Article(id=1226136787597312240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250620, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754755200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762012800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-02, onlineDate=1770263390682, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263390682, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263390682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263390682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=703, endPage=722, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136789107261703, articleId=1226136787597312240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Preparation and phosphorus-solubilizing mechanism exploration of a biochar-immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] As soil acidification in southwestern China becomes increasingly severe, the labile phosphorus pool is transformed into a non-labile phosphorus pool, which reduces the availability of soil phosphorus, affecting crop yield and wasting phosphate fertilizer resources. In this study, we prepared a biochar-immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent with biochar as the carrier and a strain capable solubilizing both organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus as the immobilized strain and then optimized the preparation conditions. Furthermore, this bacterial agent was evaluated in terms of the stability and the solubilizing effects on insoluble phosphorus. [Methods] Selective media were used for the isolation of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria from plant rhizosphere soil. The molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method was employed to quantify the ability of bacteria to solubilize phosphorus. The bacterial strain was identified through physiological and biochemical tests and molecular biological analysis. The immobilized bacterial agent was prepared by the adsorption method, and the preparation conditions were optimized by single factor experiments. The prepared agent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the metabolic spectrum of organic acids and phosphatase activity were qualitatively and quantitatively tested by HPLC and the fluorescence method, respectively. [Results] The strain Klebsiella sp. was isolated for immobilization, and its abilities to solubilize lecithin and tricalcium phosphate were 236.5 mg/L and 200.3 mg/L, respectively. Genome analysis showed that the strain N107 carried 27 genes related to organic and inorganic phosphorus solubilization. The optimized preparation conditions were biochar addition of 30.0 mg/mL, N107 inoculation amount of 6.0%, immobilization temperature of 30.0 ℃, and immobilization time of 12.0 h. The bacterial agent prepared under the optimal conditions increased the phosphorus-solubilizing capacity for lecithin and tricalcium phosphate by 24.0% and 22.5%, respectively, compared with the free bacterial strain. The biochar-immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent contained more oxygen-containing functional groups, compared with the original biochar, its total specific surface area and external surface area increased by 61.9% and 165.1%, respectively. The mechanism of phosphorus solubilization by the immobilized bacterial agent was preliminarily analyzed. The results showed that the levels of tartaric acid, citric acid, and total acids changed significantly and the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the culture medium were effectively improved, although the types of organic acids secreted by the agent had no obvious changes. The structural equation model showed that pH value was closely related to phosphatase activity and organic acid content, and the immobilized bacterial agent can promote the activation of insoluble phosphorus by increasing phosphatase activity and organic acid content. [Conclusion] The immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent prepared in this study provides a good bioremediation material for the activation of insoluble phosphorus. This study provides an innovative perspective for developing green remediation strategies based on microbiomes.

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【目的】 西南地区土壤酸化问题日益严重,该问题导致不稳定磷库转变为闭蓄态磷库,土壤磷有效性降低,进而影响作物产量并造成磷肥资源浪费。本研究以生物炭为载体,选用一株兼具溶解有机磷和无机磷功能的菌株作为固定化菌种,对其制备条件进行优化。在此基础上,评估生物炭固定化解磷菌剂的稳定性及其对难溶性磷的溶解效果,并探究其解磷机理。 【方法】 以植物根际土壤为研究材料,利用选择性培养基分离筛选解磷菌。基于钼锑抗比色法量化细菌解磷能力,通过生理生化试验和分子生物学分析完成细菌分类鉴定。采用吸附法制备固定化菌剂,并利用单因素试验法确定生物炭固定化菌剂的最佳制备条件。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜等对其进行表征分析,进一步运用HPLC和荧光法分别对有机酸代谢谱和磷酸酶活性进行定量分析。 【结果】 分离获得的固定化菌株为克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.),其对卵磷脂和磷酸三钙的溶解量分别为236.5 mg/L和200.3 mg/L。基因组分析发现该菌株含有27个与有机磷和无机磷溶解转运相关的基因。单因子优化试验表明,在生物炭添加量为30.0 mg/mL、N107接菌量为6.0%、固定温度为30.0 ℃、固定时间为12.0 h的条件下所制备的固定化菌剂对卵磷脂和磷酸三钙的溶磷量相较于游离解磷菌分别提高了24.0%和22.5%。固定解磷菌的生物炭含有更多的含氧官能团,其总比表面积和外表面积较原始生物炭分别提高61.9%和165.1%。解析固定化菌剂的解磷机理,发现尽管其分泌的有机酸种类未发生明显影响变化,但是酒石酸、柠檬酸及总酸含量发生显著变化,且有效提高了培养液中酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性。结构方程模型显示,pH值与磷酸酶活性和有机酸含量密切相关,固定化菌剂通过提高磷酸酶活性和有机酸含量促进难溶性磷的活化。 【结论】 固定化解磷菌剂的制备为难溶性磷活化提供了良好的生物修复材料,并为开发基于微生物组的绿色修复策略提供了创新视角。

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作者贡献声明

周留艳:提出概念,数据收集与监管,数据分析,撰写文章;代文才:软件程序,监督管理,验证;彭鹭:执行调研;木丽远:数据收集与监管;王子芳:完成呈现;高明:审阅,获取基金,提供资源,监督管理。

