Article(id=1280817585524543795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250943, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765900800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770739200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-11, onlineDate=1783300308828, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300308828, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300308828, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300308828, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3468, endPage=3486, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817587583947060, articleId=1280817585524543795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mussel aquaculture restructures the community structure and function of planktonic bacteria, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Planktonic bacteria are essential for marine ecosystem health, yet how mussel aquaculture influences planktonic microbial communities remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the effects of mussel aquaculture on the community structure, diversity, and assembly mechanisms of marine planktonic bacteria. Methods Sixty-eight water samples were collected from a mussel aquaculture area and surrounding areas in Shengsi, Zhejiang, during summer 2024. Integrated analyses of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data and environmental factors were performed. Results The alpha diversity of particle-attached bacteria (PAB) significantly reduced in the aquaculture area, whereas free-living bacteria (FLB) showed no significant change in alpha diversity but exhibited clear shifts in beta diversity and phylogenetic structure. Random forest analysis identified Pseudomonadales and Bdellovibrionaceae as indicator taxa within the aquaculture area, and their changes might be associated with organic matter inputs and altered nutrient conditions. Functional prediction indicated enhanced nitrogen cycling (especially nitrification and aerobic ammonia oxidation) and a shift toward reductive acetogenesis in carbon cycling, alongside suppressed methanogenesis in the aquaculture area. Microbial community assembly was governed mainly by deterministic processes (e.g., heterogeneous selection) in the aquaculture area but by stochastic processes in surrounding waters. Conclusion This study demonstrates that mussel aquaculture can reconfigure the structures, functions, and assembly mechanisms of planktonic bacterial communities, providing insights for ecological impact assessment of mariculture.

, authors=Yingli XI, Enze XU, Ruize CAO, Leshi SONG, Jianling WU, Jianyu HE, Jianxin WANG, Wendong XIAN, authorsList=Yingli XI, Enze XU, Ruize CAO, Leshi SONG, Jianling WU, Jianyu HE, Jianxin WANG, Wendong XIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wendong XIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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目的 浮游细菌对海洋生态系统健康至关重要,但贻贝养殖如何影响海洋浮游微生物群落尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨贻贝养殖活动对海洋浮游细菌群落结构、多样性及群落组装机制的影响。 方法 于2024年夏季在浙江嵊泗贻贝养殖区及外围水域采集68个水样,基于16S rRNA基因扩增子测序数据与环境因子进行综合分析。 结果 养殖区内颗粒附着型细菌(particle-attached bacteria, PAB)的α多样性显著降低,而自由生活型细菌(free-living bacteria, FLB)的α多样性虽无显著变化,但其β多样性及系统发育结构发生显著改变。随机森林分析识别出假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)与蛭弧菌科(Bdellovibrionaceae)为养殖区内的指示微生物,其群落变化可能与养殖活动导致的有机物输入、营养结构改变等因素密切相关。功能预测显示,养殖区内细菌介导的氮循环功能(特别是硝化作用与好氧氨氧化)显著增强,碳循环以还原性乙酰辅酶A途径为主导,而产甲烷功能受到抑制。微生物群落组装过程在养殖区内由确定性过程(如异质选择)主导,而养殖区外则以随机性过程为主。 结论 本研究系统揭示了贻贝养殖在重塑微生物群落结构、功能与群落构建机制方面的重要影响,为评估海水养殖的生态效应提供了理论与数据支撑。

, authors=席颖力, 徐恩泽, 曹睿泽, 宋乐石, 吴健玲, 何建瑜, 王健鑫, 鲜文东, authorsList=席颖力, 徐恩泽, 曹睿泽, 宋乐石, 吴健玲, 何建瑜, 王健鑫, 鲜文东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=鲜文东, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

席颖力:样品采集,实验安排、调查,初稿撰写;徐恩泽:环境因子检测;曹睿泽:现场样品采集;宋乐石:现场环境参数测定;吴健玲:收集微生物样本;何建瑜:图片内容意见修改;王健鑫:论文研究意义修改;鲜文东:项目支持,论文修改,论文思想、构架指导,撰写与修改。

