Article(id=1226136785349165212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250678, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1756915200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762099200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineDate=1770263390146, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263390146, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263390146, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263390146, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=850, endPage=866, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136785592434848, articleId=1226136785349165212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity analysis of bacteria associated with skin ulceration in Hippocampus erectus, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) is a major cultured seahorse species with significant economic value in China. Bacterial diseases frequently occur in intensive aquaculture environments, among which skin ulceration is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting H. erectus farming. Skin ulceration is mainly caused by Vibrio spp., while the pathogen complexity and diversity remain unclear. [Objective] This study identified dominant bacterial strains from ulcerative lesions of H. erectus in Zhangzhou, Fujian and characterized their pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance profiles, and virulence traits, aiming to provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and control. [Methods] Bacteria were isolated from ulcerated and internal tissue samples of diseased seahorses. Species identification was performed via morphological observation, physiological-biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis, and reinfection of seahorses. The isolates were cultured for the measurement of hemolytic activity, caseinase production, and salinity tolerance. Ten virulence genes were detected by PCR. The susceptibility of the isolates to 30 antibiotics was tested via the disk diffusion method. Artificial infection was performed with zebrafish as a model to determine the median lethal dose (LD50). [Results] Fifteen dominant strains were isolated from various tissue samples of diseased seahorses. Among them, three strains (HCE003, HCE070, and HCE098) exhibited β-hemolysis and high overall antibiotic resistance rates (50.0%-56.7%). HCE003 carried vvh, pPHDD1, and hlyAch, while both HCE070 and HCE098 carried hlyA, trh, hlyAch, and vhh. HCE003, HCE070, and HCE098 were preliminarily identified as highly pathogenic strains and were further characterized as Citrobacter freundii, Shewanella algae, and Vibrio rotiferianus, respectively. The three strains were capable of growing normally at the salinity of 15‰. Artificial challenge tests demonstrated that they could induce skin ulceration in H. erectus upon reinfection. The median lethal doses of HCE003, HCE070, and HCE098 in zebrafish were 1.71×105 CFU/mL, 3.68×105 CFU/mL, and 2.51×106 CFU/mL, respectively. [Conclusion] This study is the first to report the isolation of multidrug-resistant and highly virulent C. freundii and S. algae from H. erectus with skin ulceration, indicating that non-Vibrio pathogens can also contribute to skin ulceration in seahorses. These findings provide scientific support for the development of targeted disease management strategies and therapeutic agents in seahorse aquaculture.

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E-mail: LI Zhongqin,
ZOU Wenzheng,
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线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)是我国具有重要经济价值的主要养殖海马种类。在密集养殖环境下细菌性疾病频发,其中体表溃烂病是危害线纹海马养殖的主要疾病之一。溃烂病主要由弧菌属细菌引起,但其病原组成的复杂性和多样性尚未完全明确。 【目的】 鉴定福建漳州地区养殖线纹海马溃烂病的分离菌,解析其致病性、耐药谱及毒力特征,为疾病防控提供科学依据。 【方法】 从患体表溃烂病的海马病灶和内脏组织中分离病原菌,通过形态观察、生理生化检测、16S rRNA基因系统发育分析、回归感染以确定致病菌的种属;采用培养法检测分离菌株的溶血性、酪蛋白酶活性及盐度耐受性;通过PCR扩增确定10种毒力基因;采用纸片扩散法测试其对30种抗菌药物的耐药性;以斑马鱼为模型进行人工感染,确定半数致死量(LD50)。 【结果】 从患病海马各部位共分离出15株优势菌,其中3株(HCE003、HCE070、HCE098)均呈β溶血,总耐药率达到50.0%-56.7%。HCE003携带vvhpPHDD1hlyAch毒力基因,HCE070和HCE098携带hlyAtrhhlyAchvhh毒力基因,初步判定为强致病株,分别鉴定为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)、海藻希瓦氏菌(Shewanella algae)和轮虫弧菌(Vibrio rotiferianus)。这3株菌在盐度15‰下可正常增殖,回归感染可引发线纹海马体表溃烂;人工腹腔感染斑马鱼的半致死浓度LD50分别为1.71×105、3.68×105、2.51×106 CFU/mL。 【结论】 本研究在罹患溃烂病线纹海马中分离到具有多重耐药性及高毒力的弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和海藻希瓦氏菌,表明线纹海马溃烂病的致病菌除了已报道的弧菌,非弧菌属病原菌也可共同诱发海马体表溃烂,为海马养殖疾病防控及开发对应药物提供科学理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

刘飞龙:负责实验的安排、开展,数据处理,撰写初稿;邹文政:关键实验问题的指导;李忠琴:提供研究思路,论文审阅与修改;黄璇璇:协助实验进行、数据分析;蔡鸿娇:协调实验顺利开展;林茂:提供实验场所及仪器。

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The pathogenicity and differential expression of immune-related genes from intestine of Cynoglossus semilaevis induced by the infection of Shewanella algae [D]. Tianjin: Tianjin Agricultural University, 2017 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195570277139319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=205, issue=null, pageStart=107617, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=78, authorNames=REVILLA J, RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ S, SOLÓRZANO R, REYES G, BARJA JL, journalName=Microbial Pathogenesis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=REVILLA J, RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ S, SOLÓRZANO R, REYES G, BARJA JL. First draft genome sequence of Vibrio rotiferianus isolated from diseased larvae of the spiny rock-scallop Spondylus limbatus during hatchery outbreaks[J]. 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A: Strain HCE003; B: Strain HCE070; C: Strain HCE098. Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lane 1: hlyA; Lane 2: plpV; Lane 3: dly; Lane 4: hlyApl; Lane 5: tdh; Lane 6: vvh; Lane 7: pPHDD1; Lane 8: trh; Lane 9: hlyAch; Lane 10: vhh., figureFileSmall=kXXkBPakbNrlcmEB9aS7GQ==, figureFileBig=OuyuGpsd08Pf8qXkuhYeXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195553088880891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=图2, caption=毒力基因PCR扩增结果, figureFileSmall=kXXkBPakbNrlcmEB9aS7GQ==, figureFileBig=OuyuGpsd08Pf8qXkuhYeXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195553197932805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Phylogenetic tree analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. A: Strain HCE003; B: Strain HCE070; C: Strain HCE098. The serial number is GenBank accession number; Branch numbers are bootstrap values; Scale in the lower left corner of the picture is distance., figureFileSmall=X2g2PU1KiQlhxzvSCFrZiA==, figureFileBig=QvVRvHdWs9tlzL6a8kuOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195553302790418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于16S rRNA基因序列构建的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=X2g2PU1KiQlhxzvSCFrZiA==, figureFileBig=QvVRvHdWs9tlzL6a8kuOJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554682716439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=The clinical signs of infected Hippocampus erectus. A: Strain HCE003; B: Strain HCE070; C: Strain HCE098., figureFileSmall=QB3Bpxn+GwQrDz/QNczkvw==, figureFileBig=EZwY7WLr7ey9M1jLWCCEUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554774991138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=图4, caption=感染后线纹海马的症状, figureFileSmall=QB3Bpxn+GwQrDz/QNczkvw==, figureFileBig=EZwY7WLr7ey9M1jLWCCEUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554863071532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Cumulative mortality rate of Danio rerio infected by isolated strains. A: Strain HCE003; B: Strain HCE070; C: Strain HCE098. CK: Sterile PBS., figureFileSmall=p6ZwfjzVCDfOdDBUoFK8cA==, figureFileBig=2jM94g74Jk0UkqHMjUlB+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554946957621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=图5, caption=感染后斑马鱼的累计死亡率, figureFileSmall=p6ZwfjzVCDfOdDBUoFK8cA==, figureFileBig=2jM94g74Jk0UkqHMjUlB+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555030843707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

