly downregulated in Δfur. Conclusion Fur regulates iron homeostasis and oxidative stress response in V. parahaemolyticus, but does not affect its virulence in zebrafish.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus  /  Fur  /  iron homeostasis  /  oxidative stress response  /  virulence  /  regulation
马涪溶, 朱晓雅, 李文秀, 徐正中, 陈祥, 焦新安, 郑成坤. Fur调控副溶血弧菌的铁稳态和氧化应激反应. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3337 -3353 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250958
Furong MA, Xiaoya ZHU, Wenxiu LI, Zhengzhong XU, Xiang CHEN, Xin’an JIAO, Chengkun ZHENG. Fur regulates iron homeostasis and oxidative stress response in Vibrio parahaemolyticus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3337 -3353 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250958
副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种革兰氏阴性菌,广泛分布于河口、海洋及沿海环境中[1]。近年来,研究者也已从多种淡水食品中分离到该菌[2]。副溶血弧菌是一种食源性致病菌,人类主要通过食用被该菌污染的生食或未充分烹煮的海产品而感染,进而引发急性胃肠炎等疾病[1]。患有基础疾病的患者感染该菌后病情可能进展为败血症,具有较高的死亡风险[3]。副溶血弧菌是我国食品中最常见的食源性致病菌之一,也是我国尤其是沿海地区食源性疾病的重要病原菌[4-5]。在美国,每年约有50 000人感染该菌[6]。此外,副溶血弧菌还能感染多种水生动物,给水产养殖业带来严重威胁[7]
副溶血弧菌的毒力因子主要包括溶血素、Ⅲ型分泌系统(type Ⅲ secretion system, T3SS)、Ⅵ型分泌系统(type Ⅵ secretion system, T6SS)和黏附素等[8]。耐热直接溶血素(thermostable direct hemolysin, TDH)和TDH相关溶血素(TDH-related hemolysin, TRH)具有溶血活性、细胞毒性、心脏毒性和肠毒性,通常被认为是副溶血弧菌的主要毒力因子[9]。T3SS1位于副溶血弧菌的第1号染色体上,存在于几乎所有的临床和环境分离株中。该系统能将效应蛋白VopQ等注入宿主细胞,引起细胞毒性[10]。T3SS2位于第2号染色体的致病岛上,主要存在于临床分离株中,其效应蛋白能引起细胞毒性和肠毒性[11]。T6SS1位于第1号染色体上,主要存在于临床分离株中,与黏附和种间竞争有关[12-13]。T6SS2位于第2号染色体上,存在于临床和环境分离株中,与黏附和诱导巨噬细胞自噬有关[12,14]。副溶血弧菌的黏附素,如MAM7[15]和VpadF[16]在其致病过程中发挥着重要作用。
铁在地壳中含量丰富,是几乎所有生物所必需的微量元素[17]。作为多种金属蛋白的组成成分,铁在氧感应、电子传递和催化等生化反应中发挥着关键作用[18]。然而,环境中铁的生物可利用性较低,因为在中性、有氧水体环境中铁容易与其他物质形成难溶的复合物[19]。在哺乳动物宿主体内,铁被乳铁蛋白等铁结合蛋白螯合,形成“营养免疫”屏障,从而限制细菌对铁的摄取[20]。另一方面,过量铁具有毒性,可通过芬顿反应催化生成活性氧,造成细菌损伤甚至死亡[21]。因此,细菌须严格调控胞内铁含量,使其维持在合适的水平。