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014, 80(9): 2786-2795., articleTitle=Abundance of broad bacterial taxa in the sargasso sea explained by environmental conditions but not water mass, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1280925040518611394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, awardId=32570016, language=EN, fundingSource=The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32570016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1280925040589914563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, awardId=32570016, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32570016), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1280925040665412036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, awardId=Y202353944, language=EN, fundingSource=The Department of Education Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Province(Y202353944), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1280925040736715205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, awardId=Y202353944, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省教育厅科研项目(Y202353944), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1280925040833184198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, awardId=D26D060007, language=EN, fundingSource=The Major Program of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(D26D060007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1280925041055482311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, awardId=D26D060007, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金重大项目(D26D060007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1280925032213889403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925032226472316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, companyId=1280925032213889403, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925032264221053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, companyId=1280925032213889403, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1280925036982813104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Comparison of diversity and phylogenetic structure of free-living and particle-attached bacterial communities inside and outside a mussel aquaculture area. A: Alpha diversity of all bacteria; B: Alpha diversity of FLB and PAB; C, F: Beta diversity of all bacterial communities between inside and outside of mussel aquaculture area; D, G: Beta diversity of PAB and FLB between inside and outside of mussel aquaculture area; E, H: Standardized effect sizes (Z-scores) of the mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) for bacterial communities inside versus outside the mussel farming area and for free-living (FL) versus particle-attached (PA) bacteria, Absolute Z-scores greater than 2 (|Z|>2) indicate significant phylogenetic clustering. **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=qXNfdIw9gRDFv9IYyx9XQQ==, figureFileBig=ElLBnUFcy5xdjdoX4YUmJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037058310577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=图1, caption=贻贝养殖区内外自由生活与颗粒附着细菌群落的多样性与系统发育结构比较, figureFileSmall=qXNfdIw9gRDFv9IYyx9XQQ==, figureFileBig=ElLBnUFcy5xdjdoX4YUmJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037192528306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Bacteria species abundance inside and outside the aquaculture area. The figure respectively represents the species composition at the family level for in FL, in PA, out FL, and out PA., figureFileSmall=weSOes6YgDhAryC0lmxEfw==, figureFileBig=O8Nic2oUGjdTF0ZEGMuJLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037272220083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=图2, caption=养殖区内外的细菌物种丰度, figureFileSmall=weSOes6YgDhAryC0lmxEfw==, figureFileBig=O8Nic2oUGjdTF0ZEGMuJLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037356106164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Correlation between environmental factors and microbial abundance. Only correlations with P<0.05 and absolute |Mantel r|≥0.25 are displayed to emphasize key environmental drivers; * indicates significant correlation (P<0.05), ** indicates highly significant correlation (P<0.01), *** indicates extremely significant correlation (P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=NOC7n4gdq5vqHwfGCfyDuA==, figureFileBig=NTGT5OFOiyuXFW9pUfLP9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037439992245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=图3, caption=环境因子与微生物丰度的相关性, figureFileSmall=NOC7n4gdq5vqHwfGCfyDuA==, figureFileBig=NTGT5OFOiyuXFW9pUfLP9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037553238454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Key species differences and overall abundance between inside and outside the aquaculture area. A: Heatmap of mean decrease accuracy (MDA) and biomarker abundance, with the bar chart on the right indicating the magnitude of abundance; B: Bar chart of MDA importance inside and outside the aquaculture area, where red and blue denote higher importance in the FLB and PAB communities, respectively., figureFileSmall=Or8G7TCQ+AwB3yLYSVIl2Q==, figureFileBig=CwD3cAAs1N6KVWdavPgiBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037628735927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=图4, caption=养殖区内外差异关键物种和总体丰度, figureFileSmall=Or8G7TCQ+AwB3yLYSVIl2Q==, figureFileBig=CwD3cAAs1N6KVWdavPgiBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037704233400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Functional differences of FLB and PAB inside and outside the aquaculture area. The figure presents the FAPROTAX-based predictions of the top ten most abundant functions. AAO: Aerobic ammonia oxidation; HPG: Human pathogens gastroenteritis. * indicates significant correlation (P<0.05); ** indicates highly significant correlation (P<0.01); ns indicates not significant correlation (P≥0.05)., figureFileSmall=swKfNqkSHlkjXU/4nN2VsQ==, figureFileBig=13JBpcutx1aMCi6Xr5i2VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037800702393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=图5, caption=养殖区内外FLBPAB的功能差异, figureFileSmall=swKfNqkSHlkjXU/4nN2VsQ==, figureFileBig=13JBpcutx1aMCi6Xr5i2VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037876199866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Functional differences of FLB and PAB bacteria inside and outside the aquaculture area. The figure presents the PICRUSt2-based predictions of the top ten most abundant functions. BCAA: Branched-chain amino acid; FA: Fatty acid; AA: Amino acid., figureFileSmall=PEC9I6dmZ1jHmlGIEaoWiw==, figureFileBig=65pQKVRPMI2hFWt7wMs0JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925037972668859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=图6, caption=养殖区内外FLBPAB的功能差异, figureFileSmall=PEC9I6dmZ1jHmlGIEaoWiw==, figureFileBig=65pQKVRPMI2hFWt7wMs0JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925038165606844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Differences in community assembly models and ecological processes inside and outside the aquaculture area. A: All bacteria inside and outside the farming area; B: inFL and outFL; C: inPA and outPA; D: The R2 and Nm values for each group; E: All bacteria inside the farming area along with FLB & PAB; F: All bacteria outside the farming area along with FLB & PAB; G, H: Phylogenetic-bin null model analysis of community assembly processes of aquaculture area and non-aquaculture area. The circular plots display: inner ring, phylogenetic topology; middle ring, contributions of five assembly processes per bin; outer ring, the relative abundances of the top 14 family-level taxa within each bin, denoted by distinct colors. The ecological processes indicated in the figure are: deterministic processes (homogeneous selection and heterogeneous selection) and stochastic processes (dispersal limitation, drift and others, and homogenizing dispersal)., figureFileSmall=2bkeB7nj/Xw6pRq0lI6npw==, figureFileBig=93v6FtkwEbORibHuheIuhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925038266270141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=图7, caption=养殖区内外不同群落组装模型和生态过程差异, figureFileSmall=2bkeB7nj/Xw6pRq0lI6npw==, figureFileBig=93v6FtkwEbORibHuheIuhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925038501151166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

ANOVA results of family-level planktonic bacterial abundance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FamilyF valueP valueη2
SAR86_clade114.46<0.0010.64
Nitrincolaceae106.52<0.0010.62
Halomonadaceae64.78<0.0010.50
Rhodobacteraceae54.36<0.0010.46
Marine_Group_Ⅱ53.79<0.0010.46
Moraxellaceae53.38<0.0010.45
Planococcaceae48.33<0.0010.43
Cryomorphaceae34.72<0.0010.35
SAR11_clade31.57<0.0010.33
Exiguobacteraceae25.29<0.0010.28
Flavobacteriaceae13.01<0.0010.17
Nitrosopumilaceae11.64<0.0010.15
Pseudoalteromonadaceae9.84<0.0010.13
Vibrionaceae7.02<0.0010.10
Cyanobiaceae5.37<0.010.08
), ArticleFig(id=1280925038585037247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

科水平浮游细菌丰度的ANOVA分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FamilyF valueP valueη2
SAR86_clade114.46<0.0010.64
Nitrincolaceae106.52<0.0010.62
Halomonadaceae64.78<0.0010.50
Rhodobacteraceae54.36<0.0010.46
Marine_Group_Ⅱ53.79<0.0010.46
Moraxellaceae53.38<0.0010.45
Planococcaceae48.33<0.0010.43
Cryomorphaceae34.72<0.0010.35
SAR11_clade31.57<0.0010.33
Exiguobacteraceae25.29<0.0010.28
Flavobacteriaceae13.01<0.0010.17
Nitrosopumilaceae11.64<0.0010.15
Pseudoalteromonadaceae9.84<0.0010.13
Vibrionaceae7.02<0.0010.10
Cyanobiaceae5.37<0.010.08
), ArticleFig(id=1280925040275341760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mantel test based on Spearman’s coefficient for the correlation between community similarity and environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FamilyEnvironmental factorsIn FL R (P)Out FL R (P)In PA R (P)Out PA R (P)
Flavobacteriaceae

Mg

NO3-

K

Na

T

-

0.32 (*)

-

-

-

0.29 (*)

0.13 (*)

0.23 (*)

0.20 (*)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.26 (**)

ExiguobacteraceaeT0.39 (*)---
Moraxellaceae

pH

SAL

-

-

-

-

0.28 (*)

-

-

0.18 (*)

Halomonadaceae

PO43-

NO3-

0.49 (**)

0.32 (*)

-

-

-

-

-

-

SAR11_clade

SAL

TP

DO

SO42-

NO3-

T

-

0.37 (*)

-

-

-

-

-

0.17 (*)

0.18 (*)

0.26 (*)

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.45 (*)

-

0.25 (**)

0.37 (**)

-

-

-

0.20 (*)