PCR primer sequences for virulence genes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target genesForward sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)Reversed sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)
pPHDD1TGGAATAACTATGAGTAACACATTACCAAAACATCTACAT
dlyCCTATGGGACATGAATGGGCTCTAGGCTAAATGAATC
hlyAplGCTATAAATGAATAAGAAAATTGAAGCTAACTCAAAAA
hlyAchAATGTTTCTTTCCGTTGGGCCCGGAGTTCCACCAGTAAAT
plpVTCTCATAATAGCAGTAATCTTTACTAAGCAGAATCCAGCC
vhhGATTGGGAATGGGCAGAAAAGGAATCGCCATTGTGATGC
hlyAGGCAAACAGCGAAACAAATACCCTCAGCGGGCTAATACGGTTTA
tdhCCACTACCACTCTCATATGCATACGAGTGGTTGCTGTCATG
trhCAGTTTGCTATTGGCTTCGCAGAAAGAGCAGCCATTG
vvhGCTATTTCACCGCCGCTCACCCGCAGAGCCGTAAACCGAA
), ArticleFig(id=1226195555160867141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

毒力基因的PCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target genesForward sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)Reversed sequences (5ʹ→3ʹ)
pPHDD1TGGAATAACTATGAGTAACACATTACCAAAACATCTACAT
dlyCCTATGGGACATGAATGGGCTCTAGGCTAAATGAATC
hlyAplGCTATAAATGAATAAGAAAATTGAAGCTAACTCAAAAA
hlyAchAATGTTTCTTTCCGTTGGGCCCGGAGTTCCACCAGTAAAT
plpVTCTCATAATAGCAGTAATCTTTACTAAGCAGAATCCAGCC
vhhGATTGGGAATGGGCAGAAAAGGAATCGCCATTGTGATGC
hlyAGGCAAACAGCGAAACAAATACCCTCAGCGGGCTAATACGGTTTA
tdhCCACTACCACTCTCATATGCATACGAGTGGTTGCTGTCATG
trhCAGTTTGCTATTGGCTTCGCAGAAAGAGCAGCCATTG
vvhGCTATTTCACCGCCGCTCACCCGCAGAGCCGTAAACCGAA
), ArticleFig(id=1226195555265724749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

16S rRNA gene identification and hemolysis of isolated strains from Hippocampus erectus with skin ulceration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberHemolysisIdentification resultIsolation sites
HCE003β溶血β-hemolysis弗氏柠檬酸杆菌C. freundii溃烂处Ulcerated area
HCE041α溶血α-hemolysis哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi溃烂处Ulcerated area
HCE043γ溶血γ-hemolysis哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi腹腔积液Peritoneal effusion
HCE044γ溶血γ-hemolysis哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi腹腔积液Peritoneal effusion
HCE046γ溶血γ-hemolysis弧菌属Vibrio sp.肝脏Liver
HCE047α溶血α-hemolysis弧菌属Vibrio sp.肝脏Liver
HCE048α溶血α-hemolysis肺炎克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella pneumoniae肝脏Liver
HCE050α溶血α-hemolysis肺炎克雷伯氏菌K. pneumoniae肠道Intestines
HCE052β溶血β-hemolysis创伤弧菌Vibrio vulnificus肾脏Kidney
HCE053β溶血β-hemolysis弧菌属Vibrio sp.肾脏Kidney
HCE055α溶血α-hemolysis弧菌属Vibrio sp.卵巢Ovaries
HCE056α溶血α-hemolysis肺炎克雷伯氏菌K. pneumoniae卵巢Ovaries
HCE058α溶血α-hemolysis肺炎克雷伯氏菌K. pneumoniae溃烂处Ulcerated area
HCE070β溶血β-hemolysis海藻希瓦氏菌S. algae溃烂处Ulcerated area
HCE098β溶血β-hemolysis轮虫弧菌V. rotiferianus溃烂处Ulcerated area
), ArticleFig(id=1226195555416719709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

体表溃烂线纹海马分离菌株的溶血性和16S rRNA基因鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberHemolysisIdentification resultIsolation sites
HCE003β溶血β-hemolysis弗氏柠檬酸杆菌C. freundii溃烂处Ulcerated area
HCE041α溶血α-hemolysis哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi溃烂处Ulcerated area
HCE043γ溶血γ-hemolysis哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi腹腔积液Peritoneal effusion
HCE044γ溶血γ-hemolysis哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi腹腔积液Peritoneal effusion
HCE046γ溶血γ-hemolysis弧菌属Vibrio sp.肝脏Liver
HCE047α溶血α-hemolysis弧菌属Vibrio sp.肝脏Liver
HCE048α溶血α-hemolysis肺炎克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella pneumoniae肝脏Liver
HCE050α溶血α-hemolysis肺炎克雷伯氏菌K. pneumoniae肠道Intestines
HCE052β溶血β-hemolysis创伤弧菌Vibrio vulnificus肾脏Kidney
HCE053β溶血β-hemolysis弧菌属Vibrio sp.肾脏Kidney
HCE055α溶血α-hemolysis弧菌属Vibrio sp.卵巢Ovaries
HCE056α溶血α-hemolysis肺炎克雷伯氏菌K. pneumoniae卵巢Ovaries
HCE058α溶血α-hemolysis肺炎克雷伯氏菌K. pneumoniae溃烂处Ulcerated area
HCE070β溶血β-hemolysis海藻希瓦氏菌S. algae溃烂处Ulcerated area
HCE098β溶血β-hemolysis轮虫弧菌V. rotiferianus溃烂处Ulcerated area
), ArticleFig(id=1226195555504800103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Resistance rate of isolated strains from Hippocampus erectus with cutaneous ulcer to eight kinds of antibacterial drugs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株编号

