Article(id=1226136785110085905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250621, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754755200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1758124800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-18, onlineDate=1770263390089, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263390089, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263390089, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263390089, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=723, endPage=738, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136785357549847, articleId=1226136785110085905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Antifungal activity and its mechanism of Kobusin against Trichophyton interdigitale, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the antifungal activity of Kobusin against Trichophyton interdigitale and its underlying mechanisms. [Methods] The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Kobusin was determined by the broth microdilution assay. The inhibitory effect of Kobusin on spore germination was observed microscopically, while that on hyphal radial growth was assessed on the agar plates containing Kobusin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the morphological alterations in hyphae. Fluorescence microscopy and nucleic acid and protein leakage assays were employed to evaluated cell membrane integrity. Malvern Zetasizer was used to measure the changes in Zeta potential. A microplate reader was used to measure transmembrane potential, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP levels, as well as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities. [Results] Kobusin exhibited a MIC of 39 μg/mL against T. interdigitale, significantly inhibiting spore germination and hyphal growth. SEM revealed severe ultrastructural damage to hyphae. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed compromised membrane integrity, evidenced by increased nucleic acid and protein leakage and disrupted Zeta/transmembrane potentials. Meanwhile, Kobusin significantly increased the MDA content and ROS accumulation, inhibited the activities of AKP, SOD, CAT, and POD, markedly reduced MMP, decreased ATP synthesis, and weakened the activities of SDH and MDH. [Conclusion] Kobusin exerts antifungal effects by inhibiting spore germination and hyphal growth, disrupting cell membrane and cell wall integrity, interfering with membrane potential stability, inducing oxidative stress damage, and impairing mitochondrial energy metabolism.

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【目的】 探究Kobusin对趾间毛癣菌(Trichophyton interdigitale)的抗真菌作用及其机制。 【方法】 采用微量稀释法测定Kobusin的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC);通过显微镜观察Kobusin对孢子萌发的抑制作用;利用含药平板法分析菌丝径向生长情况;采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)表征菌丝形态结构变化;结合荧光显微镜观察与核酸和蛋白质泄漏实验评估细胞膜完整性;使用马尔文激光粒度分析仪检测Zeta电位变化;采用酶标仪测定跨膜电势、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)积累量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性、线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP)、ATP含量、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase, SDH)及苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase, MDH)活性。 【结果】 Kobusin对趾间毛癣菌的MIC为39 μg/mL,可显著抑制孢子萌发与菌丝径向生长。SEM显示菌丝形态结构严重受损;荧光显微镜观察证实细胞膜完整性遭到破坏,核酸与蛋白质泄漏量显著增加,Zeta电位及跨膜电势明显紊乱。同时,Kobusin导致MDA含量和ROS累积量显著上升,AKP、SOD、CAT、POD活性受到抑制,MMP显著下降,ATP合成减少,SDH与MDH活性降低。 【结论】 Kobusin通过抑制孢子萌发与菌丝生长、破坏细胞膜及细胞壁完整性、干扰膜电位稳定性、诱导氧化应激损伤、破坏线粒体能量代谢等机制发挥抗真菌作用。

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作者贡献声明

