Article(id=1226136784904565008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250653, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1756051200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758902400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-27, onlineDate=1770263390041, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263390041, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263390041, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263390041, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=783, endPage=800, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136785118474514, articleId=1226136784904565008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Exploration of the diversity of culturable human intestinal microorganisms via multiple culture media, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The human intestinal tract is rich in microbial resources, which play a significant role in the host’s digestion, absorption, growth, development, etc. Currently, culturomics is widely used in the isolation of beneficial intestinal microorganisms. However, different culture media have preferences, and a single medium is difficult to comprehensively isolate the culturable microorganisms in the intestinal tract. [Methods] We used six reported culture media [brain heart infusion (BHI), Wilkins_Chalgren anaerobe broth (WCBM), (Man-Rogosa-Sharpe) MRS, reinforced clostridial medium (RCM), mucin medium (MM) and modified mucin medium (MMM)] to isolate the microorganisms in the feces of 58 volunteers, with the aim of clarifying the diversity of culturable microorganisms in the intestinal tract and obtaining potential beneficial bacterial strains in the intestinal tract. [Results] A total of 1 052 bacterial strains were isolated from 58 samples, and they were identified as 101 species belonging to 39 genera of 5 phyla. The BHI medium isolated the most bacterial species (50, 49.50%), while the MMM medium isolated the fewest bacterial species (24, 23.76%). Except the MM medium, each of other media could isolate unique genera, and BHI and MMM isolated the most unique genera (5 each). Among the isolated strains, 466 strains were reported to have probiotic effects, including Bacteroides fragilis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Bifidobacterium bifidum. BHI and MRS media could isolate more beneficial microbial species (10/16, 62.50%). [Conclusion] We explored the diversity of beneficial bacteria in the human intestinal tract from the perspective of pure culture by using multiple culture media, providing rich strain resources for the development of intestinal beneficial microorganisms.

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【目的】 人体肠道蕴含着丰富的微生物资源,这些微生物在宿主的消化吸收、生长发育等方面具有重要作用。目前,培养组学被广泛应用于肠道有益微生物的分离,然而不同培养基存在偏好性,单个培养基难以全面分离肠道中的可培养微生物。 【方法】 采用文献报道的6种培养基,即脑心浸液培养基(brain heart infusion, BHI)、Wilkins_Chalgren肉汤培养基(WCBM)、Man-Rogosa-Sharpe培养基(MRS)、强化梭菌培养基(reinforced clostridial medium, RCM)、黏蛋白培养基(mucin medium, MM)、黏蛋白改良培养基(modified mucin medium, MMM),对58名志愿者粪便中的微生物进行分离培养,以期明确肠道中可培养微生物的多样性,并获取肠道中潜在有益菌的菌株资源。 【结果】 从58份样品中共分离得到1 052株细菌,鉴定为5门39属101种。其中,从BHI培养基中分离出的细菌种类最多,为50种(49.50%);从MMM培养基中分离出的细菌种类最少,为24种(23.76%)。除MM培养基外,每种培养基均能分离到独特菌属,BHI和MMM培养基分离到的特有属最多,均为5个。在分离的菌株中,有466株被报道具有益生作用,其中包括脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)、植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)和两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum)等。同时,BHI和MRS培养基可分离获得较多的有益微生物物种(10/16,62.50%)。 【结论】 本研究采用多种培养基从纯培养的角度探究了人体肠道有益细菌的多样性,为肠道源有益微生物的开发提供了丰富的菌株资源。

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作者贡献声明

齐浩:自实验设计阶段即参与研究,负责包括实际调查、数据整理与管理、实验结果可视化在内的核心工作,并完成了论文的初稿撰写;付佩:参与实验方案设计,负责具体调查工作的实施;赵飞燕:参与论文审阅与修订;刘文俊:参与实验方法设计;孙志宏:负责本研究的顶层设计与课题构思,统筹项目资金与关键资源的获取,指导并审定实验方案,全程监督研究进程,并对最终论文进行审阅与修订。

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2.Collaborative Innovative Center of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
3.Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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2.内蒙古农业大学,乳酸菌与发酵乳制品省部共建协同创新中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特
3.内蒙古农业大学,农业农村部奶制品加工重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特
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2.Collaborative Innovative Center of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
3.Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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2.内蒙古农业大学,乳酸菌与发酵乳制品省部共建协同创新中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特
3.内蒙古农业大学,农业农村部奶制品加工重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特
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2.Collaborative Innovative Center of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
3.Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Different lowercase letters on the bars indicate significant differences, while the same lowercase letters indicate no significant differences., figureFileSmall=E8ageM8ZI4UbrNAgN1ohFg==, figureFileBig=98Y8udJ+wH+gqR42tKF82w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552094830753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同培养基在分离细菌总数和种分类水平上的数量。不同的小写字母表示其中存在显著差异,相同小写字母则表示不存在显著差异。, figureFileSmall=E8ageM8ZI4UbrNAgN1ohFg==, figureFileBig=98Y8udJ+wH+gqR42tKF82w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552229048494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Diversity of cultivable microorganisms isolated by six types of media., figureFileSmall=/X3yExlVXLsLr0Dr6JTjPg==, figureFileBig=obJH2bx0S4Mu4O5WpYEOjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552363266233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=CN, label=图5, caption=六种培养基分离可培养微生物多样性, figureFileSmall=/X3yExlVXLsLr0Dr6JTjPg==, figureFileBig=obJH2bx0S4Mu4O5WpYEOjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552522649797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Number of cultivable bacterial species of beneficial human intestinal microbiota on different anaerobic media., figureFileSmall=rWfffVpM5iqnZKjIOhAmbA==, figureFileBig=jXLKQs/mufTFsjBwTi7jqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552682033357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=CN, label=图6, caption=人体肠道有益微生物群在不同厌氧培养基上的可培养细菌种类数量, figureFileSmall=rWfffVpM5iqnZKjIOhAmbA==, figureFileBig=jXLKQs/mufTFsjBwTi7jqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552833028317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary table of genus-level taxonomy based on different culture media