Strain number

总耐药率

Total drug resistance rate (%)

青霉素类

Penicillin class

(5 species)

头孢类

Cephalosporins

(7 species)

多肽类

Polypeptides

(2 species)

氨基糖苷类

Aminoglycosides

(4 species)

大环内酯类

Macrolides

(2 species)

四环素类

Tetracyclines

(3 species)

喹诺酮类

Quinolones

(6 species)

磺胺类

Sulfonamides

(1 specie)

HCE00350.080.057.1100.00.050.0100.033.3100.0
HCE04133.360.014.350.050.0100.00.016.7100.0
HCE04330.040.028.6100.025.00.00.033.30.0
HCE04426.720.014.350.00.0100.00.016.7100.0
HCE04636.740.014.350.075.0100.00.033.30.0
HCE04733.340.014.3100.025.050.033.316.7100.0
HCE04823.340.00.050.00.0100.00.016.7100.0
HCE05030.040.00.050.025.050.033.333.3100.0
HCE05230.040.028.6100.00.00.00.033.3100.0
HCE05333.340.028.650.050.00.00.033.3100.0
HCE05530.040.014.350.025.0100.00.016.7100.0
HCE05626.740.014.3100.025.050.00.016.7100.0
HCE05826.740.014.350.025.050.00.033.30.0
HCE07056.780.057.1100.00.050.0100.033.3100.0
HCE09846.760.028.650.025.050.0100.033.3100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226195555639017843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

体表溃烂线纹海马分离菌株对8类抗菌药物的耐药率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株编号

Strain number

总耐药率

Total drug resistance rate (%)

青霉素类

Penicillin class

(5 species)

头孢类

Cephalosporins

(7 species)

多肽类

Polypeptides

(2 species)

氨基糖苷类

Aminoglycosides

(4 species)

大环内酯类

Macrolides

(2 species)

四环素类

Tetracyclines

(3 species)

喹诺酮类

Quinolones

(6 species)

磺胺类

Sulfonamides

(1 specie)

HCE00350.080.057.1100.00.050.0100.033.3100.0
HCE04133.360.014.350.050.0100.00.016.7100.0
HCE04330.040.028.6100.025.00.00.033.30.0
HCE04426.720.014.350.00.0100.00.016.7100.0
HCE04636.740.014.350.075.0100.00.033.30.0
HCE04733.340.014.3100.025.050.033.316.7100.0
HCE04823.340.00.050.00.0100.00.016.7100.0
HCE05030.040.00.050.025.050.033.333.3100.0
HCE05230.040.028.6100.00.00.00.033.3100.0
HCE05333.340.028.650.050.00.00.033.3100.0
HCE05530.040.014.350.025.0100.00.016.7100.0
HCE05626.740.014.3100.025.050.00.016.7100.0
HCE05826.740.014.350.025.050.00.033.30.0
HCE07056.780.057.1100.00.050.0100.033.3100.0
HCE09846.760.028.650.025.050.0100.033.3100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226195555781624185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of HCE003

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacterHCE003Citrobacter freundii
Urease++
Adonitol--
Sorbitol--
Malonate--
Lysine--
Ornithine decarboxylase--
Indole production--
VP test--
Citrate++
), ArticleFig(id=1226195555932619140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菌株HCE003生理生化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacterHCE003Citrobacter freundii
Urease++
Adonitol--
Sorbitol--
Malonate--
Lysine--
Ornithine decarboxylase--
Indole production--
VP test--
Citrate++
), ArticleFig(id=1226195556033282440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Physiological and biochemical characteristics of HCE070 and HCE098

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacterHCE070Shewanella algaeHCE098Vibrio rotiferianus
Glucose (gas)----
Arginine dihydrolase----
Lysine decarboxylase--++
Ornithine decarboxylase--++
VP test--++
Growth in 6% NaCl++++
Mannitol----
Sorbitol----
Citrate----
Sucrose----
Urease+--+
Indole production--++
), ArticleFig(id=1226195556171694482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

菌株HCE070HCE098生理生化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacterHCE070Shewanella algaeHCE098Vibrio rotiferianus
Glucose (gas)----
Arginine dihydrolase----
Lysine decarboxylase--++
Ornithine decarboxylase--++
VP test--++
Growth in 6% NaCl++++
Mannitol----
Sorbitol----
Citrate----
Sucrose----
Urease+--+
Indole production--++
), ArticleFig(id=1226195556322689432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The relative survival rate of isolated strains in different sea salt solutions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Salinity (‰)Relative survival rate (%)
HCE003HCE070HCE098
0.5100.7337.460.00
5.0123.64219.9385.71
10.0105.45309.28180.95
15.0105.45615.12115.48
20.0145.45347.08125.00
), ArticleFig(id=1226195556423352733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785349165212, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

