Article(id=1280817700024857028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250801, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761494400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773244800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineDate=1783300336128, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300336128, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300336128, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300336128, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3487, endPage=3507, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817700389761477, articleId=1280817700024857028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening, denitrification characterization, and genomic analysis of an aerobic denitrifying bacterium S22 from seagrass rhizosphere sediments, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Excessive nitrogen input caused by eutrophication in nearshore waters is a major environmental stressor driving the global degradation of seagrass beds. Objective To screen and identify efficient aerobic denitrifying bacteria from seagrass bed ecosystems and elucidate their nitrogen removal performance and mechanisms, thus providing microbial resources for alleviating nitrogen loading and restoring eutrophic seagrass beds. Methods Aerobic denitrifying bacteria were isolated and screened from seagrass rhizosphere sediments in Zhifu Bay, Yantai by enrichment-domestication culture and bromothymol blue assay. The taxonomic status of the strains was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. On the basis of nitrogen removal performance, an efficient aerobic denitrifying strain was selected. Single-factor and orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize its denitrification conditions, and nitrogen balance experiments and whole-genome sequencing were employed to elucidate its nitrogen removal pathways and key functional genes. Results A total of 34 denitrifying strains were isolated from seagrass rhizosphere sediments in Zhifu Bay, Yantai. The dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. A strain designated as Pseudomonas sp. S22 with high denitrification performance was selected. The denitrification conditions of this strain were optimized as follows: sodium succinate as the carbon source, C/N=15, pH 9.0, salinity (S)=30‰, and T=28 ℃. Under these conditions, the strain achieved a removal rate of 99.99% for 140 mg/L nitrate nitrogen within 36 h, demonstrating excellent nitrogen removal efficiency. Nitrogen balance analysis revealed that approximately 59.64% of the initial nitrate nitrogen was converted to gaseous nitrogen, confirming that denitrification was the dominant nitrogen removal pathway. Genomic sequencing revealed that strain S22 carried key functional genes for aerobic denitrification, including napA and nirS, providing a genetic basis for its denitrification phenotype at the molecular level. Conclusion This study systematically isolated and identified aerobic denitrifying bacteria from seagrass beds in northern China. Strain S22 exhibits outstanding nitrogen removal performance and environmental adaptability. Nitrogen balance and genomic analyses confirm that denitrification is its primary nitrogen removal pathway and the strain carries key functional genes for aerobic denitrification. Strain S22 can serve as a potential microbial resource for reducing nitrogen loading in seagrass beds. This study provides both a valuable strain and a theoretical basis for the future development of microbe-seagrass synergistic remediation technologies.

, authors=Chen LIU1, 2, Yanyu SUN1, Qing LIU1, 2, Xiaoke HU1, 3, authorsList=Chen LIU, Yanyu SUN, Qing LIU, Xiaoke HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoke HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1280817704487596510, articleId=1280817700024857028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=海草根际沉积物好氧反硝化菌S22的筛选、脱氮特性及基因组分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近岸海域富营养化导致的过量氮输入是全球海草床退化的关键环境压力因素。 目的 从海草床生态系统中筛选、鉴定高效好氧反硝化菌株,解析其脱氮特性与脱氮机制,为缓解氮负荷压力、修复富营养化海草床提供微生物资源。 方法 采用富集驯化培养和溴百里酚蓝指示剂筛选法从烟台芝罘湾海草根际沉积物中分离筛选好氧反硝化菌株,并通过16S rRNA基因序列鉴定菌株的分类地位。结合脱氮性能测定选取一株高效好氧反硝化细菌,利用单因素实验和正交试验方法优化其脱氮条件,通过氮平衡实验与全基因组测序阐明其脱氮途径及关键功能基因。 结果 从烟台芝罘湾海草床根际沉积物中分离获得34株反硝化菌株,经鉴定优势菌属为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)。基于脱氮性能筛选获得一株高效好氧反硝化菌株Pseudomonas sp. S22,通过单因素实验与正交试验优化,确定其最适脱氮条件为以丁二酸钠为碳源、C/N=15、pH 9.0、盐度(salinity, S)=30‰、T=28 ℃。在此条件下,菌株对140 mg/L硝态氮的36 h去除率达99.99%,展现出高效脱氮能力。氮平衡实验结果表明约59.64%的硝态氮被转化为气态氮,证明反硝化为其主导脱氮途径。基因组测序进一步揭示菌株S22携带包括napAnirS等好氧反硝化关键功能基因,从分子水平为其脱氮表型提供了遗传基础。 结论 本研究系统分离鉴定了来源于我国北方海草床的好氧反硝化菌株,菌株S22具有优异的脱氮性能和环境适应性,氮平衡和基因组分析证实其以反硝化为主要脱氮途径,且携带好氧反硝化关键功能基因。菌株S22可作为海草床氮负荷削减的潜在微生物资源,为后续开发“微生物-海草”协同修复技术提供菌种资源和理论依据。

, authors=刘晨1, 2, 孙延瑜1, 刘青1, 2, 胡晓珂1, 3, authorsList=刘晨, 孙延瑜, 刘青, 胡晓珂, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=胡晓珂, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

刘晨:设计并执行实验,分析数据,撰写及修改论文;孙延瑜:指导设计实验,修改论文;刘青:指导设计实验;胡晓珂:指导设计实验,修改论文。

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Level table of orthogonal experimental factors

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LevelFactors
A (C/N)B (pH)C (T/℃)
197.028
2128.030
3159.032
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正交试验因素水平表

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LevelFactors
A (C/N)B (pH)C (T/℃)
197.028
2128.030
3159.032
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The orthogonal experiment intuitive analysis table of nitrate nitrogen

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FactorsA (C/N)B (pH)C (T/℃)Nitrate nitrogen removal/%
Experiment 111172.00
Experiment 212272.36
Experiment 313366.25
Experiment 421287.10
Experiment 522376.39
Experiment 623190.97
Experiment 731382.14
Experiment 832199.64
Experiment 933298.76
K170.2080.4187.54
K284.8282.8086.07
K393.5185.3374.93
R23.314.9212.61