张训摇:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改;元嘉豪:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、参与论文讨论;彭小伟:研究构思和设计、参与论文讨论;李爱君:研究构思与设计、实验数据收集和软件操作;阳刚:协助实验操作与数据分析讨论;阚建全:提供技术支持、项目管理、基金获取。

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2.Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
3.China-Hungary Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, China
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2.农业农村部农产品贮藏保鲜质量安全风险评估实验室,重庆
3.中匈食品科学合作研究中心,重庆
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2.Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
3.China-Hungary Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, China
4.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1226195552547815625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, authorId=1226195552229048492, language=CN, stringName=元嘉豪, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1.西南大学 食品科学学院,重庆
2.农业农村部农产品贮藏保鲜质量安全风险评估实验室,重庆
3.中匈食品科学合作研究中心,重庆
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2.Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
3.China-Hungary Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, China
4.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1226195553013383408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, authorId=1226195552707199186, language=CN, stringName=彭小伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1.西南大学 食品科学学院,重庆
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articleId=1226136785110085905, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of Kobusin on spore germination and hyphal radial growth in Trichophyton interdigitale. A: Spore germination; B: Hyphal radial growth; C: Hyphal growth morphology. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=j8kVuUnPSnoZOR8ibDraig==, figureFileBig=pAXV5eOWStknxOdImr3Dkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557346099667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=CN, label=图3, caption=KobusinTrichophyton interdigitale 孢子萌发及菌丝径向生长的影响。A:孢子萌发;B:菌丝径向生长;C:菌丝生长形态。, figureFileSmall=j8kVuUnPSnoZOR8ibDraig==, figureFileBig=pAXV5eOWStknxOdImr3Dkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557471928794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Scanning electron microscopic observation of hyphal morphology in Trichophyton interdigitale treated with Kobusin (3 000×). A: Control; B: 1/2×MIC; C: 1×MIC., figureFileSmall=c8vHYhaFigLAKC935Zh5bw==, figureFileBig=Y4Euaxp2KPFGlH0IO7R5Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557593563618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=CN, label=图4, caption=KobusinTrichophyton interdigitale 菌丝体形态的扫描电子显微镜观察(3 000×)。A:对照组;B:1/2×MIC组;C:1×MIC组。, figureFileSmall=c8vHYhaFigLAKC935Zh5bw==, figureFileBig=Y4Euaxp2KPFGlH0IO7R5Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557786501609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of Kobusin on cell membrane integrity in Trichophyton interdigitale. A: Control; B: 1/2×MIC; C: 1×MIC; D: 2×MIC; E: Nucleic acid and protein leakage. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=3GcFI26dE8OJwAmNp9aE2A==, figureFileBig=1CoSFqARFlkBt7qxGcIyfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559229342190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=CN, label=图5, caption=KobusinTrichophyton interdigitale 细胞膜完整性的影响。A:对照组;B:1/2×MIC组;C:1×MIC组;D:2×MIC组;E:核酸和蛋白质泄漏。