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Medium typeThe unique genera in each culture mediumNumber
BHIAcidaminococcus, Corynebacterium, Rothia, Winkia, Cronobacter5
WCBMPediococcus, Finegoldia, Clostridium3
MRSWeissella, Actinomyces, Cutibacterium3
RCMErysipelothrix1
MMM

Christensenella, Hungatella, Eggerthella, Parabacteroides

Cloacibacillus

5
), ArticleFig(id=1226195552967246056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于不同培养基特有属水平分类汇总表

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Medium typeThe unique genera in each culture mediumNumber
BHIAcidaminococcus, Corynebacterium, Rothia, Winkia, Cronobacter5
WCBMPediococcus, Finegoldia, Clostridium3
MRSWeissella, Actinomyces, Cutibacterium3
RCMErysipelothrix1
MMM

Christensenella, Hungatella, Eggerthella, Parabacteroides

Cloacibacillus

5
), ArticleFig(id=1226195553055326455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary table of beneficial microorganisms

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Strain namePhylumGenusNumber
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longumActinobacteriaBifidobacterium149
Bifidobacterium bifidumActinobacteriaBifidobacterium28
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisActinobacteriaBifidobacterium4
Bacillus velezensisBacillotaBacillus215
Ligilactobacillus salivariusBacillotaLigilactobacillus16
Streptococcus salivariusBacillotaStreptococcus12
Lacticaseibacillus paracaseiBacillotaLacticaseibacillus10
Ligilactobacillus ruminisBacillotaLigilactobacillus6
Lactiplantibacillus plantarumBacillotaLactiplantibacillus5
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosusBacillotaLacticaseibacillus4
Limosilactobacillus fermentumBacillotaLimosilactobacillus4
Weissella confusaBacillotaWeissella2
Lactobacillus crispatusBacillotaLactobacillus1
Lactobacillus gasseriBacillotaLactobacillus1
Pediococcus acidilacticiBacillotaPediococcus1
Bacteroides fragilisBacteroidotaBacteroides8
), ArticleFig(id=1226195553164378368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136784904565008, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

有益微生物汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain namePhylumGenusNumber
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longumActinobacteriaBifidobacterium149
Bifidobacterium bifidumActinobacteriaBifidobacterium28
Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisActinobacteriaBifidobacterium4
Bacillus velezensisBacillotaBacillus215
Ligilactobacillus salivariusBacillotaLigilactobacillus16
Streptococcus salivariusBacillotaStreptococcus12
Lacticaseibacillus paracaseiBacillotaLacticaseibacillus10
Ligilactobacillus ruminisBacillotaLigilactobacillus6
Lactiplantibacillus plantarumBacillotaLactiplantibacillus5
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosusBacillotaLacticaseibacillus4
Limosilactobacillus fermentumBacillotaLimosilactobacillus4
Weissella confusaBacillotaWeissella2
Lactobacillus crispatusBacillotaLactobacillus1
Lactobacillus gasseriBacillotaLactobacillus1
Pediococcus acidilacticiBacillotaPediococcus1
Bacteroides fragilisBacteroidotaBacteroides8
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多种培养基联合探究人体肠道可培养微生物多样性
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齐浩 1, 2, 3, 4 , 付佩 1, 2, 3, 4 , 赵飞燕 1, 2, 3, 4 , 刘文俊 1, 2, 3, 4 , 孙志宏 1, 2, 3, 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 783-800
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 783-800
多种培养基联合探究人体肠道可培养微生物多样性
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齐浩1, 2, 3, 4, 付佩1, 2, 3, 4, 赵飞燕1, 2, 3, 4, 刘文俊1, 2, 3, 4, 孙志宏1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古农业大学,乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 2.内蒙古农业大学,乳酸菌与发酵乳制品省部共建协同创新中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 3.内蒙古农业大学,农业农村部奶制品加工重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 4.内蒙古农业大学,内蒙古自治区乳品生物技术与工程重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特
Exploration of the diversity of culturable human intestinal microorganisms via multiple culture media
Hao QI1, 2, 3, 4, Pei FU1, 2, 3, 4, Feiyan ZHAO1, 2, 3, 4, Wenjun LIU1, 2, 3, 4, Zhihong SUN1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2.Collaborative Innovative Center of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 3.Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 4.Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250653
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【目的】 人体肠道蕴含着丰富的微生物资源,这些微生物在宿主的消化吸收、生长发育等方面具有重要作用。目前,培养组学被广泛应用于肠道有益微生物的分离,然而不同培养基存在偏好性,单个培养基难以全面分离肠道中的可培养微生物。 【方法】 采用文献报道的6种培养基,即脑心浸液培养基(brain heart infusion, BHI)、Wilkins_Chalgren肉汤培养基(WCBM)、Man-Rogosa-Sharpe培养基(MRS)、强化梭菌培养基(reinforced clostridial medium, RCM)、黏蛋白培养基(mucin medium, MM)、黏蛋白改良培养基(modified mucin medium, MMM),对58名志愿者粪便中的微生物进行分离培养,以期明确肠道中可培养微生物的多样性,并获取肠道中潜在有益菌的菌株资源。 【结果】 从58份样品中共分离得到1 052株细菌,鉴定为5门39属101种。其中,从BHI培养基中分离出的细菌种类最多,为50种(49.50%);从MMM培养基中分离出的细菌种类最少,为24种(23.76%)。除MM培养基外,每种培养基均能分离到独特菌属,BHI和MMM培养基分离到的特有属最多,均为5个。在分离的菌株中,有466株被报道具有益生作用,其中包括脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)、植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)和两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum)等。同时,BHI和MRS培养基可分离获得较多的有益微生物物种(10/16,62.50%)。 【结论】 本研究采用多种培养基从纯培养的角度探究了人体肠道有益细菌的多样性,为肠道源有益微生物的开发提供了丰富的菌株资源。