分离菌在不同海盐浓度下的相对存活率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Salinity (‰)Relative survival rate (%)
HCE003HCE070HCE098
0.5100.7337.460.00
5.0123.64219.9385.71
10.0105.45309.28180.95
15.0105.45615.12115.48
20.0145.45347.08125.00
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线纹海马体表溃烂病细菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析
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刘飞龙 1, 2, 3 , 邹文政 1, 2, 3 , 李忠琴 1, 2, 3 , 黄璇璇 1, 2, 3 , 蔡鸿娇 1, 2, 3 , 林茂 1, 2, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 850-866
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 850-866
线纹海马体表溃烂病细菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析
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刘飞龙1, 2, 3, 邹文政1, 2, 3 , 李忠琴1, 2, 3 , 黄璇璇1, 2, 3, 蔡鸿娇1, 2, 3, 林茂1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.集美大学 水产学院,海水养殖生物育种全国重点实验室,福建 厦门
  • 2.农业农村部东海海水健康养殖重点实验室,福建 厦门
  • 3.福建省水产病害防治技术研发中心,福建 厦门
Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity analysis of bacteria associated with skin ulceration in Hippocampus erectus
Feilong LIU1, 2, 3, Wenzheng ZOU1, 2, 3 , Zhongqin LI1, 2, 3 , Xuanxuan HUANG1, 2, 3, Hongjiao CAI1, 2, 3, Mao LIN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xiamen, Fujian, China
  • 3.Fujian Provincial Research and Development Center for Aquatic Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250678
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线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)是我国具有重要经济价值的主要养殖海马种类。在密集养殖环境下细菌性疾病频发,其中体表溃烂病是危害线纹海马养殖的主要疾病之一。溃烂病主要由弧菌属细菌引起,但其病原组成的复杂性和多样性尚未完全明确。 【目的】 鉴定福建漳州地区养殖线纹海马溃烂病的分离菌,解析其致病性、耐药谱及毒力特征,为疾病防控提供科学依据。 【方法】 从患体表溃烂病的海马病灶和内脏组织中分离病原菌,通过形态观察、生理生化检测、16S rRNA基因系统发育分析、回归感染以确定致病菌的种属;采用培养法检测分离菌株的溶血性、酪蛋白酶活性及盐度耐受性;通过PCR扩增确定10种毒力基因;采用纸片扩散法测试其对30种抗菌药物的耐药性;以斑马鱼为模型进行人工感染,确定半数致死量(LD50)。 【结果】 从患病海马各部位共分离出15株优势菌,其中3株(HCE003、HCE070、HCE098)均呈β溶血,总耐药率达到50.0%-56.7%。HCE003携带vvhpPHDD1hlyAch毒力基因,HCE070和HCE098携带hlyAtrhhlyAchvhh毒力基因,初步判定为强致病株,分别鉴定为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)、海藻希瓦氏菌(Shewanella algae)和轮虫弧菌(Vibrio rotiferianus)。这3株菌在盐度15‰下可正常增殖,回归感染可引发线纹海马体表溃烂;人工腹腔感染斑马鱼的半致死浓度LD50分别为1.71×105、3.68×105、2.51×106 CFU/mL。 【结论】 本研究在罹患溃烂病线纹海马中分离到具有多重耐药性及高毒力的弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和海藻希瓦氏菌,表明线纹海马溃烂病的致病菌除了已报道的弧菌,非弧菌属病原菌也可共同诱发海马体表溃烂,为海马养殖疾病防控及开发对应药物提供科学理论依据。

线纹海马  /  体表溃烂  /  致病菌  /  毒力基因  /  半致死量

The lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) is a major cultured seahorse species with significant economic value in China. Bacterial diseases frequently occur in intensive aquaculture environments, among which skin ulceration is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting H. erectus farming. Skin ulceration is mainly caused by Vibrio spp., while the pathogen complexity and diversity remain unclear. [Objective] This study identified dominant bacterial strains from ulcerative lesions of H. erectus in Zhangzhou, Fujian and characterized their pathogenicity, antibiotic resistance profiles, and virulence traits, aiming to provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and control. [Methods] Bacteria were isolated from ulcerated and internal tissue samples of diseased seahorses. Species identification was performed via morphological observation, physiological-biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis, and reinfection of seahorses. The isolates were cultured for the measurement of hemolytic activity, caseinase production, and salinity tolerance. Ten virulence genes were detected by PCR. The susceptibility of the isolates to 30 antibiotics was tested via the disk diffusion method. Artificial infection was performed with zebrafish as a model to determine the median lethal dose (LD50). [Results] Fifteen dominant strains were isolated from various tissue samples of diseased seahorses. Among them, three strains (HCE003, HCE070, and HCE098) exhibited β-hemolysis and high overall antibiotic resistance rates (50.0%-56.7%). HCE003 carried vvh, pPHDD1, and hlyAch, while both HCE070 and HCE098 carried hlyA, trh, hlyAch, and vhh. HCE003, HCE070, and HCE098 were preliminarily identified as highly pathogenic strains and were further characterized as Citrobacter freundii, Shewanella algae, and Vibrio rotiferianus, respectively. The three strains were capable of growing normally at the salinity of 15‰. Artificial challenge tests demonstrated that they could induce skin ulceration in H. erectus upon reinfection. The median lethal doses of HCE003, HCE070, and HCE098 in zebrafish were 1.71×105 CFU/mL, 3.68×105 CFU/mL, and 2.51×106 CFU/mL, respectively. [Conclusion] This study is the first to report the isolation of multidrug-resistant and highly virulent C. freundii and S. algae from H. erectus with skin ulceration, indicating that non-Vibrio pathogens can also contribute to skin ulceration in seahorses. These findings provide scientific support for the development of targeted disease management strategies and therapeutic agents in seahorse aquaculture.