), ArticleFig(id=1280925100224516895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817700024857028, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

硝态氮正交试验直观分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FactorsA (C/N)B (pH)C (T/℃)Nitrate nitrogen removal/%
Experiment 111172.00
Experiment 212272.36
Experiment 313366.25
Experiment 421287.10
Experiment 522376.39
Experiment 623190.97
Experiment 731382.14
Experiment 832199.64
Experiment 933298.76
K170.2080.4187.54
K284.8282.8086.07
K393.5185.3374.93
R23.314.9212.61
), ArticleFig(id=1280925100295820064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817700024857028, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Genome assembly results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsResults
Genome size/bp5 874 473
Scaffold number33
Max length/bp722 119
Min length/bp976
Sequence G+C/%62.65
N50/bp415 540
N90/bp155 810
), ArticleFig(id=1280925100367123233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817700024857028, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基因组组装结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemsResults
Genome size/bp5 874 473
Scaffold number33
Max length/bp722 119
Min length/bp976
Sequence G+C/%62.65
N50/bp415 540
N90/bp155 810
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海草根际沉积物好氧反硝化菌S22的筛选、脱氮特性及基因组分析
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刘晨 1, 2 , 孙延瑜 1 , 刘青 1, 2 , 胡晓珂 1, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3487-3507
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3487 -3507
海草根际沉积物好氧反硝化菌S22的筛选、脱氮特性及基因组分析
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刘晨1, 2, 孙延瑜1, 刘青1, 2, 胡晓珂1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室,山东 烟台
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京
  • 3.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室,海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室,山东 青岛
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

刘晨:设计并执行实验,分析数据,撰写及修改论文;孙延瑜:指导设计实验,修改论文;刘青:指导设计实验;胡晓珂:指导设计实验,修改论文。

Screening, denitrification characterization, and genomic analysis of an aerobic denitrifying bacterium S22 from seagrass rhizosphere sediments
Chen LIU1, 2, Yanyu SUN1, Qing LIU1, 2, Xiaoke HU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bio-resource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250801
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近岸海域富营养化导致的过量氮输入是全球海草床退化的关键环境压力因素。 目的 从海草床生态系统中筛选、鉴定高效好氧反硝化菌株,解析其脱氮特性与脱氮机制,为缓解氮负荷压力、修复富营养化海草床提供微生物资源。 方法 采用富集驯化培养和溴百里酚蓝指示剂筛选法从烟台芝罘湾海草根际沉积物中分离筛选好氧反硝化菌株,并通过16S rRNA基因序列鉴定菌株的分类地位。结合脱氮性能测定选取一株高效好氧反硝化细菌,利用单因素实验和正交试验方法优化其脱氮条件,通过氮平衡实验与全基因组测序阐明其脱氮途径及关键功能基因。 结果 从烟台芝罘湾海草床根际沉积物中分离获得34株反硝化菌株,经鉴定优势菌属为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)。基于脱氮性能筛选获得一株高效好氧反硝化菌株Pseudomonas sp. S22,通过单因素实验与正交试验优化,确定其最适脱氮条件为以丁二酸钠为碳源、C/N=15、pH 9.0、盐度(salinity, S)=30‰、T=28 ℃。在此条件下,菌株对140 mg/L硝态氮的36 h去除率达99.99%,展现出高效脱氮能力。氮平衡实验结果表明约59.64%的硝态氮被转化为气态氮,证明反硝化为其主导脱氮途径。基因组测序进一步揭示菌株S22携带包括napAnirS等好氧反硝化关键功能基因,从分子水平为其脱氮表型提供了遗传基础。 结论 本研究系统分离鉴定了来源于我国北方海草床的好氧反硝化菌株,菌株S22具有优异的脱氮性能和环境适应性,氮平衡和基因组分析证实其以反硝化为主要脱氮途径,且携带好氧反硝化关键功能基因。菌株S22可作为海草床氮负荷削减的潜在微生物资源,为后续开发“微生物-海草”协同修复技术提供菌种资源和理论依据。

好氧反硝化  /  生物脱氮  /  基因组  /  海草床  /  假单胞菌属

Excessive nitrogen input caused by eutrophication in nearshore waters is a major environmental stressor driving the global degradation of seagrass beds. Objective To screen and identify efficient aerobic denitrifying bacteria from seagrass bed ecosystems and elucidate their nitrogen removal performance and mechanisms, thus providing microbial resources for alleviating nitrogen loading and restoring eutrophic seagrass beds. Methods Aerobic denitrifying bacteria were isolated and screened from seagrass rhizosphere sediments in Zhifu Bay, Yantai by enrichment-domestication culture and bromothymol blue assay. The taxonomic status of the strains was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. On the basis of nitrogen removal performance, an efficient aerobic denitrifying strain was selected. Single-factor and orthogonal experiments were conducted to optimize its denitrification conditions, and nitrogen balance experiments and whole-genome sequencing were employed to elucidate its nitrogen removal pathways and key functional genes. Results A total of 34 denitrifying strains were isolated from seagrass rhizosphere sediments in Zhifu Bay, Yantai. The dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. A strain designated as Pseudomonas sp. S22 with high denitrification performance was selected. The denitrification conditions of this strain were optimized as follows: sodium succinate as the carbon source, C/N=15, pH 9.0, salinity (S)=30‰, and T=28 ℃. Under these conditions, the strain achieved a removal rate of 99.99% for 140 mg/L nitrate nitrogen within 36 h, demonstrating excellent nitrogen removal efficiency. Nitrogen balance analysis revealed that approximately 59.64% of the initial nitrate nitrogen was converted to gaseous nitrogen, confirming that denitrification was the dominant nitrogen removal pathway. Genomic sequencing revealed that strain S22 carried key functional genes for aerobic denitrification, including napA and nirS, providing a genetic basis for its denitrification phenotype at the molecular level. Conclusion This study systematically isolated and identified aerobic denitrifying bacteria from seagrass beds in northern China. Strain S22 exhibits outstanding nitrogen removal performance and environmental adaptability. Nitrogen balance and genomic analyses confirm that denitrification is its primary nitrogen removal pathway and the strain carries key functional genes for aerobic denitrification. Strain S22 can serve as a potential microbial resource for reducing nitrogen loading in seagrass beds. This study provides both a valuable strain and a theoretical basis for the future development of microbe-seagrass synergistic remediation technologies.