肠道微生物  /  分离鉴定  /  多种培养基

[Objective] The human intestinal tract is rich in microbial resources, which play a significant role in the host’s digestion, absorption, growth, development, etc. Currently, culturomics is widely used in the isolation of beneficial intestinal microorganisms. However, different culture media have preferences, and a single medium is difficult to comprehensively isolate the culturable microorganisms in the intestinal tract. [Methods] We used six reported culture media [brain heart infusion (BHI), Wilkins_Chalgren anaerobe broth (WCBM), (Man-Rogosa-Sharpe) MRS, reinforced clostridial medium (RCM), mucin medium (MM) and modified mucin medium (MMM)] to isolate the microorganisms in the feces of 58 volunteers, with the aim of clarifying the diversity of culturable microorganisms in the intestinal tract and obtaining potential beneficial bacterial strains in the intestinal tract. [Results] A total of 1 052 bacterial strains were isolated from 58 samples, and they were identified as 101 species belonging to 39 genera of 5 phyla. The BHI medium isolated the most bacterial species (50, 49.50%), while the MMM medium isolated the fewest bacterial species (24, 23.76%). Except the MM medium, each of other media could isolate unique genera, and BHI and MMM isolated the most unique genera (5 each). Among the isolated strains, 466 strains were reported to have probiotic effects, including Bacteroides fragilis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Bifidobacterium bifidum. BHI and MRS media could isolate more beneficial microbial species (10/16, 62.50%). [Conclusion] We explored the diversity of beneficial bacteria in the human intestinal tract from the perspective of pure culture by using multiple culture media, providing rich strain resources for the development of intestinal beneficial microorganisms.

