Article(id=1226136789291811097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250630, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755100800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1761580800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-28, onlineDate=1770263391087, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263391087, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263391087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263391087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=739, endPage=752, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136789732213053, articleId=1226136789291811097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Probiotic properties and antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria from commercial probiotic products against vaginal pathogens, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Probiotic products have attracted increasing attention for their potential to modulate the microbiota. However, most commercial products are designed for oral administration, and their probiotic properties relevant to topical use in the reproductive tract remain insufficiently evaluated. [Objective] To assess the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) derived from probiotic products, with a particular focus on their potential for topical application, thus providing scientific evidence for their use in vaginal health. [Methods] Seven common oral probiotic products (P1-P7) containing at least two different LAB species were selected from major e-commerce platforms via keyword screening, along with one clinical probiotic product (P8). LAB strains were isolated and identified from these products. We evaluated the acid tolerance, as well as the growth characteristics under different pH conditions, of the isolates by culturing them in the media of varying pH values. The antimicrobial activities of the isolates were determined via co-culture assays with pathogenic microorganisms, while hemolysis assays and genomic comparison were conducted to assess safety. [Results] The isolation rates of LAB strains from P1 to P8 were 50.0% (2/4), 0 (0/4), 66.7% (2/3), 12.5% (1/8), 33.3% (2/6), 40.0% (2/5), 0 (0/7), and 100.0% (1/1), respectively. Most strains grew well at pH 6.0-7.0, and some maintained growth at pH 4.0. Strains P4 and P8 exhibited superior acid tolerance to the others. The inhibitory effects of different strains against common vaginal pathogens varied significantly. Strains P1-2, P5-1, P6-1 and P6-2 demonstrated moderate to strong broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against all tested pathogens. Other isolated strains except P8 exhibited inhibitory activity against Gardnerellavaginalis, while strain P8 showed weak inhibitory activities against the tested pathogens. Strains P4, P5-2, P6-1, and P6-2 achieved inhibition rates exceeding 99.73% against Candidaalbicans across all three tested inoculum concentrations, and strain P5-1 reached an inhibition rate of over 94.64%. None of the strains exhibited β-hemolytic activity, and no antibiotic resistance or virulence genes were detected. [Conclusion] Several LAB isolates from commercial probiotic products exhibited notable inhibitory activities against pathogenic microorganisms and demonstrated good safety profiles. Topical administration may therefore offer greater practical value in promoting female reproductive tract health.

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E-mail:
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微生态制剂因其调节菌群的潜力而受到广泛关注,但目前产品多以口服途径为主,针对生殖道外用途径的益生特性尚缺乏系统评价。 【目的】 评估微生态制剂来源的乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria, LAB)的外用益生特性,揭示菌株局部给药的潜力,为其在阴道健康领域的应用提供科学依据。 【方法】 在主流电商平台通过关键词筛选出至少包含2种不同LAB菌种的常见口服微生态制剂7种(P1-P7),另纳入1种临床微生态制剂(P8),分离并鉴定制剂中的LAB菌株;通过在不同pH环境下培养,评估菌株的耐酸能力及在不同pH环境下的生长特性;通过病原菌共培养实验分析菌株的抑菌活性;利用溶血实验和基因组比对评价菌株的安全性。 【结果】 各微生态制剂分离出的LAB菌种比例为:P1 50.0% (2/4),P2 0 (0/4),P3 66.7% (2/3),P4 12.5% (1/8),P5 33.3% (2/6),P6 40.0% (2/5),P7 0 (0/7),P8 100.0% (1/1);多数菌株在pH 6.0-7.0环境下生长良好,部分菌株在pH 4.0仍可维持生长;P4、P8菌株的耐低酸性能优于其他菌株;不同菌株对阴道常见病原细菌的抑制效果差异显著,P1-2、P5-1、P6-1及P6-2均表现出中高度广谱抑菌活性;除P8外的分离菌株均对阴道加德纳菌具有抑菌活性,P8对测试病原菌的抑菌活性较弱;P4、P5-2、P6-1和P6-2在3个不同初始浓度下对白色念珠菌的抑制率均达到99.73%以上,P5-1可达到94.64%以上;所有菌株均未表现出β溶血,且无耐药基因和毒力基因。 【结论】 多种市售微生态制剂分离出的菌株展现了较好的病原菌抑制能力与良好的安全性,局部给药途径可能使菌株在女性生殖道健康领域更具实际应用价值。

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作者贡献声明

毛怡心:提出概念,实验设计及验证,数据整理及统计分析,完成呈现,撰写文章;车艳晴:样本筛选与收集,参与实验及图表制作;李梦洁:样本整理,参与实验,耐药基因及毒力基因分析;晏国东:参与实验,数据收集整理;刘晓:耐药基因及毒力基因分析;李鸿洲:基因组分析及验证;孙志文:参与实验,文章审阅;白雪梅:实验监督管理,文章审阅;高鹤:概念构思,文章审阅;王多春:概念构思与设计,获取基金,项目监督与管理,文章审阅。