在革兰氏阴性菌中,铁稳态主要由铁摄取调节因子(ferric uptake regulator, Fur)调控[22]。Fur蛋白不仅调控铁摄取,还影响细菌的生长、代谢和毒力等生物学过程。在鼠伤寒沙门菌中,Fur通过直接结合clpV的启动子抑制T6SS功能,并对细菌的致病性至关重要[23]。在铜绿假单胞菌中,Fur是菌落形成所必需的,但对生物膜形成及在昆虫模型中的致病性并非必需[24]。在霍乱弧菌中,Fur不仅通过调节铁摄取系统来维持铁稳态,还通过调节毒力因子的表达来影响细菌的致病性[25]。在灿烂弧菌中,Fur调控毒力基因的表达、集群运动及生物膜形成,影响其对仿刺参的致病性[26]。在哈维弧菌中,Fur影响生物膜形成、集群运动、黏附和毒力[27]。在鳗弧菌中,Fur通过直接或间接调控铁摄取系统、氧化应激相关基因和毒力因子,维持铁稳态并增强鳗弧菌的致病性[28]。然而,副溶血弧菌中Fur蛋白的功能尚不明确。
本研究构建了副溶血弧菌fur基因缺失株及相应回补株,通过生长曲线测定、电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS)分析、斑马鱼存活率测定和竞争感染试验、转录组测序(RNA sequencing, RNA-seq)等方法,探究了Fur蛋白对副溶血弧菌铁稳态、氧化应激反应和毒力的影响,以期阐明副溶血弧菌铁稳态调控机制。
本研究所用菌株和质粒见表1。副溶血弧菌野生株(WT) RIMD 2210633[29]、基因缺失株Δfur及回补株CΔfur使用胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂(tryptic soy agar, TSA)或胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(tryptic soy broth, TSB) (均为BD公司产品)培养。使用铁螯合剂2,2ʹ-联吡啶(2,2ʹ-dipyridyl,Sigma-Aldrich公司)制备铁限制培养基。大肠杆菌DH5α λpir和S17-1 λpir使用LB培养基[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]于37 ℃培养。必要时向培养基中添加羧苄青霉素(50 μg/mL)或氯霉素(25 μg/mL)。
通过美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)网站获取副溶血弧菌、霍乱弧菌等多种细菌的Fur蛋白序列。使用BLASTp工具分析副溶血弧菌Fur蛋白与这些同源蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性。使用Swiss-Model[32]预测副溶血弧菌Fur蛋白的三维结构,使用Clustal Omega进行多序列比对,并使用ESPript 3.2[33]呈现比对结果。
本研究所用引物见表2。利用sacB基因的蔗糖致死特性和同源重组技术构建fur基因缺失株Δfur。以副溶血弧菌RIMD 2210633菌液为模板,使用引物L1/L2和R1/R2分别扩增fur基因的上下游同源臂。PCR反应体系:2×PrimeSTAR Max [宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司] 25 μL,引物1和2 (10 μmol/L)各2 μL,模板1 μL,H2O 20 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃ 5 min;98 ℃ 10 s,55 ℃ 15 s,68 ℃ 45 s,共30个循环;68 ℃ 1 min;16 ℃保存。通过重叠PCR技术将上下游同源臂融合成一个线性DNA片段。将该DNA片段与自杀性质粒pDM4[30]进行双酶切并连接,构建重组自杀性质粒pDM4-Δfur。将pDM4-Δfur转化至大肠杆菌S17-1 λpir感受态细胞中,并通过接合转移至RIMD 2210633中。在添加羧苄青霉素和氯霉素(双抗)的TSA平板上筛选接合子。挑取单菌落接种于添加双抗的TSB培养基中培养12 h,将培养物划线接种于添加15%蔗糖的TSA平板上。挑取蔗糖平板上的单菌落,通过PCR检测fur基因的缺失情况。
以RIMD 2210633菌液为模板,使用引物C1/C2扩增fur基因及核糖体结合位点。PCR反应体系:2×PrimeSTAR Max 25 μL,引物C1和C2 (10 μmol/L)各2 μL,模板1 μL,H2O 20 μL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃ 5 min;98 ℃ 10 s,55 ℃ 15 s,68 ℃ 30 s,共30个循环;68 ℃ 1 min;16 ℃保存。将PCR产物与广宿主表达质粒pMMB207[31]进行双酶切并连接,构建重组质粒pMMB207-fur。将pMMB207-fur转化至大肠杆菌S17-1 λpir中,再通过接合转移至Δfur中。在添加双抗的TSA平板上筛选回补株CΔfur,并通过PCR进行验证。