gut microbiota  /  isolation and identification  /  multiple culture media
齐浩, 付佩, 赵飞燕, 刘文俊, 孙志宏. 多种培养基联合探究人体肠道可培养微生物多样性. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 783 -800 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250653
Hao QI, Pei FU, Feiyan ZHAO, Wenjun LIU, Zhihong SUN. Exploration of the diversity of culturable human intestinal microorganisms via multiple culture media[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 783 -800 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250653
人体胃肠道中广泛存在的肠道微生物是构成人体微生物群的重要组成部分,它们在调节人体新陈代谢和免疫防护方面发挥着关键作用,同时也是人体中最后被认知的“隐形器官”[1]。肠道菌群数量多达1×1014,其所含基因数量大约为人体自身基因数的150倍。肠道菌群可划分为3个主要类别:一是肠道益生菌,例如乳杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、梭菌属等,双歧杆菌是一种常见益生菌,能合成维生素,改善胃肠道功能环境,抑制肠道有害细菌生长,还能通过新陈代谢产生对人类有益的物质[2];二是中性细菌,如肠杆菌、肠球菌等,在维持肠道微生态平衡时中性菌对人体无害;三是有害菌,即肠道病原菌,肠道内有害细菌数量增加会导致疾病发生,甚至引发致癌物质生成,引起宿主疾病[3]。人体肠道内定殖着比例相对固定的微生物群体,这些微生物通过相互制约与依存的动态关系,维持肠道微生态的稳定平衡。一旦肠道微生物的平衡状态被打破,机体易引发各类炎症,免疫系统疾病患病风险也会随之升高,这有力印证了肠道微生物在维系人体健康中的关键作用。
纯培养方法是最早应用的微生物研究手段,具有低检测阈值的特点,且可实现对多种既往被认为不可培养微生物的体外培养[4]。尽管依托传统纯培养技术已分离得到不少微生物,但其覆盖范围有限,仅占微生物总种类的1%[5],剩余99%以上的微生物仍处于未被培养状态。这一问题的核心原因在于实验室无法精准模拟微生物天然的生存环境,使得大量微生物处于活的非可培养(viable but non-culturable, VBNC)状态,传统分离方法难以适用[6]。近年新兴的分子技术虽推动了微生物研究,但仍无法完全取代纯培养技术。一方面,分子技术仅能揭示微生物的潜在功能(如独特代谢途径),而功能的验证必须依赖分离纯化后的纯培养;另一方面,食品、药品研发对单一菌株的依赖进一步凸显了纯培养技术的必要性,也让体外获取更多单一菌株成为当下亟待解决的问题。目前,微生物的分离在很大程度上依赖培养基的选择,不同微生物对生长条件需求各异,例如某些特殊的理化条件、生长因子、营养条件等,若这些条件中任意一项或多项缺失,相关微生物就无法维持生命活动,导致后续有效分离难以实现[7]。然而,单一培养基通常只能培养特定种类微生物,无法更全面地反映粪便中微生物的真实多样性[8]。因此,对于生长速率慢、培养要求特殊的难培养细菌,优化其生长环境或采用多种培养基组合是提高其分离效率的有效途径。
本研究利用6种分离培养基对58名健康个体的粪便样本进行纯培养分离。通过对获得的菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序分析,鉴定其物种并揭示肠道可培养微生物的多样性,从而筛选潜在的有益菌菌株资源。
本试验共纳入58名符合标准的健康志愿者,年龄范围为22-50岁,男女志愿者比例为1:1。所有志愿者在样品收集前30 d内均无抗生素使用史。向志愿者阐明试验目的与方法后,分发粪便无菌采样器。志愿者自然排便后,按照说明书采集4-6 g粪便样本,随即置于冰盒中低温保存,并尽快送样至实验室进行菌株分离。本试验已获得内蒙古医科大学附属医院伦理委员会的批准(批号:2020014)。
选用6种培养基进行菌株分离,分别为脑心浸液培养基(brain heart infusion, BHI)、Wilkins_Chalgren肉汤培养基(WCBM)、Man-Rogosa-Sharpe培养基(MRS)、强化梭菌培养基(reinforced clostridial medium, RCM)、黏蛋白培养基(mucin medium, MM)、黏蛋白改良培养基(modified mucin medium, MMM)。黏蛋白培养基制备需纯化黏蛋白并制备酸碱液,其流程参考翟齐啸团队[9]专利要求配制。
BHI培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,脱水小牛脑浸粉12.5,脱水牛心浸粉5.0,氯化钠5.0,葡萄糖2.0,磷酸氢二钠2.5。
WCBM培养基(g/L):Wilkins-Chalgren厌氧菌肉汤33.0,吐温-80 5.0,l-半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.5,葡萄糖10.0,莫匹罗星0.05。
MRS培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,牛肉浸粉8.0,酵母提取物4.0,葡萄糖20.0,磷酸氢二钾2.0,柠檬酸氢二铵2.0,乙酸钠5.0,硫酸镁0.2,硫酸锰0.04,吐温-80 1.0。
RCM培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,牛肉浸粉10.0,酵母提取物3.0,葡萄糖5.0,可溶性淀粉1.0,氯化钠5.0,醋酸钠3.0。
MM富集培养基:A液12.5 mL/L,B液1.0 mL/L,C液1.0 mL/L,D液1.0 mL/L,磷酸氢二钠2.5 g/L,l-半胱氨酸盐酸盐1.0 g/L。
MM分离培养基(g/L):BHI 38.5,l-半胱氨酸盐酸盐1.0,黏蛋白40.0 mL/L。
改良的MMM富集培养基[10] (g/L):BHI 38.5,黏蛋白4.0 mL/L,l-苏氨酸5.0,N-乙酰-d-氨基葡萄糖5.0,大豆蛋白胨16.0,葡萄糖11.3,l-半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.5,吐温-80 1.0。改良MMM分离培养基[11] (g/L):BHI 38.5,黏蛋白4.0 (mL/L),l-半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.5,万古霉素0.005。