, authorsList=毛怡心, 车艳晴, 李梦洁, 晏国东, 刘晓, 李鸿洲, 孙志文, 白雪梅, 高鹤, 王多春)}, authors=[Author(id=1226195550660374588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1226195550773620814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, authorId=1226195550660374588, language=EN, stringName=Yixin MAO, firstName=Yixin, middleName=null, lastName=MAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
2.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
3.China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1226195550882672729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, authorId=1226195550660374588, language=CN, stringName=毛怡心, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室,北京, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226195548747771906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548760354820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195548747771906, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548768743429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195548747771906, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195548877795338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548886183946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195548877795338, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548890378251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195548877795338, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195550245138453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550261915669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195550245138453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550266109974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195550245138453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室,北京)])]), Author(id=1226195550966558814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1226195551067222123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, authorId=1226195550966558814, language=EN, stringName=Yanqing CHE, firstName=Yanqing, middleName=null, lastName=CHE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 4, address=1.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
4.School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1226195551155302516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, authorId=1226195550966558814, language=CN, stringName=车艳晴, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 4, address=1.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
4.兰州大学 公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226195548747771906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548760354820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195548747771906, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548768743429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195548747771906, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195550370967583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550379356193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195550370967583, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550383550498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195550370967583, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.兰州大学 公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州)])]), Author(id=1226195551285325954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1226195551394377867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, authorId=1226195551285325954, language=EN, stringName=Mengjie LI, firstName=Mengjie, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 4, address=1.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
4.School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1226195551503429779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, authorId=1226195551285325954, language=CN, stringName=李梦洁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 4, address=1.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
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Research progress in induction, resuscitation and detection of viable but nonculturable foodborne pathogenic bacteria[J]. 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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195548877795338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548886183946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195548877795338, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195548890378251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195548877795338, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195550245138453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550261915669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195550245138453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550266109974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195550245138453, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195550370967583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550379356193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195550370967583, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550383550498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, companyId=1226195550370967583, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.兰州大学 公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195550538739759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, xref=5., 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A: OD600 values of isolated strains after 18-20 h of cultivation at different pH levels; B: OD600 values of strains at pH 3.0 [Significant differences are indicated between the sample with the highest number of significant differences (P4, P8, 1.984) and the sample showing the greatest difference (P1-2), significance levels are indicated as *** P<0.000 1, **** P<0.000 01]; C: Significance in growth differences among strains across different initial pH environments [Within the same pH level, strains labeled with the same letter are not significantly different (Sidak-adjusted, P>0.05), while those with different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05)]., figureFileSmall=R+67Njut78Ff/5jbq0na1g==, figureFileBig=LcbdzIipzF2Ac4UrbYJjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557371261429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=CN, label=图1, caption=分离菌株在不同pH下生长情况及其显著性差异。A:分离菌株在不同pH下培养18-20 h后的OD600值;B:各菌株在pH 3.0情况下的OD600值[显著性差异标注为具有最多显著性差异的样本(P4、P8、1.984)与最大显著性差异的样本(P1-2)情况,显著性水平标注为*** P<0.000 1,**** P<0.000 01];C:不同初始pH环境下分离菌株间的显著性差异特征[在同一pH值下相同字母标注的菌株间不存在显著性差异(Sidak-adjusted,P>0.05),不同字母标注的菌株间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)]。, figureFileSmall=R+67Njut78Ff/5jbq0na1g==, figureFileBig=LcbdzIipzF2Ac4UrbYJjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557543227902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Antagonistic activity of isolated strains against common vaginal pathogens. A: Heatmap illustrating the inhibition zones of isolated strains against various pathogens; B: Representative plate images showing the antagonistic activity of selected isolates [From left to right: Gardnerella vaginalis, Staphylococcus aureus (6538), Klebsiella pneumoniae (95), Escherichia coli (FX59), and Streptococcus agalactiae (serotype Ia)]., figureFileSmall=NVV4sPcPMF4En7dNnpW/bw==, figureFileBig=gXxmmV+xZREY0ZuC8nhBhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557639696904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=CN, label=图2, caption=分离菌株对阴道常见病原菌的抑菌能力。A:分离菌株对多种病原菌的抑菌圈热图;B:部分分离菌株对病原菌的抑菌实验平板照片[从左至右分别为阴道加德纳菌、金黄色葡萄球菌(6538)、肺炎克雷伯菌(95)、大肠杆菌(FX59)、无乳链球菌(Ⅰa型)]。, figureFileSmall=NVV4sPcPMF4En7dNnpW/bw==, figureFileBig=gXxmmV+xZREY0ZuC8nhBhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557748748816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Inhibition rate of isolated strains against Candidaalbicans., figureFileSmall=SkrHITPd68sw6bklZV6uDw==, figureFileBig=qO8fd2qE0v2QeqnWZ/C8PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559212560915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=CN, label=图3, caption=分离菌株对白色念珠菌抑制率, figureFileSmall=SkrHITPd68sw6bklZV6uDw==, figureFileBig=qO8fd2qE0v2QeqnWZ/C8PA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559342584347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Isolation and identification of LAB from commercial probiotic products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

产品编号

Product ID

分离菌株编号

Isolate ID

鉴定菌种

Identified species

分离比例(分离数量/标识数量)

Isolation ratio (number isolated/number labeled) (%)

P1P1-1加氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus gasseri50.0 (2/4)
P1-2鼠李糖乳酪乳杆菌Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus
P3P3-1嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus66.7 (2/3)
P3-2加氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus gasseri
P4P4-1发酵黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus fermentum12.5 (1/8)
P5P5-1植物乳植杆菌Lactiplantibacillus plantarum33.3 (2/6)
P5-2发酵黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus fermentum
P6P6-1罗伊特氏黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus reuteri40.0 (2/5)
P6-2植物乳植杆菌Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
P8P8德氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus delbrueckii100.0 (1/1)
), ArticleFig(id=1226195559594242597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微生态制剂中LAB的分离与鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

产品编号

Product ID

分离菌株编号

Isolate ID

鉴定菌种

Identified species

分离比例(分离数量/标识数量)

Isolation ratio (number isolated/number labeled) (%)