将副溶血弧菌WT、Δfur和CΔfur分别划线接种于添加100 μmol/L 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl的TSA平板上,于37 ℃培养12 h。挑取单菌落,接种于添加100 μmol/L 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl预处理的TSB培养基(3 mL)中,于30 ℃、220 r/min培养12 h。取1 mL培养物,6 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,用PBS重悬并调整细菌浓度至1×109 CFU/mL,得到种子液。
将种子液按照1:100的比例分别转接至以下TSB培养基中:(1) 不含任何添加物的TSB培养基;(2) 添加不同浓度FeSO4 (0、1、2 mmol/L)的TSB培养基;(3) 添加不同浓度2,2ʹ-dipyridyl预处理(0、75、100 μmol/L)的TSB培养基;(4) 添加不同浓度H2O2 (75、100 μmol/L)的TSB培养基;(5) 经100 μmol/L 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl预处理后再添加不同浓度H2O2 (75、100 μmol/L)的TSB培养基。由于亚铁易于氧化,FeSO4母液现用现配,且在添加FeSO4的培养基中同时添加柠檬酸钠[trisodium citrate dihydrate (TCD), 1 g/L]以减少铁的沉淀[34]。将培养物分装于96孔细胞培养板中(每孔200 μL,设置3孔重复),于37 ℃、120 r/min培养9 h。每隔1 h使用CMax Plus酶标仪[美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司]测定OD595值,生长速率(μ)如公式(1)所示。
μOD595t
式中:ΔOD595为相邻2个时间点的OD595差值,Δt为对应的时间间隔(1 h)。最大生长速率(μmax)取各时间段μ值中的最大值。实验独立重复3次。
称取适量TSB粉末,经66%硝酸消解后,用去离子水稀释至硝酸浓度为2%,通过ICP-MS测定铁含量。根据TSB培养基配方(30 g粉末溶于1 L去离子水)换算得出TSB培养基中的铁浓度。按照1.4节的方法制备副溶血弧菌WT、Δfur和CΔfur的种子液。将种子液按照1:100的比例转接至TSB培养基中,于37 ℃、220 r/min培养6 h。取40 mL培养物,10 000 r/min离心10 min收集菌体,按照文献[35]中的方法处理样品,并通过ICP-MS测定胞内金属含量。实验独立重复4次。
斑马鱼(3-4月龄,AB品系)购自上海费曦生物科技有限公司。本研究所有动物实验获得扬州大学实验动物福利伦理委员会批准,编号为202307019。
存活率测定:按照1.4节的方法制备副溶血弧菌WT和Δfur的种子液。将30条斑马鱼随机分为3组,用1%间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐(MS-222,Sigma-Aldrich公司)麻醉后,分别通过腹腔注射10 μL WT、Δfur种子液或PBS。感染后每隔12 h观察1次,连续观察7 d,记录斑马鱼存活情况。
竞争感染试验:按照1.4节的方法制备副溶血弧菌WT和Δfur的种子液,并按照1:1的比例混合。将6条斑马鱼用MS-222麻醉后,通过腹腔注射5 μL混合液。在感染后24 h,将斑马鱼麻醉后处死,取肠道组织,加入1 mL PBS,用组织破碎仪匀浆后划线接种于添加100 μmol/L 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl的硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基(thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar culture medium, TCBS, BD公司)上,于37 ℃培养至长出单菌落。随机挑取每条斑马鱼样品中的90-100个单菌落,通过菌落PCR确定Δfur与WT的比值。