Hippocampus erectus  /  skin ulceration  /  pathogenic bacteria  /  virulence gene  /  median lethal dose
刘飞龙, 邹文政, 李忠琴, 黄璇璇, 蔡鸿娇, 林茂. 线纹海马体表溃烂病细菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 850 -866 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250678
Feilong LIU, Wenzheng ZOU, Zhongqin LI, Xuanxuan HUANG, Hongjiao CAI, Mao LIN. Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity analysis of bacteria associated with skin ulceration in Hippocampus erectus[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 850 -866 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250678
海马(Hippocampus spp.)以其独特的外形和生殖方式备受关注,同时兼具重要的药用、营养和观赏价值。全球海马交易量巨大,在传统中医药领域占据重要地位。然而,过度捕捞、海洋污染及栖息地破坏等因素致使过去几十年间野生海马种群数量急剧下降。自2004年《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)[1]将所有已知海马物种纳入附录II以来,人工养殖的海马已成为满足市场需求、保护野生资源的关键途径。原产于美洲大西洋西岸的线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)被引入中国后,因其生长迅速、成活率高、抗病力强等优势,迅速成为国内主要养殖品种之一。然而,随着养殖规模不断扩大,密集且相对封闭的养殖环境也导致海马疾病频发,其中细菌性疾病是主要原因,给产业带来了巨大的经济损失。
海马的体表溃烂病主要由弧菌属(Vibrio sp.)成员引发。Alcaide等[2]研究发现,从患病的库达海马中分离鉴定出哈维氏弧菌;李营等[3]也在患表皮溃疡病的海马中鉴定出哈维氏弧菌;Balcázar等[4]从患病海马中分离到溶藻弧菌;刘文军等[5]在线纹海马中、温水秀等[6]在库达海马中分离鉴定出副溶血弧菌;Jiang等[7]在库达海马中、李海东[8]在日本海马的研究中分别报道出创伤弧菌和坎氏弧菌。此外,Balcázar等[9]研究发现,分枝杆菌属新种Mycobacterium hippocampi也可导致海马尾部腐烂。由此可见,线纹海马养殖中暴发的体表溃烂病其病原菌组成可能存在复杂多样性,并非仅限于已报道的弧菌属。
现有研究多聚焦于单一或少数几种已知致病弧菌,对线纹海马体表溃烂病的致病菌种属,特别是非弧菌属潜在致病菌的系统性分离、鉴定及致病性评估相对缺乏。此外,对病原菌株的耐药谱系、关键毒力因子及其致病机制的研究尚不深入,导致高效防控策略的制定存在局限性。因此,本研究通过全面分离鉴定线纹海马体表溃烂的优势培养菌,评估其溶血性、耐药性、致病性等关键表观生化特征,再利用分子生物学方法鉴定菌种并检测相关毒力基因,进而通过人工感染试验全面评估分离菌株的致病性,探讨不同致病菌的潜在致病机制及其对海马养殖业的威胁,以期为开发特定抗菌药和有效防控技术提供科学理论依据。
患病线纹海马取自福建漳州线纹海马养殖场;斑马鱼购自厦门市鱼都水族馆。本研究所有动物实验获得集美大学科技伦理委员会批准,编号为20240315010。
硫代硫酸盐-柠檬酸盐-胆盐-蔗糖(thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose, TCBS)、LB肉汤、大豆酪蛋白琼脂培养基、NaCl、2216E液体培养基、琼脂粉,青岛海博生物技术有限公司。
抗菌药物药敏纸片,杭州微生物试剂有限公司;草酸铵结晶紫染色液、碘液、95%乙醇、番红、血琼脂平板,常德比克曼生物科技有限公司;GYZ-lle肠杆菌科细菌生化编码鉴定管、GYZ-9V弧菌科细菌生化编码鉴定管,杭州滨和微生物试剂有限公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒、DNA marker (2 000 bp)、4S Green Plus无毒核酸染料,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。
取患溃烂病的线纹海马置于洁净工作台上,用无菌生理盐水冲洗海马体表。在无菌条件下用接种环蘸取溃烂处组织,划线于TCBS和2216E琼脂平板上;解剖取其内脏,用无菌生理盐水冲洗后,置于1 mL无菌生理盐水的离心管中研磨,取上清液100 mL涂布平板,30 ℃培养24 h,观察细菌形态及其生长情况。挑取不同菌株进行2-3次纯化培养后,划线接种于斜面,用40%甘油生理盐水分装后置于-80 ℃超低温冰箱保存备用。
利用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法[10]对从海马病灶和内脏组织分离的优势菌进行抗菌药物敏感试验。依据美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)[11]的“抗菌药物敏感性试验执行标准”,对8类共30种抗菌药物的敏感度进行判定,耐药率计算如公式(1)所示。
耐药率=(菌株耐受抗菌药物的数量/受试抗菌药物的数量)×100%
吸取2 μL的菌悬液(1.00×109 CFU/mL)点种在血琼脂平板上,以金黄色葡萄球菌为阳性对照,30 ℃培养24 h后观察结果。若在血平板上观测到溶血圈,则表明该菌具有溶血活性。通过上述试验,筛选出具有一定耐药性、携带溶血素相关基因的菌株。
将高压灭菌后的大豆酪蛋白琼脂培养基冷却至50 ℃左右,加入无菌脱脂牛乳,混匀,使其终浓度为10%,然后倒平皿。将培养好的菌液用PBS重悬后得到菌悬液,吸取2 μL滴加至平皿中,以枯草芽孢杆菌为阳性对照,大肠杆菌为阴性对照,30 ℃培养48 h后观察菌落周围是否有透明圈,并计算水解指数,计算方法如公式(2)所示。
水解指数=透明圈直径/菌落直径
观察纯化后单菌落的形态,包括菌落形状、颜色、大小等,并进行革兰氏染色镜检。具体操作如下:先在平板上挑取单菌落于载玻片上的生理盐水中,酒精灯下热固定;滴加草酸铵结晶紫染色液静置1 min,水洗至流出的水无色;滴加碘液静置1 min,水洗去除多余碘液;将载玻片倾斜,滴加95%乙醇脱色,约45 s,水洗至流出的水无色立即停止;最后滴加番红静置1 min,水洗,自然晾干。将载玻片放置在100倍油镜下镜检。
依据细菌生化编码鉴定管说明书,分别挑取新鲜单菌落接种于生化鉴定管中,30 ℃培养18-24 h,参照《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》[12]和《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[13]进行生理生化指标鉴定。