), ArticleFig(id=1280925040363422145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817585524543795, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于Spearman系数的群落相似性与环境因素之间相关性的Mantel检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FamilyEnvironmental factorsIn FL R (P)Out FL R (P)In PA R (P)Out PA R (P)
Flavobacteriaceae

Mg

NO3-

K

Na

T

-

0.32 (*)

-

-

-

0.29 (*)

0.13 (*)

0.23 (*)

0.20 (*)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.26 (**)

ExiguobacteraceaeT0.39 (*)---
Moraxellaceae

pH

SAL

-

-

-

-

0.28 (*)

-

-

0.18 (*)

Halomonadaceae

PO43-

NO3-

0.49 (**)

0.32 (*)

-

-

-

-

-

-

SAR11_clade

SAL

TP

DO

SO42-

NO3-

T

-

0.37 (*)

-

-

-

-

-

0.17 (*)

0.18 (*)

0.26 (*)

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.45 (*)

-

0.25 (**)

0.37 (**)

-

-

-

0.20 (*)

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贻贝养殖重构浮游细菌的群落结构与功能
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席颖力 , 徐恩泽 , 曹睿泽 , 宋乐石 , 吴健玲 , 何建瑜 , 王健鑫 , 鲜文东
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3468-3486
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3468 -3486
贻贝养殖重构浮游细菌的群落结构与功能
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席颖力, 徐恩泽, 曹睿泽, 宋乐石, 吴健玲, 何建瑜, 王健鑫, 鲜文东
作者信息
  • 浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

席颖力:样品采集,实验安排、调查,初稿撰写;徐恩泽:环境因子检测;曹睿泽:现场样品采集;宋乐石:现场环境参数测定;吴健玲:收集微生物样本;何建瑜:图片内容意见修改;王健鑫:论文研究意义修改;鲜文东:项目支持,论文修改,论文思想、构架指导,撰写与修改。

Mussel aquaculture restructures the community structure and function of planktonic bacteria
Yingli XI, Enze XU, Ruize CAO, Leshi SONG, Jianling WU, Jianyu HE, Jianxin WANG, Wendong XIAN
Affiliations
  • Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250943
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目的 浮游细菌对海洋生态系统健康至关重要,但贻贝养殖如何影响海洋浮游微生物群落尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨贻贝养殖活动对海洋浮游细菌群落结构、多样性及群落组装机制的影响。 方法 于2024年夏季在浙江嵊泗贻贝养殖区及外围水域采集68个水样,基于16S rRNA基因扩增子测序数据与环境因子进行综合分析。 结果 养殖区内颗粒附着型细菌(particle-attached bacteria, PAB)的α多样性显著降低,而自由生活型细菌(free-living bacteria, FLB)的α多样性虽无显著变化,但其β多样性及系统发育结构发生显著改变。随机森林分析识别出假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)与蛭弧菌科(Bdellovibrionaceae)为养殖区内的指示微生物,其群落变化可能与养殖活动导致的有机物输入、营养结构改变等因素密切相关。功能预测显示,养殖区内细菌介导的氮循环功能(特别是硝化作用与好氧氨氧化)显著增强,碳循环以还原性乙酰辅酶A途径为主导,而产甲烷功能受到抑制。微生物群落组装过程在养殖区内由确定性过程(如异质选择)主导,而养殖区外则以随机性过程为主。 结论 本研究系统揭示了贻贝养殖在重塑微生物群落结构、功能与群落构建机制方面的重要影响,为评估海水养殖的生态效应提供了理论与数据支撑。

贻贝养殖区  /  浮游细菌  /  自由生活型  /  颗粒附着型  /  群落组装

Objective Planktonic bacteria are essential for marine ecosystem health, yet how mussel aquaculture influences planktonic microbial communities remains unclear. This study aims to clarify the effects of mussel aquaculture on the community structure, diversity, and assembly mechanisms of marine planktonic bacteria. Methods Sixty-eight water samples were collected from a mussel aquaculture area and surrounding areas in Shengsi, Zhejiang, during summer 2024. Integrated analyses of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data and environmental factors were performed. Results The alpha diversity of particle-attached bacteria (PAB) significantly reduced in the aquaculture area, whereas free-living bacteria (FLB) showed no significant change in alpha diversity but exhibited clear shifts in beta diversity and phylogenetic structure. Random forest analysis identified Pseudomonadales and Bdellovibrionaceae as indicator taxa within the aquaculture area, and their changes might be associated with organic matter inputs and altered nutrient conditions. Functional prediction indicated enhanced nitrogen cycling (especially nitrification and aerobic ammonia oxidation) and a shift toward reductive acetogenesis in carbon cycling, alongside suppressed methanogenesis in the aquaculture area. Microbial community assembly was governed mainly by deterministic processes (e.g., heterogeneous selection) in the aquaculture area but by stochastic processes in surrounding waters. Conclusion This study demonstrates that mussel aquaculture can reconfigure the structures, functions, and assembly mechanisms of planktonic bacterial communities, providing insights for ecological impact assessment of mariculture.