aerobic denitrification  /  biological nitrogen removal  /  genome  /  seagrass bed  /  Pseudomonas
刘晨, 孙延瑜, 刘青, 胡晓珂. 海草根际沉积物好氧反硝化菌S22的筛选、脱氮特性及基因组分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3487 -3507 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250801
Chen LIU, Yanyu SUN, Qing LIU, Xiaoke HU. Screening, denitrification characterization, and genomic analysis of an aerobic denitrifying bacterium S22 from seagrass rhizosphere sediments[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3487 -3507 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250801
近岸海域富营养化是全球海洋生态环境面临的重要问题之一[1]。工农业活动和城市化进程带来的陆源输入以及大气沉降,使氮、磷等营养物质过量输入近海,引发一系列连锁性生态效应,导致水体透明度下降、海洋酸化、海底缺氧以及生物多样性降低[2]。海草床生态系统受此类环境变化影响较大。作为典型的近海海洋生态系统,它具有极高的生态服务功能,能为海洋生物提供栖息地、庇护所和育幼场,还可提高水质、巩固及防护海床底质和海岸线,同时具有重要的碳捕获和碳储存功能。氮和磷是海草生长的必需营养元素,水体中适量存在这些元素是维持海草正常生理功能的基础。硝态氮、铵态氮和有机氮均为海草可吸收利用的氮源。然而,过量氮输入会对海草产生胁迫。硝态氮持续增加会导致海草组织内部营养盐供给失衡,长期暴露于3.5 μmol/L (约0.05 mg/L)及以上浓度的硝态氮时可对海草碳平衡产生负面影响[3-4];较高浓度的铵态氮会对海草产生毒性,海水中铵态氮浓度超过125 μmol/L (约1.75 mg/L)时可导致海草枝茎密度显著降低;在25 μmol/L (约0.35 mg/L)的较低浓度下长期暴露也可能威胁海草生存;而9 μmol/L (约0.13 mg/L)的铵态氮则相对安全[5]。在全球范围内,富营养化导致海草大规模死亡,海草床生态系统功能丧失[6-9]。在海草床生态系统中,大型藻类、浮游植物及附生藻类比海草具有更高的养分吸收率[10]。营养负荷的增加通常会刺激这些竞争者过度增殖并形成藻华,使其在与海草竞争光照和空间资源时占据优势。其次,营养盐输入导致沉积物再悬浮加剧,减弱了海草所获得的光照强度,产生光限制效应[11]。营养盐富集还会导致沉积到海底的过量有机质在分解过程中大量消耗氧气,使沉积物环境缺氧,促进硫酸盐还原菌产生对海草有毒害作用的硫化物[12]。海草根和茎的结构使其更容易受到营养物增加和光限制的协同侵害,有害影响的累积导致海草数量减少,最终可能导致海草床消亡[13]
全球海草床正面临严峻的退化形势[14-15],近岸水域的富营养化进程导致海草覆盖率下降,损失速度加快[14]。对于大多数海草种类而言,与硝态氮相比,海草更容易吸收铵态氮和有机氮[16]。硝酸盐作为富营养化的标志性污染物,因其在水体中具有高溶解性,在海草床中持续累积形成氮负荷压力。对于此类氮素负荷水体,传统物理化学修复手段(如曝气、底泥疏浚、化学药剂投加)通常能够快速降低营养盐浓度,在应急治理中具有重要地位,但这类方法在海草床区域应用时存在一定局限,例如底泥疏浚施工过程中易对底栖生境造成物理扰动,化学试剂可能具有生物毒性等[17]。相比之下,基于微生物反硝化作用的生物修复技术主要通过强化或引入功能微生物群,更适用于大范围且生态敏感的海草床修复。然而,该技术也面临功能菌株环境适应性、定殖稳定性以及与土著微生物竞争等挑战。传统的生物脱氮技术依赖反硝化菌,长期以来被认为只在厌氧或缺氧条件下进行脱氮,这与海草床环境以及水体中的富氧条件相悖,限制了其应用。好氧反硝化细菌(aerobic denitrifying bacteria, ADB)的发现打破了这一认知局限。1983年,Robertson和Kuenen等[18-19]从废水处理厂分离出第一株能够在有氧条件下进行反硝化的细菌全食副球菌(Paracoccus pantotrophus)。此后,大量好氧反硝化菌陆续从各类环境中被分离和鉴定报道,包括污水处理系统[20-21]、湖泊[22-23]、湿地[24-25]以及海水中[26-27]。海洋环境中的好氧反硝化菌主要来源于沉积物、养殖区、河口及红树林湿地,对于海草床和海草环境中可培养的好氧反硝化细菌鲜有报道。好氧反硝化菌的大量发现拓展了生物脱氮的应用场景。目前,好氧反硝化技术已在污水处理领域展现出应用潜力[28-33],其应用模式包括构建好氧生物膜反应器、与微藻形成菌藻共生体系进行水处理,以及与大型水生植物联合修复等。好氧反硝化菌能够通过周质硝酸盐还原酶(periplasmic nitrate reductase, Nap)和亚硝酸盐还原酶(nitrite reductase, Nir)的协同作用,在有氧条件下完成脱氮过程[34]。海草自身具备强大的吸收和转化营养盐的能力,若能将其与高效的好氧反硝化菌株联合,有望形成一种“微生物-海草”协同修复系统,针对性地缓解海草床的氮负荷压力。
好氧反硝化菌在环境修复中展现出良好前景,但其菌种资源在海草床这一生态系统中尚未得到系统性挖掘,对海洋来源好氧反硝化菌的功能特性缺乏基因组水平的解析,这限制了对其在实际环境中应用潜力的准确预测和高效利用。本研究从黄渤海海草床生态系统的根际沉积物中分离筛选高效的好氧反硝化细菌菌株,通过单因素实验、正交试验优化其脱氮性能条件,并通过氮平衡分析结合全基因组测序技术解析其脱氮路径及反硝化功能基因的组成,为“微生物-海草”协同修复海草床氮污染提供微生物资源与理论基础。
菌种分离样品采自山东省烟台市芝罘岛(37°36′N, 121°21′E)。取海草根际沉积物装入采样袋,置于4 ℃保存,并于24 h内开展后续实验。
2216E培养基(g/L):蛋白胨5.000 0,酵母浸粉1.000 0,C6H5FeO7 0.100 0,NaCl 19.450 0,MgCl2 5.980 0,Na2SO4 3.240 0,CaCl2 1.800 0,KCl 0.550 0,K2CO3 0.160 0,KBr 0.080 0,SrCl2 0.034 0,H3BO3 0.022 0,Na2SiO3 0.004 0,NaF 0.002 4,NH4NO3 0.001 6,Na2HPO4 0.008 0。