基因组DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司。
厌氧工作站,华粤行仪器有限公司;PCR仪,Life Technologies公司;电泳仪,北京六一科技生物科技有限公司;高压蒸汽灭菌锅,TOMY公司;漩涡振荡器,Scientific Industries公司;超净工作台,上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司;光学显微镜,奥林巴斯(中国)有限公司;超纯水系统,昆山总馨机械有限公司。
在无菌条件下,称取粪便样品1 g,分别加入9 mL无菌生理盐水(质量分数为0.85%),用涡旋振荡器充分振荡均匀,操作过程中保证每份样品单独进行,避免样品间相互污染。所得匀浆用9 mL无菌生理盐水进行10倍梯度稀释,直至稀释至10-6。将10-3、10-4和10-5稀释液各吸取0.2 mL菌液,涂布于不同培养基37 ℃厌氧培养48-72 h。仔细观察菌落的形态,从平板中挑选具有不同形态特征的单个菌落,用平板划线法将其接种到BHI琼脂培养基上,培养48 h。重复上述过程以纯化菌落。选取形态特征、大小和颜色各异的单个菌落,接种到BHI液体培养基中。对培养物进行革兰氏染色,在光学显微镜下观察染色玻片,记录细胞形态和排列。挑选出分布均匀、形态单一的分离物,保存在-80 ℃。
富集法操作时,取上述制备好的不同稀释度(10-2、10-3、10-4、10-5)的菌悬液各1.0 mL,分别接种到装有10 mL黏蛋白富集培养液与改良富集培养液的容器中,置于37 ℃厌氧培养箱中,在无氧(80% N2、10% H2、10% CO2)的条件下培养7 d,然后进行后续涂布和划线操作。
采用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒从上述菌体细胞中提取DNA,通过PCR扩增目标DNA片段。使用16S rRNA基因的通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTCGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)[12]进行扩增和序列测定,PCR扩增体系及条件参考Mo等[13]方法。采用0.8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳对PCR扩增产物进行检测,若在1 500 bp处出现明亮清晰、无拖尾现象的特异性条带,则判定该产物满足测序标准。将合格的菌株PCR扩增产物经低温保存后,送至上海赛恒生物科技有限公司完成测序工作。测序结果拼接完成后,与NCBI数据库中已公开的序列进行同源性比对,依据序列相似度及覆盖率初步明确菌株的分类学地位。利用MEGA 7.0软件,结合模式菌株构建系统发育树以分析菌株间亲缘关系,最终综合NCBI数据库比对结果与系统发育特征完成菌株鉴定。使用ChiPlot在线网站(https://www.chiplot.online/)对菌株占比进行可视化展示。
各实验组均设置3个平行样本,采用SPSS 26.0软件进行显著性差异分析。正态分布的计量数据用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)描述,多组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析;计数资料以百分率呈现,两组间样本均数的比较采用t检验。检验水准设定为α=0.05。
从人体粪便中分离出1 052株细菌,共涵盖5门39属101种。BHI、WCBM、MRS、RCM、MM和MMM培养基分别分离出224、207、214、200、116和91株细菌。
对分离菌株进行基因组DNA提取及16S rRNA基因PCR扩增,其产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证(在1 500 bp处呈单一明亮条带)合格后测序。经比对分析显示,分离出的菌株鉴定为5门39属,原始数据存储在科学数据银行(https://www.scidb.cn),CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.30629。
从门水平上看,分离出的菌株隶属于芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和互养菌门(Synergistota),分别占分离总数的57.16%、24.52%、15.22%、2.95%和0.19% (图1A)。纲水平上,分离出的菌株隶属于9个纲,芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)为优势菌纲,占分离总数的55.80%;放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)与伽玛变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)次之,分别占分离总数的24.30%、15.20%。其中,芽孢杆菌纲共分离出12个属,放线菌纲分离出7个属,伽玛变形菌纲分离出5个属(图1B)。从属水平看,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属,占分离总数的27.95%,共分离出3个种、294株菌;其次为双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium),占分离总数的23.29%,分离出7个种、245株菌;肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)、黏液乳杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)等菌属也占据一定比例(图1C)。