PCR反应体系:2×Rapid Taq Master Mix (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司) 10 μL,引物out1和out2 (10 μmol/L)各1 μL,模板1 μL,H2O 7 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 15 s,55 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 1 min,共30个循环;72 ℃ 1 min;16 ℃保存。竞争指数(competitive index, CI)计算如公式(2)所示。
CI=(样品中Δfur与WT的比值)/(混合液中Δfur与WT的比值)
按照1.4节的方法制备副溶血弧菌WT和Δfur的种子液。将种子液按照1:100的比例转接至TSB培养基中,于37 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600约为0.6-1.0。取1 mL培养物,12 000 r/min离心2 min收集菌体,随后用Eastep Super总RNA提取试剂盒(上海普洛麦格生物产品有限公司)提取细菌总RNA。通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA的完整性,并使用超微量分光光度计Nano-200 (杭州奥盛仪器有限公司)测定RNA浓度。实验独立重复3次,以获得3份独立的RNA样品。
RNA样品经检测合格后,送至安升达公司进行转录组测序。rRNA去除、文库构建和Illumina测序由安升达公司协助完成。差异表达基因的筛选标准为变化倍数≥2且修正后P值(Padj)<0.05。将差异表达基因列表提交至DAVID数据库(https://davidbioinformatics.nih.gov/)进行基因本体论(gene ontology, GO)富集分析。转录组数据已提交至国家生物信息中心GSA数据库,登录号为CRA034515。
实验数据采用GraphPad Prism 10.6.1软件进行分析。生长曲线相关数据(最大生长速率μmax、最高OD595值)和ICP-MS数据使用单因素方差分析,并通过Bonferroni法进行事后多重比较。斑马鱼存活率测定数据采用log-rank检验分析,竞争感染试验数据用双尾配对t检验进行分析。除斑马鱼存活率测定外,实验结果均以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01;ns表示无显著差异。补充材料已上传至ScienceDB数据库(https://www.scidb.cn/s/n6fuqu),CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00059。
BLASTp结果显示,副溶血弧菌Fur蛋白与霍乱弧菌、创伤弧菌、鳗弧菌、哈维弧菌和灿烂弧菌中同源蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性分别为92.67%、95.89%、89.93%、95.97%和91.95%。此外,该蛋白与大肠杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌和铜绿假单胞菌中同源蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性分别为80.14%、79.73%和57.94%。多序列比对结果显示,这些细菌的Fur蛋白具有多个保守基序和位点(图1)。Swiss-Model预测,副溶血弧菌Fur蛋白含有5个α螺旋、6个β折叠和1个η螺旋(图1)。
为探究副溶血弧菌Fur蛋白的功能,以副溶血弧菌RIMD 2210633菌株为亲本株构建了fur基因缺失株Δfur,并进一步构建了Δfur的回补株CΔfur。构建成功的菌株通过PCR进行验证。如图2所示,使用基因内部引物in1/in2进行PCR扩增,WT和CΔfur能扩增出185 bp的目的条带,而Δfur不能;使用基因外部引物out1/out2进行PCR扩增,WT能扩增出821 bp的大条带,而Δfur和CΔfur仅能扩增出441 bp的小条带。上述结果表明,Δfur和CΔfur构建成功。