P1P1-1加氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus gasseri50.0 (2/4)
P1-2鼠李糖乳酪乳杆菌Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus
P3P3-1嗜酸乳杆菌Lactobacillus acidophilus66.7 (2/3)
P3-2加氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus gasseri
P4P4-1发酵黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus fermentum12.5 (1/8)
P5P5-1植物乳植杆菌Lactiplantibacillus plantarum33.3 (2/6)
P5-2发酵黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus fermentum
P6P6-1罗伊特氏黏液乳杆菌Limosilactobacillus reuteri40.0 (2/5)
P6-2植物乳植杆菌Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
P8P8德氏乳杆菌Lactobacillus delbrueckii100.0 (1/1)
), ArticleFig(id=1226195559741043244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ANOVA results for the growth of isolated strains under different pH conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FactordfSum SqMean SqF valuePr (>F)
Strain1024.132.41873.0<2×10-16 ***
pH4127.4931.8711 530.1<2×10-16 ***
Strain:pH4026.460.66239.3<2×10-16 ***
Residuals1100.300.00
), ArticleFig(id=1226195559824929329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各菌株在不同pH条件下生长情况的ANOVA分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
FactordfSum SqMean SqF valuePr (>F)
Strain1024.132.41873.0<2×10-16 ***
pH4127.4931.8711 530.1<2×10-16 ***
Strain:pH4026.460.66239.3<2×10-16 ***
Residuals1100.300.00
), ArticleFig(id=1226195559938175541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Hemolysis activity of isolated strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

产品编号

Product ID

分离菌株编号及菌种名称

Isolate ID and species name

培养时间Cultivation time (h)
244872
P1P1-1 (L. gasseri)γγγ
P1-2 (L. rhamnosus)ααα
P3P3-1 (L. acidophilus)γαα
P3-2 (L. gasseri)ααα
P4P4 (L. fermentum)γγγ
P5P5-1 (L. plantarum)ααα
P5-2 (L. fermentum)γγγ
P6P6-1 (L. reuteri)ααα
P6-2 (L. plantarum)ααα
P8P8 (L. delbrueckii)γγγ
), ArticleFig(id=1226195560059810364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136789291811097, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分离菌株的溶血情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

产品编号

Product ID

分离菌株编号及菌种名称

Isolate ID and species name

培养时间Cultivation time (h)
244872
P1P1-1 (L. gasseri)γγγ
P1-2 (L. rhamnosus)ααα
P3P3-1 (L. acidophilus)γαα
P3-2 (L. gasseri)ααα
P4P4 (L. fermentum)γγγ
P5P5-1 (L. plantarum)ααα
P5-2 (L. fermentum)γγγ
P6P6-1 (L. reuteri)ααα
P6-2 (L. plantarum)ααα
P8P8 (L. delbrueckii)γγγ
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微生态制剂乳酸菌对阴道病原菌的抑制及益生特性评估
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毛怡心 1, 2, 3 , 车艳晴 1, 4 , 李梦洁 1, 4 , 晏国东 1, 5 , 刘晓 1 , 李鸿洲 1, 4 , 孙志文 1 , 白雪梅 1 , 高鹤 1 , 王多春 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 739-752
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 739-752
微生态制剂乳酸菌对阴道病原菌的抑制及益生特性评估
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毛怡心1, 2, 3, 车艳晴1, 4, 李梦洁1, 4, 晏国东1, 5, 刘晓1, 李鸿洲1, 4, 孙志文1, 白雪梅1, 高鹤1, 王多春1
作者信息
  • 1.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
  • 2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室,北京
  • 4.兰州大学 公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州
  • 5.甘肃中医药大学 公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州
Probiotic properties and antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria from commercial probiotic products against vaginal pathogens
Yixin MAO1, 2, 3, Yanqing CHE1, 4, Mengjie LI1, 4, Guodong YAN1, 5, Xiao LIU1, Hongzhou LI1, 4, Zhiwen SUN1, Xuemei BAI1, He GAO1, Duochun WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  • 3.China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  • 4.School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 5.School of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250630
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微生态制剂因其调节菌群的潜力而受到广泛关注,但目前产品多以口服途径为主,针对生殖道外用途径的益生特性尚缺乏系统评价。 【目的】 评估微生态制剂来源的乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria, LAB)的外用益生特性,揭示菌株局部给药的潜力,为其在阴道健康领域的应用提供科学依据。 【方法】 在主流电商平台通过关键词筛选出至少包含2种不同LAB菌种的常见口服微生态制剂7种(P1-P7),另纳入1种临床微生态制剂(P8),分离并鉴定制剂中的LAB菌株;通过在不同pH环境下培养,评估菌株的耐酸能力及在不同pH环境下的生长特性;通过病原菌共培养实验分析菌株的抑菌活性;利用溶血实验和基因组比对评价菌株的安全性。 【结果】 各微生态制剂分离出的LAB菌种比例为:P1 50.0% (2/4),P2 0 (0/4),P3 66.7% (2/3),P4 12.5% (1/8),P5 33.3% (2/6),P6 40.0% (2/5),P7 0 (0/7),P8 100.0% (1/1);多数菌株在pH 6.0-7.0环境下生长良好,部分菌株在pH 4.0仍可维持生长;P4、P8菌株的耐低酸性能优于其他菌株;不同菌株对阴道常见病原细菌的抑制效果差异显著,P1-2、P5-1、P6-1及P6-2均表现出中高度广谱抑菌活性;除P8外的分离菌株均对阴道加德纳菌具有抑菌活性,P8对测试病原菌的抑菌活性较弱;P4、P5-2、P6-1和P6-2在3个不同初始浓度下对白色念珠菌的抑制率均达到99.73%以上,P5-1可达到94.64%以上;所有菌株均未表现出β溶血,且无耐药基因和毒力基因。 【结论】 多种市售微生态制剂分离出的菌株展现了较好的病原菌抑制能力与良好的安全性,局部给药途径可能使菌株在女性生殖道健康领域更具实际应用价值。