mussel aquaculture  /  planktonic bacteria  /  free-living bacteria  /  particle-attached bacteria  /  community assembly
席颖力, 徐恩泽, 曹睿泽, 宋乐石, 吴健玲, 何建瑜, 王健鑫, 鲜文东. 贻贝养殖重构浮游细菌的群落结构与功能. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3468 -3486 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250943
Yingli XI, Enze XU, Ruize CAO, Leshi SONG, Jianling WU, Jianyu HE, Jianxin WANG, Wendong XIAN. Mussel aquaculture restructures the community structure and function of planktonic bacteria[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3468 -3486 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250943
海洋浮游细菌是海洋细菌的重要组成部分,在海洋生物地球化学循环、能量流动以及生态系统稳定性维持等方面发挥着重要作用[1]。海洋浮游细菌不仅能够为海洋生态系统提供大量的生产力[2],还能作为分解者,吸收和利用海洋中消费者产生的大部分有机物以满足自身生命活动所需[3]。浮游细菌将来自水体中的颗粒有机物(particulate organic matter, POM)和溶解有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM)转化为自身生物量,并通过食物网将能量和碳转移到更高的营养级[4]。根据细菌与环境颗粒物的关系,浮游细菌传统上被分为2种类型:自由生活型(free-living bacteria, FLB)和颗粒附着型(particle-attached bacteria, PAB),它们在组成结构、生理代谢及生态功能方面均存在显著差异[5]。PAB常形成高密度聚集群落,尤其在受水流、潮汐和沉积物再悬浮影响的河口区域,其群落结构表现出高度的适应性和功能上的特化[6]。相比之下,FLB由于细胞尺寸较小,且未附着在颗粒物表面,因此在水体中具备更强的扩散能力[7]。在群落组成上,假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)是PAB中的优势类群,而FLB则以放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为主[8]。在生态功能上,PAB通过定殖和降解下沉POM参与碳与营养盐的垂直输送[9],并在此过程中释放DOM,为FLB提供能量来源[10]。在生理与形态方面,PAB通常具有更大的细胞体积和更高的局部丰度[11],细菌碳生产测量显示,在自然水体中PAB的活性明显高于FLB[12]
贻贝是中国最重要的海洋经济贝类之一,自2016年以来连续5年产量达85万t[13]。嵊泗列岛贻贝海水养殖面积约24 000 hm2,2024年贻贝年产量超过24万t,占全国产量70%以上[14]。贻贝除了具有重要的经济价值,其在沿海与河口生态系统中也扮演着关键角色[15],它们通过滤食行为从海水中摄取颗粒性食物,排放假粪和粪便,并在海水自然沉降过程中为细菌的生长与繁殖提供了有利的微环境条件[16]。然而,在贻贝养殖业发展的过程中,贝类排泄物输入的增加会改变水体的理化性质,进而产生一系列生态影响,如诱发有害藻华[17]或改变相关的海洋微生物群落[18]。研究表明,厚壳贻贝养殖活动会显著改变其周围海域的微生物群落结构、多样性和组成[13,19],养殖活动还对好氧不产氧光合细菌(aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, AAPB)的丰度产生显著影响[13],贻贝体内会富集与环境中相同的特定菌群[19]。然而,目前对自由生活型和颗粒附着型微生物群落的影响尚缺乏深入认识。
目前,研究发现有机物的输入和人类活动会对微生物的群落多样性和结构产生重要影响[13],但贻贝养殖如何影响FLB和PAB群落,以及造成这种差异的驱动机制仍不清楚。基于前期研究,我们在舟山嵊泗枸杞岛贻贝养殖区采集水体微生物样品并开展研究,旨在回答如下科学问题:(1) 贻贝养殖区与非养殖区浮游细菌群落组成和结构的差异;(2) 养殖区内外浮游细菌群落的环境驱动因素是什么?(3) 贻贝养殖对微生物代谢通路的富集有何影响?(4) 养殖区内浮游细菌群落组装机制由哪些因素主导?通过解决上述科学问题,为贻贝养殖以及有机物富集条件下的微生物生态研究提供有价值的视角,并揭示其群落组装机制。
2024年夏季(6月和8月),利用便携式有机玻璃采水器在舟山嵊泗枸杞岛(30°42′N, 122°46′E)贻贝养殖区与非养殖区的17个样点进行原位海水水样采集,每个站位分别在1 m和5 m深度进行独立采样,共采集34份水样。每份水样均分为2份,分别用于PAB和FLB的收集,共获得68份样品。
水样采集后,每个站位的水样均分为2份,一份100 mL,干冰保存至实验室进行环境因子分析;另一份1 L用于微生物收集。所有样品置于冰盒中转移至实验室,当天完成过滤处理。使用真空过滤法收集颗粒附着型和自由生活型细菌,PAB和FLB的收集分别采用3 μm和0.22 μm滤膜(Millipore公司),过滤真空压力上限为33.3 kPa。样品过滤设置2个重复,所有滤膜立即装入铁丝无菌采样袋(sterile sampling bag, BKMAN Biotechnology公司)后放入低温冰箱内储存,随后转移至实验室-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。使用YSI多参数水质测定仪(YSI ProQuatro公司)检测原位海水样品的温度(Temperature, T)、盐度、pH及溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)。常规阴、阳离子(F-, Cl-, NO2-, Br-, NO3-, PO43-, SO42-, Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+)在实验室利用离子色谱仪(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定。总氮(total nitrogen, TN)、总磷(total phosphorus, TP)和活性磷(labile phosphate, LP)分别采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定[20-22]。所有物理化学参数均符合《海洋监测规范》(GB 17378—2007)[23]的要求。
使用DNA提取试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]按照说明书提取样品总DNA,用NanoDrop One分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定DNA浓度和纯度。PCR扩增由北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成,并使用Illumina公司NovaSeq 6000平台生成250 bp的双端配对序列(北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司)。