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Biochar, 2025, 7(1): 55., articleTitle=Insights into the interfacial dynamics and interaction mechanisms between phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and straw-derived biochar, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226195557635502598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=the Agricultural Science and Technology Major Project, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226195550370967586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550379356195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, companyId=1226195550370967586, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550391939108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, companyId=1226195550370967586, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西南大学 资源环境学院,重庆)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195550500991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550505185324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, companyId=1226195550500991019, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195550513573933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, companyId=1226195550500991019, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院 微生物研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226195555194417500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria N107. A: Morphological characteristics of colonies; B: Morphological characteristics of strain; C: Phylogenetic tree (The serial number in parentheses is the GenBank access number; The number at the branch point indicates the bootstrap value of the branch, which can be used to judge the reliability of the branch; The ruler represents evolutionary distance)., figureFileSmall=fsLtZWt9vk/8oJ9SkiDMhg==, figureFileBig=WvksPV1t5Rva3yrx68uPYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555395744105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=图1, caption=解磷菌N107的形态特征和系统发育分析。A:菌落形态特征;B:菌株形态特征;C:系统发育树(括号中的序号为序列GenBank登录号;分支点的数字表示该分支的自展值,可判断该分支的可靠程度;标尺代表进化距离)。, figureFileSmall=fsLtZWt9vk/8oJ9SkiDMhg==, figureFileBig=WvksPV1t5Rva3yrx68uPYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555504796017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=The dynamic changes of soluble phosphorus content, pH and growth curves of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria solution. A: Phosphorus dissolving ring of organic and inorganic phosphorus solid medium; B: Soluble phosphorus content in organic and inorganic phosphorus culture solution; C: pH in organic and inorganic phosphorus culture solution; D: Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria OD600 in organic and inorganic phosphorus culture solution. D: Transparent ring diameter; d: Colony diameter., figureFileSmall=GYN9yiCISZ6fnLNMvgIQag==, figureFileBig=z7z0ZpWF1L4pFG/JatlxkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555630625144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=图2, caption=解磷菌菌液可溶性磷含量、pH和生长曲线动态变化。A:有机磷和无机磷固体培养基溶磷圈;B:有机磷和无机磷培养液中可溶性磷含量;C:有机磷和无机磷培养液中pH;D:有机磷和无机磷培养液中解磷菌OD600D:透明圈直径;d:菌落直径。, figureFileSmall=GYN9yiCISZ6fnLNMvgIQag==, figureFileBig=z7z0ZpWF1L4pFG/JatlxkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555781620101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Structural characterization and biomass of immobilized bacterial agent. A: Biochar scanning electron microscope; B: The scanning electron microscope of biochar immobilized bacterial agent; C: Biomass of biochar immobilized bacterial agent; D: Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis; E: Biochar element composition; F: The element composition of biochar-immobilized bacterial agent. Biochar-immobilized bacterial agent: Biochar-N107., figureFileSmall=M6JAUbjN7u4Wwzu6wQEovA==, figureFileBig=YpsseHCM+rUO33X7cuT3vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555920032139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=图3, caption=固定化菌剂的结构表征和生物量。A:生物炭扫描电镜图;B:生物炭固定菌剂扫描电镜图;C:生物炭固定N107的生物量;D:傅里叶变换红外光谱分析;E:生物炭元素组成;F:生物炭固定菌剂元素组成。生物炭固定菌剂:Biochar-N107。, figureFileSmall=M6JAUbjN7u4Wwzu6wQEovA==, figureFileBig=YpsseHCM+rUO33X7cuT3vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556037472663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Dissolution effect of immobilized bacterial agent on organic and inorganic phosphorus under different preparation conditions. A-B: Soluble phosphorus content in organic (A) and inorganic (B) phosphorus culture solution with different biochar addition amount; C-D: Soluble phosphorus content in different inoculation amount of organic (C) and inorganic (D) phosphorus culture solution; E-F: Soluble phosphorus content in organic (E) and inorganic (F) phosphorus culture solution at different immobilization temperature; G-H: Soluble phosphorus content in organic (G) and inorganic (H) phosphorus culture solution at different immobilization time. Different lowercase letters indicate statistically significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=W0mbS4Abg/ui5WE9/ywwgw==, figureFileBig=tpB2u+0kkPxH4fP0vJbVTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556163301792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同制备条件下固定化菌剂对有机磷和无机磷的溶解效果。A-B:不同生物炭添加量下有机磷(A)和无机磷(B)培养液中可溶性磷含量;C-D:不同接种量下有机磷(C)和无机磷(D)培养液中可溶性磷含量;E-F:不同固定化温度下有机磷(E)和无机磷(F)培养液中可溶性磷含量;G-H:不同固定化时间下有机磷(G)和无机磷(H)培养液中可溶性磷含量。不同小写字母表示组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。, figureFileSmall=W0mbS4Abg/ui5WE9/ywwgw==, figureFileBig=tpB2u+0kkPxH4fP0vJbVTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556318491048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Dynamic changes of soluble phosphorus content and pH value in organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus culture solution and their correlation. A: Soluble phosphorus content of organic phosphorus culture solution with immobilized bacterial agent; B: pH value of organic phosphorus culture solution; C: Soluble phosphorus content of inorganic phosphorus culture solution with immobilized bacterial agent; D: pH value of inorganic phosphorus culture solution; E: Correlation between pH of organic phosphorus culture solution and soluble phosphorus content; F: Correlation between pH of inorganic phosphorus culture solution and soluble phosphorus content. Biochar-immobilized bacterial agent: Biochar-N107., figureFileSmall=/dqTTkjtP7ujL4Ifl4RcZg==, figureFileBig=9ai1u771C3FhjTOZcKXWeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556419154351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=图5, caption=有机磷和无机磷培养液中可溶性磷含量和pH值动态变化以及培养液可溶性磷与pH值的相关性。A:固定化菌剂在有机磷培养液中的可溶性磷含量;B:固定化菌剂在有机磷培养液中的pH值;C:固定化菌剂在无机磷培养液中的可溶性磷含量;D:固定化菌剂在无机磷培养液中的pH值;E:有机磷培养液中pH值与可溶性磷的相关性;F:无机磷培养液中pH值与可溶性磷的相关性。生物炭固定菌剂:Biochar-N107。, figureFileSmall=/dqTTkjtP7ujL4Ifl4RcZg==, figureFileBig=9ai1u771C3FhjTOZcKXWeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556503040436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Dynamic changes of phosphatase activity and organic acid content in organic and inorganic phosphorus culture solutions. A-B: Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities of immobilized bacterial agent inorganic phosphorus culture solution; C-D: Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities of immobilized bacterial agent in inorganic phosphorus culture solution; E-F. Contents and types of organic acids in organic and inorganic phosphorus culture solutions with immobilized bacterial agent. Biochar-immobilized bacterial agent: Biochar-N107., figureFileSmall=5EhUpmolhlgI/XPCZtL3bw==, figureFileBig=lEGdIPAEZgkHBxX7NXBVww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556586926524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=图6, caption=有机磷和无机磷培养液中磷酸酶活性和有机酸含量动态变化。A-B:固定化菌剂在有机磷培养液中的酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性;C-D:固定化菌剂在无机磷培养液中的酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性;E-F:固定化菌剂在有机磷和无机磷培养液中的有机酸含量和种类。生物炭固定菌剂:Biochar-N107。, figureFileSmall=5EhUpmolhlgI/XPCZtL3bw==, figureFileBig=lEGdIPAEZgkHBxX7NXBVww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556708561344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Structural equation model (SEM) showed the influence of each driving factor on the soluble phosphorus content in organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus culture solution and the total effect of standardization. A-B: Lecithin organic phosphorus culture solution; C-D: Calcium phosphate inorganic phosphorus culture solution. Red and black arrows indicate positive and negative significant relationships, respectively; The width of the arrow indicates the strength of the standardized path coefficient; Online values are standardized path coefficients; * and ** indicate significant differences at the levels of P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively. Biochar-immobilized bacterial agent: Biochar-N107., figureFileSmall=CFLB09I5AlAOIE0QSPJAHg==, figureFileBig=HqcmiGDtajqR4rHizTQPFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195556876333517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=图7, caption=结构方程模型(SEM)显示各驱动因子对有机磷和无机磷培养液可溶性磷含量的影响和标准化总效应。A-B:有机磷培养液;C-D:无机磷培养液。红色和黑色箭头分别表示正显著和负显著关系;箭头的宽度表示标准化路径系数的强度;线上数值为标准化的路径系数;*和**分别表示在P<0.05和P<0.01水平上差异显著。生物炭固定菌剂:Biochar-N107。, figureFileSmall=CFLB09I5AlAOIE0QSPJAHg==, figureFileBig=HqcmiGDtajqR4rHizTQPFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557027328472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Various preparation conditions of functional bacteria immobilized on biochar