抑菌活性  /  病原菌共培养  /  微生态制剂  /  阴道菌群  /  益生特性

Probiotic products have attracted increasing attention for their potential to modulate the microbiota. However, most commercial products are designed for oral administration, and their probiotic properties relevant to topical use in the reproductive tract remain insufficiently evaluated. [Objective] To assess the probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) derived from probiotic products, with a particular focus on their potential for topical application, thus providing scientific evidence for their use in vaginal health. [Methods] Seven common oral probiotic products (P1-P7) containing at least two different LAB species were selected from major e-commerce platforms via keyword screening, along with one clinical probiotic product (P8). LAB strains were isolated and identified from these products. We evaluated the acid tolerance, as well as the growth characteristics under different pH conditions, of the isolates by culturing them in the media of varying pH values. The antimicrobial activities of the isolates were determined via co-culture assays with pathogenic microorganisms, while hemolysis assays and genomic comparison were conducted to assess safety. [Results] The isolation rates of LAB strains from P1 to P8 were 50.0% (2/4), 0 (0/4), 66.7% (2/3), 12.5% (1/8), 33.3% (2/6), 40.0% (2/5), 0 (0/7), and 100.0% (1/1), respectively. Most strains grew well at pH 6.0-7.0, and some maintained growth at pH 4.0. Strains P4 and P8 exhibited superior acid tolerance to the others. The inhibitory effects of different strains against common vaginal pathogens varied significantly. Strains P1-2, P5-1, P6-1 and P6-2 demonstrated moderate to strong broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against all tested pathogens. Other isolated strains except P8 exhibited inhibitory activity against Gardnerellavaginalis, while strain P8 showed weak inhibitory activities against the tested pathogens. Strains P4, P5-2, P6-1, and P6-2 achieved inhibition rates exceeding 99.73% against Candidaalbicans across all three tested inoculum concentrations, and strain P5-1 reached an inhibition rate of over 94.64%. None of the strains exhibited β-hemolytic activity, and no antibiotic resistance or virulence genes were detected. [Conclusion] Several LAB isolates from commercial probiotic products exhibited notable inhibitory activities against pathogenic microorganisms and demonstrated good safety profiles. Topical administration may therefore offer greater practical value in promoting female reproductive tract health.