, figureFileSmall=3GcFI26dE8OJwAmNp9aE2A==, figureFileBig=1CoSFqARFlkBt7qxGcIyfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559338394101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effects of Kobusin on membrane potential in Trichophyton interdigitale. A: Zeta potential; B: Transmembrane potential. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=yCHGauZeZ2mHlRcfwNEnhQ==, figureFileBig=y+WiNiXwLO5waSK2qap8iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559455834626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=CN, label=图6, caption=KobusinTrichophyton interdigitale 细胞膜电位的影响。A:Zeta电位;B:跨膜电位。, figureFileSmall=yCHGauZeZ2mHlRcfwNEnhQ==, figureFileBig=y+WiNiXwLO5waSK2qap8iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559602635275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of Kobusin on cell wall permeability of Trichophyton interdigitale. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=iGG3Kvvu7PzJvosU17/rsw==, figureFileBig=oujrYdsWuby2hdrkQYi0CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559732658705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=CN, label=图7, caption=KobusinTrichophyton interdigitale 细胞壁通透性的影响, figureFileSmall=iGG3Kvvu7PzJvosU17/rsw==, figureFileBig=oujrYdsWuby2hdrkQYi0CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559829127705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effects of Kobusin on oxidative damage in Trichophyton interdigitale. A: MDA content; B: ROS accumulation. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=DueRwh4jRWOdP94huEaBqg==, figureFileBig=JZIofXZs0/G88amxiTslFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559942373920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=CN, label=图8, caption=KobusinTrichophyton interdigitale 氧化损伤的影响。A:丙二醛含量;B:活性氧积累。, figureFileSmall=DueRwh4jRWOdP94huEaBqg==, figureFileBig=JZIofXZs0/G88amxiTslFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560051425832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Effects of Kobusin on antioxidant enzyme activities in Trichophyton interdigitale. A: SOD activity; B: CAT activity; C: POD activity. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=DH1z3WAJLE3fNDjwDcu4vA==, figureFileBig=iE5l+FSWXiIjeKqa4qijBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560206615086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=CN, label=图9, caption=KobusinTrichophyton interdigitale 抗氧化酶活性的影响。A:超氧化物歧化酶活性;B:过氧化氢酶活性;C:过氧化物酶活性。, figureFileSmall=DH1z3WAJLE3fNDjwDcu4vA==, figureFileBig=iE5l+FSWXiIjeKqa4qijBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560290501172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785110085905, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Effects of Kobusin on mitochondrial function in Trichophyton interdigitale. A: Mitochondrial membrane potential; B: ATP content; C: SDH activity; D: MDH activity. 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Kobusin对趾间毛癣菌的抗真菌作用及其机制
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张训摇 1, 2, 3, 4 , 元嘉豪 1, 2, 3, 4 , 彭小伟 1, 2, 3, 4 , 李爱君 1, 2, 3, 4 , 阳刚 1, 2, 3, 4 , 阚建全 1, 2, 3, 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 723-738
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 723-738
Kobusin对趾间毛癣菌的抗真菌作用及其机制
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张训摇1, 2, 3, 4, 元嘉豪1, 2, 3, 4, 彭小伟1, 2, 3, 4, 李爱君1, 2, 3, 4, 阳刚1, 2, 3, 4, 阚建全1, 2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学 食品科学学院,重庆
  • 2.农业农村部农产品贮藏保鲜质量安全风险评估实验室,重庆
  • 3.中匈食品科学合作研究中心,重庆
  • 4.川渝共建特色食品重庆市重点实验室,重庆
Antifungal activity and its mechanism of Kobusin against Trichophyton interdigitale