基因组DNA提取采用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,操作步骤严格遵循试剂盒说明书。以提取的细菌总DNA为模板,选用细菌通用引物27F (AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG)和1492R (GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT)[14]对16S rRNA基因进行扩增,引物序列由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成。PCR反应和测序由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成。测序结果提交至NCBI数据库进行BLAST同源序列比对,利用MEGA 11[15]软件构建基于细菌16S rRNA基因的系统发育树,采用邻接法(neighbor joining method)进行系统发育树分析。
参考相关文献,选择10个毒力相关基因(表1):毒性质粒复制起点基因pPHDD1[16];溶血性相关基因dly[17]hlyAplhlyAch[18];磷脂酶活性相关基因plpV[18];溶血素基因vhh[19]hlyA[20]tdh[21]trh[19]vvh[22],以细菌基因组DNA为模板进行PCR检测。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,HCE003采用60 ℃退火30 s,HCE070和HCE098则以55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共35次循环;72 ℃终延伸7 min;4 ℃保温10 min。PCR扩增产物采用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测,判断分离菌株是否携带相关毒力基因。
培养好的菌悬液采用平板菌落计数法计算初始菌浓。配制不同浓度梯度的人工海水,盐度分别为0.5‰、5‰、10‰、15‰、20‰,分别取100 μL菌悬液接入其中,30 ℃共孵育3 h后,经平板计数算出相对存活率,计算方法如公式(3)所示。
相对存活率=(终末菌落数-初始菌落数)/初始菌落数×100%
取40尾体质量为(1.86±0.23) g,体长为(8.10±0.45) cm的健康线纹海马,随机分为4组,分别腹腔注射[23] 50 μL菌株HCE003、HCE070、HCE098菌悬液和PBS溶液,持续观察14 d,对感染后出现病症的海马重新分离和鉴定病原菌。
选取体质量为(0.22±0.02) g的健康斑马鱼,随机分为5组,分别采用腹腔注射10 μL菌悬液(1.00×108、1.00×107、1.00×106、1.00×105 CFU/mL),对照组注射10 μL PBS溶液。菌株HCE003攻毒试验每组15条(n=3),菌株HCE070和HCE098每组30条(n=3)。每天记录各组斑马鱼的活动状态和死亡数量,持续观察7 d,直到不再出现新增死亡。最后,采用改良寇氏法[24]计算其半致死量(LD50)。
从体表溃烂的线纹海马划线培养,经不同培养基分离纯化后共得到15株优势菌。测定各菌株的溶血性(表2),初步判定每株菌的致病性强弱。其中,菌株HCE041、HCE047、HCE048、HCE050、HCE055、HCE056、HCE058在溶血平板上的菌落周围有不透明溶血环,表现为α溶血(不完全溶血);菌株HCE003、HCE052、HCE053、HCE070、HCE098在溶血平板上的菌落周围有透明溶血环,表现为β溶血(完全溶血);菌株HCE043、HCE044、HCE046在溶血平板上无透明溶血环,表现为γ溶血(不溶血)。
药敏试验结果显示(表3),分离的15株菌对8类30种抗菌药物呈现出不同的耐药性。总耐药率最高的3株菌依次是HCE070、HCE003和HCE098,分别为56.7%、50.0%和46.7%。HCE003和HCE070对青霉素类的耐药率均为80.0%,对头孢类的耐药率均为57.1%;而HCE048和HCE050则对头孢类药物敏感;对多肽类100.0%耐药的有HCE003、HCE043、HCE047、HCE052、HCE056和HCE070;对氨基糖苷类耐药率最高的是HCE046,为75.0%,其次是耐药率为50.0%的HCE041和HCE053,HCE003和HCE070则对其敏感;对大环内酯类100.0%耐药的有HCE041、HCE044、HCE046、HCE048和HCE055,HCE043、HCE052和HCE053则对其敏感;对四环素类100.0%耐药的有HCE003、HCE070和HCE098,对四环素类33.3%耐药的有HCE047和HCE050,其余菌株均对四环素不敏感;对喹诺酮类耐药率最高的有HCE003、HCE043、HCE046、HCE050、HCE052、HCE053、HCE058、HCE070和HCE098,均为33.3%,其余菌株的耐药率均为16.7%;除HCE043、HCE046和HCE058对磺胺类药物敏感外,其余菌株均100.0%耐药。
从体表溃烂的海马患处分离并经过药敏试验和溶血活性试验,筛选出β溶血、总耐药率高于45.0%的3株分离菌HCE003、HCE070和HCE098进行后续研究。3株菌在添加2% NaCl的LB固体培养基上形成的菌落均为圆形、表面隆起、边缘整齐、有臭味。HCE003和HCE098菌落为乳白色,直径约1.80-2.10 mm和3.00-3.10 mm;HCE070菌落为淡黄色,直径约2.20-2.80 mm。3株菌经革兰氏染色显示均为阴性菌。
图1所示,在大豆酪蛋白琼脂平板上培养后观测透明圈大小可知,HCE003无透明圈,HCE070和HCE098有透明圈,水解指数分别为1.62和1.28,说明HCE070和HCE098能分泌酪蛋白酶,且HCE070水解能力强于HCE098。
利用GYZ-lle肠杆菌科细菌生化编码鉴定管检测HCE003为柠檬酸杆菌属弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(C. freundii) (表4);利用GYZ-9V弧菌科细菌生化编码鉴定管检测HCE070为希瓦氏菌属海藻希瓦氏菌(S. algae),HCE098为弧菌属轮虫弧菌(V. rotiferianus) (表5)。
对分离菌株HCE070、HCE003、HCE098进行PCR检测,结果显示HCE003携带vvhpPHDD1hlyAch毒力基因;HCE070和HCE098均携带hlyAtrhhlyAchvhh毒力基因(图2)。
对3株分离菌(HCE003、HCE070和HCE098)进行16S rRNA基因测序,分别获得长度为1 478、1 481和1 488 bp的基因序列。将序列上传至NCBI,登录号分别为PP989673.1、PP980561.1、PQ524991.1。通过BLAST比对,HCE003与弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的相似度高达99.66%;HCE070与海藻希瓦氏菌的相似度高达99.93%;HCE098与轮虫弧菌的相似度高达99.86%。