antimicrobial activity  /  co-culture with pathogen  /  probiotic products  /  vaginal microbiota  /  probiotic properties
毛怡心, 车艳晴, 李梦洁, 晏国东, 刘晓, 李鸿洲, 孙志文, 白雪梅, 高鹤, 王多春. 微生态制剂乳酸菌对阴道病原菌的抑制及益生特性评估. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 739 -752 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250630
Yixin MAO, Yanqing CHE, Mengjie LI, Guodong YAN, Xiao LIU, Hongzhou LI, Zhiwen SUN, Xuemei BAI, He GAO, Duochun WANG. Probiotic properties and antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria from commercial probiotic products against vaginal pathogens[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 739 -752 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250630
女性生殖道微生态平衡对于维持生殖健康至关重要。在正常状态下,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)作为阴道的优势菌属,通过分泌乳酸、过氧化氢及细菌素等物质维持阴道的酸性环境(pH 3.8-4.5),进而抑制病原微生物的定殖[1-2]。微生态失衡(如乳杆菌种类及数量减少、pH升高)可能引发多种生殖道感染(reproductive tract infections, RTIs),包括细菌性阴道炎(bacterial vaginosis, BV)、念珠菌性阴道炎(vulvovaginal candidiasis, VVC)、需氧菌性阴道炎(aerobic vaginitis, AV)、滴虫性阴道炎等[3-4]。这些感染不仅会降低患者的生活质量,还可能增加盆腔炎、早产以及性传播疾病(如HIV)的感染风险。目前,RTIs的一线治疗主要依赖抗生素(如甲硝唑、克林霉素、替硝唑等)[5],但抗生素的广泛使用导致微生物耐药性上升、疗效下降以及微生态二次破坏等问题日益凸显。因此,亟需开发安全有效的替代或辅助治疗策略。
在此背景下,通过补充活性微生物或刺激有益菌群生长以恢复微生态平衡的益生菌制剂,展现出广阔的应用前景。乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria, LAB)被认为可通过多种机制在生殖道健康中发挥保护作用,如产酸协助调节生殖道pH值、参与上皮细胞反应、竞争性黏附、分泌抗菌物质(如细菌素、过氧化氢)直接抑制病原菌等,从而阻止病原菌的黏附、定殖及繁殖[6-7]。以LAB为主的益生菌制剂可通过调节阴道菌群和肠道菌群,进而改善多种妇产科疾病[8]。此外,考虑到抗生素滥用可能带来的健康危害,如提高微生物耐药性、破坏微生态菌群结构等,学术界和产业界对于微生态制剂的认可度和需求也逐渐提高。随着微生态制剂在女性健康领域的应用不断拓展,国内外市场涌现出大量相关产品,其形式多样,且常由多菌种复合配制而成。
目前,市场上用于女性阴道健康的益生菌制剂多以口服为主,其影响阴道微环境的机制主要以间接途径为主,如通过肠道-阴道轴实现菌群的局部迁移、增强人体全身免疫能力、减少肠道内潜在致病菌、产生有益的代谢产物等。然而,这些制剂所标识的菌株对于生殖道多种常见病原菌的直接抑菌能力以及在阴道微生态中的生长特性,缺乏独立、系统的验证评价。这些评价结果可揭示菌株通过局部外用途径发挥作用的潜力。
本研究选取多种微生态制剂,分离并鉴定其中的LAB菌株,通过体外实验有针对性地评估菌株在不同pH环境下的生长特性、对多种生殖道相关病原菌的抑菌活性及生物安全性,挖掘菌株通过外用途径发挥阴道健康效用的潜力,以期为临床及消费者选用循证有效的益生菌制剂提供更多关键的科学依据。
从主流电商平台检索并购买含有“微生态” (或“益生菌”)以及“女性” (或“女性生殖健康” “阴道感染” “生殖道感染”)关键词的口服类微生态制剂。入选标准为标识成分包含至少2种LAB菌种。最终筛选出7种口服类微生态制剂(编号P1-P7)。此外,纳入1种目前用于临床治疗的微生态制剂类药品(P8)。
阴道加德纳菌(Gardnerellavaginalis) GV,金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus) ATCC 6538、S63 (多产肠毒素型),肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiellapneumoniae) 95 (普通型)、5933 (碳青霉烯耐药型)、7614 (碳青霉烯耐药型),大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli) FX59 (血清型O104:H4)、FX43 (血清型O157:H7),无乳链球菌(Streptococcusagalactiae) Ia、Ib、II、III、IV、V (对应与编号相同的5个血清型),白色念珠菌(Candidaalbicans) MAS4260,均保存于中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所菌种保藏中心。对照株为加氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillusgasseri),购自广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,菌种保藏号为GDMCC 1.984,分离来源为人肠道(后文中以“对照株”或“1.984”指代)。
MRS肉汤及琼脂培养基、血琼脂平板,赛默飞世尔生物化学制品(北京)有限公司;PBS缓冲液,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;细菌琼脂粉、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基,青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;细菌基因组提取试剂盒、PCR反应酶预混液,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司。
超微量分光光度计,Implen公司;CO2恒温培养箱,美墨尔特(上海)贸易有限公司;细菌浊度仪,杭州齐威仪器有限公司。