原始双端序列已保存在美国国家生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI)数据库中,BioProject编号为PRJNA1364861,登录号为SRP646804。
使用VSEARCH (v11.0.667_i8)对双端FASTQ序列进行合并。通过fastx_filter命令去除原始序列中的标签和引物序列(左端切除22 bp,右端切除20 bp),并控制错误率在0.01以下,获得高质量序列用于后续分析。使用cluster_otus命令对去冗余后的序列进行97%相似性聚类,生成操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)。基于VSEARCH和Silva数据库(silva v138)对序列进行去嵌合处理,获得高质量非嵌合序列。通过VSEARCH的usearch_global命令生成特征表(相似性阈值设为97%),用于后续多样性分析。所有分析均在Linux环境下完成。
采用picante程序包[24]计算群落的α多样性指数。使用ggsignif程序包[25]中的双侧Wilcoxon符号秩检验分析组间α多样性指数的统计学差异。基于uniFrac和Bray-Curtis相异距离矩阵,分别采用主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis, PCoA)与非度量多维标度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)可视化样本间的群落结构差异,PCoA和NMDS分析均通过vegan程序包[26]完成。使用R包picante[27]计算平均最近种间距离(mean nearest taxon distance, MNTD),分析群落的系统发育结构,采用丰度加权的“taxa.labels”零模型,运行999次随机化以获得MNTD的标准效应值,标准效应值的绝对值大于2表示系统发育结构呈现显著的聚类。使用vegan包进行PERMANOVA和Mantel检验分析。使用pheatmap包[28]生成热图以可视化环境因素之间的Spearman相关性。采用tidymodels程序包[29]基于ranger引擎进行随机森林模型分类,ranger引擎通过参数oob.error=TRUE启用袋外评估,最终结果取自训练完成后的输出模型通过自助采样(bootstrap)生成袋外样本(out of bag, OOB),分类性能通过测试集特征曲线下面积(area under the roc curve, AUC)和袋外误差(OOB error)共同衡量。使用randomForest包(v4.7-1.2)[30]构建随机森林分类器,以样本分组作为响应变量,所有OTUs作为特征变量,依据平均精度下降值(mean decrease accuracy, MDA)计算各OTU的变量重要性。采用FAPROTAX (functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa)方法[31]预测微生物生态功能,参考KEGG数据库,利用PICRUSt2[32]分析群落中代谢通路种类和丰度。所有统计结果均通过ggplot2 (v4.0.1)程序包[33]进行可视化,所有统计分析均在R (v4.4.1)软件环境[34]中完成。
微生物群落构建中随机性过程的相对重要性采用中性模型评估[35]。使用非线性最小二乘法拟合中性模型,通过拟合获得迁移率m值,并计算Nm值(群落大小与迁移率的乘积)作为扩散强度的指标。模型拟合优度由决定系数R2评估。根据观测频率与模型预测置信区间的相对位置,将OTUs划分为3类:预测范围内(中性分布)、预测范围下(低频物种)和预测范围上(高频物种)。通过散点图展示物种出现频率与相对丰度的关系,其中包含模型拟合曲线、95%置信区间及3类物种的分布,并以内嵌饼图展示3类物种的相对比例。微生物群落构建机制基于系统发育零模型[27]分析。通过计算观测的βMNTD矩阵,并采用独立交换算法进行999次随机化生成零模型分布,进而计算β-最近分类群指数(βNTI)。参考Stegen等[27]的方法,基于Bray-Curtis距离计算Raup-Crick指数(RC)。根据βNTI和RC值的组合,将群落构建过程精确划分为5类:异质选择(βNTI>2)、同质选择(βNTI<-2)、扩散限制(|βNTI|≤2且RC>0.95)、同质扩散(|βNTI|≤2且RC<-0.95)以及漂变与其他过程(|βNTI|≤2且|RC|≤0.95)。所有计算均采用并行处理以提高效率。
使用iCAMP R包(v1.5.12)中基于系统发育分箱(phylogenetic bin-based)的零模型,推断各细菌系统发育类群在群落构建机制中所占比例[36]。利用pdist.big函数计算OTU间的系统发育距离矩阵,并使用dniche函数基于环境因子计算物种间的生态位差异,使用taxa.binphy.big函数构建系统发育箱(bin),信号阈值为0.2,最小OTU数量(bin.size.limit)为20。使用ps.bin函数评估分箱效果。在Mantel检验中,若一个箱内OTU的系统发育距离与生态位差异的Spearman相关系数R>0.1且P<0.05,则认为该箱具有显著的系统发育信号。基于上述分箱结果,使用icamp.big函数进行主要的iCAMP分析以推断确定性选择和随机性过程对群落构建的相对贡献。其中,系统发育随机化的尺度设定为“within.bin”,零模型随机化次数为1 000次,并采用“confidence”指数来识别主要的生态过程。
所有样品共获得6 182 402条高质量序列,平均序列长度为242 bp,经序列质控后最终获得1 173个OTUs特征序列。在α多样性水平上,养殖区内外细菌群落结构存在显著差异。与养殖区外相比,养殖区内浮游细菌的Richness、Shannon和Simpson指数均显著降低(P<0.001,图1A);对于PAB,养殖区内的Shannon和Simpson指数下降显著(P<0.001,图1B),Richness也显著降低(P<0.01,图1B),而FLB在养殖区内外无显著差异。在β多样性水平上,养殖区内外细菌群落同样存在差异。NMDS分析表明,2个区域的细菌群落存在明显差异(stress=0.087) (图1C);进一步通过PCoA分析表明,养殖区内外细菌群落具有显著差异(R2=0.43, P<0.001)。PAB和FLB在2个区域之间均表现出显著差异(R2=0.47, P<0.001; R2=0.59, P<0.001) (图1D),但在2个区域内FLB与PAB之间的差异并不显著。
虽然养殖区内外的FLB在α多样性水平上未表现出显著差异,但PCoA和NMDS分析结果显示2个区域中的FLB存在显著差异。进一步基于系统发育结构分析显示,FLB的平均最近种间距离(mean nearest taxon distance, MNTD)的标准效应绝对值大于2 (|MNTD|>2),表明其系统发育结构呈现显著的聚类模式(图1E)。该结果表明,FLB群落中的共存物种在系统发育上的亲缘关系比随机期望的更近,存在显著的系统发育聚集。
在物种组成方面(图2),养殖区内群落主要由黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae)、红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)、弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)、假交替单胞菌科(Pseudoalteromonadaceae)和莫拉克斯氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)组成;养殖区外则主要以RhodobacteraceaeFlavobacteriaceae、Marine_Group_II、SAR11分支(SAR11_clade)和硝化螺菌科(Nitrincolaceae)为主。对养殖区内FLB和PAB的丰度进行比较,发现FlavobacteriaceaeVibrionaceae在FLB中丰度更高,而Moraxellaceae、动性球菌科(Planococcaceae)和微小杆菌科(Exiguobacteraceae)在PAB中丰度更高。在养殖区外,Rhodobacteraceae、Marine_Group_Ⅱ和Vibrionaceae为PAB中的优势类群,FlavobacteriaceaeNitrincolaceae和SAR86分支(SAR86_clade)在FLB中丰度更高。