反硝化驯化培养基(g/L):CH3COONa 1.30,NaCl 30.00,KH2PO4 0.09,MgSO4·7H2O 0.20,KNO3 0.72,微量元素溶液2 mL。
溴百里酚蓝(bromothymol blue, BTB)固体培养基(g/L):KNO3 1.00,KH2PO4 0.75,K2HPO4 0.75,FeCl2·6H2O 0.15,CaCl2·7H2O 0.02,MgSO4·7H2O 0.20,柠檬酸钠3.60,1 mL 1% BTB乙醇溶液(0.10 g BTB溶于10 mL无水乙醇),琼脂15.00。
反硝化培养基(g/L):六水合丁二酸钠7.75,KNO3 1.00,NaCl 30.00,KH2PO4 0.09,K2HPO4 0.09,MgSO4·7H2O 0.20,微量元素溶液2 mL。
微量元素溶液(g/L):Na2EDTA·2H2O 29.00,MnSO4·H2O 3.26,CoCl2·6H2O 1.80,ZnSO4·7H2O 1.00,NiSO4·6H2O 0.11,CuSO4·5H2O 0.10,Na2MoO4·2H2O 0.10,NaSO3 0.05。
所有培养基pH调整为7.0,经121 ℃、20 min蒸汽灭菌后使用。
取5 g沉积物样品于灭菌海水中振荡混匀30 min,按5%接入2216E培养基,30 ℃、140 r/min富集培养48 h,之后以2%转接至驯化培养基培养48 h,待培养基液体变浑浊后再次转接至新鲜驯化培养基中,重复转接3次以上。将驯化后的菌悬液梯度稀释,取10-6-10-8梯度稀释液100 μL涂布于溴百里酚蓝固体培养基,30 ℃恒温培养48 h。挑选具有蓝色晕圈的菌落于2216E固体培养基上进行三区划线,重复划线纯化3-4次至获得单一菌落。纯化菌株按1 μL点接至BTB固体培养基进行复筛,培养48 h后根据菌落周围蓝色晕圈的大小确定其脱氮能力,并初步选取6株脱氮能力较强的菌株。将6株纯化菌株以1%接种至反硝化培养基中,48 h取样测定OD600,并以5 000 r/min离心10 min取上清液测定NO3--N浓度,选取NO3--N去除率高的菌株作为目标菌株。
将纯化后的菌株接种至2216E固体培养基,30 ℃恒温培养48 h,对菌落形状、颜色、透明度等形态特征进行观察。使用透射电镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)观察细菌形态及有无鞭毛。
按照细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)的使用方法提取获得纯培养菌株的DNA,采用细菌16S rRNA基因序列扩增通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCC TGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTT ACGACTT-3′)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Taq Master Mix 12.5 μL,DNA模板2 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,ddH2O补至25 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,54 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸90 s,共32个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后送至青岛睿博测序分析公司进行测序。将测序分析后的16S rRNA基因序列上传到EzBioCloud (www.ezbiocloud.net/identify)数据库进行比对,确定其种属。使用MEGA 11软件构建菌株的系统发育树,并将序列上传至GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/)数据库。
将纯化后的菌株接种至2216E液体培养基中,30 ℃、140 r/min培养至对数期(OD600约为0.8)。取15 mL新鲜菌液,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,无菌水洗涤沉淀菌体,重复3次。样品送至北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司进行细菌基因组测序。
将纯培养菌株接种至2216E液体培养基中,30 ℃、140 r/min进行连续培养,每间隔2 h取混匀菌液测定其OD600值。设置3组平行实验并取平均值,利用Origin软件以培养时间为横坐标,以OD600值为纵坐标绘制菌株的生长曲线。
从前期筛选分离得到的菌株中选取一株具有较好脱氮能力的菌株S22,对其进行脱氮性能研究。采用单因素实验探究碳源、碳氮比、初始pH、温度、盐度以及不同初始浓度硝氮等因素对菌株生长和脱氮的影响,对菌株的脱氮条件进行优化。所有实验均以反硝化培养基[初始硝酸盐浓度为140 mg/L,碳源为丁二酸钠,C/N=10,pH 7.0,盐度(salinity, S)=30‰,T=30 ℃]为基础。当探究某一因素时,仅改变该因素水平,其余条件均与培养基保持一致。分别调整培养基的碳源种类为乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠、蔗糖、葡萄糖、丁二酸钠,C/N为5、8、10、15、20,初始pH为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0,培养温度为10、20、25、30、40 ℃,盐度为0、10‰、20‰、30‰、40‰,初始硝氮浓度为50、140、200、300、500 mg/L。将处于对数生长期的菌液按1%的接种量接种至反硝化培养基中,除温度实验外,其余均在30 ℃、140 r/min进行连续培养,每隔12 h取样测定OD600,并以5 000 r/min离心10 min取上清液测定NO3--N浓度,设置3个重复。
基于单因素实验结果,选择对脱氮效率影响显著且具优化潜力的3个因素进行优化:C/N、初始pH和培养温度,各因素分别设置3个水平(表1),设计L9(34)正交试验。C/N比通过调节碳源(丁二酸钠)用量实现,初始pH用1 mol/L HCl或NaOH溶液精确调节,培养基其他成分固定不变(碳源为丁二酸钠,S=30‰)。将活化的菌株S22种子液以1%接种量接入各组培养基,于140 r/min摇床中在设定温度下培养48 h。以NO3--N去除率为分析依据,确定菌株S22最佳脱氮条件。根据分析结果得出的理论最优组合配制培养基,于140 r/min培养36 h,每隔6 h取样测定菌液OD600,5 000 r/min离心10 min取上清液测定NO3--N和NO2--N浓度,进行独立实验,分析菌株S22脱氮特性并确认其脱氮性能。