取各微生态制剂的最小制剂单位(如胶囊内容物、片剂粉末),加入无菌PBS缓冲液,研磨样品,涡旋振荡并充分匀浆。取100 μL匀浆液接种至含CaCO3质量浓度为10%的MRS琼脂培养基,37 ℃、5% CO2培养24-48 h。挑取具有透明溶钙圈的单菌落,接种于MRS平板,重复2次进行纯化。刮取纯化后的菌苔,加入300 μL ddH2O中,混匀后于100 ℃煮沸12 min,冷却5 min,8 000 r/min离心8 min后取上清,置于-20 ℃备用。将上清作为模板,使用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (3′-AGAGTTTGATCCT GGCTCAG-5′)和1492R (3′-GGTTACCTTGTTA CGACTT-5′)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Taq Master Mix (Dye Plus) 12.5 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O 8.5 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性10 min;95 ℃变性30 s,52 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1.5 min,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸8 min。PCR产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证后,送至北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司进行测序,测序结果经BLAST比对NCBI数据库确认种属。验证后的菌株保存于体积分数为25%甘油的MRS肉汤中,于-80 ℃冻存备用。
根据文献[9]中的方法并进行调整,分别配制pH 3.0、4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0的MRS肉汤培养基(用1 mol/L NaOH或HCl调节)。将冻存菌株接种于MRS肉汤培养基(pH 5.0)中活化,37 ℃、5% CO2培养16-18 h。调整菌液浓度至约1.5×108 CFU/mL。按体积分数1%接种活化菌液至不同pH值的MRS肉汤培养基中,37 ℃、5% CO2培养18-20 h后测定OD600。以初始OD600为基准计算存活情况。
基于双层平板点样法评价菌株对多种细菌性病原体的抑制活性。在MRS肉汤培养基中37 ℃、5% CO2培养16-18 h活化菌株。调节菌液浓度至约1×108 CFU/mL,取2 μL菌悬液点样于MRS琼脂培养基表面,37 ℃、5% CO2培养20-24 h。调节病原菌菌液浓度至0.5麦氏浊度,取1 mL病原菌悬液与100 mL含琼脂的液体培养基混合(最终活菌数约为1×106 CFU/mL),倾倒于已点样生长LAB的平板上。待培养基凝固,37 ℃、5% CO2培养48 h后测定抑菌圈直径(mm)。判定标准:无抑菌(<7 mm);中度抑菌(7-12 mm);高度抑菌(>12 mm)。
根据文献[9]中的方法并进行调整,采用共培养法评价LAB菌株对C. albicans的抑制活性。调节C. albicans悬液浓度为1×107 CFU/mL,按体积分数1%接种到MRS肉汤中(阳性对照)。同时,取菌悬液涂布平板,28 ℃培养48 h后计数。配制浓度为1×108 CFU/mL的LAB菌悬液,并分别稀释10倍(1×107 CFU/mL)、100倍(1×106 CFU/mL)。在阳性对照基础上按体积分数1%分别接种上述3种浓度的LAB作为实验组。混合菌液于37 ℃、5% CO2培养20-24 h。使用PBS缓冲液梯度稀释共培养菌液,选取3个稀释度涂布沙氏葡萄糖琼脂平板,28 ℃培养48 h后计数。抑菌率计算如公式(1)所示。
抑菌率=(阳性对照菌落数-实验组菌落数)/阳性对照菌落数×100%
在MRS培养基中37 ℃、5% CO2培养16-18 h活化菌株。调节浓度至约1×108 CFU/mL,取5 μL点样至血琼脂平板,37 ℃、5% CO2培养72 h,每24 h观察并记录α/β/γ溶血现象。
使用细菌基因组提取试剂盒提取分离LAB菌株的基因组,送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司测序,测序平台为Illumina NovaSeq X Plus。测序返回基因组数据比对毒力因子数据库(virulence factor database, VFDB,https://www.mgc.ac.cn/VFs/;阈值:E-value<1×10-5,覆盖率>80%),比对综合抗生素耐药数据库(comprehensive antibiotic resistance database, CARD,https://card.mcmaster.ca;阈值:≥80%一致性)。
应用Excel (2021)、R (4.5.1)等软件进行数据处理、筛选及统计分析,应用Excel、R、OriginPro、Inkscape等软件进行数据作图。对pH 3.0环境下的菌株生长数据进行Student’s t检验,分析组间差异显著性。对不同pH环境下菌株生长数据,将菌株与pH作为2个固定因子进行双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA),检验菌株、pH及其交互作用对生长的影响。为满足方差分析假设,对模型残差进行Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验及Levene方差齐性检验。若假设成立,则在显著交互作用条件下进一步在每个pH条件内对不同菌株进行事后两两比较(post hoc pairwise comparisons),使用emmeans包进行Tukey (分层条件下为Sidak)多重比较校正。显著性差异结果以分组字母表示,具有相同字母的菌株在同一pH下差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母标注的菌株间差异显著(P<0.05)。
从8种微生态制剂中成功分离出10株LAB菌株(表1)。87.5% (7/8)微生态制剂未能全部分离出所有标识菌种。口服类微生态制剂中有28.6% (2/7)未分离出任何标识菌株(P2、P7)。所有制剂的菌种分离率为12.5%-66.7% (分离菌种数/标识菌种数),实际分离菌种数量显著少于标签标识菌种数。仅药品P8 (单菌种标识) 100.0%分离出目标菌株。未分离到的标识菌种包括卷曲乳杆菌(Lactobacillus crispatus)、双歧杆菌或嗜热链球菌、唾液联合乳杆菌、副干酪乳酪杆菌以及詹氏乳杆菌。