Xunyao ZHANG1, 2, 3, 4, Jiahao YUAN1, 2, 3, 4, Xiaowei PENG1, 2, 3, 4, Aijun LI1, 2, 3, 4, Gang YANG1, 2, 3, 4, Jianquan KAN1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
  • 2.Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chongqing, China
  • 3.China-Hungary Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing, China
  • 4.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250621
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【目的】 探究Kobusin对趾间毛癣菌(Trichophyton interdigitale)的抗真菌作用及其机制。 【方法】 采用微量稀释法测定Kobusin的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC);通过显微镜观察Kobusin对孢子萌发的抑制作用;利用含药平板法分析菌丝径向生长情况;采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)表征菌丝形态结构变化;结合荧光显微镜观察与核酸和蛋白质泄漏实验评估细胞膜完整性;使用马尔文激光粒度分析仪检测Zeta电位变化;采用酶标仪测定跨膜电势、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)积累量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性、线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP)、ATP含量、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase, SDH)及苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase, MDH)活性。 【结果】 Kobusin对趾间毛癣菌的MIC为39 μg/mL,可显著抑制孢子萌发与菌丝径向生长。SEM显示菌丝形态结构严重受损;荧光显微镜观察证实细胞膜完整性遭到破坏,核酸与蛋白质泄漏量显著增加,Zeta电位及跨膜电势明显紊乱。同时,Kobusin导致MDA含量和ROS累积量显著上升,AKP、SOD、CAT、POD活性受到抑制,MMP显著下降,ATP合成减少,SDH与MDH活性降低。 【结论】 Kobusin通过抑制孢子萌发与菌丝生长、破坏细胞膜及细胞壁完整性、干扰膜电位稳定性、诱导氧化应激损伤、破坏线粒体能量代谢等机制发挥抗真菌作用。

趾间毛癣菌  /  Kobusin  /  抗真菌机制

[Objective] To investigate the antifungal activity of Kobusin against Trichophyton interdigitale and its underlying mechanisms. [Methods] The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Kobusin was determined by the broth microdilution assay. The inhibitory effect of Kobusin on spore germination was observed microscopically, while that on hyphal radial growth was assessed on the agar plates containing Kobusin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the morphological alterations in hyphae. Fluorescence microscopy and nucleic acid and protein leakage assays were employed to evaluated cell membrane integrity. Malvern Zetasizer was used to measure the changes in Zeta potential. A microplate reader was used to measure transmembrane potential, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP levels, as well as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities. [Results] Kobusin exhibited a MIC of 39 μg/mL against T. interdigitale, significantly inhibiting spore germination and hyphal growth. SEM revealed severe ultrastructural damage to hyphae. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed compromised membrane integrity, evidenced by increased nucleic acid and protein leakage and disrupted Zeta/transmembrane potentials. Meanwhile, Kobusin significantly increased the MDA content and ROS accumulation, inhibited the activities of AKP, SOD, CAT, and POD, markedly reduced MMP, decreased ATP synthesis, and weakened the activities of SDH and MDH. [Conclusion] Kobusin exerts antifungal effects by inhibiting spore germination and hyphal growth, disrupting cell membrane and cell wall integrity, interfering with membrane potential stability, inducing oxidative stress damage, and impairing mitochondrial energy metabolism.

Trichophyton interdigitale  /  Kobusin  /  antifungal mechanism
张训摇, 元嘉豪, 彭小伟, 李爱君, 阳刚, 阚建全. Kobusin对趾间毛癣菌的抗真菌作用及其机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 723 -738 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250621
Xunyao ZHANG, Jiahao YUAN, Xiaowei PENG, Aijun LI, Gang YANG, Jianquan KAN. Antifungal activity and its mechanism of Kobusin against Trichophyton interdigitale[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 723 -738 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250621