参照文献[35-36]的方法开展以硝酸钾为唯一氮源的氮平衡实验。在反硝化培养基条件基础上,将菌液以1%接种量接入培养基中,30 ℃、140 r/min连续培养36 h。分别于培养起始(0 h)与实验结束(36 h)收集菌液,样品一部分经10 000 r/min离心5 min取上清液,经过0.22 μm滤膜过滤后用于测定培养基内可溶性总氮(dissolved total nitrogen, DTN)浓度以及硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)和氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度。另一部分样品使用超声波细胞破碎机进行超声破碎(功率300 W,工作6 s/间隔4 s,15 min),破碎后的菌液经过0.45 μm滤膜过滤后用于测定总氮(total nitrogen, TN)浓度。氮平衡计算如公式(1)所示。
细胞内生物氮=TN-DTN气体=TN0-TNt同化效率=细胞内生物氮/DTN0×100%脱氮效率=(气体+细胞内生物氮)/DTN0×100%
式中:DTN0为时间为0时的可溶性总氮浓度,TN0和TNt为时间为0和t时的总氮浓度。
硝酸盐氮的测定采用紫外分光光度法HJ/T 346—2007[37],亚硝酸盐氮的测定采用分光光度法GB 7493—87[38],氨氮的测定采用纳氏试剂分光光度法HJ 535—2009[39],总氮的测定采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法HJ 636—2012[40]OD600的测定采用紫外分光光度计。
去除率计算如公式(2)所示。
R=C0-CtC0×100%
式中:C0Ct为时间为0和t时的氮浓度。
经过前期富集、驯化,以及BTB培养基筛选和分离纯化,从海草根际沉积物中分离得到34株菌。对这34株菌进行16S rRNA基因测序,并将序列上传至EzBioCloud数据库进行比对,结果显示34株菌分别归属于莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)、假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)和丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae),对应不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas),共鉴定出14个不同的物种。BTB固体培养基定性实验结果显示,34株菌周围均有大小不一的蓝色晕圈,初步表明其具备反硝化能力,并根据菌落周围蓝色晕圈大小筛选出6株反硝化能力较强的菌株。为定量比较6株菌的反硝化能力,将其接种至反硝化培养基中,培养48 h后测定NO3--N浓度。如图1所示,连续培养48 h后菌株S22对NO3--N的去除率为78.38%,高于另外5株菌,表现出较强的脱氮能力,因此选取菌株S22作为研究对象。
菌株S22在2216E固体培养基上培养48 h后形成的菌落形态如图2A所示,菌落呈均一的乳白色、不透明;菌落直径约1.0-1.5 mm,呈圆形轮廓,边缘规则;菌落呈凸起状,表面湿润光滑。如图2B所示,菌株S22长度为2.4-2.6 μm,宽度为0.9-1.1 μm,长宽比约为2.5:1;该菌株为杆菌形态,其表面具有丛生鞭毛。
菌株S22基因组DNA经PCR扩增并测序后得到长度为1 406 bp的16S rRNA基因序列,并上传至GenBank数据库,登录号为PV164359。将菌株S22的基因序列与EzBioCloud数据库中的已有序列进行同源性比对,结果显示菌株S22与库鲁内格勒假单胞菌(Pseudomonas kurunegalensis) RW1P2T的相似性为99.93%,与别样恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alloputida) Kh7T的相似性为99.72%。使用MEGA 11软件的邻接(neighbor-joining, NJ)法构建系统发育树(图3),该菌株归属于假单胞菌属,且与P. kurunegalensis RW1P2TP. alloputida Kh7T的亲缘关系最近。
菌株S22在2216E液体培养基中的生长动力学研究结果见图4,其生长曲线呈现典型的4个阶段特征:菌株S22在0-2 h处于延滞期,此时菌体处于代谢适应状态,在2 h时OD600维持在0.1,生长速度缓慢;2 h后进入对数生长期,生物量呈指数增长,培养至20 h时OD600达到峰值(2.0);20 h后生长变缓,进入稳定期,OD600波动范围较小;24 h后菌株进入衰亡期,因营养耗尽,OD600逐渐下降,培养至48 h时OD600为1.7。与已报道的反硝化细菌相比,菌株S22在生长速率和生物量积累方面表现出一定优势。例如,硝基还原假单胞菌(Pseudomonas nitroreducens) PHB18[41]在反硝化培养条件下延滞期长达6 h,21 h达到OD600峰值为0.7,均低于菌株S22。
碳源为微生物生长代谢提供能量,并在好氧反硝化过程中作为电子供体。不同类型碳源的化学结构不同,导致微生物对其利用度存在差异,进而影响反硝化细菌的生长和脱氮能力。本研究中,利用不同碳源培养48 h后的菌株S22的生长情况和NO3--N去除率如图5所示,当以柠檬酸钠、葡萄糖和丁二酸钠为碳源时,菌株S22在48 h NO3--N去除率均较高,分别达到71.95%、76.66%、76.83%,其中以丁二酸钠为碳源时效果最佳。乙酸钠作为唯一碳源时,菌株S22在前24 h的生长情况和脱氮效果较差,可能是由于前期碳源吸收和代谢启动延迟,导致碳源利用效率低;但在48 h时生长量快速上升,NO3--N去除率达到61.95%。以蔗糖为碳源时,菌株S22的生长和脱氮情况最差,24 h和48 h的NO3--N去除率分别为14.96%、3.66%,这可能与菌体在蔗糖条件下生长受抑制及后期代谢活性下降有关,表明菌株S22对蔗糖的利用效率显著低于其余4种碳源。因此,选择丁二酸钠作为菌株S22的最适碳源。
不同碳氮比对菌株S22的生长量和脱氮特性有显著影响。在C/N为5-20的范围内研究菌株的生长和脱氮能力,如图6所示,菌株S22的生长量和脱氮能力随C/N的增加而提高。低C/N (5)时,48 h NO3--N去除率仅为43.01%,而高C/N (15、20)时去除率分别达到97.45%、98.87%,这是因为较低的C/N导致碳源不足,电子供体受限,菌株生长受限,脱氮能力下降。在C/N为15、20的条件下,菌株S22在48 h内持续生长并保持较高活性,OD600达到峰值的时间延长;48 h NO3--N去除率均接近100%。在微生物脱氮及生长效果相当的情况下,考虑节约成本,因此选用C/N为15作为菌株S22的最佳碳氮比。