菌株在初始pH值为6.0-7.0时展现出更强的生命活性,部分菌株如P1-1、P3-2、P4、P5-1、P5-2、P6-1、P6-2、对照株等在起始pH值为5.0-7.0范围内都生长良好(图1A)。ANOVA分析结果表明,不考虑pH时菌株间的OD600有显著差异(F=873.0, P<0.000 1),不考虑菌株时不同pH条件下的OD600也差异显著(F=11 530.1, P<0.000 1),菌株和pH交互作用对OD600的影响同样显著(F=239.3, P<0.000 1) (表2)。这表明某菌株在不同pH下的变化趋势与其他菌株不同。进一步事后比较分析菌株在不同初始pH下的OD600差异发现,pH值为3.0时菌株间差异不显著,所有菌株生命活力较低,如P4与P1-1 (t=2.29, P=0.234)。在pH 3.0环境下,P4、P8及对照株OD600分别为0.154、0.166和0.164。如基于两样本间方差估计进行Student’s t检验,则P4、P8及对照株与其他菌株的OD600相比存在显著差异(图1B)。P8与P1-2 (t=45.969, P<0.000 01)、P3-2 (t=45.702, P<0.000 01)、P6-1 (t=45.485, P<0.000 01)相比差异最大。P4相比其他分离株差异也非常显著,如相比P1-2 (t=16.100, P<0.000 1)、P3-1 (t=13.434, P=0.000 2)、P3-2 (t=15.988, P<0.000 1)、P6-1 (t=15.301, P=0.000 1)、P6-2 (t=14.758, P=0.000 1)等。P4和P8的统计学差异不显著(t=-2.919, P=0.022)。
在pH 4.0-7.0时菌株间存在显著性差异(图1C)。初始环境pH值为4.0时,P5-2、P4、P6-2、P5-1和P6-1显著高于其他分离菌株,如pH值为4.0时P5-2显著高于P8 (t=15.42, P<0.001)。初始pH值为5.0时,P5-1、P5-2、P6-1、P4和P6-2菌株具有较高的生命活力,其次是P3-2和P8。初始pH值为6.0时,除P1-2外,其余菌株均具有较高的生命活力。初始pH值为7.0时P3-2生命活力较低,其次是P1-1,其余菌株仍维持较高的生命活力。菌株P4、P5-1、P5-2、P6-2的OD600在pH值为4.0-7.0环境下均高于其他菌株。
微生态制剂分离的LAB菌株对生殖道相关病原细菌具有不同程度的抑制作用(图2)。P1-2、P5-1、P6-1及P6-2菌株对全部病原菌均表现出不同程度的抑制能力,其中L. plantarum P6-2表现出高度的广谱抑菌能力,尤其对肠杆菌科(E. coli:28.5-34.0 mm;K. pneumoniae:20.5-26.5 mm)。L. gasseri P1-1对S. agalactiae Ⅰa血清型表现出高度的抑菌能力,抑菌圈直径达29.0 mm。
对于引起BV最常见的致病菌G. vaginalis,除药品来源的P8未体现出抑制作用外,其他分离菌株均具有一定程度的抑菌活性(抑菌圈直径范围8.0-15.0 mm)。对于其他病原菌,P8的抑制程度相对较差,对1株多产肠毒素型S. aureus、2株碳青霉烯耐药型K. pneumoniae、1株E. coli和1株S. agalactiae (Ia血清型)具有中度抑制能力,抑菌圈直径分别为10.0、9.0、8.0、18.0和11.0 mm。对照株对G. vaginalis的抑制作用也较低,抑菌圈直径为6.0 mm。微生态制剂分离的LAB菌株普遍对S. aureusE. coli具有一定抑制作用。P4、P5-2、P6-1和P6-2对白色念珠菌的抑制率达99.73%以上,P5-1的抑制率可达94.64%以上;所有菌株均未出现β溶血,且无耐药基因和毒力基因。
除P1-1外,分离菌株对于VVC常见致病真菌C. albicans均有一定抑制效果(图3)。其中,P4、P5-2、P6-1和P6-2在3个初始接种浓度下对C. albicans的抑制率均能达到99.73%以上,P5-1仅在初始接种浓度为104 CFU/mL时抑制率为94.64%,在其他初始接种浓度下均达到99.77%以上。
药品分离菌株P8在初始接种浓度104 CFU/mL时对C. albicans的抑制率为56.98%,随着自身浓度升高,对C. albicans的抑制率在106 CFU/mL时达到86.98%。P3-1、P3-2及对照株对C. albicans的抑制情况与P8相似,随初始接种浓度升高,其对C. albicans的抑制率提高,分别由33.82%、52.73%、65.78%提高至91.05%、85.80%、90.74%。
个别菌株呈现出与其他菌株不同的趋势,在初始接种低浓度时体现出更高的抑制率,而在初始接种高浓度时抑制率反而降低。P1-2在初始接种低浓度时对C. albicans达到最佳抑制率(98.45%),抑制率随着自身菌液初始接种浓度的升高而降低,在初始接种浓度为106 CFU/mL时抑制率下降至56.09%。P1-1在初始接种浓度为104 CFU/mL时的抑制率仅为15.97%,在初始接种浓度为106 CFU/mL时抑制率降至3.36%。
各微生态制剂分离菌株基因组未检出耐药基因及毒力基因。全部分离菌株均未出现β溶血的情况(表3)。在培养24 h时有5株(50%)呈现α溶血。P3-1在24 h表现为无溶血现象,48 h后显现出α溶血。
本研究系统评估了多种常见益生菌制剂分离菌株的外用益生特性,包括其对多种病原菌的抑制效能、在不同pH环境下的生长特性及安全性,揭示了菌株通过局部给药途径发挥作用的潜力。
微生态制剂分离菌株的抑菌活性表现出特异性。L. plantarum P6-2展现出极为突出的广谱抗抑菌活性,L. fermentum P4、P5-2也表现出较好的抑菌活性。对于S. aureusE. coli,几乎所有分离菌株均具有不同程度的抑制作用。L. plantarum P5-1和L. reuteri P6-1对C. albicans也具有优异的抑制能力,在3个菌液初始接种浓度下对C. albicans的抑制率均能达到99.00%以上。相比之下,P1以及P3分离的4个菌株对C. albicans的抑制能力较差,涉及的菌种包括L. rhamnosusL. acidophilusL. gasseri。此外,接种不同初始浓度的LAB菌株与C. albicans共同培养后,LAB终浓度均达到108数量级。这体现了在有限的资源环境(实验室培养条件下)中,LAB菌株的终末生长能力极限。LAB菌株对C. albicans的抑制与初始接种浓度相关,这可能表明更高的初始接种浓度使LAB获得了更高的生长优势,更高的初始生长优势保证了菌株能更好地发挥对病原菌的抑制能力。LAB可通过产乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,以及竞争性排斥等方式抑制病原菌生长[10]。植物乳植杆菌可产生对C. albicans具有较强抑制作用的抗菌蛋白,如植物乳杆菌素(plantaricin)[11]。有研究指出,植物乳植杆菌与其他LAB共培养时,如与L. fermentum共培养,甚至可能增强代谢物合成,从而提高其细菌素产量[12]L. reuteri可产生罗伊特氏菌素(reuterin),这是一种广谱抗菌物质,这可能解释了L. reuteri在抑菌作用中表现较好的原因。然而由于可成功分离的菌株数量较少(1-2株/微生态制剂),未能对其他标识的菌株情况进行评价。