为评估fur基因缺失对副溶血弧菌生长的影响,将副溶血弧菌WT、Δfur和CΔfur分别划线接种于TSA平板上,于37 ℃培养12 h。结果显示,Δfur形成的菌落明显小于WT和CΔfur,而CΔfur与WT形成的菌落大小相当(图3A)。进一步将副溶血弧菌WT、Δfur和CΔfur接种于TSB培养基中,测定各菌株的生长曲线。结果显示,Δfur的最大生长速率和最高OD595值均显著低于WT和CΔfur (图3B)。ICP-MS测定结果显示,TSB培养基中的铁浓度为10.9 μmol/L,高于弧菌属最适生长所需的铁浓度(0.1-5.0 μmol/L)[36]。上述结果说明,fur基因缺失影响副溶血弧菌在正常培养(铁充足)条件下的生长。
为探究Fur在副溶血弧菌铁稳态中的作用,将副溶血弧菌WT、Δfur和CΔfur接种于不同铁含量的TSB培养基中,测定各菌株在铁过量和铁限制条件下的生长曲线。在不额外添加FeSO4,或添加1、2 mmol/L FeSO4的TSB培养基中,Δfur的最大生长速率和最高OD595值均显著低于WT和CΔfur,但与正常培养(铁充足)条件相比,铁过量并未明显加重Δfur的生长缺陷(图4A-4C)。然而,在添加2,2ʹ-dipyridyl预处理的TSB培养基中,WT和CΔfur的生长速率和最高OD595值相较于对照组(添加无水乙醇,即2,2ʹ-dipyridyl的溶剂,预处理)明显下降,而Δfur的生长缺陷程度无明显变化,导致3种菌株的生长曲线趋于一致(图4D-4F)。上述结果表明,fur基因缺失降低了副溶血弧菌对铁限制的敏感性。
为探究Fur影响副溶血弧菌铁稳态的机制,将副溶血弧菌WT、Δfur和CΔfur接种于TSB培养基中,培养6 h后收集菌体,采用ICP-MS法测定胞内铁含量。结果显示,WT、Δfur和CΔfur胞内铁含量分别为(85.96±5.276)、(74.81±2.822)、(88.30±4.522) μg Fe/g细胞(干重);Δfur胞内铁含量显著低于WT和CΔfur (图5A)。此外,本研究还测定了各菌株菌体内的锌含量。结果显示,Δfur菌体内的锌含量[(11.10±1.448) μg Zn/g细胞(干重)]与WT [(11.77±0.468) μg Zn/g细胞(干重)]和CΔfur [(12.54±0.633) μg Zn/g细胞(干重)]相比无显著差异(图5B)。上述结果表明,fur基因缺失显著降低了副溶血弧菌胞内铁含量。
为探究Fur对副溶血弧菌氧化应激反应的影响,将副溶血弧菌WT、Δfur和CΔfur接种于添加H2O2的TSB培养基中,测定各菌株在氧化应激条件下的生长曲线。结果显示,在添加75、100 μmol/L H2O2的TSB培养基中,Δfur的最大生长速率和最高OD595值均显著低于WT和CΔfur (图6A6B)。然而,与正常培养条件下的生长曲线(图3B)相比,添加H2O2并未明显加重Δfur的生长抑制程度。考虑到Δfur在TSB培养基中已表现出生长缺陷,H2O2的影响可能被掩盖。
为排除铁含量因素的干扰,在铁限制条件下重复了该实验。在经100 μmol/L 2,2ʹ-dipyridyl预处理的TSB中,添加75 μmol/L H2O2后Δfur的最大生长速率与WT和CΔfur无显著差异,但最高OD595值显著低于WT和CΔfur (图6C);添加100 μmol/L H2O2后,Δfur的最大生长速率和最高OD595值均显著低于WT和CΔfur (图6D)。上述结果表明,Fur参与调控副溶血弧菌的氧化应激反应。
利用斑马鱼存活率测定和竞争感染试验探究Fur对副溶血弧菌致病性的影响。感染后12 h,WT组有1条斑马鱼死亡;感染后24 h,WT组再有4条斑马鱼死亡,Δfur组有3条斑马鱼死亡;感染后36 h,WT组再有1条斑马鱼死亡(图7A)。最终,WT组斑马鱼存活率为40%,Δfur组为70%,PBS组无斑马鱼死亡。Δfur组与WT组斑马鱼存活率无显著差异。竞争感染试验结果显示,Δfur与WT的CI为1.004±0.131,与1 (表示同等竞争力)相比无显著差异(图7B)。上述结果表明,fur基因缺失对副溶血弧菌在斑马鱼模型中的毒力无显著影响。
通过RNA测序比较副溶血弧菌WT和Δfur的转录谱。结果显示,与WT相比,Δfur中有820个基因显著差异表达,约占副溶血弧菌基因总数的18%;其中523个基因上调表达,297个基因下调表达(图8A)。如图8B所示,差异表达基因可显著富集至3个GO类别,包括属于生物过程(biological process, BP)的通过Ⅲ型分泌系统的蛋白质分泌(protein secretion by the type Ⅲ secretion system)、属于分子功能(molecular function, MF)的RNA解旋酶活性(RNA helicase activity)和铁载体摄取跨膜转运蛋白活性(siderophore uptake transmembrane transporter activity)。