利用MEGA 11软件构建系统发育树,结果如图3所示。菌株HCE003与布氏柠檬酸杆菌(C. braakii)、穆氏柠檬酸杆菌(C. murliniae)同属柠檬酸杆菌属,与巴斯德克雷伯菌(K. pasteurii)、武汉肠杆菌(Enterobacter wuhouensis)距离较远,而与弗氏柠檬酸杆菌处于同一进化分支,经分析判定菌株HCE003为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌;菌株HCE070与印度希瓦氏菌(S. indica)、赤利克希瓦氏菌(S. chilikensis)和鲤鱼希瓦氏菌(S. carassii)同属希瓦氏菌属,与海绵副希瓦氏菌(Parashewanella spongiae)同属于希瓦氏菌科,与巴斯德克雷伯菌(K. pasteurii) 距离较远,而与海藻希瓦氏菌处于同一进化分支,经分析判定菌株HCE070为海藻希瓦氏菌;菌株HCE098与坎贝弧菌、哈维氏弧菌同属弧菌科,与水生弧菌(V. aquaticus)、中华华西杆菌(Huaxiibacter chinensis)距离较远,与轮虫弧菌处于同一进化分支,经分析判定菌株HCE098为轮虫弧菌。
将3株分离菌分别以初始菌浓为2.75×105、2.91×105、4.20×105 CFU/mL接种到不同浓度的人工海水中,三者的存活率各不相同(表6)。菌株HCE003在盐度0.5‰-20.0‰下都能存活并有一定程度的增殖。菌株HCE070在盐度0.5‰下存活率仅为37.46%;盐度≥5‰时均能存活,且存活率随盐度升高呈现先升后降的趋势。菌株HCE098在盐度≤0.5‰时无法存活;当盐度≥10‰时可增殖,但增殖程度随盐度增大而降低。
人工回归感染后,起初在感染部位出现白点;随后病灶逐渐扩大、加深,表皮及皮下组织坏死、溃烂,严重时可深达骨骼;患病海马浮于水面,躯体呈C字形,尾部不能正常卷曲(图4),与自然发病症状一致。从回归感染的海马病灶处分离得到的菌株,经重分离鉴定后确认分别为弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、海藻希瓦氏菌、轮虫弧菌。
对健康的斑马鱼进行腹腔注射HCE003、HCE070、HCE098 3株菌,其累计死亡率如图5所示。对照组斑马鱼在7 d内存活良好,无死亡。3株分离菌均表现出浓度依赖性效应,死亡率随菌液浓度升高而增加。HCE003腹腔注射斑马鱼后,1.00×108 CFU/mL攻毒组24 h内死亡率达60.00%,48 h累计死亡率达73.33%,在5 d内全部死亡;1.00×107 CFU/mL攻毒组在第6天全部死亡;1.00×106 CFU/mL和1.00×105 CFU/mL攻毒组在7 d内的累计死亡率分别为73.33%和53.33%,计算得HCE003的LD50为1.71×105 CFU/mL。HCE070攻毒菌浓为1.00×108 CFU/mL时斑马鱼在5 d内全部死亡;1.00×107 CFU/mL、1.00×106 CFU/mL、1.00×105 CFU/mL攻毒组的斑马鱼7 d内的累计死亡率分别为83.33%、63.33%和46.37%,计算得HCE070的LD50为3.68×105 CFU/mL。HCE098攻毒菌浓为1.00×108 CFU/mL时斑马鱼在6 d内全部死亡,其他浓度组感染进程较为缓慢,低菌浓组(1.00×105 CFU/mL) 7 d内的累计死亡率仅为13.33%,计算得LD50为2.51×106 CFU/mL。3种菌株LD50值的95%置信区间无重叠,表明其毒力差异显著(P<0.05)。
本研究从不同体表溃烂病的海马中分离到弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、海藻希瓦氏菌、轮虫弧菌,扩充了海马细菌性病原库。
弗氏柠檬酸杆菌作为人-兽-鱼共患的条件致病菌,其宿主范围和致病表型的多样性已得到广泛证实。黄莉萍[25]从患病黄颡鱼中分离出一株弗氏柠檬酸杆菌,该菌可导致鱼体溃烂、鳃丝腐烂等症状;刘乃瑜等[26]发现的鳖源弗氏柠檬酸杆菌则引发中华鳖底板泛红、背甲溃疡。尽管这些宿主均为淡水生物,但其体表溃烂的主要症状与本研究中海马的病症高度相似,且盐度适应性试验结果显示,HCE003在盐度0.5‰-20.0‰下也能生存繁殖,表明该菌可能通过保守的致病机制破坏宿主体表屏障。
海藻希瓦氏菌为革兰氏阴性菌,极生单鞭毛、可运动,广泛分布于海水环境中[27],是一种重要的条件致病菌。已报道该菌主要来源于海水鱼类,如半滑舌鳎[28]、红拟石首鱼[29-30],但其在海马中的感染特征呈现病灶深度特异性,回归感染后HCE070可轻易破坏海马体表,病灶深达骨骼,而半滑舌鳎感染仅表现为表皮浅层溃烂。这一差异与HCE070的酪蛋白酶活性直接相关,其水解指数达1.62,显著高于HCE098 (1.28),该酶可高效降解海马皮肤中占比60%的Ⅰ型胶原。同时,HCE070在盐度15‰下相对存活率高达615.12%,远高于其他盐度组,表明其已完全适应当地的盐度环境,具备大规模流行的潜力。
轮虫弧菌最早由Gomez-Gil等[31]从褶皱臂尾轮虫中分离出并由此得名。高杨[32]在患溃烂病的海蜇中分离出轮虫弧菌;金春英[33]从患病南美白对虾中分离出轮虫弧菌,病症表现为反应迟钝、食欲减退、体表发红、肌肉白浊、鳃部变黄溃烂;陈政强等[34]从患严重皮肤溃烂的半滑舌鳎中分离出一株菌,经鉴定为轮虫弧菌。轮虫弧菌虽为已报道的海马尾部溃烂病原[35],但本研究菌株HCE098具有感染部位拓展特征,其不仅从海马体表溃烂处分离得到,还表现为全身多处表皮坏死,推测与该菌携带的trh毒力基因有关,该基因可增强细菌在海马体表的定殖能力,使其突破表皮局限扩散至全身[19,21]
纸片扩散法结果显示,弗氏柠檬酸杆菌HCE003对30种抗菌药物呈典型多重耐药(multidrug antibiotic resistance, MAR)表型:对青霉素类耐药率为80.0%;对三代头孢菌素中的头孢他啶和头孢哌酮敏感,对头孢曲松呈中介,与肖双燕等[36]牛蛙源菌株一致,表明可能存在诱导型AmpC β-内酰胺酶表达。该基因在低浓度头孢类药物诱导下可高表达,导致中介表型向耐药表型转化[37]。对四环素类100.0%耐药,可能与养殖业四环素滥用及可移动tet基因传播相关[38]。对氨基糖苷类全部敏感,与鳖源[26]、螯虾源菌株[39]一致,这可能与当地海马养殖中氨基糖苷类药物使用率低相关;但大口黑鲈源菌株弗氏柠檬酸杆菌对庆大霉素呈中介[40],反映宿主栖息地或养殖用药习惯对耐药性的影响。根据农业农村部公告,诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星禁止用于食用动物。尽管HCE003对诺氟沙星和氧氟沙星敏感,但其敏感结果仅反映当前漳州地区海马养殖环境中无该类禁用药物的选择压力,并不建议采用这2种药物。
海藻希瓦氏菌的耐药机制表现为高度保守。对青霉素类耐药率为80.0%,这可能源于染色体携带的blaOXA酶对β-内酰胺环的水解作用[41];HCE070对氨基糖苷类全部敏感,这与张继挺等[30]报道的美国红鱼部分一致,海藻希瓦氏菌细胞膜上缺乏氨基糖苷类转运蛋白,药物无法进入胞内发挥作用,与弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的敏感机制形成本质差异[42];对磺胺类100.0%耐药,可能与sul基因有关[28],该基因编码的二氢蝶酸合成酶变体可抵抗磺胺类药物的竞争性抑制[43];对诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星的敏感性与HCE003相似,均呈敏感,但二者属农业农村部2292号公告禁用药物,即使敏感也严禁用于海马养殖。