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

试验变量

Experimental variable

生物炭添加量

Biochar addition amount (mg/mL)

解磷菌接种量Inoculation amount (%)

固定化温度

Immobilization temperature (℃)

固定化时间

Immobilization time (h)

110.02.020.04.0
220.04.025.08.0
330.06.030.012.0
440.08.035.016.0
550.010.040.020.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226195557136380385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物炭固定化功能菌剂的不同制备条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

试验变量

Experimental variable

生物炭添加量

Biochar addition amount (mg/mL)

解磷菌接种量Inoculation amount (%)

固定化温度

Immobilization temperature (℃)

固定化时间

Immobilization time (h)

110.02.020.04.0
220.04.025.08.0
330.06.030.012.0
440.08.035.016.0
550.010.040.020.0
), ArticleFig(id=1226195557287375341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structural characterization and surface properties of biochars with different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

材料

Materials

总表面积

Total surface

area (m2/g)

外部表面积

External surface area (m2/g)

总孔隙体积

Total pore volume (cm3/g)

微孔体积Micropore volume (cm3/g)

平均孔径

Average pore diameter (nm)

生物炭Biochar1 628.5331.72.10.63.3

生物炭固定化菌剂

Immobilized bacterial agent

2 635.7879.21.20.32.8
), ArticleFig(id=1226195557379650038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787597312240, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生物炭的结构表征和表面性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

材料

Materials

总表面积

Total surface

area (m2/g)

外部表面积

External surface area (m2/g)

总孔隙体积

Total pore volume (cm3/g)

微孔体积Micropore volume (cm3/g)

平均孔径

Average pore diameter (nm)

生物炭Biochar1 628.5331.72.10.63.3

生物炭固定化菌剂

Immobilized bacterial agent

2 635.7879.21.20.32.8
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生物炭固定解磷菌剂的材料制备及其解磷机制
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周留艳 1, 2 , 代文才 1 , 彭鹭 1 , 木丽远 1 , 王子芳 1 , 高明 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 703-722
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 703-722
生物炭固定解磷菌剂的材料制备及其解磷机制
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周留艳1, 2, 代文才1, 彭鹭1, 木丽远1, 王子芳1, 高明1
作者信息
  • 1.西南大学 资源环境学院,重庆
  • 2.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院 微生物研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐
Preparation and phosphorus-solubilizing mechanism exploration of a biochar-immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent
Liuyan ZHOU1, 2, Wencai DAI1, Lu PENG1, Liyuan MU1, Zifang WANG1, Ming GAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
  • 2.Institute of Microbiology, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250620
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【目的】 西南地区土壤酸化问题日益严重,该问题导致不稳定磷库转变为闭蓄态磷库,土壤磷有效性降低,进而影响作物产量并造成磷肥资源浪费。本研究以生物炭为载体,选用一株兼具溶解有机磷和无机磷功能的菌株作为固定化菌种,对其制备条件进行优化。在此基础上,评估生物炭固定化解磷菌剂的稳定性及其对难溶性磷的溶解效果,并探究其解磷机理。 【方法】 以植物根际土壤为研究材料,利用选择性培养基分离筛选解磷菌。基于钼锑抗比色法量化细菌解磷能力,通过生理生化试验和分子生物学分析完成细菌分类鉴定。采用吸附法制备固定化菌剂,并利用单因素试验法确定生物炭固定化菌剂的最佳制备条件。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜等对其进行表征分析,进一步运用HPLC和荧光法分别对有机酸代谢谱和磷酸酶活性进行定量分析。 【结果】 分离获得的固定化菌株为克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.),其对卵磷脂和磷酸三钙的溶解量分别为236.5 mg/L和200.3 mg/L。基因组分析发现该菌株含有27个与有机磷和无机磷溶解转运相关的基因。单因子优化试验表明,在生物炭添加量为30.0 mg/mL、N107接菌量为6.0%、固定温度为30.0 ℃、固定时间为12.0 h的条件下所制备的固定化菌剂对卵磷脂和磷酸三钙的溶磷量相较于游离解磷菌分别提高了24.0%和22.5%。固定解磷菌的生物炭含有更多的含氧官能团,其总比表面积和外表面积较原始生物炭分别提高61.9%和165.1%。解析固定化菌剂的解磷机理,发现尽管其分泌的有机酸种类未发生明显影响变化,但是酒石酸、柠檬酸及总酸含量发生显著变化,且有效提高了培养液中酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性。结构方程模型显示,pH值与磷酸酶活性和有机酸含量密切相关,固定化菌剂通过提高磷酸酶活性和有机酸含量促进难溶性磷的活化。 【结论】 固定化解磷菌剂的制备为难溶性磷活化提供了良好的生物修复材料,并为开发基于微生物组的绿色修复策略提供了创新视角。