多种铁摄取相关基因显著上调表达,包括亚铁转运系统Feo (feoABC)、TonB/ExbBD能量转导系统、多种TonB依赖型外膜受体(铁载体受体、血红素受体等)、内膜铁/血红素ABC转运系统、血红素利用基因(hutW/X/Z)以及铁载体合成基因(pvsBpvsD等),表明在副溶血弧菌中Fur负调控铁摄取系统。同时,铁储存相关基因,包括编码细菌铁蛋白的bfr和编码细菌铁蛋白相关铁氧还蛋白的bfd,在Δfur中也显著上调表达。
与铁摄取、铁储存相关基因显著上调表达形成鲜明对比,Δfur中大量编码含铁蛋白的基因显著下调表达,涵盖呼吸链组分(cbb3型细胞色素c氧化酶基因ccoN/O/P、泛醌氧化酶基因cydA、Na+转运型NADH:泛醌还原酶基因nqrB-F、多种细胞色素c基因)、TCA循环含铁酶(琥珀酸脱氢酶基因sdhABCD和乌头酸酶基因acnB)、铁依赖型超氧化物歧化酶基因sodB、过氧化氢酶基因katG以及黄素血红蛋白基因hmpA等。值得注意的是,Δfur中出现了含铁与非含铁同工酶之间的表达切换现象:含[4Fe-4S]簇的I类延胡索酸水合酶基因(VP_RS09125)显著下调表达(0.15倍),而不含铁的Ⅱ类延胡索酸水合酶基因(VP_RS14130)显著上调表达(77.44倍);铁依赖型超氧化物歧化酶基因sodB (VP_RS10295)显著下调表达(0.08倍),而非铁依赖型超氧化物歧化酶基因(VP_RS14070)显著上调表达(6.03倍)。
此外,绝大多数T3SS1相关基因显著上调表达,而许多T6SS2相关基因显著下调表达。上述结果表明,副溶血弧菌Fur在调控铁摄取、铁储存、含铁蛋白合成以及T3SS1和T6SS2表达方面发挥着重要作用。
金属对生物的生存至关重要,然而过量的金属却具有毒性作用。因此,细菌必须精密调控菌体内金属稳态[37]。副溶血弧菌维持锌[35,38]、铜[39]、钴[40]等金属稳态的机制已得到初步阐明,但其维持铁稳态的分子机制尚不明确。本研究探究了Fur在副溶血弧菌中的功能,结果表明,Fur调控副溶血弧菌的铁稳态和氧化应激反应,但不影响其在斑马鱼模型中的毒力。
生物信息学分析表明,Fur蛋白在部分革兰氏阴性菌中高度保守,尤其是副溶血弧菌Fur蛋白与其他弧菌中同源蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性接近或超过90%。这表明Fur蛋白在这些细菌中可能具有类似的功能。在正常培养(铁充足)和铁过量条件下,相较于WT和CΔfur,Δfur表现出明显的生长缺陷,说明Fur有利于副溶血弧菌在正常培养和铁过量条件下的生长。此外,在铁限制条件下,Δfur的生长缺陷未明显加重,而WT和CΔfur的生长均受到抑制,其生长曲线与Δfur趋于一致。其可能原因是,在正常培养和铁过量条件下WT和CΔfur能有效维持铁稳态,而Δfur因编码含铁蛋白的基因下调表达而不能有效利用铁;在铁限制条件下,由于环境中铁的缺乏,WT和CΔfur不能有效获取铁,从而导致3个菌株的生长趋于一致。这一推测得到了后续ICP-MS结果的支持:在正常培养条件下,Δfur菌体内积累的铁含量显著低于WT和CΔfur
在铜绿假单胞菌中,Δfur对H2O2的敏感性显著升高[41]。在鳗弧菌中,fur基因缺失损害了细菌在H2O2存在情况下的生长[28]。因此,本研究还评估了Fur对副溶血弧菌氧化应激反应的影响。结果显示,在正常TSB培养基中,添加H2O2并未明显加重Δfur的生长抑制程度。然而,由于Δfur在TSB中表现出固有生长缺陷,H2O2的效应可能被该背景差异所掩盖。当用2,2ʹ-dipyridyl降低培养基中的铁含量后,Δfur对H2O2的敏感性显著升高,且呈剂量依赖关系。这一结果表明,副溶血弧菌Fur与其他细菌类似,也参与调控氧化应激反应。
在多种弧菌中,Fur被证实是关键的毒力调控因子。例如,在霍乱弧菌中,fur基因缺失株在幼鼠肠道中的竞争力显著低于野生株[25];在灿烂弧菌中,fur敲低突变株对仿刺参的致病性降低[26];在哈维弧菌中,Δfur对美洲鳗鲡的毒力仅为野生株的1/18[27];在鳗弧菌中,fur基因缺失也导致细菌对大菱鲆幼鱼的致病性降低[28]。然而,Fur对铜绿假单胞菌毒力的影响尚存在争议。Pasqua等[24]报道,fur条件突变株对大蜡螟幼虫的90%致死剂量与WT无显著差异,表明Fur并非感染所必需。马鑫等[41]发现,fur基因缺失显著降低了铜绿假单胞菌对大蜡螟幼虫的毒力。本研究通过斑马鱼存活率测定和竞争感染试验证实,Fur不影响副溶血弧菌在斑马鱼模型中的毒力。