轮虫弧菌的耐药谱可能与宿主特异性相关。HCE098对青霉素类全部耐药,与β-内酰胺酶对不同青霉素类药物的水解效率差异有关;但对三代头孢敏感(头孢他啶/头孢哌酮),为合规治疗提供额外选项;对四环素类和磺胺类100.0%耐药,与杨求华等[35]海马源菌株一致,也反映了养殖中四环素类和磺胺类药物的滥用[44];对喹诺酮类全部敏感,仅环丙沙星可作为海马的备选药物,但要遵守用药规范[33];对氨基糖苷类的耐药率为25.0%,对其中的庆大霉素和丁胺卡那敏感,仍可作为首选合规药物。
本研究分离到养殖海马的新致病菌弗氏柠檬酸杆菌与海藻希瓦氏菌,为海马体表溃烂病病原多样性提供新依据。研究表明弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的致病性与其携带的编码黏附定殖因子、尿素酶系统及外膜蛋白等毒力基因密切相关[45-46]。尿素酶基因簇(ure)可通过水解尿素产氨,改变宿主组织微环境的pH值,导致细胞损伤[47];外膜蛋白(如ompX)能够介导细菌黏附宿主细胞,并抵抗补体系统杀伤[48]。前期基于弧菌属毒力基因(vvhpPHDD1hlyAch)预筛的结果,与从患体表溃烂病海马中分离的弗氏柠檬酸杆菌的实际鉴定结果存在偏差。经测序验证,这些扩增产物实为非特异性条带,表明跨属毒力基因检测存在局限性。其中vvh可编码穿孔毒素,直接破坏宿主细胞膜,这与HCE003的β溶血表型高度吻合,可能也是其引发海马体表上皮细胞坏死的重要原因。hlyAch (溶血相关基因)作为溶血素家族成员,可协同vvh增强溶血活性,加剧宿主组织的氧化应激与炎症反应。pPHDD1 (毒性质粒复制起点基因)的存在则暗示该菌株可能携带毒性质粒,为毒力基因的稳定表达与传递提供载体,与vvhhlyAch协同作用,突破海马薄黏液层与无鳞表皮屏障。通过斑马鱼腹腔注射模型,本研究发现分离株HCE003的LD50为1.71×105 CFU/mL,该值高于肖双燕等[36]报道的牛蛙源菌株NFCF-02 (LD50=3.12×106 CFU/mL)和李晓英等[49]报道的棘腹蛙源菌株CQWU201501 (LD50=2.14×107 CFU/mL)。这种毒力差异可能与宿主特异性相关,海马体表无鳞片覆盖且黏液层薄,vvh介导的膜穿孔效应更易直接损伤表皮细胞;其肠道短直且缺乏胃部缓冲,pPHDD1质粒相关毒力因子可能更快引发肠道黏膜炎症,而两栖类宿主的皮肤黏液与消化道屏障更能抵抗此类攻击,进一步表明HCE003对硬骨鱼类的侵袭力具有宿主适应性优势。
海藻希瓦氏菌是一种致病性海洋细菌,其对鱼类的LD50范围为106-107 CFU/mL。本研究的分离株对斑马鱼的LD50为3.68×105 CFU/mL,毒力高于韩卓然[50]报道的半滑舌鳎源LD50 (1.1×106 CFU/mL)、张继挺等[30]报道的对美国红鱼的创伤感染LD50 (3.4×106 CFU/mL)和陈偿等[29]报道的对红拟石首鱼注射感染LD50 (2.6×107 CFU/尾),这一强毒力特征与本研究检测到的hlyAtrhhlyAchvhh毒力基因簇密切相关。hlyA (RTX溶血素基因)可编码重复毒素单元,通过形成细胞膜孔道导致细胞溶解,与Tamez等[41]报道的胶原酶协同作用,胶原酶降解海马皮肤胶原纤维后,hlyA介导的溶解效应可直接作用于皮下组织,加速溃烂深度扩展;trh虽最初发现于副溶血弧菌,但其在HCE070中的存在可增强毒素稳定性;vvhhlyAch的协同表达则进一步强化溶血能力,也解释了HCE070的β溶血性。
轮虫弧菌的致病力在不同宿主中呈现显著差异,其毒力强弱与菌株来源、宿主免疫状态及毒力因子表达密切相关。杨求华等[35]报道的海马病原株HM-10的LD50为1.51×106 CFU/mL,王凯等[44]分离自许氏平鲉皮肤溃疡的BZ01株LD50为2.07×106 CFU/mL。该菌对无脊椎动物尤其是幼虫的毒力增强,如Revilla等[51]从扇贝幼虫分离的SA-10GR株对牡蛎和扇贝幼虫的LD50低至104 CFU/mL (24 h死亡率≥86%),陈政强等[34]报道的半滑舌鳎病原株BV1对鱼类的LD50为6.7×103 CFU/mL,凸显宿主特异性对毒力的影响。本研究菌株HCE098对斑马鱼的LD50为2.51×106 CFU/mL,与文献报道的其他鱼类宿主相比属中等水平,这一特征可能与本研究检测到的hlyAtrhhlyAchvhh毒力基因的表达调控相关。hlyAhlyAch的组合可解释轮虫弧菌胞外产物(extracellular products, ECP)的蛋白酶与溶血活性,杨求华等[35]和Revilla等[51]证实轮虫弧菌的ECP损伤效应依赖溶血素与蛋白酶的协同,可降解组织并破坏细胞膜。本研究中HCE098的酪蛋白酶水解指数(1.28)虽低于HCE070 (1.62),但hlyA介导的溶解效应可弥补蛋白酶活性的不足,共同降解海马体表黏液蛋白;trh基因的存在则可能增强其在海马体表的定植能力,trh介导的耐热毒素可在创伤部位持续积累。
本研究在养殖线纹海马体表溃烂病灶中鉴定出弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和海藻希瓦氏菌2种新致病菌。分离菌株(HCE003、HCE070、HCE098)呈现较强致病性(感染斑马鱼LD50数量级105-106 CFU/mL)与多重耐药性(总耐药率50.0%-56.7%),尤其对青霉素类、四环素类、磺胺类普遍耐药。研究结果揭示了病原多样性及耐药风险,建议防控中优先选用庆大霉素等敏感药物,并在养殖过程中关注非弧菌病原的监测。本研究丰富了海马溃烂病的病原库,为精准诊断和防控提供了关键病原学依据;所揭示的新型高毒力、多重耐药菌株的流行对海马养殖业的生物安全体系构建提出了新的挑战和要求。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFD0900102)
  • 福建省科技计划农业引导性(重点)项目(2021N0014)
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2026年第66卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250678
  • 接收时间:2025-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-04
  • 录用日期:2025-11-03
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the National Key Rrsearch and Development Program of China(2020YFD0900102)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFD0900102)
the Agricultural Guiding (Key) Project of the Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Program(2021N0014)
福建省科技计划农业引导性(重点)项目(2021N0014)
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    1.集美大学 水产学院,海水养殖生物育种全国重点实验室,福建 厦门
    2.农业农村部东海海水健康养殖重点实验室,福建 厦门
    3.福建省水产病害防治技术研发中心,福建 厦门
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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