构建的系统发育树将假单胞菌门、芽孢杆菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门和互养菌门分为5大支。在芽孢杆菌门发育树中以FQ26-D、FQ27-20等为代表的菌株与肠球菌属(Enterococcus)聚为一支,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)与以FQ59-5、FQ27-8、FQ32-32为代表的菌株聚为一支,葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)与以FQ55-20、FQ64-10、FQ24-15、FQ26-22为代表的菌株聚为一支,魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)与以FQ23-21、FQ26-15为代表的菌株聚为一支,宿主关联乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)与FQ30-19、FQ50-22为代表的菌株聚为一支,黏液乳杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)与以FQ41-D、FQ2-24为代表的菌株聚为一支,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)与以FQ24-20-1、FQ69-3为代表的菌株聚为一支,乳酪杆菌属(Lacticaseibacillus)与以FQ49-21、FQ40-A、FQ32-34为代表的菌株聚为一支,片球菌属(Pediococcus)与以FQ40-7-1为代表的菌株聚为一支,乳植杆菌属(Lactiplantibacillus)与以FQ26-8、FQ38-16、FQ37-B为代表的菌株聚为一支,乳球菌属(Lactococcus)与以FQ35-35、FQ28-14、FQ28-19为代表的菌株聚为一支,链球菌属(Streptococcus)与以FQ8-30、FQ61-7、FQ60-8等为代表的菌株聚为一支,托马斯菌属(Thomasclavelia)与以FQ64-15为代表的菌株聚为一支,韦荣氏球菌属(Veillonella)与以FQ55-12、FQ65-22为代表的菌株聚为一支,氨基酸球菌属(Acidaminococcus)与以FQ30-14为代表的菌株聚为一支,梭菌属(Clostridium)与以FQ55-8为代表的菌株聚为一支,芬沟德氏菌属(Finegoldia)与以FQ64-2为代表的菌株聚为一支,克里斯滕森氏菌属(Christensenella)与以FQ33-D为代表的菌株聚为一支(图2)。假单胞菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门和互养菌门的分析方法同芽孢杆菌门(图3)。
本研究采用6种培养基对人体肠道微生物进行分离。研究发现,BHI培养基共计分离到224株(占21.29%),MRS培养基分离到214株(占20.34%),WCBM培养基分离到207株(占19.68%),RCM培养基分离到200株(占19.01%),MM培养基分离到116株(占11.03%),MMM培养基分离到91株(占8.65%)。BHI培养基与MRS培养基在菌株分离率和分离物种丰富度方面均较高;WCBM培养基菌株分离率较高,但分离物种丰富度最低;MMM培养基菌株分离率最低,但分离物种丰富度较高(图4)。不同培养基的菌株分离率和物种丰富度存在明显差异,这反映了培养基对微生物生长和分离的影响。因此,本研究进一步探究了不同类型培养基分离得到的微生物种类。
BHI培养基分离出4门25属50种微生物,其中芽孢杆菌门占53.13%,共分离出15个科。分离最多的为芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae),占分离总数的28.57%;其次为肠球菌科(Enterococcaceae),占分离总数的8.48%。WCBM培养基分离出3门12属20种微生物,芽孢杆菌门占57.00%,共分离出6个科,分别为芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)、肠球菌科、葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcaceae)、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)和梭菌科(Clostridiaceae)和嗜蛋白胨菌科(Peptoniphilaceae)。MRS培养基分离出3门20属43个种,芽孢杆菌门占74.77%,共分离出8个科,其中明串珠菌科(Leuconostocaceae)和粪杆菌科(Coprobacillaceae)仅由该培养基分离得到。RCM培养基分出3门13属31种微生物,芽孢杆菌门占65.50%,共分离出6个科,丹毒丝菌科(Erysipelotrichaceae)仅由该培养基分离。MM培养基分离出3门12属26种微生物,其中分离最多的是假单胞菌门占65.52%,共分离出1个科,但未分离到特有的菌科。MMM培养基分离出5门18属24种微生物,芽孢杆菌门和假单胞菌门含量相同,均为43.96%。其中,MMM培养基中芽孢杆菌门分出7个科,分别为乳杆菌科、棒状杆菌科、葡萄球菌科、肠球菌科、梭菌科、克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae)和爱格士氏菌科(Eggerthellaceae),假单胞菌门仅分离出肠杆菌科(图5A5B)。
将6种培养基进行比较,MRS与RCM未分离出拟杆菌属。其中,仅能在BHI和MMM培养基中分离得到的属有5个,占所有属的12.82%;WCBM和MRS各分离得到3个独特的属,占所有属的7.69%;RCM分离得到1个独特的属,占所有属的2.56%。除MM培养基外,每种培养基均能分离得到特有的菌株,这表明培养基的不同配方对不同细菌具有选择性(表1图5C)。
MMM培养基是在MM培养基的基础上添加了大豆蛋白胨、葡萄糖等营养物质,因此对MM与MMM培养基分离的微生物多样性进行比较。结果表明,在MM和MMM培养基中均能分离出假单胞菌门、芽孢杆菌门和放线菌门(图5A)。仅在MM培养基中分离得到的菌属为链球菌属(Streptococcus)、芽孢杆菌属和双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium),共占分离总属的25.00%;仅在MMM培养基中分离的菌属为拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、下水道菌属(Cloacibacillus)、居海事城球杆菌属(Phocaeicola)、柯林斯氏菌属(Collinsella)等,共占分离总属的44.44% (图5C)。改良后的MMM培养基与MM培养基在分离出的菌种方面具有较大差异。