单因素方差分析(ANOVA)结果(表1)显示,所有16个检测到的细菌科在组间均表现出极显著差异(P<0.01) (表1)。效应量分析(η2)进一步揭示了不同细菌科对养殖活动的响应强度差异,其中SAR86_clade (η2=0.64, F=114.46, P<0.001)和Nitrincolaceae (η2=0.62, F=106.52, P<0.001)的变化最为显著,其丰度变异中分别有64.1%和62.5%可由分组因素解释。此外,盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae) (η2=0.50)、Rhodobacteraceae (η2=0.46)、Marine_Group_II(η2=0.46)和Moraxellaceae (η2=0.45)也表现出比其他类群较大的效应量(η2>0.45),表明这些类群对养殖活动较为敏感。相比之下,Flavobacteriaceae (η2=0.17)、Vibrionaceae (η2=0.10)和蓝藻科(Cyanobiaceae) (η2=0.08)虽然也表现出统计显著性,但效应量相对较小。
在科水平上对微生物相对丰度与环境因子的相关性进行分析,结果表明贻贝养殖(mussel)、PO43-、TP、LP、T、DO与细菌群落结构显著相关(图3),具体而言,ExiguobacteraceaeMoraxellaceaeHalomonadaceae 3个类群与贻贝养殖显著相关(P<0.001)。Mantel检验表明,贻贝养殖活动与LP、PO43-、NO2-、TN、pH、DO呈显著正相关(P<0.01, 0.36<R<0.77),但与SAL、T、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Br-、Cl-呈显著负相关(P<0.05, -0.82<R<0.0.29)。Moraxellaceae与贻贝养殖活动强相关(P<0.001),SAR11_clade与DO相关(P<0.001),Flavobacteriaceae与PO43-相关(P<0.01)。
进一步对FLB和PAB进行科水平上微生物群落相对丰度与环境因子的相关性分析(表2)。养殖区内,FLB中NitrosopumilaceaeExiguobacteraceae的相对丰度与T显著相关(P<0.05);HalomonadaceaeNitrincolaceae的相对丰度与PO43-显著相关(P<0.05),PAB中CyanobiaceaeNitrincolaceae的相对丰度与TP显著相关(P<0.01)。养殖区外的FLB中,Cyanobiaceae和冷型菌科(Cryomorphaceae)的相对丰度与T显著相关(P<0.01);PAB中NitrosopumilaceaeCyanobiaceae、Marine_Group_II和SAR11_clade的相对丰度与SAL显著相关(P<0.01),Nitrosopumilaceae、Marine_Group_II和Flavobacteriaceae的相对丰度与T显著相关(P<0.01)。
基于养殖区内外的细菌丰度特征,随机森林模型ROC曲线下面积(area under the ROC curve, AUC)为0.98,模型整体袋外(out-of-bag, OOB)错误率为3.29%,表明所建立的模型可有效预测细菌在不同海水环境中的分布。基于随机森林的MDA分析表明(图4A),假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)、蛭弧菌科(Bdellovibrionaceae)和根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)是区分养殖区内外群落最重要的微生物标志物。在养殖区内,区分FLB与PAB的微生物标志物为黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、独岛菌属(Dokdonia)和不滑动菌属(Nonlabens),且这些类群主要出现在FLB中;爱琴海-169海洋类群(AEGEAN-169_marine_group)、海球形菌属(Halioglobus)和Marine_Group_Ⅱ是区分养殖区外FLB与PAB的生物标志物,其丰度在PAB中更高(图4B)。对每个样本相对丰度的分析表明,区分养殖区内外的生物标志物在2个区域的丰度也存在差异,例如Pseudomonadales在养殖区外丰度更高,而Bdellovibrionaceae在养殖区内丰度更高。
为评估贻贝养殖活动对细菌群落生态功能的影响,首先采用FAPROTAX对微生物群落代谢功能进行预测,共检测到29个功能,以下重点描述丰度前10的功能(图5)。在养殖区内,氮循环相关功能变化最为显著,硝化作用(nitrification)及好氧氨氧化(aerobic ammonia oxidation, AAO)类群丰度最高,且这些类群在FLB中的丰度比PAB高2.4倍,差异显著(P<0.05)。碳循环相关功能中,还原性乙酰生成(reductive acetogenesis)菌在FLB中丰度较高(P<0.01),而产甲烷功能(methanogenesis)和氢营养型产甲烷功能(hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis)在养殖区内丰度较低。光异养(photoheterotrophy)在FLB中丰度较高。在养殖区外,FLB在多个关键功能上具有更高的丰度,其中还原性乙酰生成在FLB中丰度最高,产甲烷功能在FLB中更为活跃,亚硝酸盐氨化(nitrite ammonification)在FLB中丰度更高,该过程与缺氧环境相关。养殖区内PAB的硝化作用、光异养和植物致病性功能均高于养殖区外。
为从代谢功能层面进一步评估高于养殖区外的PAB,利用PICRUSt2对丰度前10的功能进行分析(图6)。养殖区内的硫辛酸代谢(lipoic acid metabolism)、脂肪酸生物合成(FA biosynthesis)、D-谷氨酰胺与D-谷氨酸代谢(D-Gln/Glu metabolism)、生物素代谢(biotin metabolism)、鞭毛组装(flagellar assembly)和细菌趋化性(bacterial chemotaxis)均高于养殖区外,而支链氨基酸生物合成(BCAA biosynthesis)低于养殖区外。养殖区内FLB的BCAA biosynthesis高于PAB,PAB的酮体代谢(ketone body metabolism)、lipoic acid metabolism和flagellar assembly高于FLB。
首先采用NCM分析了OTU出现频率与其平均相对丰度之间的关系(图7A)。细菌分类群的Nm值在养殖区内(Nm=2 489.56-5 504.65)高于养殖区外(Nm=6 688.48-14 205.89),表明浮游细菌物种在养殖区外的扩散程度高于养殖区内。对于FLB,NCM分别解释了养殖区内外群落变异的60.7%和64.0%;对于PAB,NCM分别解释了养殖区内外群落变异的66.8%和77.6%。此外,NCM分析还显示,养殖区内浮游群落可解释的变异比例(63.6%)低于养殖区外(72.8%)。