初始pH可直接调控酶活性,并间接影响细菌生理,从而影响其脱氮和生长能力。如图7所示,在不同pH条件下,菌株S22对NO3--N的去除率呈上升趋势,并在36 h后去除率趋于平缓。该菌株在pH 6.0-9.0范围内具有良好的生长量和脱氮能力,在pH为8.0时反硝化能力最高,12 h和48 h的NO3--N去除率分别为48.4%、78.99%。pH为5.0时菌株S22前期生长量较低,脱氮效果较差,但48 h NO3--N去除率达到75.94%,这可能是由于前期酸性环境抑制了细菌的生长代谢活动,导致其生长缓慢和脱氮性能降低。
温度是调控细菌代谢活动和酶动力学的重要环境因子,不仅影响细菌生长速率,还会影响反硝化酶的活性和稳定性。如图8所示,菌株S22在20-30 ℃时脱氮性能较好,48 h的NO3--N去除率分别为77.17%、78.07%、77.98%。当温度为25-30 ℃时,24 h的去除率即可达到70%。高温40 ℃时菌株S22几乎不生长,48 h内硝态氮去除量接近于0;在低温10 ℃条件下菌株生长缓慢,24 h和48 h的NO3--N去除率仅为6.02%和20.94%,主要是因为高低温会抑制或降低酶活性,使代谢速率下降,从而影响其生长和脱氮能力。
将盐度分别调整为0、10‰、20‰、30‰、40‰,研究菌株S22在不同盐度条件下的生长情况和脱氮能力,结果见图9。在30‰盐度下,菌株S22脱氮能力最强,48 h的NO3--N去除率为78.96%。盐度范围为0-20‰时,菌株在培养初期呈现出一定的生长与代谢延迟,脱氮启动相对缓慢,经过适应后仍能达到较高的最终脱氮水平,48 h的NO3--N去除率分别为72.25%、74.52%、76.94%,略低于30‰盐度组。在40‰盐度条件下,菌株在24 h内表现出更为明显的生长滞后与脱氮延迟,12 h和24 h的NO3--N去除率仅为2.28%、20.40%,表明高盐环境对其初始代谢活性产生了一定抑制,然而随着培养时间延长菌株展现出良好的适应能力与恢复能力,其最终生物量和脱氮效率与较低盐度组(0-20‰)结果相近。
改变反硝化培养基中的氮负荷(50、140、200、300、500 mg/L),探究初始硝态氮质量浓度对菌株生长和反硝化能力的影响(图10)。菌株对硝态氮的去除能力随着氮浓度增加而明显降低。在50 mg/L的初始硝态氮质量浓度下培养12 h,菌株S22对硝态氮的去除率即达到100%。硝态氮浓度从50 mg/L提升到300 mg/L时,随着培养基中初始硝氮浓度逐渐增加,菌株S22的最大生长量也随之提高,但其脱氮能力明显降低。初始硝氮浓度为140 mg/L和200 mg/L时,24 h的NO3--N去除率分别为75.59%、55.84%,48 h的NO3--N去除率分别为77.99%、65.41%。当初始硝氮浓度达到300 mg/L和500 mg/L时,硝氮去除速率缓慢,48 h的NO3--N去除率分别为36.82%、18.35%。由此可见,菌株S22适宜在低浓度硝态氮条件下生长,具有较高的硝氮去除率。
为优化菌株S22的脱氮性能,采用L9(34)正交表对C/N、初始pH和培养温度3个主要因素进行实验,以NO3--N去除率为分析依据,正交试验结果见表2。不同因素水平下48 h NO3--N去除率介于66.25%-99.64%之间,表明培养条件对脱氮效率影响显著。极差分析显示,C/N的极差值最大为23.31,培养温度的极差值次之为12.61,各因素对硝态氮去除率影响的主次顺序为C/N>培养温度>初始pH。对正交试验结果进行方差分析表明,C/N与培养温度对菌株S22的硝态氮去除率均有显著影响(P<0.05),而初始pH的影响未达显著水平(P>0.05),各因素影响的主次顺序为C/N>培养温度>pH,与极差分析结论一致。通过比较均值(K值)可以得出理论最优条件组合为A3B3C1,即C/N为15、初始pH为9.0、培养温度为28 ℃。
以硝酸钾为唯一氮源,在正交试验最优条件下探究菌株S22对硝态氮的去除效果(图11)。在初始硝氮浓度为140 mg/L的情况下,菌株S22经6 h迟缓期生长缓慢,随后进入对数生长期快速生长,6-30 h菌株S22生物量快速增加,硝态氮也被快速去除。6-24 h菌株生长速度最快,硝酸盐氮浓度也迅速下降,NO3--N去除率为85.55%,去除速率达到6.03 mg/(L·h)。培养至30 h时OD600达到峰值2.5,30 h后菌体密度呈下降趋势,进入衰退期,此时NO3--N去除率为98.74%,在36 h时NO3--N去除率达到99.99%以上。整个培养过程中,亚硝酸盐氮少量积累,在12 h亚硝酸盐氮浓度最高为27.74 mg/L,随后逐渐降低,可能是因为前期硝态氮转化速率较快所致。经验证,在此优化条件下菌株S22对硝态氮的最大去除率可达99.99%,高于正交表中实验组最大去除率,说明此次正交试验结果具有有效性与可靠性。
以硝酸钾为唯一氮源,初始NO3--N浓度为141.83 mg/L,菌株S22在好氧条件下培养36 h后对底物脱氮过程中的氮平衡进行分析。结果表明,菌株S22将84.59 mg/L的初始NO3--N转化为气态氮,占59.64%;体系中细胞内生物氮为21.74 mg/L,菌株S22的生物同化比例为15.33%。培养结束时,残留的NO3--N为27.78 mg/L,NO2--N和NH4+-N的积累量分别为0.34 mg/L和2.13 mg/L;菌株S22的总脱氮效率为74.95%。菌株S22主要通过反硝化作用去除水体中的NO3--N,同时伴有生物同化作用,且中间产物积累较低,表现出高效脱氮能力。
菌株S22通过二代测序获得高质量基因组序列,并通过Nanopore测序平台测定其全基因组序列,获得1 168.32 Mb的clean data用于组装。菌株S22基因组基本特征见表3,基因组大小为5 874 473 bp,经过序列拼接得到33个scaffold (>500 bp),G+C含量为62.65%。预测该菌株含有5 355个蛋白编码基因,编码基因总长度为5 170 947 bp,编码基因平均长度为966 bp,编码基因总长度占基因组总长度的比例为88.02%。预测到rRNA基因14个,包括7个5S rRNA基因、4个16S rRNA基因、3个23S rRNA基因,tRNA基因69个,sRNA基因19个。平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity, ANI)的结果显示,菌株S22的基因组序列与P. kurunegalensis RW1P2T基因组的ANI为96.39%,由此菌株S22被归类为P. kurunegalensis S22。