令人意外的是,由临床药品分离的菌株L. delbrueckii P8的抑菌活性较弱。推测其原因可能是,在潜力菌株稀缺的早期,临床用药菌株筛选时可能优先考虑其安全性、生长稳定性、黏附等特性,而非抑菌效能。尽管如此,对于作为外部给药途径的药品,可考虑关注其抑菌效能。多中心、随机对照试验及荟萃分析表明,阴道局部给予含LAB的胶囊或片剂与口服甲硝唑相比,具有相近或更高的治愈率、较低的复发率和更小的副作用[13]。因此,使用LAB进行BV、VVC等RTIs的预防和治疗具有前景。目前,在我国妇科抗感染药和抗菌剂领域的临床常用药品主要包括化学类药品(如克霉唑、甲硝唑等抗生素)及微生态制剂类药品(如乳杆菌活菌) [来源:国家药品监督管理局网站(https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/)]。通过检索医药健康信息服务相关数据库发现,微生态制剂类药品在近5年的销售额及市场份额均呈现增长态势。这表明临床医护人员、患者以及患者家属对微生态制剂类药品的认可度、接受度和市场需求都在逐步提高。因此,提示临床药品应补充更多其他具有益生潜力的菌株。
部分分离菌株在广谱pH值范围内生长能力良好,但普遍对低pH环境耐受不足。生殖道pH值受雌激素和乳酸杆菌共同作用,呈规律性波动[6]。健康育龄期女性下生殖道pH值范围通常为3.8-4.5,而RTIs患者阴道pH值可达4.7-5.5,甚至更高。因此,菌株在pH值为4.0-6.0范围内的生长能力会影响其在阴道环境中发挥益生功能。通常认为阴道环境常见的乳杆菌属细菌(如L. gasseriL. crispatus等)更适应酸性环境,而本研究中微生态制剂分离的L. gasseri表现不佳。本研究分离菌株中,P4、P5-1、P5-2和P6-2在pH值4.0-7.0范围内的生长能力相对更佳,涉及的菌种为L. fermentumL. plantarum。总体而言,初始环境pH值从5.0起,大部分菌株已具有较好的生命活性,而pH 3.0时所有菌株生命活力显著降低。LAB的最适生长范围通常为弱酸性至中性(pH值5.5-6.5),这与本研究结果一致。由于统计方法在方差估计方式上存在差异,使得菌株在pH 3.0时的显著性评价有所差异,但也可以看出P4、P8与对照株具有略优于其他分离菌株的适应能力。此外,由于体外培养的方式与人体内部仍存在差异,可能导致菌株生长能力评价结果出现一定偏差。目前,关于口服类益生菌相关的标准中,仅有关于保质期内活菌总数的限值要求。如T/CNFIA 131—2021《益生菌食品》[14]、T/CHC 1014—2024《益生菌制剂食品》[15]和T/CIFST 009—2022《食品用益生菌通则》[16]等团体标准给出的指标限值为≥1×107或≥1×108 CFU/g或CFU/mL。T/CNHFA 006—2022《益生菌食品活菌率分级规范》[17]则提出了益生菌活菌率指标,益生菌活菌率≥50%、10%、1%以及0.1%即对应一级至四级。相关标准均缺乏益生菌菌株耐酸后的存活率可参考指标。菌株经胃部进入肠道抵达作用部位,若其耐酸能力不足,将显著降低口服后的菌株存活率,导致抵达作用部位的活菌数量锐减,从而制约益生功能的发挥。可考虑通过多种方式提高菌株存活率,如严格筛选菌株、调整制剂工艺等,合理调整菌株的递送系统和给药途径,如经阴道局部给药可能规避胃肠屏障,利用藻菌共生系统协同给药提高菌株定殖能力等[18]
本研究所选微生态制剂的分离菌株在溶血、耐药基因、毒力基因等方面的安全性较好,但其标识与实际可分离菌株数量存在差异。与标识菌株数量相比,分离培养实际获得的LAB菌株数量较少。本研究所选微生态制剂中25.0% (2/8)未分离出任何标识菌株,这2种微生态制剂标识菌株数分别为4种和7种。其余可分离出标识菌株的微生态制剂中,除P8外均未能分离出全部标识菌种,分离率最低仅为12.5% (1/8种),分离效率较低。个别国家/地区市面销售的微生态制剂也存在标签中声明的菌株未被检出或极少量被检出的情况,这可能与多菌种的竞争性生长导致个别菌种被抑制、储存条件变化导致菌株失活、菌株不适体外培养环境以及部分菌株可能进入活的非可培养(viable but nonculturable, VBNC)状态等多种原因有关[19]。此外,还有研究检出未在标签上出现的菌株,甚至存在检出潜在致病菌的情况,提示产品在使用和保藏过程中应注意交叉污染的风险。结果提示,添加多种菌株作为制剂时应关注其复苏活性及添加菌株间竞争性抑制问题。
本研究存在一定局限性。首先,对于微生态制剂菌株的分离采用了经典传统的方法,不排除有部分菌株可能并不适应这种体外培养方法,但在体内恢复活性的能力较好。培养时未模拟阴道低氧环境(如<1% O2)。其次,为保证评价菌株时的统一性,以及避免引入可能的新的不确定变量,在生长、抑菌等实验过程中均采用了统一的基准初始pH环境(pH 5.0)进行菌株活化,这可能使部分菌株并未处于其最适宜的生长条件。此外,我们未开展基于细胞或小鼠模型的验证实验,对于病原菌抑制能力的评价仅通过体外实验进行验证,未评估菌株对阴道上皮细胞的黏附能力,缺乏动物生理健康相关指标、体内定殖及菌群互作等数据。实验室条件限制了微生物生长的营养和空间环境,与人体真实情况可能存在差异。
尽管如此,研究结果显示了所选市售益生菌制剂分离菌株对多种阴道病原菌的抑制潜力。尽管菌株耐低酸能力较弱,但部分菌株在阴道环境相似pH值范围内具有生长活力。所选制剂分离菌株未见有溶血风险或毒力、耐药基因传播风险,安全性较高。研究提示,或可通过调整菌株局部给药途径,提升益生菌制剂的临床及市场应用价值。
  • 国家病原微生物资源库项目(NPRC-32)
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所横向课题(KFYJ2024003)
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2026年第66卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250630
  • 接收时间:2025-08-14
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-14
  • 录用日期:2025-10-28
基金
the National Pathogen Resource Center Project(NPRC-32)
国家病原微生物资源库项目(NPRC-32)
the Cross Project of National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC(KFYJ2024003)
中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所横向课题(KFYJ2024003)
作者信息
    1.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
    2.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,北京
    3.中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室,北京
    4.兰州大学 公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州
    5.甘肃中医药大学 公共卫生学院,甘肃 兰州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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