皮肤癣菌作为一类常见的致病真菌,可通过感染人类和动物的皮肤、毛发及指(趾)甲引发癣病[1]。其中,趾间毛癣菌(Trichophyton interdigitale)是导致足癣、体癣等浅部真菌病的主要病原体之一[2],该菌不仅影响患者生活质量,还可能因反复感染引发继发感染等并发症。目前,临床治疗皮肤癣菌感染主要依赖唑类、丙烯胺类等合成抗真菌药物[3]。然而,随着这类药物的长期广泛使用,耐药菌株的出现及药物副作用问题日益突出,严重制约了临床治疗效果[4],因此亟需开发高效、低毒的新型抗真菌剂。
近年来,与传统抗真菌药物相比,天然植物活性成分因其广谱抗菌特性、低毒性及耐药率低等特点在皮肤真菌感染治疗领域受到广泛关注。Bang等[5]和Rajendra等[6]研究表明,多种生物活性化合物(如木脂素类、黄酮类等)对皮肤癣真菌具有显著的抑制作用。值得关注的是,四氢呋喃型木脂素结构中的甲氧基和苯环上的亚甲二氧基基团赋予其良好的抗菌活性,为新型抗真菌剂的开发提供了重要思路[7]。Kobusin (图1)作为广泛存在于花椒属植物中的四氢呋喃型木脂素,在花椒提取物中的含量可达2.3%-6.0%[8]。此外,鉴于花椒属植物在传统医学中常用于治疗细菌和真菌感染,提示Kobusin可能具有潜在的抗皮肤病原微生物活性[9]。同时,已有研究表明Kobusin具有抗癌、抗菌及抗炎等多种生物活性[10],其抗炎活性还可能有助于缓解真菌感染引发的皮肤炎症反应。这些特性使得Kobusin在抗皮肤癣菌研究中展现出独特优势和探索价值。然而,其对皮肤癣菌的具体抑制效果及作用机制尚未明确。因此,本研究以T. interdigitale为研究对象,系统评价Kobusin的体外抗真菌活性,并深入探讨其作用机制,以期为开发天然来源的抗真菌药物提供理论依据。
趾间毛癣菌ATCC MYA-4439 (Trichophyton interdigitale)购自广东省微生物菌种保藏中心(Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, GDMCC)。本研究所用T. interdigitale为人类致病菌,所有体外实验均在符合标准的生物安全二级(BSL-2)实验室内进行,相关操作于二级生物安全柜中完成。实验人员均严格遵守标准操作规程,并穿戴实验服、手套及口罩等个人防护装备。所有污染材料均经121 ℃灭菌30 min处理后废弃。
将菌株接种于马铃薯葡萄糖固体培养基,置于25-28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养5-7 d以确保菌株充分生长并保持活性。连续传代3次以保证其纯度和稳定性。液体培养时使用马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基,固体培养时使用马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基。
Kobusin (纯度98%),云南西力生物技术股份有限公司;马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基和马铃薯葡萄糖液体(PDB)培养基,青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司;碘化丙啶(propidium iodide, PI)荧光染料,北京雷根生物技术有限公司;3,3′-二丙基硫杂二碳菁碘化物[3,3′-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide, DiSC3(5)],上海乐研电气科技有限公司;2′,7′-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, DCFH-DA),上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;无水乙醇,重庆川东化工(集团)有限公司;正庚烷,重庆兴光化玻公司;四氧化锇,东京化成工业株式会社;二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)、氯化钠、氢氧化钾、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid, TBA)、三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid, TCA)、戊二醛固定液、叔丁醇、磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、缬氨霉素(valinomycin, Val),上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)试剂盒,苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司;超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性检测试剂盒、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性检测试剂盒、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性检测试剂盒、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase, SDH)活性检测试剂盒、ATP含量检测试剂盒,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase, MDH)活性检测试剂盒,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;JC-1线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒,苏州优逸兰迪生物科技有限公司。
恒温恒湿培养箱,上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司;荧光显微镜,Olympus公司;高速冷冻离心机,贝克曼库尔特有限公司;扫描电子显微镜,Phenom World公司;马尔文激光粒度仪,马尔文仪器有限公司;多功能酶标仪,BioTek公司;石英96孔酶标板,上海晶安生物科技有限公司;涡旋仪,Kylin-Bell公司;低温研磨仪,上海净信实业发展有限公司;水浴锅,上海齐欣科学仪器有限公司。
T. interdigitale接种于马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基,于25-28 ℃培养5-7 d。待菌落形成后,用0.9%无菌生理盐水冲洗,收集孢子悬液。将悬液经双层无菌纱布过滤后,采用血球计数板调整孢子浓度至1×106-1×107 CFU/mL,备用。
根据美国临床实验室标准化协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI) M38-A2标准,采用微量液体稀释法测定Kobusin对T. interdigitale的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)[11]。首先将Kobusin溶于DMSO,配制成浓度为625 μg/mL的母液,取100 μL加入96孔板的第1孔,随后进行倍比稀释至第11孔,第12孔设为不加药物的空白对照,每孔终体积为100 μL。然后每孔接种100 μL T. interdigitale菌悬液,每个浓度设3个复孔。将96孔板置于25-28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养7 d,其间每隔24 h使用酶标仪测定OD600值。
取100 μL T. interdigitale孢子悬液(1×107 CFU/mL)接种于96孔板中,分别用不同浓度Kobusin (0、1/8×MIC、1/4×MIC、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)处理24 h。使用光学显微镜随机选取3个视野进行观察,统计约300个孢子中萌发孢子的数量来计算孢子萌发率[12]