将菌株S22预测的蛋白序列进行功能注释后,基于KO注释结果映射至KEGG参考代谢通路,筛选与氮代谢过程相关的基因,同时结合关键功能基因进行同源序列比对,并据此绘制菌株S22氮代谢路径图(图12)。通过上述方法共确定了24个与氮代谢相关的基因,包括反硝化基因:周质型硝酸盐还原酶基因napA、亚硝酸盐还原酶基因nirS、一氧化氮还原酶基因norBnorC。此外,还鉴定了硝酸盐转运蛋白编码基因nrt,以及亚硝酸盐还原酶基因nirBnirD。菌株S22通过硝酸盐转运体(nitrate transporter, NRT)将细胞外的硝酸盐转运至胞内,在周质硝酸盐还原酶的催化作用下还原生成亚硝酸盐,随后在细胞色素cd1型亚硝酸盐还原酶催化作用下还原为一氧化氮,并由一氧化氮还原酶(nitric oxide reductase, Nor)进一步还原为氧化亚氮气体,从而去除水体中的氮素。然而,因基因组中未注释到一氧化二氮还原酶基因(nosZ),基因组分析结果显示,菌株S22无法完全将硝酸盐还原为氮气,反硝化过程终止于一氧化二氮阶段。基于现有基因组数据,菌株S22中并未发现编码氨单加氧酶(ammonia monooxygenase, Amo)和羟胺氧化还原酶(hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, Hao)的关键基因,因此其是否具备硝化功能有待进一步研究。
本研究从烟台芝罘湾海草根际沉积物中分离筛选得到34株反硝化细菌,经16S rRNA基因鉴定,这些菌株分别属于3科3属。其中,假单胞菌属(19株)和不动杆菌属(12株)为优势菌属,丛毛单胞菌属(3株)为次要菌属。自1983年以来,已有大量好氧反硝化菌被分离并报道,菌属类别超过50个[42],其来源包括污废水处理系统、水体、沉积物等不同环境。从北京凉水河不同生态位分离出116株好氧反硝化菌,涵盖假单胞菌属、莱茵海默氏菌属(Rheinheimera)、芽殖杆菌属(Gemmobacter)等14个属,其中假单胞菌属是凉水河主要的可培养好氧反硝化菌属[43]。此外,已有超过16个属的海洋来源好氧反硝化菌被报道,这些菌株大多分离自河口、海洋沉积物、红树林生态系统和海水养殖区等环境[44]。从海水养殖水体中分离出25株嗜盐性好氧反硝化菌,分别属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)等10个属[45]。本研究筛选结果与从淡水河流和海水养殖系统中分离到的优势菌属一致,表明这些属是好氧反硝化功能微生物中的核心类群,具有广泛的环境适应性。海草根际是一个独特的微环境,其菌株可能因长期与海草互作而进化出特殊的适应性机制。目前海草床生态系统来源的可培养好氧反硝化菌资源尚未被系统挖掘,本研究系统地从海草床生态系统中分离鉴定好氧反硝化菌,不仅对已知功能菌属进行了生境拓展验证,更挖掘了潜在的本地适应性菌种资源。这些菌株因长期适应海草根际环境,可能进化出独特的代谢特性,为后续开展“海草-微生物”联合原位修复提供了不可替代的菌种资源。本研究菌株分离自烟台芝罘湾海草床,未来可通过研究不同地理区域、不同海草物种乃至退化海草床的菌群,更深入地了解该生态系统中好氧反硝化细菌的多样性及生态功能。
对优势菌株S22进行系统的脱氮特性研究。假单胞菌属作为反硝化微生物群落的重要类群,其代谢多样性、环境适应性和高效脱氮能力为生物脱氮技术提供了重要资源。好氧反硝化菌可利用的碳源范围广泛,包括小分子有机酸盐类(如乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠、丁二酸钠等)以及糖类(如葡萄糖、蔗糖等),部分研究还报道少数菌株能够利用苯酚等难降解有机物作为碳源[46]。本研究中菌株S22能够利用乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠、丁二酸钠以及葡萄糖等多种常规碳源进行反硝化,展现出良好的代谢灵活性,这种特性有助于其在天然环境中竞争资源并维持功能稳定。其中,以丁二酸钠为碳源时菌株S22生长状况最佳,硝酸盐去除率最高。菌株的代谢差异性导致其对碳源种类的选择存在差异,例如从活性污泥中分离出的反硝化菌葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sp.) SY-D-22的最佳外接碳源为柠檬酸钠[47];嗜线虫沙雷氏菌(Serratia nematodiphila) HL3以琥珀酸钠和葡萄糖为唯一碳源时总氮的去除率分别为81.33%和79.22%[48]。这种碳源利用的多样性有利于好氧反硝化菌在不同环境条件下的竞争与应用[49]。碳氮比能够显著影响细菌反硝化能力,好氧反硝化菌对碳氮比的适应范围较广,在一定范围内菌株的脱氮能力与碳氮比成正比。本研究中菌株S22具有较高的碳氮比适应性,在C/N为5-20范围内均能够生长并进行脱氮,且效率随C/N升高而增强。这与部分已报道菌株的变化趋势有所不同,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) U1随着碳氮比增加其氮去除率下降[50];耐盐菌株盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.) 5505在2-32 C/N条件下均有脱氮能力,随着C/N增加呈先增后减的趋势[51]。这表明菌株S22能适应更广泛的营养条件,尤其在碳源相对充足时能发挥最大效能。温度和pH是重要的环境因素,好氧反硝化细菌的最适温度为25-37 ℃[52],例如菌株S22、约氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter johnsonii) N26[53]以及P. nitroreducens PHB18[41]。然而也有一些反硝化菌能够适应低温或高温,耐低温好氧反硝化菌气单胞菌(Aeromonas sp.) Z6在10 ℃条件下对硝态氮去除率达到96.10%[54]。最佳pH为中性或碱性(7.0-8.0)[52],pH影响微生物代谢主要是通过影响酶活性和细胞表面电荷[55]。不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.) ZH7在pH为10.0时菌株生长和脱氮能力均受到抑制[56],菌株S22在pH为6.0-9.0范围内具有良好的生长与脱氮能力。单因素实验初步确定了其脱氮的适宜条件范围。为进一步提升条件优化的科学性,本研究通过正交试验对C/N、初始pH和培养温度进行多因素交互作用分析。结果表明,C/N是对脱氮效率影响最显著的因素,其影响程度大于温度和pH,并获得了理论最优条件组合(C/N=15,pH 9.0,S=30‰,温度28 ℃)。验证实验表明该组合具有良好的可靠性,凸显了多因素优化相较于单因素实验在获取全局最优组合的优势。菌株S22展现出了广泛的代谢灵活性与环境耐受性,能够利用多种碳源;在C/N=5-20范围内均能有效脱氮;对硝酸盐耐受范围宽(50-500 mg/L),在140 mg/L浓度下36 h内去除率达到99.99%。特别值得注意的是,其最适温度范围20-30 ℃和最适pH范围8.0-9.0,与我国北方近海海草床的环境特征(如季节性水温、弱碱性海水)高度吻合。这与许多从污水处理系统(最适温度常为30-37 ℃)或淡水湖泊分离的菌株形成对比,凸显了其作为海草床本地菌株的环境适配性与原位应用潜力。