为进一步印证NCM分析结果,基于零模型分析探索了确定性和随机性过程对养殖区内外细菌群落组装的相对贡献。养殖区内异质选择(heterogeneous selection, HeS) (44.93%)和同质选择(homogeneous selection, HoS) (12.68%)所占比例较大,表明确定性过程对养殖区内群落的影响较强(图7A)。养殖区外群落中随机漂变(drift and others, DR)所占比例较高(24.63%),表明随机性过程在控制群落构建方面发挥了更大的作用(图7A)。FLB和PAB群落均主要受异质选择的影响(图7B7C),养殖区内随机过程的贡献降低,确定性过程的贡献增强。
养殖区内群落构建以扩散限制(dispersal limitation, DL)和DR为主导,其中DL主导bin 3、7、8、11、13等分箱,DR主导bin 4、6、14、15分箱,同时HoS等确定性过程在bin 2、5、10、12、14、16等分箱中也具有较强贡献。HeS与均质扩散(homogeneous dispersal, HD)的整体占比均较低。在优势类群中,Rhodobacteraceae在bin 2、12、14中丰度较高,Nitrincolaceae在bin 3中丰度较高,CyanobiaceaeMoraxellaceae的丰度在多个分箱中均较为突出。养殖区外群落主要受DR控制,多数分箱由其驱动,部分分箱受HoS和DL的影响较强,HeS与HD的贡献维持在较低水平。优势类群中Rhodobacteraceae在bin 6、15、25中丰度较高,Marine_Group_II在大部分分箱中均有分布,SAR86_clade和Nitrincolaceae也在多个分箱中存在。对比养殖区内外,Nitrincolaceae在养殖区内受到的HoS增强;Rhodobacteraceae在养殖区外的多数分箱中受DL和DR主导,但在养殖区内均受到HoS的强烈影响;Moraxellaceae在养殖区外的所有分箱中受DL和DR主导,而在养殖区内则全部受到HoS的强烈影响。
双壳贝类的选择性滤食习性使其对特定浮游生物具有摄食偏好,导致养殖区浮游生物群落组成简化[37]。之前的研究表明,贻贝生长主要受温度影响[38],夏季水文稳定时养殖活动造成的空间差异是主导因素。本研究于夏季稳定期在养殖区与对照区的垂直梯度(表层1 m和次表层5 m)采样,发现在养殖区内PAB的α多样性显著低于养殖区外(图1),这与之前的研究结论一致[39],原因是其依赖颗粒物,对环境变化敏感,贻贝滤食等使颗粒型有机质富集[40],颗粒有机质被细菌分解后反过来改变相关的海洋微生物群落[18],对PAB形成环境选择压力,致使其物种丰富度和均匀度下降。FLB的α多样性在区内外无显著变化,但β多样性水平差异显著(图1D),其MNTD|Z|值显示存在系统发育聚类(图1E),养殖区环境改变筛选了特定系统发育分支,FLB物种组成区内外差异明显,因此FLB的物种组成在养殖区内外仍然表现出了明显差异。
群落结构分析表明,养殖活动改变了细菌群落组成及生态位分配。养殖区内环境可能促进了与有机物降解和条件致病相关的类群(如FlavobacteriaceaeVibrionaceae),而养殖区外则保留了更多典型的海洋自由生活类群(如Rhodobacteraceae、SAR11_clade)。此外,同一环境下FLB与PAB的类群分化反映了微生境对细菌功能分工的塑造作用。有研究对地中海贻贝养殖场的水体微生物群落分析发现,弧菌属和假交替单胞菌属是该海域的主要优势微生物[41]。李思远等[19]在厚壳贻贝生长海域以及厚壳贻贝体内组织中均鉴定到了PseudoalteromonasVibrio。养殖区内外不仅在物种组成上存在显著差异,其群落结构也可能存在截然不同的生态功能,表明养殖活动带来了有机富营养化效应。综上所述,养殖区外物种组成更为多样化,养殖区内则筛选出了更为特异的物种。
贻贝养殖活动是驱动养殖区内外微生物群落差异的核心环境因素[13]。本研究表明,贻贝养殖与LP、PO43-、NO2-、TN等关键营养盐呈显著正相关,这可能是因为贻贝的代谢活动(如排泄物、假粪及有机碎屑的分解)向水体中输入了大量的营养物质及有机颗粒[42-43]。与贻贝养殖显著相关的关键微生物类群包括ExiguobacteraceaeMoraxellaceaeHalomonadaceae,它们均是有机质富集环境中的典型代谢类群。例如,Moraxellaceae的成员[如不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)]具有广泛的底物利用能力和强大的有机物降解潜力,能够快速响应并转化养殖活动输入的不稳定有机颗粒[44]Halomonadaceae在养殖区内自由生活细菌中与磷酸盐、硝酸盐显著相关[37],表明该类群在养殖富营养化环境中具有特异性适应。Flavobacteriaceae与PO43-显著相关,该类群是已知的复杂有机物(如藻源多糖)的重要降解者,其富集可能与贻贝滤食活动促进的微藻生长及有机质释放有关[44-45]
进一步对不同生活方式细菌的细化分析显示,养殖活动输入的营养物质(尤其是磷与氮)通过不同途径(溶解态与颗粒态)和不同微环境对FLB和PAB类群实施了差异化的选择,塑造了其功能特化的群落结构。相比之下,在养殖区外,细菌群落的分布则更多地受到温度、盐度等区域性物理环境因子的自然调控。在海洋生态研究中,环境因子与生物群落间的弱关联普遍存在,这与海洋生境的复杂性(如水流交换快、环境因子波动缓冲能力强)密切相关。科水平微生物与环境因子的Mantel检验结果表明(表2),尽管部分类群与环境因子存在统计显著关联,但小效应量特征及分组特异性关联模式均说明环境因子并非驱动本研究区域微生物群落结构差异的绝对主导因素。
贻贝养殖可能通过改变水体基质与营养条件筛选具有特定代谢潜力的微生物类群,从而影响局部微生物生态系统的组成与功能潜能。在群落结构层面,随机森林分析识别出养殖区内如Pseudomonadales等标志类群,其富集与养殖区有机质降解、氮转化等环境过程密切相关,反映了微生物群落对养殖环境的响应。研究发现,养殖环境筛选出以Pseudomonadales为代表的关键微生物类群,并推动了群落功能向以有机质降解为核心的方向演变[46],这些细菌被养殖区丰富的氨氮(来自贻贝排泄)所刺激,成为FLB中的优势功能菌。Bdellovibrionaceae作为专性捕食细菌,其类群增加有助于加速整个微生物环的物质循环效率[47]Flavobacterium是FLB的标志物,该属以其强大的有机物降解能力闻名,主要负责利用水体中的溶解性和颗粒性有机物[48],养殖活动可能导致部分微生物功能发生改变[49]。本研究通过比较养殖区内外浮游细菌(FLB)和颗粒附着细菌(PAB)的功能预测发现,养殖区内硝化作用增强,这与养殖活动主要通过影响氨氮含量来调节氨氧化微生物的丰度[50]相符。养殖区外FLB中亚硝酸盐还原为氨的过程增强,这可能是养殖活动导致水体形成缺氧或低氧微环境所致[51],并富集了具反硝化功能的微生物类群[52]。还原性乙酰生成在养殖区内外的FLB中均保持较高丰度,表明这一功能可能是FLB的核心代谢特征之一。能量代谢方面,养殖区内PAB的光异养功能增强,表明这部分微生物能够同时利用光能和有机碳源,这种混合营养策略在养分波动较大的养殖环境中可能具有竞争优势。
基于PICRUSt2的分析发现,养殖区内与能量代谢核心辅因子合成(硫辛酸、生物素代谢)、膜系统构建(脂肪酸生物合成)及独特氨基酸转化(D-型谷氨酰胺/谷氨酸代谢)相关的功能显著增强,表明养殖区富集的溶解性与颗粒性有机质为异养微生物群落提供了充足的底物,这与富营养化环境普遍激活异养微生物基础代谢的规律一致[53]。细菌趋化性与鞭毛组装功能在养殖区的同步增强,表明养殖活动产生的化学梯度(如有机质、排泄物)形成了强烈的环境信号[54]。养殖区内BCAA功能的相对较低,表明在有机质丰富的养殖区,水体中可能直接存在或由其他生物(如贻贝、浮游植物)降解产生大量的游离氨基酸,使得微生物更倾向于通过外源吸收来获取[55]。酮体代谢作为一条替代性的能量产生途径,可能在缺氧条件下更具优势。硫辛酸代谢的活跃表明了其在多变环境下的能量代谢灵活性。鞭毛组装对其附着生活方式影响更大。FLB在BCAA合成上的相对优势表明,FLB无法直接从颗粒物获取有机物质,因此仍需维持较高的自主合成能力[56]