本研究共分离得到245株双歧杆菌属细菌、294株芽孢杆菌属细菌、19株乳酪杆菌属细菌、2株乳杆菌属细菌、22株宿主关联乳杆菌属细菌、16株粘液乳杆菌属细菌、1株片球菌属细菌、40株链球菌属细菌、3株魏斯氏菌属细菌、26株拟杆菌属细菌。经文献查阅发现,两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum)[14]、动物双歧杆菌乳亚种(Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis)[15]、长双歧杆菌长亚种(Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum)[16]、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)[17]、卷曲乳杆菌(Lactobacillus crispatus)[18]、瘤胃联合乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus ruminis)[19]、唾液联合乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus salivarius)[20]、格氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus gasseri)[21]、类干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus paracasei)[22]、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus)[23]、发酵黏液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus fermentum)[24]、植物乳植物杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)[25]、融合魏斯氏菌(Weissella confusa)[26]、唾液链球菌(Streptococcus salivarius)[27]、乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)[28]、脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)[29]等16种益生细菌共计466株,占总分离数的44.30% (表2)。
本研究从6种培养基中共分离出16种有益细菌物种。其中,MRS培养基分离有益菌种类最多,为9种(23.68%);其次为BHI与RCM培养基,各为7种(18.42%);WCBM培养基为6种(15.79%);MM培养基为5种(13.16%),MMM培养基为4种(10.53%) (图6)。其中,MRS、WCBM和MMM培养基均分离出2种特有的有益微生物。总体而言,从BHI和MRS培养基中分离出10种有益细菌,占本研究所有有益细菌的62.50%。因此,BHI与MRS培养基为菌群培养提供了有力支撑。
肠道微生物对宿主的健康状况、营养吸收、代谢调控及免疫功能等均发挥重要作用[30]。Kogut等[31]研究发现,肠道微生物可通过调控免疫细胞强化黏膜屏障功能,使宿主对入侵病原体形成强效免疫应答,进而维持机体免疫稳态。肠道内的有益菌群能借助多种代谢途径生成短链脂肪酸,其中包括丁酸、丙酸与乙酸等成分。这些短链脂肪酸对于调节宿主的生理机能发挥着关键作用[32]。在营养方面,以双歧杆菌和乳酸菌为代表的肠道有益菌群,不仅能够合成宿主自身无法充分合成的多种微量营养素,如B族维生素和维生素K,还积极参与部分氨基酸的代谢与合成。这些微生物代谢产物不仅直接被宿主吸收利用,更有助于营造健康的肠道环境,从而全方位地为宿主的正常生长发育和生理功能维持提供重要保障[33]。除此之外,有益菌还能通过争夺肠道内的营养物质与生态位来限制有害菌在肠道环境中的繁殖扩散。肠道微生物的健康作用多由宏基因组学揭示,微生物纯培养作为一种经典方法,在近年来的研究应用中呈现出被边缘化的趋势。事实上,借助纯培养技术分离并培养肠道中的有益菌株,不仅对丰富菌种资源具有重要意义,也能够为深入探究这些微生物与人类疾病之间的关联提供坚实的研究基础。
肠道微生物研究领域目前存在两大技术方向,其一是以高通量测序为核心的免培养技术,其二是以分离单一菌株为目标的纯培养技术。本研究选用6种培养基对健康人体肠道微生物进行纯培养分离,共得到1 052株纯化细菌。本研究通过对比不同培养基,发现WCBM培养基在分离双歧杆菌方面表现出显著优越性。这一结果与WCBM培养基的配方特性密切相关,该培养基中添加的还原剂l-半胱氨酸盐酸盐发挥双重作用:一方面,其还原能力有助于建立并维持较低的氧化还原电位,为双歧杆菌创造适宜生长的厌氧环境;另一方面,半胱氨酸作为某些菌株生长所必需的氨基酸前体或硫源,可直接参与细胞代谢,促进双歧杆菌的增殖。因此,WCBM培养基通过理化环境的优化与营养支持的协同作用,实现了对双歧杆菌的高效分离[34]。MMM培养基未成功分离出双歧杆菌,推测其主要原因在于该培养基的组分构成无法满足双歧杆菌生长所需的营养条件或环境要求,进而限制了双歧杆菌的存活与增殖。双歧杆菌对不同抗生素的敏感性存在显著的种内差异,钟智等[35]的研究发现不同短双歧杆菌菌株对某些抗生素的敏感程度不一,且普遍对万古霉素和庆大霉素表现出耐药性。马昕玮等[36]对48株假小链双歧杆菌的研究进一步证实了该菌对上述抗生素也具有耐受能力。赵芳[37]的研究则进一步指出,除少数抗生素外,双歧杆菌对抗生素的敏感性差异主要体现在菌株水平而非物种水平。通过综合分析,MMM培养基在分离粪便来源的双歧杆菌方面效果不佳。此外,尽管利用抗生素选择性压力实现特定双歧杆菌定向分离的思路具有一定潜力,但其实际可行性、适用条件及具体操作策略仍待进一步研究。相较于其他4种培养基,MRS和RCM培养基中分离出的乳酸菌种类较多。这是因为培养基中添加了葡萄糖、酵母等营养物质,在碳源利用方面乳酸菌表现出明显偏好性,通常优先利用葡萄糖作为碳源物质。该碳源不仅能为乳酸菌的生长代谢提供必需能量,推动其细胞合成过程加速与整体新陈代谢效率提升,同时还可被乳酸菌进一步代谢为己糖,参与后续的物质转化与能量循环[38]。在氮源供给层面,当环境中的氮源条件适宜时乳酸菌能够实现高效地生长与增殖。研究表明,在各类氮源物质中,酵母类物质对乳酸菌生长的促进作用最为显著;在培养体系中添加大豆蛋白,同样可对乳酸菌的生长过程起到积极的促进效果[39]。此外,在培养环境调节中,将无机盐作为缓冲物质引入培养基也具有重要意义,其既能够有效调节并维持培养基的pH值稳定,为乳酸菌营造适宜酸碱环境,又能增强菌株在应激条件下的自我保护能力,保障其正常生理活动[40]。乳酸菌作为一类关键的益生菌群,具有在宿主肠道内占据生态位并稳定定殖的特性,而这一特性使其能够有效调控宿主与体内微生物群落之间的动态平衡,维系肠道微生态系统的稳定。