T. interdigitale接种于PDA培养基,25-28 ℃培养5-7 d后,取边缘菌落(6 mm)接种于含不同浓度Kobusin (0、1/8×MIC、1/4×MIC、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)的PDA平板中央,培养7 d后,用游标卡尺测量菌落直径来计算菌丝径向生长抑制率[13]
取200 μL T. interdigitale孢子悬液与1 mL PDB培养基混合,于25-28 ℃培养3 d。随后加入Kobusin药液,使其终浓度分别为0、1/2×MIC和1×MIC,继续培养3 d。收集菌丝体并用PBS洗涤后,以2.5%戊二醛在4 ℃冰箱固定过夜,再用1%锇酸后固定2 h。随后通过乙醇梯度脱水(30%、50%、70%、80%、90%、95%、100%),叔丁醇置换、冷冻干燥以及喷金处理后,采用SEM观察菌丝体超微结构。
T. interdigitale孢子悬液用不同浓度的Kobusin (0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)处理后,置于培养箱中孵育2 h。处理后,样品在4 ℃、8 000×g离心5 min,并用PBS洗涤2次。随后,加入PI染色液(终浓度:10 μg/mL),于25-28 ℃避光染色30 min。再用PBS洗涤3次后,置于荧光显微镜下进行观察。
T. interdigitale菌悬液用不同浓度Kobusin (0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)处理,置于25-28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养24 h后,以8 000×g离心5 min,将样品上清转移至石英96孔板中,于260 nm和280 nm波长处测定各孔的吸光度值。
用不同浓度Kobusin (0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)处理无菌超纯水重悬的T. interdigitale菌悬液,并以超纯水作空白对照,25-28 ℃培养2 h后用马尔文激光粒度分析仪进行电位检测。
将菌悬液与0.5 μmol/L DiSC3(5)荧光探针共孵育1 h。洗涤后,加入不同浓度Kobusin (0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)进行处理,以5 μmol/L Val作为阳性对照。使用酶标仪立即检测荧光强度,检测15 min,每15 s记录1次数据,激发波长622 nm,发射波长670 nm。
取0.2 g T. interdigitale菌丝体,分别采用0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC和2×MIC浓度的Kobusin处理12 h后,于8 000×g离心10 min收集上清液,采用碱性磷酸酶(AKP)检测试剂盒测定各组上清液中AKP活性。
采用硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid, TBA)法测定丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量。将T. interdigitale菌丝体用不同浓度Kobusin (0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)处理24 h后,收集0.2 g菌丝,加入2 mL 10%的三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid, TCA)使用低温研磨仪进行匀浆处理。将TCA再次加入匀浆中,使总体积固定为3 mL,8 000×g离心10 min,取上清液2 mL与0.6% TBA 2 mL混合,100 ℃水浴加热20 min,冰浴冷却后再次以8 000×g离心10 min。用酶标仪在450、532、600 nm处测定上清液的吸光度。MDA含量计算如公式(1)所示。
MDA (μmol/g)=
[6.45×(A532-A600)-0.56×A450Vs/W×Vt
式中:A532A450A600分别为532、450、600 nm处的吸光度值;Vt为提取液总体积;Vs为测定用提取液体积;W为菌丝质量。
T. interdigitale孢子悬液用不同浓度的Kobusin (0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)处理后,置于培养箱中孵育2 h。处理后,样品在4 ℃下以8 000×g离心5 min,并用PBS缓冲液洗涤2次。随后,加入10 μmol/L DCFH-DA荧光探针进行染色,于25-28 ℃避光孵育30 min。再用PBS洗涤3次后,用适量PBS缓冲液重悬样品,最后使用酶标仪在激发波长488 nm、发射波长525 nm条件下测定荧光强度。
T. interdigitale菌丝体用不同浓度Kobusin (0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)处理24 h,收集0.2 g菌丝后,用无菌生理盐水洗涤菌丝体,加入提取液,使用低温研磨仪进行组织匀浆,然后在4 ℃下以8 000×g离心10 min,收集上清液。严格按照相应试剂盒说明书测定上清液中SOD、CAT和POD的酶活性。
T. interdigitale孢子悬液分别用不同浓度Kobusin (0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)处理2 h后,以8 000×g离心10 min,弃上清后加入0.5 mL JC-1染色液混合均匀,放置于25-28 ℃培养箱中避光孵育20 min。孵育完成后,8 000×g离心5 min,弃上清,用JC-1染色缓冲液洗涤3次,最后使用酶标仪检测红色荧光(激发波长550 nm,发射波长600 nm)和绿色荧光(激发波长485 nm,发射波长535 nm)强度的变化。线粒体膜电位按公式(2)计算。
JC-1活性=红色荧光强度/绿色荧光强度
T. interdigitale菌丝体用不同浓度(0、1/2×MIC、1×MIC、2×MIC)的Kobusin处理24 h,收集0.2 g菌丝后,用无菌生理盐水洗涤菌丝体,加入提取液,使用低温研磨仪对菌丝体进行组织匀浆,随后于4 ℃、8 000×g离心10 min收集上清液,严格按照各试剂盒说明书测定上清液中ATP含量、SDH和MDH活性。
所有实验数据均以均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。统计分析使用软件SPSS 26.0进行,统计学显著性设定为P<0.05。以Origin 2022及GraphPad Prism 10.0软件进行作图分析。
最低抑菌浓度(MIC)是评估各类抗菌化合物抗菌效能的常用指标。将不同浓度的Kobusin作用于T. interdigitale后测定其MIC。如图2所示,Kobusin对T. interdigitale的MIC值为39 μg/mL,提示Kobusin对T. interdigitale具有较好的抗真菌作用。
皮肤癣菌存在分生孢子和菌丝2种形态。当分生孢子黏附于宿主皮肤表面后会进一步萌发并形成菌丝体,菌丝体则通过分泌内切蛋白酶和外切蛋白酶降解角质层,以此侵入宿主组织,完成整个侵染过程[22]。如图3A3B所示,当Kobusin处理浓度为1/8×MIC时其对T. interdigitale的孢子萌发率达85.89%,菌丝径向生长抑制率为19.90%。随着Kobusin浓度升高至2×MIC,孢子萌发率显著降低至10.86%,同时菌丝径向生长抑制率提升至84.55%。图3C展示了不同浓度Kobusin处理下T. interdigitale的菌丝生长状况,结果表明Kobusin能显著抑制T. interdigitale的孢子萌发和菌丝径向生长,且抑制作用呈现出显著的浓度依赖性(P<0.05)。孢子萌发的抑制提示Kobusin能够阻止真菌在感染初期的定殖,而对菌丝生长的抑制则限制了其侵袭和扩散能力。这种对真菌生命周期关键环节的阻断是其抗真菌作用的初步体现。