解磷菌  /  生物炭  /  固定化  /  难溶性磷  /  可溶性磷

[Objective] As soil acidification in southwestern China becomes increasingly severe, the labile phosphorus pool is transformed into a non-labile phosphorus pool, which reduces the availability of soil phosphorus, affecting crop yield and wasting phosphate fertilizer resources. In this study, we prepared a biochar-immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent with biochar as the carrier and a strain capable solubilizing both organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus as the immobilized strain and then optimized the preparation conditions. Furthermore, this bacterial agent was evaluated in terms of the stability and the solubilizing effects on insoluble phosphorus. [Methods] Selective media were used for the isolation of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria from plant rhizosphere soil. The molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method was employed to quantify the ability of bacteria to solubilize phosphorus. The bacterial strain was identified through physiological and biochemical tests and molecular biological analysis. The immobilized bacterial agent was prepared by the adsorption method, and the preparation conditions were optimized by single factor experiments. The prepared agent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the metabolic spectrum of organic acids and phosphatase activity were qualitatively and quantitatively tested by HPLC and the fluorescence method, respectively. [Results] The strain Klebsiella sp. was isolated for immobilization, and its abilities to solubilize lecithin and tricalcium phosphate were 236.5 mg/L and 200.3 mg/L, respectively. Genome analysis showed that the strain N107 carried 27 genes related to organic and inorganic phosphorus solubilization. The optimized preparation conditions were biochar addition of 30.0 mg/mL, N107 inoculation amount of 6.0%, immobilization temperature of 30.0 ℃, and immobilization time of 12.0 h. The bacterial agent prepared under the optimal conditions increased the phosphorus-solubilizing capacity for lecithin and tricalcium phosphate by 24.0% and 22.5%, respectively, compared with the free bacterial strain. The biochar-immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent contained more oxygen-containing functional groups, compared with the original biochar, its total specific surface area and external surface area increased by 61.9% and 165.1%, respectively. The mechanism of phosphorus solubilization by the immobilized bacterial agent was preliminarily analyzed. The results showed that the levels of tartaric acid, citric acid, and total acids changed significantly and the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the culture medium were effectively improved, although the types of organic acids secreted by the agent had no obvious changes. The structural equation model showed that pH value was closely related to phosphatase activity and organic acid content, and the immobilized bacterial agent can promote the activation of insoluble phosphorus by increasing phosphatase activity and organic acid content. [Conclusion] The immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent prepared in this study provides a good bioremediation material for the activation of insoluble phosphorus. This study provides an innovative perspective for developing green remediation strategies based on microbiomes.

phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria  /  biochar  /  immobilization  /  insoluble phosphorus  /  Soluble phosphorus
周留艳, 代文才, 彭鹭, 木丽远, 王子芳, 高明. 生物炭固定解磷菌剂的材料制备及其解磷机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 703 -722 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250620
Liuyan ZHOU, Wencai DAI, Lu PENG, Liyuan MU, Zifang WANG, Ming GAO. Preparation and phosphorus-solubilizing mechanism exploration of a biochar-immobilized phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial agent[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 703 -722 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250620
磷是一种不可或缺的养分,对作物生长和土壤生产力起着至关重要的作用[1]。磷限制通常被视为农业生产的“瓶颈”问题[2]。为满足植物对磷的需求,进而提高作物产量,人们大量施用化肥,这导致土壤生态系统和健康状况迅速恶化,破坏了土壤微生物群的平衡[3]。此外,施用于土壤的可溶性磷大部分会迅速结合到土壤不同的磷组分中,而各种磷组分的有效性和流动性也存在显著差异[4]。因此,提高土壤磷肥利用效率对于减缓磷资源消耗、实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。
微生物在土壤养分循环中发挥着至关重要的作用,是土壤磷转化的主要驱动力。解磷微生物能够将土壤中固定态的磷转化为可直接利用的水溶性磷[5-6]。理论上,筛选出的解磷微生物在适应环境后若能在土壤中成功定殖便可对土壤中固定态的磷进行活化,进而将其转化为可被植物吸收的有效磷[7]。然而,在实验室中筛选和培养的特定功能菌株,在实际应用中通常无法取得令人满意的效果。这些微生物在实际应用中面临2个关键限制:微生物定殖效率低[8]和环境脆弱性[9]。由于添加到土壤中的大多数微生物会与土著微生物竞争资源与空间,直接接种解磷菌通常会导致其种群数量和活性急剧下降,在大田环境条件下难以存活[10-11]
为克服功能微生物直接使用的缺点,微生物固定化技术成为重要的解决方案。该方法通过吸附或封装的方式将游离的微生物附着到多孔载体上。由此形成的保护性微生境主要有以下目的:即减少来自原生土壤微生物的生态位[12]和养分竞争[13],同时为微生物提供定殖、生长和繁殖的栖息地,并保护其免受捕食者的捕食[14]等,帮助引入的外源微生物更好地适应环境条件[15]。稳定微环境的存在,使这些固定化功能微生物对不利的外部环境具有更强的抵抗力。在固定化技术中载体材料的选择至关重要。农业废弃物衍生的生物炭是一种理想的微生物固定化基质,具有生物支架和土壤增强剂的双重作用[16]。作为一种天然的土壤改良剂,生物炭通过为微生物提供碳源(不稳定碳)和矿物质养分[17],增加土壤溶磷微生物的丰度和活性,促进微生物对难溶性磷的溶解[18-19]。此外,生物炭自身的多孔芳香族结构使其具有较大的比表面积和较强的吸附能力,能为微生物提供定殖、生长和繁殖的栖息地,成为微生物生存的庇护所[20]
目前,有关生物炭固定化微生物技术的研究主要集中在重金属、石油烃、农药、多环芳烃等污染物的去除方面[16],而利用生物炭固定解磷菌对难溶性磷的活化效应研究鲜有报道。本研究以玉米秸秆生物炭为载体,采用具有较强解磷功能的菌种制备固定化菌剂。通过单因素试验法优化菌剂制备过程中载体添加量、解磷菌的接种量、固定化温度以及固定化时间,以期获得溶磷效果最优的固定化微生物菌剂;同时,通过对培养液中磷酸酶活性和有机酸代谢谱进行分析,探究溶磷量与pH之间的关系,明确其解磷机理及应用潜力。
于2023年9月在重庆市江津区江津先锋镇(106°13′3″E,29°7′13″N)的青花椒基地采集酸性土壤样品。采用五点取样法采集0-10 cm的土壤样品(pH值:4.4;全磷:1.2 g/kg;有效磷:90.7 mg/kg),并按四分法将采集的土样混匀,然后置于4 ℃环境中短暂保存,用于解磷菌株分离。
磷酸三钙无机磷固体培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0,NaCl 0.3,KCl 0.3,(NH4)2SO4 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3,FeSO4·7H2O 0.03,MnSO4 0.03,卵磷脂2.0,琼脂20.0,pH值7.0±0.2。
卵磷脂有机磷固体培养基(g/L):葡萄糖10.0,(NH4)2SO4 0.5,NaCl 0.3,KCl 0.3,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3,FeSO4·7H2O 0.03,MnSO4·4H2O 0.03,Ca3(PO4)2 5.0,琼脂20.0,pH值7.0-7.5。
NB培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,牛肉膏粉3.0,氯化钠5.0,pH值7.2±0.2。
采用标准系列稀释法筛选解磷细菌。在无菌锥形瓶中分别加入5.0 g收集的样品和45.0 mL无菌水,然后置于30.0 ℃、160 r/min振荡60 min。将上清液连续稀释至10-6,分别取0.1 mL不同浓度梯度(10-2-10-5)的上清液均匀涂布于含有磷酸三钙无机磷固体培养基和卵磷脂有机磷固体培养基上,30.0 ℃培养2.0-3.0 d,使用无菌接种环挑选菌落周围有明显透明圆圈的单菌落,并进行多次分离与纯化。
挑取纯化菌株至有机磷和无机磷培养液中,30.0 ℃、160 r/min培养24 h后,将菌液(8.0 μL)点接至有机磷和无机磷固体培养基上,30.0 ℃恒温培养7 d,每组设置5个平行。观察并记录菌株透明圈的产生和变化情况,用刻度尺测量菌株的透明圈直径(D)和菌落直径(d),并计算D/d值,初步判定菌株的解磷能力[21]
将经平板初筛的解磷菌接种至NB培养基,30.0 ℃、160 r/min培养24 h后,用无菌水将菌液稀释至OD600=0.6。将1.0%的种子液分别接种到有机磷和无机磷培养液中,并设置空白对照组,每个处理设置3个重复,30.0 ℃、160 r/min培养,连续7 d,每12 h/24 h取样1次,以测定解磷菌的生长情况和可溶性磷含量。采用钼锑抗分光光度法[22]测定可溶性磷含量,并用pH计(Mettler Toledo公司)测定上清液的pH值。