为阐明菌株S22的脱氮途径,本研究通过氮平衡实验对输入氮元素代谢去向进行了定量分析。在好氧培养条件下,菌株S22将约59.64%的初始NO3--N转化为气态氮,同时大约15.33%的初始NO3--N被同化为细胞内生物氮,而亚硝酸盐和铵盐积累量极低。这表明反硝化是菌株S22去除硝态氮的主导途径,其代谢通路畅通,环境风险低。这一高效的反硝化能力是其应用于海草床氮负荷削减的核心功能基础。
通过基因组测序和组装得到菌株S22完整的基因组信息,本研究从遗传基础上揭示了其高效好氧反硝化能力的分子机制。结果表明其基因组中含有好氧反硝化途径的关键功能基因,包括编码周质硝酸盐还原酶的napA基因、编码亚硝酸盐还原酶的nirS基因,以及编码一氧化氮还原酶的norBC基因。这些基因调控菌株S22在有氧条件下高效启动并完成硝酸盐还原过程,从分子层面佐证了其表型功能。在好氧反硝化过程中,napA基因编码的Nap发挥着关键作用。与厌氧条件下主导的Nar不同,Nap定位于细胞周质空间,其电子传递链与氧呼吸链相对独立,因而对氧气不敏感,能够在有氧条件下将硝酸盐还原为亚硝酸盐。这一机制是菌株S22在持续振荡培养的好氧环境中仍能高效启动反硝化过程的分子基础。随后,nirS基因编码的亚硝酸盐还原酶(Nir)催化亚硝酸盐还原为一氧化氮,该步骤为反硝化过程的关键限速步骤。norBC基因编码的一氧化氮还原酶(Nor)将一氧化氮还原为气态氮,最终实现水体中硝酸盐的去除。
napAnirS基因不仅是反硝化途径的核心功能基因,还具有重要的分子标记价值。在好氧条件下,调控Nar合成和表达的转录因子失活则Nar的基因表达受到抑制[57],而Nap优先在好氧条件下表达。亚硝酸盐还原酶催化亚硝酸盐转化为一氧化氮,是反硝化作用有别于其他硝酸盐代谢的标志性反应,nirSnirK基因在大多数反硝化微生物中互斥存在,且主要存在于反硝化菌群中。napA基因可用于快速筛选好氧反硝化菌资源,nirS基因则广泛用于研究环境样本中反硝化菌群的群落结构与动态变化。
近海海草床生态系统具有提高水质等多种生态功能,海草床中反硝化速率约为无植被沉积物的5倍[2],但富营养化会对海草的存活和生长产生显著的负面效应[58],改变其关键功能过程,阻碍重新定植[2]。基于本研究结果,菌株S22作为海草床生境菌种资源,具有高效的反硝化能力,展现出应用于该生境的潜力。为实现其“微生物-海草”协同修复功能,需探讨可行的技术路径。结合现有微生物修复研究,可将菌株S22制备成固定化菌剂,吸附于生物炭等环境友好型载体,通过人工投放于氮污染海草床的沉积物表面。接种剂量需通过后续微宇宙模拟实验确定,依据目标氮负荷进行优化确定,在修复过程中需兼顾经济性与生态安全性。未来的应用研究应着力于开展微宇宙实验及原位实验验证菌株的定殖能力、功能持久性及对海草生长和生态功能的实际促进效果,评估其与复杂土著微生物群落的互作关系。通过将实验室成果与生态修复技术相结合,为富营养化造成的退化海草床修复提供可持续解决方案,实现长效生态恢复。
本研究系统地从海草根际沉积物中分离筛选出好氧反硝化细菌菌群,共获得34株菌,以假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属为优势菌属,丰富了该特殊生境功能微生物资源。对优势菌株Pseudomonas sp. S22的研究表明,其具有高效的反硝化能力(140 mg/L NO3--N,36 h去除率达到99.99%)和良好的环境适应性。最适温度范围20-30 ℃和最适pH范围8.0-9.0与其来源环境特征相匹配,通过正交试验优化获得了其最优脱氮条件组合(C/N=15,pH 9.0,T=28 ℃)。氮平衡实验表明,菌株S22能将约59.64%的硝态氮通过反硝化途径转化为气态氮,且中间产物积累极少,表明其脱氮过程高效且环境风险较低。基因组分析发现其携带napAnirSnorBC等好氧反硝化关键基因,为表型提供了分子水平支持。菌株S22作为从海草床原位分离的功能菌株,对富营养化海草床的微生物修复具有重要应用潜力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32070112)
  • 科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY100705)
  • 山东省“泰山学者”建设工程项目(tspd20210317)
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2026年第66卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250801
  • 接收时间:2025-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-27
  • 录用日期:2026-03-12
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070112)
国家自然科学基金(32070112)
The Specific Survey of Basic Science and Technology Resources(2019FY100705)
科技基础资源调查专项(2019FY100705)
The Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(tspd20210317)
山东省“泰山学者”建设工程项目(tspd20210317)
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    1.中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,海岸带生物学与生物资源利用重点实验室,山东 烟台
    2.中国科学院大学,北京
    3.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室,海洋生物学与生物技术功能实验室,山东 青岛

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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