这一结果可能与多种因素有关。(1) T3SS1的过量表达可能不利于体内感染。RNA测序结果显示,Δfur中T3SS1相关基因大幅上调表达,而T6SS2相关基因显著下调表达。虽然T3SS1和T6SS2均是副溶血弧菌的重要毒力因子,但有研究表明副溶血弧菌T3SS1的过量表达反而会降低细菌的肠道定殖能力[42]。Δfur中T3SS1的大幅上调表达并不一定表现为毒力增强。同时,T6SS2的下调可能削弱了细菌的黏附能力。因此,Δfur中T3SS1和T6SS2在转录水平上的显著变化可能并未在体内转化为相应的毒力表型改变。(2) 感染模型的局限性。本研究采用斑马鱼腹腔注射感染模型,该模型绕过了经口自然感染的早期阶段(如胃酸耐受、肠上皮初始黏附等),Fur在这些特定感染阶段的作用有待采用新生仔兔模型(灌胃感染)进一步评估。(3) Fur对致病性的影响存在物种特异性,即使是同一物种,不同研究也可能因菌株背景、实验条件和动物模型的差异而得出不同结论,如铜绿假单胞菌中的矛盾报道[24,41]。(4) 功能冗余的可能性。副溶血弧菌基因组中编码有其他Fur家族蛋白(如锌摄取调节因子Zur),虽然它们的主要调控靶标不同,但不排除在fur缺失时对部分靶基因存在交叉调控,从而部分补偿Fur对毒力的调控功能。
Fur通常作为铁摄取系统的抑制子。当铁充足时,Fur结合Fe2+后发生构象变化,形成二聚体并结合至靶基因的启动子区,通过空间阻遏作用抑制RNA聚合酶,阻断铁摄取相关基因的转录;当铁缺乏时,Fur无法结合靶基因的启动子区,从而解除对铁摄取基因的抑制作用[43]。与该调控模型一致,RNA测序结果显示,Δfur中铁摄取相关基因显著上调表达。此外,尽管Δfur中铁摄取和铁储存相关基因的表达显著上调,但Δfur胞内铁含量显著低于WT和CΔfur。在大肠杆菌中也观察到了类似现象:fur基因缺失株的铁含量仅为WT的40%,尽管其铁摄取系统持续表达[44]。McHugh等[45]通过全基因组转录分析揭示了其机制:Fe2+-Fur复合物不仅负调控铁摄取基因,还正向调控大量编码含铁蛋白(如呼吸链中的细胞色素、铁硫簇蛋白和TCA循环含铁酶等)的基因。在Δfur中,这些含铁蛋白的合成受到抑制,导致细胞对铁的“利用”能力大幅下降,铁无法被有效整合至功能性蛋白中,最终导致总铁含量降低[45]。本研究RNA测序数据也支持上述机制。在副溶血弧菌Δfur中,虽然铁摄取和铁储存相关基因显著上调表达,但大量编码含铁蛋白的基因显著下调表达。此外,本研究还观察到了典型的“铁节约反应”特征。Δfur中含铁蛋白的大量下调表达导致细胞不能有效利用铁,这可能是其菌体内总铁含量降低的主要原因。已有研究表明,铁饥饿能诱导副溶血弧菌T3SS1相关基因的表达[46]。这一结果与本研究的发现一致:Δfur中铁含量较低,但其T3SS1相关基因的表达显著上调。在鼠伤寒沙门菌中,Fur通过HilD调控致病岛1中T3SS的表达[47]。然而,在副溶血弧菌中Fur对T3SS1的调控是直接作用还是间接作用仍有待进一步研究。在铜绿假单胞菌中,T6SS2受Fur调控[48];类似地,本研究发现副溶血弧菌中T6SS2也受到Fur调控。
综上所述,本研究探究了Fur对副溶血弧菌铁稳态、氧化应激反应和毒力的影响。结果表明,Fur调控副溶血弧菌的铁稳态和氧化应激反应,但不影响其在斑马鱼模型中的毒力。此外,Fur还调控多种铁摄取、铁储存、含铁蛋白、T3SS1和T6SS2相关基因的表达。
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2026年第66卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250958
  • 接收时间:2025-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-23
  • 录用日期:2026-03-31
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the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)
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    扬州大学 生物科学与技术学院,江苏省人兽共患病学重点实验室,江苏 扬州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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