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察Kobusin对T. interdigitale菌丝超微结构的影响,结果显示与对照组相比,经1/2×MIC和1×MIC浓度Kobusin处理的菌丝呈现显著的形态学异常(图4)。对照组菌丝形态饱满、表面光滑、结构完整(图4A),而Kobusin处理组则呈现明显的浓度依赖性形态损伤,表现为菌丝体皱缩变形、表面粗糙度增加、结构塌陷扁平化以及弯曲扭曲等特征性改变(图4B4C)。提示Kobusin可能通过破坏菌丝的细胞壁和细胞膜结构导致细胞内容物丧失和细胞骨架崩塌,进而发挥抗菌作用。这种形态学的显著改变是细胞功能受损的直观证据。
碘化丙啶(PI)作为一种膜完整性荧光染料,其特性在于仅能通过受损的细胞膜进入胞内,并与DNA特异性结合产生红色荧光[23]。实验结果显示(图5A-5D),对照组仅呈现微弱荧光,表明细胞膜结构完整。随着Kobusin处理浓度增加,红色荧光强度呈浓度依赖性增强,提示细胞膜完整性逐渐受损。
进一步通过测定260 nm和280 nm吸光度值发现(图5E),Kobusin处理导致T. interdigitale核酸(OD260)和蛋白质(OD280)的泄漏量显著增加。当处理浓度达到2×MIC时,OD260OD280值分别较对照组升高了3.67倍和3.73倍(P<0.05)。提示Kobusin可直接破坏T. interdigitale细胞膜的屏障功能,增加其通透性。这种膜损伤可能是由于Kobusin分子与细胞膜上的脂质或蛋白质发生相互作用,扰乱了膜的结构和稳定性,导致胞内重要物质外泄,从而干扰细胞的正常生理功能,进而抑制真菌生长。
图6A所示,经1/2×MIC、1×MIC和2×MIC浓度的Kobusin处理后,T. interdigitale的Zeta电位由对照组的-25.5 mV分别增加至-24.43、-19.70、-15.63 mV。这表明Kobusin影响了趾间毛癣菌细胞表面的电荷分布。
进一步采用膜电位敏感探针DiSC3(5)检测发现,经1/2×MIC、1×MIC和2×MIC浓度的Kobusin处理后,T. interdigitale的荧光强度显著增强,其膜电位耗散程度与阳性对照缬氨霉素(Val)相当(图6B)。这一结果提示Kobusin可通过改变细胞膜表面的电荷分布和扰乱跨膜电势的稳定干扰细胞膜正常的离子通道功能和物质跨膜运输,从而发挥其抗真菌效应。
碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)是一种定位于细胞壁与细胞膜之间的标志性酶,在细胞壁结构完整时无法在胞外检出该酶;而当细胞壁受损时AKP会从胞内泄漏,导致胞外酶活性显著升高[24]。如图7所示,与对照组相比,经1/2×MIC、1×MIC和2×MIC浓度的Kobusin处理的T. interdigitale菌丝体,其AKP酶活性分别增至0.24、0.33和0.48 U/100 mL,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。提示细胞壁的损伤可能导致真菌结构支撑减弱,使其更容易受到后续细胞膜损伤的影响,整体上削弱了真菌的生存能力。
丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)作为脂质过氧化反应的特征性终产物,其在细胞内的含量变化是衡量细胞膜脂质过氧化损伤程度的指标[25]。如图8A所示,随着Kobusin处理浓度增加(1/2×MIC、1×MIC和2×MIC),T. interdigitale的MDA含量呈浓度依赖性升高,分别达到对照组的1.11倍、1.47倍和2.06倍,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
同时,ROS水平的显著增加是诱导氧化应激的核心表现[26]。因此,进一步采用DCFH-DA荧光探针检测活性氧(ROS)水平发现,与对照组相比,1/2×MIC、1×MIC和2×MIC浓度的Kobusin处理使T. interdigitale孢子荧光强度分别显著增加32.83%、52.45%和82.57% (图8B),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。这些结果揭示了Kobusin能够诱导真菌细胞产生过量的活性氧,进而引发细胞膜的脂质过氧化,造成氧化损伤。
SOD、CAT和POD是真菌主要的抗氧化酶,负责清除过量的ROS[27]。如图9所示,经Kobusin处理后,T. interdigitale菌丝体中的SOD、CAT和POD活性均呈剂量依赖性下降。其中2×MIC浓度Kobusin处理组的3种酶活性降幅最大,与对照组相比分别降低了74.44%、42.70%和39.80%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。这些酶活性的显著下降表明,Kobusin不仅诱导了ROS的产生,还在一定程度上抑制了真菌自身的抗氧化防御系统。这种双重作用使得ROS的累积效应更为显著,加剧了氧化应激对细胞的损伤。
图10A所示,与对照组相比,经1/2×MIC、1×MIC和2×MIC浓度的Kobusin处理后,T. interdigitale的MMP呈现出剂量依赖性下降,分别降低了51.55%、69.78%和84.11%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。MMP的显著下降是线粒体功能障碍的关键信号,表明Kobusin能够破坏线粒体内部的能量产生机制,可能作用于电子传递链的某个关键环节。
ATP是细胞生命活动的直接能量来源,其合成受阻会直接影响真菌的生长与增殖。如图10B所示,随着Kobusin处理浓度的增加,T. interdigitale细胞内ATP含量呈剂量依赖性下降。与对照组(7.23 μmol/g)相比,1/2×MIC、1×MIC和2×MIC浓度Kobusin处理组的ATP含量分别显著降低至5.09、3.86、1.71 μmol/g,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ATP含量的急剧下降与MMP的降低相吻合,进一步证实Kobusin严重干扰了真菌的能量合成代谢,可能通过阻断氧化磷酸化过程导致真菌能量供应枯竭。
SDH和MDH作为三羧酸循环(TCA循环)的关键酶,其中SDH还同时参与构成线粒体电子传递链复合体II。两者活性下降会阻碍TCA循环、减少电子输入,降低NADH和FADH2生成,最终抑制ATP合成[21]。如图10C10D所示,与对照组相比,SDH活性从213.22 U/g分别降至184.37 (1/2×MIC)、133.06 (1×MIC)和118.10 U/g (2×MIC);MDH活性则从113.88 U/L降至91.45 (1/2×MIC)、83.37 (1×MIC)和43.58 U/L (2×MIC),提示Kobusin可呈剂量依赖性抑制T. interdigitale的SDH和MDH活性,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。这一结果进一步表明了Kobusin对真菌的能量代谢具有破坏作用。
皮肤癣菌病作为一种在全球广泛流行的浅表皮肤真菌感染性疾病,其防治工作始终是公共卫生领域的重要课题[28]T. interdigitale是人类皮肤癣菌病(如足癣)的主要病原体之一,它能够分泌角蛋白酶等水解酶,分解皮肤角蛋白,进而形成持续性感染,这不仅严重影响患者的生活质量,还会造成长期的医疗负担[29]。传统合成抗真菌药物(如唑类、烯丙胺类)虽在临床上具有一定疗效,但长期使用导致的耐药性问题以及潜在毒副作用日益凸显。因此开发安全且低耐药风险的新型抗真菌策略具有重要的现实意义[4]