记录平板上解磷菌菌落的形状、大小、光泽、边缘和颜色,同时利用透射电子显微镜(JEOL公司)观察其超微结构形态。根据《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》[23],使用全自动微生物生化鉴定系统对解磷菌进行生化鉴定。
采用快速DNA提取检测试剂盒(Tiangen公司)提取解磷菌的DNA。使用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F和1492R[21]进行PCR扩增,PCR反应参考文献[21]完成。将扩增后的PCR产物送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。利用SeqMan软件(DNAStar 10.1)进行序列拼接,再使用EzBioCloud数据库(http://www.ezbiocloud.net/)进行16S rRNA基因序列比对。最后利用MEGA 11.0软件,采用neighbor-joining方法通过Kimura 2-parameter模型构建系统发育树。
细菌全基因组测序由上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司采用全基因组鸟枪法(whole genome shotgun, WGS)策略,利用PacBio Sequel和Illumina NovaSeq测序平台,采用二代和三代技术建库、测序。测序结果通过数据库进行比对后获得相应的注释信息,利用多种绘图工具对注释信息进行汇总。
以玉米秸秆为原料制备生物炭。将玉米秸秆洗净剪碎,放入烘箱中烘干(60 ℃)备用。采用厌氧慢热解工艺制备生物炭。将玉米秸秆放入电炉内加热,以8.5 ℃/min的速度升温至400 ℃,并保持约8-10 h,直至通风管道无烟排出。得到的玉米秸秆源生物炭的pH值为8.42,全碳465.2 g/kg,全氮15.2 g/kg,全磷2.4 g/kg,全钾22.4 g/kg。
基础制备条件:为了制备固定化菌剂(Biochar-N107),首先对生物炭进行灭菌处理,按30.0 mg/mL的添加量加入NB培养基,同时接入菌株N107的菌悬液(OD600=1.0,接种量为4.0%),在30 ℃、160 r/min持续培养16 h。随后,通过8 000 r/min离心5 min并使用无菌蒸馏水进行2-3次清洗循环,以去除残留的培养液成分和游离的菌体,最后通过冷冻干燥获得固定化菌剂。
将按照上述制备条件获得的固定化菌剂分别添加至有机磷和无机磷培养液中,同时采用单因素试验法,依次改变单一条件,每个处理设置3个平行,7 d后测定可溶性磷含量,以最终确定固定化菌剂的最佳制备条件(表1)。
分别通过实时荧光定量PCR (qPCR)和平板计数法对菌株N107在生物炭表面的定殖密度进行定量检测。基于菌株N107序列,针对目标基因设计引物F (5′-AGGCAGCAGTGGGGAATA-3′)和R (5′-ACGGTGAATACGTTCGGT-3′)。利用DNeasy PowerSoil试剂盒(Tiangen公司)对解磷菌进行DNA提取,并使用2.0%琼脂糖和1×TAE电泳缓冲液进行电泳以评估DNA质量,然后使用特定引物在qPCR仪器(Roche公司)上进行扩增反应。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Taq PCR Mix预混液25 μL,特定引物F及R各1 μL,DNA模板1 μL,ddH2O 22 μL。反应条件:94 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 30 s,58 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 40 s,共35个循环。最后将PCR结果与标准曲线进行比较来确定固定化菌剂中解磷菌N107的数量。
利用扫描电子显微镜(Hitachi公司)表征固定化后生物炭表面解磷菌的分布状况。利用BELSORP Max II分析仪(MicrotracBEL公司)分析固定解磷菌后生物炭的表面积和孔隙率等结构特征的变化。同时,用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Thermo Nicolet公司)获取生物炭样品表面官能团的信息。
将最佳制备条件下获得的固定化菌剂分别添加至有机磷和无机磷培养液中,以初始生物炭、解磷菌液和空白培养液为对照组,30.0 ℃、160 r/min培养168 h,测定培养液pH值和可溶性磷含量。每隔12 h/24 h取样,利用碱性/酸性磷酸酶检测试剂盒(荧光法,BioAssay Systems公司)测定碱性和酸性磷酸酶活性。在培养168 h后取培养液1.0 mL,于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,再经0.22 μm孔径滤膜真空抽滤后,采用高效液相色谱测定菌液中有机酸的种类和数量[24]。利用R语言构建结构方程模型(structural equation modeling, SEM),分析pH、有机酸和磷酸酶活性对培养液中可溶性磷含量的影响机制。采用卡方与自由度比值(χ2/df)、比较拟合指数(Goodness-of-fit index, GFI)、标准化残差(standardized root mean square residual, SRMR)和近似均方根误差(root mean square error of approximation, RMSEA)对模型进行检验,符合RMSEA<0.08,SRMR<0.08,GFI>0.9,χ2/df<3.0条件,则认为模型拟合结果较好[25]
筛选的菌株编号为N107,其菌落呈浅土黄色、湿润、圆形,表面光滑、均匀,不透明,边界规则(图1A)。菌株N107为革兰氏阴性菌,呈杆状,长1.5-2.5 μm,宽0.5-0.8 μm,无鞭毛(图1B)。测序结果显示,菌株N107 (GenBank登录号为PX106403)的16S rRNA基因序列与Klebsiella variicola DSM 15968T的相似性最高,达99.9%。进一步基于16S rRNA基因构建的系统发育树表明,菌株N107和K. variicola DSM 15968TKlebsiella属内处于同一分支(图1C)。结合形态学特征,将其鉴定为变异克雷伯氏菌。根据生化鉴定结果,该菌株对赖氨酸脱羧酶、脲酶、脂肪酶、葡萄糖、纤维二糖、山梨醇、鼠李糖、木糖、蔗糖、阿拉伯糖呈阳性反应,对鸟氨酸脱羧酶、酪氨酸芳胺酶、西蒙氏柠檬酸盐、色氨酸、明胶、木糖、麦芽糖和甘露醇等呈阴性反应。