随着相关研究的不断深入,乳酸菌的多种有益作用被逐步发掘,目前已明确其具备多重益生功能,具体包括促进宿主对食物中营养成分的消化吸收、增强人体免疫系统的防御能力以及维持肠道内菌群结构的平衡稳定等[41-43]。本研究还将MM和MMM培养基进行对比研究,在MMM培养基中分离出较多种类的拟杆菌,其中包括拟杆菌属和副拟杆菌属。这是因为相较于MM培养基,在MMM培养基中添加了葡萄糖、酵母、l-半胱胺盐酸盐、万古霉素等物质。Ho等[44]研究发现,添加了多种成分的脆弱拟杆菌培养基显著提高了临床标本中脆弱拟杆菌的分离回收率。该培养基的具体添加成分为酵母提取物、半胱胺盐酸盐、胆盐、维生素K、血红素、葡萄糖、豆青素,以及庆大霉素、卡那霉素、新生霉素3种抗生素。此外,该培养基还具备额外优势,其配方特性使其同样有利于临床样本中脆弱拟杆菌耐药菌株的监测与检出。对于BHI培养基,其营养成分相对明晰,在细菌分离培养时不仅能获得更高的细菌总量,在分离出的细菌种类丰富度上也占据优势。然而,该培养基也存在一定局限,即通过其分离得到的细菌多数为常见的细菌类型,对稀有菌株的分离能力较弱。
本研究从1 052株分离株中分离得到的466株有益微生物可分为16个种,其中MRS培养基分离得到有益菌种类最多,其次为BHI和RCM培养基,包括脆弱拟杆菌、植物乳植杆菌、两歧双歧杆菌和乳酸片球菌等。脆弱拟杆菌为一种共生的革兰氏阴性专性厌氧菌,在人类胃肠道的下部定殖,约占肠道微生物群的1%[45-46]。近年来的研究表明,脆弱拟杆菌在多种疾病中都具有益生性的作用。脆弱拟杆菌能够介导CD4 T细胞反应,并通过产生多种细胞因子,如白细胞介素IL-2、干扰素γ和白细胞介素IL-10等来抑制病原菌感染宿主,减轻脓肿的形成[47-48]。植物乳植杆菌还可以通过调控肠道微生物群及其代谢物,从而抑制肥胖,减少肝脏脂质积累并改善脂质代谢[49]。植物乳植杆菌可治疗癌症、肠易激综合征和艰难梭菌感染,并可对人体肠道微生物组和免疫系统的组成产生积极改变[50]。乳酸片球菌具有调节小鼠的肠道菌群从而缓解便秘[51],缓解小鼠的特应性皮炎[52],降低糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平和改善其胰腺β细胞功能[53],提高断奶仔猪营养物质消化率和抗氧化能力[54],预防高胆固醇血症[55]等益生特性。不论是传统益生菌[56],还是下一代益生菌[57],都可通过多种机制发挥益生作用。多项研究表明[58],益生菌能够增强免疫系统,减少LPS相关信号传导,改善肠道微生物群的活性,并通过维持肠道屏障完整性来防止肠漏的发生。益生菌资源的开发与利用是目前健康产业领域中关注的一个热点,但目前仍存在不足之处。例如,缺乏科学的评价体系来指导益生菌菌株和品种的选择,益生菌开发周期长,益生菌生产技术落后和成本较高等。为了进一步推动益生菌的开发利用,需要将高通量测序、合成生物学等分子工具与新型的培养技术结合。借助高通量测序技术,可全面捕获环境中的益生菌种群信息,通过宏基因组、宏转录组数据的整合分析,精准鉴定益生功能基因簇,同时排查毒力基因与耐药基因,为菌株安全性评估提供科学依据。同时,通过利用新型培养技术可以有针对性地筛选发掘新型的益生菌资源,获取更有效的单一潜在益生菌品种,为安全高效发掘益生菌资源奠定基础。
本研究从纯培养分离角度探究人体肠道中可培养微生物的多样性,并且与单一培养基分离菌种相比,多种培养基可以更全面地展示人体肠道微生物的多样性。然而,本研究存在一定局限,即未能成功分离获得微生物新类群。这一结果可能与两方面因素相关:一是本研究设置的培养条件差异性较小,且采用的培养方法相对单一,难以覆盖新类群生长所需的特殊环境;二是从微生物分离的共性角度分析,常规分离方法通常更易获得环境适应性较强的菌株,而对那些具有特定营养缺陷或依赖特殊生长条件(如特定温度、pH)的微生物,其分离效率往往较低,难以实现有效培养[59]。后续细菌的纯培养将考虑进一步改进培养基及培养方法,以期获得更多菌株资源。
本研究利用6种培养基从人体新鲜粪便中共分离得到1 052株肠道细菌,共计5门39属101种。其中,MRS培养基中分离出的乳酸菌种类最多,WCBM培养基对双歧杆菌属的分离效果更好。除MM外,每种培养基均能分离到独特菌属,BHI和MMM培养基与其他培养基相比,各分离得到5个特有的属,这表明不同的培养基对细菌具有选择性。在1 052株分离株中有466株有益微生物,其中包括两歧双歧杆菌、脆弱拟杆菌、植物乳植杆菌和乳酸片球菌等。BHI和MRS培养基中分离出10种有益细菌,占本研究所有有益细菌的62.50%,因此这2种培养基可能是培养肠道有益微生物的优良培养基。本研究通过多种培养基纯培养体系分离出了更多有益细菌种类,从纯培养的角度探究了人体肠道有益细菌多样性,为肠道源有益微生物的菌种开发提供了菌株资源。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFA1307002)
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2026年第66卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250653
  • 接收时间:2025-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-25
  • 录用日期:2025-09-27
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the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA1307002)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFA1307002)
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    1.内蒙古农业大学,乳品生物技术与工程教育部重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    2.内蒙古农业大学,乳酸菌与发酵乳制品省部共建协同创新中心,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    3.内蒙古农业大学,农业农村部奶制品加工重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    4.内蒙古农业大学,内蒙古自治区乳品生物技术与工程重点实验室,内蒙古 呼和浩特
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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