天然产物中蕴含着大量结构新颖、活性显著且毒副作用较低的活性成分[30]。从天然产物中发掘抗真菌药物已成为提高真菌感染治疗效果、延缓耐药性发生以及推动抗真菌药物研发的重要途径[31]。Kobusin是一种广泛存在于花椒属植物不同部位(果皮、树皮、叶)的天然木脂素类化合物,尽管其多种生物活性已被报道,但其抗皮肤癣菌的作用及机制尚未明确[8,32-33]。本研究结果显示,Kobusin对T. interdigitale具有良好的抑制效果,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为39 μg/mL。Wanga等[34]从药用植物金链花(Calpurnia aurea subsp. aurea)的叶片和茎皮中分离出4种喹诺里西啶生物碱,其对T. interdigitale的MIC值为150-300 μg/mL。Trifan等[35]从厚朴树皮中分离得到的2种木脂素类化合物(和厚朴酚与厚朴酚)对皮肤癣菌均具有强效活性,其MIC值为800 μg/mL。由此可见,Kobusin在较低浓度下即可显示出对T. interdigitale的优异抗菌效果。值得注意的是,本研究发现Kobusin能有效抑制真菌生命周期的2个关键阶段:孢子萌发和菌丝径向生长[22]。即使在1/8×MIC的浓度下,Kobusin仍能在一定程度抑制菌丝生长,而当浓度升至2×MIC时,其对孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制率均超过80%。这种强效且浓度依赖性的抑制作用是其能够有效遏制真菌扩散和侵染的基础。这一发现与欧前胡素对皮肤癣菌的抑制现象相似[36],表明Kobusin在皮肤癣菌病的防治方面具有良好的开发潜力。
目前已知的天然抗真菌化合物大多通过破坏细胞膜/壁通透性、诱导氧化应激或干扰能量代谢等机制发挥作用[37-39]。因此本研究通过多角度、多指标的实验验证,表明Kobusin可能通过多种途径协同抑制T. interdigitale (图11),这一多重机制或许与其抗菌靶点多样性及较低耐药风险相关。细胞壁和细胞膜是维持真菌结构完整性的关键屏障,一旦遭到破坏将导致真菌细胞功能紊乱乃至死亡[40]。本研究发现,Kobusin可严重破坏T. interdigitale的细胞膜/壁完整性,SEM观察显示其菌丝形态出现塌陷与皱缩。此外,PI染色荧光增强、胞内物质泄漏及AKP活性上升共同证实了膜完整性受损。这一现象与香芹酚[41]、木兰素[14]等天然抗菌剂的作用机制类似,它们均被报道可通过破坏真菌膜结构导致胞内容物泄漏。此外,本研究通过测定真菌细胞表面的Zeta电位与跨膜电势变化发现,Kobusin对T. interdigitale细胞膜电位具有直接干扰作用,其中Zeta电位的变化表明其能中和菌体表面的负电荷,而DiSC3(5)探针检测到的膜电位耗散,提示Kobusin可能干扰了与膜电位相关的离子转运功能。这一机制可能是Kobusin相比其他仅影响膜通透性的天然产物具有更强杀菌活性的原因之一。更重要的是,细胞膜结构的破坏和膜电位的崩溃,不仅直接导致细胞内容物泄漏,更可能破坏了维持细胞器(如线粒体)功能所必需的离子稳态和能量环境,从而引发更深层次的细胞功能障碍。
在真菌细胞的氧化应激调控体系中,抗氧化酶家族(如SOD、CAT和POD)发挥着关键作用。它们通过特异性清除细胞内过量积累的ROS,维持氧化还原稳态,从而保护细胞结构与功能的完整性[26]。多种天然产物(如pristimerin和白屈菜红碱)已被报道可通过诱导ROS累积来实现抑菌作用[19,42]。本研究有类似发现,Kobusin能够浓度依赖性地引起T. interdigitale细胞内ROS的显著积累;与此同时,脂质过氧化终产物MDA含量的升高进一步证实了真菌细胞发生了严重的氧化损伤。值得注意的是,在氧化应激水平加剧的同时,SOD、CAT和POD等关键抗氧化酶的活性却出现显著下降。这一现象提示,Kobusin可能通过2种途径协同加剧氧化损伤:一方面,其所诱导产生的大量ROS超出了抗氧化酶的清除能力,导致氧化还原平衡被打破;另一方面,Kobusin可能直接抑制了这些抗氧化酶的活性,从而削弱了细胞的自我防御机制。这种双重机制可能协同导致真菌细胞氧化损伤加剧,最终导致菌体死亡。
在上述研究基础上,本研究进一步探讨了Kobusin诱发氧化应激与线粒体功能障碍之间的关联。线粒体作为细胞内ROS和ATP生成的主要场所,其功能完整性对真菌存活至关重要[43]。研究表明经Kobusin处理后T. interdigitale的MMP显著下降,细胞内ATP水平急剧降低,同时SDH和MDH活性也受到明显抑制。其中,SDH是线粒体电子传递链复合体II的核心成分,负责催化琥珀酸氧化为延胡索酸,同时将电子传递给泛醌,MDH则催化l-苹果酸脱氢生成草酰乙酸,伴随NADH的生成,为电子传递链提供还原力。这2种关键酶活性的显著降低会直接抑制其呼吸代谢过程,进而导致ATP生物合成受阻,最终破坏线粒体的正常生理功能[21]。Kobusin抑制SDH和MDH的活性,导致TCA循环受阻,进而减少NADH和FADH2的生成,影响电子传递链的正常功能。提示Kobusin能通过阻断T. interdigitale呼吸链传递及能量代谢,从而发挥其抗真菌作用。因此,推测Kobusin可能通过以下机制发挥抗真菌作用:该化合物首先作用于细胞壁/膜完整性并引起膜电位变化;进而可能靶向线粒体,抑制呼吸链复合体功能,导致ROS大量产生和能量代谢障碍;而过量产生的ROS又会进一步加剧细胞膜和线粒体的损伤,从而形成一种正反馈损伤循环最终导致菌体死亡。类似的多靶点协同作用机制在天然产物中已有报道,如柠檬醛被发现具有通过大量积累ROS破坏线粒体功能及细胞膜结构,从而抑制真菌的正常生长[44]。本研究系统揭示了类似的协同与因果关联机制,不仅为Kobusin的抗真菌效应提供了机制解释,也为进一步探索木脂素类化合物的抗菌应用奠定了理论基础。
综上所述,本研究表明天然木脂素化合物Kobusin对T. interdigitale具有显著体外抑菌活性,其机制涉及破坏细胞壁/膜结构与膜电位、诱导氧化应激及引起线粒体功能障碍等多靶点协同作用,最终导致真菌死亡,显示出良好的抗真菌药物开发潜力。然而,本研究仍存在一定局限性:细胞膜损伤、氧化应激与线粒体功能障碍等表型间的因果关系尚未完全明确;作用靶点与信号通路也有待深入解析。未来研究将围绕以下方面展开:通过回复实验(如使用抑制剂、抗氧化剂或膜稳定剂)验证各表型间因果联系;结合转录组学与代谢组学等系统生物学方法,全面阐释Kobusin的分子作用机制与调控网络;并进一步开展体内药效、毒理学评价及与现有抗真菌药物的联用研究,以期为开发新型抗真菌制剂提供理论依据与实践基础。
  • 重庆市科学技术局试验示范项目(CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0031)
  • 重庆市农业农村委员会项目(CQMAITS05)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250621
  • 接收时间:2025-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-10
  • 录用日期:2025-09-18
基金
the Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau Under the Experiment and Demonstration Project(CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0031)
重庆市科学技术局试验示范项目(CSTB2023TIAD-KPX0031)
the Chongqing Agricultural and Rural Affairs Committee Project(CQMAITS05)
重庆市农业农村委员会项目(CQMAITS05)
作者信息
    1.西南大学 食品科学学院,重庆
    2.农业农村部农产品贮藏保鲜质量安全风险评估实验室,重庆
    3.中匈食品科学合作研究中心,重庆
    4.川渝共建特色食品重庆市重点实验室,重庆
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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