综上所述,贻贝养殖活动作为一种强大的环境过滤器,筛选出具有特定代谢功能的微生物类群(如有机降解菌和硝化菌),并通过改变基质的类型和丰度,重塑了近海微生物生态系统的结构与功能。
贻贝养殖通常通过生物沉积物的沉积和贻贝的养分再生来影响当地环境的养分循环,从而导致溶解性有机和无机养分释放到水体中[57-59]。贻贝生长过程中通过假粪和排泄产生的颗粒有机物会对养殖水中细菌产生影响。养殖区内、外站点在枸杞岛海域空间交错分布,未受物理屏障阻隔,表明研究区域水动力条件整体连通,这为群落组装分析提供了良好的前提。本研究中,我们分别基于中性模型和零模型[36,60-61]研究了不同环境中细菌群落的组装过程,零模型和NCM分析均表明养殖区内微生物群落的组装主要由确定性过程主导,而养殖区外主要由随机性过程控制。
在群落构建过程中,同质选择[62]与异质选择是2种由环境特征主导的生态过程。前者发生在环境条件稳定的生境中,一致的选择压力使得群落系统发育结构趋于相似;后者则出现于环境波动剧烈的生境中,变化的选择压力促进了系统发育多样性的增加[63-64]。扩散可分为均匀扩散和限制扩散:高分散性使群落同质化,导致分类变异较小;而有限的分散增加了分类多样性。若二者均不占主导地位,则“不受支配”或“漂移”支配着群落的形成[63-64]。基于零模型的分析表明,确定性过程和随机过程分别主导了养殖区内和养殖区外的细菌群落组装,这与NCM分析的结果一致(图7)。养殖动物排泄等原因使得养殖活动会增加邻近海域营养物质(有机碳、氮、磷等)及营养盐的浓度,造成水体富营养化[65],因此养殖区内扩散限制对细菌群落的影响较小。人类养殖活动使得养殖区环境因子分布不均匀[66],长江口海域接收长江冲淡水输入的大量营养盐,增强了该区域的环境异质性,从而可能强化了以确定性过程为主的“同质/异质选择”对微生物群落的塑造作用[67]。NCM分析解释养殖区内外所有细菌群落方差分别为63.6%和72.8%,表明养殖区内外细菌群落主要受到随机过程的影响。然而,对养殖区内外区域的详细分析揭示了不同的结果:对于FLB,养殖区内和养殖区外区域的解释群落方差分别为60.7%和64.0%;而对于PAB,养殖区内和养殖区外区域的解释群落方差分别为66.8%和77.6%。这表明养殖区内PAB群落受确定性过程影响较强,而养殖区外FLB群落受随机过程影响显著。零模型分析的结果提供了进一步的证据。养殖区内HeS占比的显著升高(9.44%提升至37.88%)是驱动PAB群落构建的关键转变。这一变化表明,养殖活动通过增加饵料输入、生物排泄等过程强化了环境过滤作用,使PAB群落结构趋向于由少数优势物种主导以适应富营养化的水体条件。同时,FLB中HeS贡献的增加(9.96%至26.51%),虽其主导过程仍为HoS,但也印证了养殖环境对微生物群落塑造作用的普遍性。这很可能源于养殖活动导致的水体化学条件(如氮、有机碳浓度)在空间上趋于均质化,从而增强了确定性过程对FLB群落的筛选压力。
基于iCAMP零模型的对比分析结果表明,养殖区内氮循环关键类群Nitrincolaceae在扩散限制主导的bin 3中丰度较高,这与其适应贻贝排泄物和生物沉积形成的高氮微生境密切相关[68]Rhodobacteraceae在利用复杂溶解有机物方面具有竞争优势[13],在同质选择作用较强的bin 2、12、14中丰度较高,印证了该同质化环境的定向筛选效应。RhodobacteraceaeMoraxellaceae在养殖区外受DL和DR主导,在养殖区内则全部受HoS强烈控制,说明养殖区形成的同质化环境[20]对这2类群产生了定向筛选。Nitrincolaceae在硝化作用中扮演关键角色[68],其在养殖区内受到HoS增强,表明养殖区高氮环境的筛选驱动其向适应高氮环境的方向组装,这也反映了微生物群落对养殖区营养循环的功能适配。此外,Cyanobiaceae能利用富营养环境中的氮磷营养盐进行光合作用[69],而Moraxellaceae是异养型微生物,可分解贻贝代谢产生的有机碎屑[13],二者的广泛共存体现了均质选择对群落功能结构的塑造作用。Marine_Group_Ⅱ作为具有强扩散能力的广布类群[70],在绝大多数分箱中的普遍存在表明其在均质环境中的分布更可能受随机性过程支配。SAR86_clade等类群的分布则与开阔海域光层特有的溶解有机物组成及光照条件相关联[71]
总之,养殖活动通过改变资源可用性和环境条件显著增强了同质化选择在微生物群落组装中的作用,尤其对附着于颗粒物的微生物影响更为强烈。这从群落构建机制的角度揭示了养殖活动对近海微生物生态确定性调控的深化。养殖活动导致的水体富营养化[65]对细菌群落造成了强烈的环境选择压力,因此不论FLB还是PAB,在养殖区内均受到了确定性选择过程的影响。
本研究通过对贻贝养殖区内外微生物及环境因子的分析,系统阐明了贻贝养殖活动对海洋浮游细菌群落的多层次影响,主要得出以下结论。(1) 养殖活动显著塑造了微生物群落结构,养殖区内PAB的α多样性显著降低,而FLB虽在物种丰富度上未发生显著变化,但其系统发育结构发生了显著改变,物种亲缘关系更近且功能特化。(2) 微生物群落组成和功能发生转变,PseudomonadalesBdellovibrionaceae作为养殖区的关键生物标志物,养殖区内氮循环(特别是硝化作用)类群显著增加,碳循环从养殖区外潜在的产甲烷过程转向了还原性乙酰生成。(3) 群落组装机制由随机性过程转向确定性过程主导。综上所述,贻贝养殖并非简单地改变微生物的数量或种类,而是通过输入有机物、改变营养盐结构从而重塑了生境条件,驱动了从群落结构、代谢功能到生态构建机制的全方位、系统性演变,这一认识为科学评估和管理海水养殖的生态影响提供了重要的微生物生态学视角。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32570016)
  • 浙江省教育厅科研项目(Y202353944)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金重大项目(D26D060007)
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2026年第66卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250943
  • 接收时间:2025-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-17
  • 录用日期:2026-02-11
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The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32570016)
国家自然科学基金(32570016)
The Department of Education Scientific Research Project of Zhejiang Province(Y202353944)
浙江省教育厅科研项目(Y202353944)
The Major Program of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(D26D060007)
浙江省自然科学基金重大项目(D26D060007)
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    浙江海洋大学 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江 舟山

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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