为进一步明确解磷菌株N107的磷代谢潜能,对其基因组进行测序分析。经过拼接和修补,获得菌株N107基因组大小为5.6 Mb,基因组包含11个contigs,G+C含量为54.5%。基因组分析发现,解磷菌N107共含有27个与有机磷矿化、无机磷溶解和磷转化相关的基因。其中,7个无机磷溶解基因,包括吡咯喹啉醌(pyrroloquinoline quinone, PQQ)合成过程中的相关基因(pqqBpqqCpqqDpqqE)、葡萄糖脱氢酶基因(gcd)、柠檬酸合成酶基因(gltA)和无机焦磷酸酶基因(ppx);9个有机磷矿化基因,包括碱性磷酸酶基因(phoA)和可将磷酸酯水解成磷酸盐和烷烃的C-P键裂解酶基因(phnBphnAphnFphnKphnJphnIphnHphnG);11个磷化合物转运基因,包括磷酸酯运输基因(ugpBugpAugpEugpCcpdAglpQ)和无机磷酸盐运输基因(pstBpstApstCpstSphoU)。此外,还有2个磷缺乏响应双组分调节基因,包括磷酸盐调节感应激酶基因(phoR)和磷酸盐调节反应调控子(phoB)。
菌株N107在有机磷和无机磷固体培养基中均具有溶磷能力,其在有机磷和无机磷固体培养基中的溶磷系数分别为2.3和1.9 (图2A)。该菌株在有机磷和无机磷培养液中的生长趋势总体一致,即在0-48 h内快速生长,随后缓慢生长(图2D)。2种不同培养液中溶解磷含量均随时间增加而上升,培养96 h后,分别达到最大值236.5 mg/L (有机磷培养液)和200.3 mg/L (无机磷培养液) (图2B),之后趋于稳定。此外,随着培养时间的延长,有机磷培养液的pH值逐渐降低(图2C),菌株N107培养144 h后pH值降至最低水平,为3.6。相比之下,无机磷培养液的pH值也在培养144 h后降至最低,为3.4。总体而言,pH值的变化与可溶性磷的增加趋势相对应。
扫描电镜显示生物炭内部空腔具有光滑的表面(图3A)。如图3B所示,固定后的生物炭表面保留了丰富的杆状细菌,且菌外形饱满,这表明微生物确实能够附着在生物炭表面,且生长环境条件良好。对基础制备条件下固定化菌剂中解磷菌N107的生物量进行检测。结果表明,在生物炭添加量为30.0 mg/mL、解磷菌接种量为4.0%、固定化时间为16.0 h、固定化温度为30.0 ℃的条件下生物炭固定的解磷菌生物量为3.4×109拷贝/g,而其菌落数量为1.7×108 CFU/g (图3C)。FT-IR分析检测到生物炭表面存在丰富的官能团,包括O-H、C=O、C=H、Si-O。固定解磷菌后,3 442 cm-1和1 384 cm-1 (O-H)、1 608 cm-1和1 096 cm-1 (C=O),795 cm-1 (C=H)和473 cm-1 (Si-O)的特征峰强度减弱(图3D)。这些结果共同证明了解磷菌在生物炭上的成功定殖。能谱结合扫描电镜表明,固定解磷菌后生物炭的C含量降低了3.4%,O含量增加了4.4%,这表明固定后的生物炭含有更多的含氧官能团(图3E3F)。此外,固定解磷菌的生物炭其总比表面积和外表面积较原始生物炭分别提高了61.9%和165.1%。相比之下,固定解磷菌后其总孔隙体积和平均孔径则分别降低了40.1%和15.6% (表2)。
生物炭添加量在10.0-50.0 mg/mL范围时所制备的固定化菌剂对难溶性磷的溶解量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势。相较于单独接种解磷菌,添加固定化菌剂的有机磷和无机磷培养液中可溶性磷的含量分别从210.2 mg/L增加到274.9 mg/L和从186.9 mg/L增加到241.6 mg/L,随后逐渐减小(图4A4B)。接菌量为6.0%时所制备的固定化菌剂中可溶性磷含量最高,分别为287.6 mg/L (有机磷培养液,图4C)和244.3 mg/L (无机磷培养液,图4D)。此外,当固定温度≤30.0 ℃时所制备的固定化菌剂对难溶性有机磷和无机磷的溶解量随温度的升高而提高,在30.0 ℃时均达到最高值,分别为283.7 mg/L和244.4 mg/L (图4E4F)。与此同时,固定化的时间长短也会影响固定化菌剂的溶磷效果。随着固定时间增加,固定化菌剂对难溶性磷的溶解量呈先增加后降低的趋势。当固定时间≤12.0 h时,所制备的固定化菌剂对有机磷和无机磷的溶解量持续增加。固定时间为12.0 h时其溶解量最高,分别为286.4 mg/L (有机磷培养液,图4G)和242.3 mg/L (无机磷培养液,图4H)。因此,当载体生物炭添加量为30.0 mg/mL、解磷菌接种量为6.0%、固定化温度为30.0 ℃以及固定时间为12.0 h时,固定化菌剂对难溶性有机磷和无机磷具有最高的溶解量。
最佳制备条件下获得的固定化菌剂对难溶性有机磷和无机磷的溶磷效果如图5A5C所示。从解磷能力曲线来看,0-96 h时固定化菌剂在有机磷和无机磷培养液中的可溶性磷含量迅速增加,分别于72 h和96 h达到最高值,分别为293.2 mg/L (较游离解磷菌提高了24.0%)和245.4 mg/L (较游离解磷菌提高了22.5%),随后趋于平缓或略有下降。与此同时,固定化菌剂在有机磷和无机磷培养液中的pH值在0-96 h内呈快速下降趋势,最低分别降至4.3和4.1,随后基本保持稳定(图5B5D)。如图5E5F所示,固定化菌剂和游离解磷菌在有机磷和无机磷培养液中其pH值均与解磷能力成反比,说明培养液pH值越低,溶解难溶性磷的能力越强。
不同处理下有机磷和无机磷培养液中酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性如图6所示。有机磷培养液中培养6 h时固定化菌剂的碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于游离解磷菌,而无机磷培养液中固定化菌剂的酸性磷酸酶活性也显著高于游离菌(图6A、6CP<0.05)。相比之下,24-72 h固定化菌剂在有机磷和无机磷培养液中的酸性磷酸酶活性均显著高于游离解磷菌(P<0.05),提高率分别为7.1%-27.6%和10.0%-24.5%。相较于酸性磷酸酶,碱性磷酸酶活性的增加幅度更大,分别为13.3%-36.9%和16.0%-32.7% (图6B6D)。
固定化菌剂和解磷菌在有机磷和无机磷培养液中的有机酸种类及含量如图6E6F所示。在有机磷培养液中固定化菌剂和游离解磷菌分泌的含量较高的有机酸种类均为苹果酸、酒石酸、丙二酸、草酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸。相较于游离解磷菌,固定化菌剂显著提高了酒石酸、丙二酸、草酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸和总酸含量(P<0.05),其中总酸含量提高了35.3%。在无机磷培养液中固定化菌剂显著提高了苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸和总酸含量,其中总酸含量提高了31.5%。由此可见,尽管在有机或无机磷培养液中添加固定化菌剂均未明显影响其分泌的有机酸种类,但不同种类有机酸含量存在显著变化,且总酸含量也显著提高。
进一步利用SEM解析有机磷和无机磷培养液中可溶性磷含量变化的关键控制因子。SEM分析表明,有机磷培养液中游离解磷菌的酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性增加时可溶性磷含量提高,而pH和有机酸降低时可溶性磷含量增加。相比之下,固定化菌剂的有机酸、酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性对可溶性磷含量有直接正向影响(图7A)。无机培养液中游离解磷菌的可溶性磷含量变化主要受有机酸和磷酸酶的调控(图7C)。其中pH主要通过调控酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性以及有机酸含量间接影响可溶性磷含量。值得注意的是,区别于游离解磷菌,生物炭固定解磷菌在无机培养液中酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性对可溶性磷含量有直接正向影响。重要的是,pH值通过与有机酸含量、酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性的关联,间接影响有机磷培养液中可溶性磷含量。此外,有机磷和无机磷培养液中固定化菌剂的有机酸、酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性对可溶性磷的直接正向影响均明显高于游离解磷菌(图7B7D)。
本研究以磷酸三钙和卵磷脂为难溶性磷源,利用平板筛选法初筛获得具有较高溶磷指数的解磷细菌,再通过摇瓶培养法复筛,最终确定N107菌株为最高效解磷菌株。本研究分离获得的解磷菌N107同时具有较强的溶解无机磷和有机磷的能力,但其在30.0 ℃培养条件下的解有机磷能力(236.5 mg/L)高于解无机磷能力(200.3 mg/L)。杜艺等[26]从荒漠植物柠条根际筛选出6株解磷菌,它们从磷酸钙中释放的磷素最高为63. 93 mg/L,本研究中菌株N107的解磷量是它的2.5倍。Wang等[27]从盐碱地区鸟粪中分离获得Bacillus sp. DYS211,该解磷菌在培养48 h时无机磷溶解量最大,达到258.2 mg/L。功能菌株分离生境的不同导致解磷菌种类及其产酸、产酶能力和代谢途径等生理功能存在差异,进而表现出不同的解磷能力[28]。例如,酸性环境(pH<6.0)促进微生物分泌有机酸,碱性环境(pH>8.0)诱导其表达碱性磷酸酶。相比之下,高碳环境(如黑土)能够促进菌株生长和产酸[29],而缺磷环境(如冻土)则刺激菌株激活磷酸酶基因[30]。总的来说,与其他植物根际无机磷解磷细菌的研究相比,本研究筛选得到的菌株N107具有较好的解磷能力,显示出巨大的应用潜力。
通过对菌株N107进行多相分类鉴定,初步将其鉴定为克雷伯氏菌属。克雷伯氏菌属是肠杆菌科中的一类革兰氏阴性杆菌,广泛分布于土壤、水体、植物表面及动物肠道中[31]。尽管克雷伯氏菌属中的某些种类(如肺炎克雷伯菌)是机会性致病菌,但部分环境菌株作为丰富的根系联合固氮微生物资源,对植物的生长及代谢起着间接的促进作用,尤其在植物根际中发挥生态功能[32]。此外,近年来基于基因组学的研究发现,部分环境菌株(如产酸克雷伯菌)与致病菌株在代谢和生态功能上差异显著,这为其开发为生物接种剂、减少农业中化学氮肥的使用奠定了基础。
微生物菌剂在应用中的性能很大程度上取决于其在土壤中的定殖情况,而土壤定殖通常受到环境变化的影响。生物炭固定解磷菌后比表面积明显增加,而微孔体积和孔径等则不同程度降低。扫描电子显微镜进一步鉴定出覆盖在生物炭表面的一层细胞外分泌物。结合已建立的微生物固定机制(表面吸附和孔隙填充)[33-34],我们假设孔隙参数的减少主要是由分泌介导的孔隙堵塞引起的。具体来说,细胞外分泌物通过毛细作用穿透微孔,在中孔上形成致密的生物膜。这种生物修饰同时掩盖了原始孔隙,并创造了新的微生物-载体界面,有利于稳定的解磷菌N107定殖。此外,固定后生物炭中富含氧的官能团明显提高,这也显示出生物炭作为固定材料的生物相容性,促进了微生物的附着[35]。其官能团O-H、C=O、C=H、Si-O的特征峰强度减弱,表明微生物细胞和生物炭官能团之间存在潜在的共价相互作用[36-37]。总的来说,解磷菌N107在生物炭表面成功定殖,且生长环境条件良好。
固定化菌剂的载体添加量对其实际应用具有重要意义,最佳的生物炭添加量既可以为微生物生长提供温和的生存环境和足够的营养物质,又能避免投料过多或过少带来的资源浪费、达不到预期效果等问题。当生物炭添加量为30.0 mg/mL时其溶磷效果最好,这可能是因为生物炭添加量较少时解磷菌生长空间有限且营养物质有限,抑制了其生物量,从而导致其溶磷量降低;而当生物炭添加过多时,培养液pH值过高,进而抑制了解磷菌的生长。本研究中解磷菌的接种量为6.0%时其溶磷量最高。当接种量较高时,菌群经过短时间生长后迅速进入衰亡期而大量死亡[38],导致固定到生物炭的解磷菌数量较少。此外,有机酸分泌增加导致发酵液pH迅速降低,也会对微生物活性产生负反馈调节机制,包括抑制酶活性,损伤细胞膜功能以及导致能量代谢失衡等[39]。温度是影响微生物生长的关键因素。解磷菌N107的温度生长范围较广(10-45 ℃),其最适生长温度为30.0 ℃。本研究发现其最适固定化温度也为30.0 ℃,高于或低于该温度均不利于微生物的生长,从而对生物炭固定化微生物数量产生影响[40]。此外,固定化时间也是其重要影响因素。固定化时间过短,解磷菌处于生长迟缓期,导致被固定的解磷菌数量较少;而固定化时间太长,解磷菌进入衰亡阶段,也会导致其固定的数量减少,最终导致溶磷效果降低[41]
不同自然环境中的微生物种类存在显著差异,这也导致不同研究中筛选的解磷菌种类及其解磷能力存在明显差异。解磷菌的解磷机理非常复杂,一般认为解磷菌通过分泌相对分子质量小的有机酸、H+、NH4+和CO2等来溶解难溶性无机磷酸盐,通过分泌磷酸酶、核酸酶和植酸酶等溶解难溶性有机磷酸盐,本研究结果基本符合这种观点。
微生物通过三羧酸循环分泌多种低分子量有机酸,如柠檬酸、乙酸、葡萄糖酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、乳酸、草酸等,这些有机酸均对难溶性无机磷酸盐的溶解释放有促进作用[42]。在难溶性无机磷和有机磷源培养液中,固定化菌剂和解磷菌的可溶性磷含量均与pH呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),即有机酸在降低培养液pH的同时可直接溶解根际磷酸盐。尽管在有机磷和无机磷培养液中固定化菌剂有机酸的分泌量均高于游离解磷菌,但是由于生物炭的添加提高了培养液pH值,因此在0-168 h固定化菌剂的pH值始终高于解磷菌。赵小蓉等[43]提出质子作用和有机酸作用同步进行,并发现速效磷含量与pH之间存在一定相关性,但pH的降低并不是解磷微生物溶解磷酸盐的必要条件。菌株分泌的一些非有机酸类物质也可以溶解部分难溶性磷,因此其解磷能力并不是由单一因素决定。此外,研究证实有机酸对土壤中磷的相对解吸能力的变化顺序为:三羧酸>二羧酸>单羧酸[44]。尽管固定化菌剂和解磷菌的培养液中均以草酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、丙二酸、乳酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸为主要产物,但固定化菌剂中柠檬酸(三羧酸)的含量远高于游离解磷菌,这可能是由于添加生物炭改变了培养液的微环境,进而影响微生物的代谢,如培养液pH值、有效碳源、营养元素等[45-46]
酶解作用是有机磷降解的重要途径。当有效磷低于一定值时,微生物感受到低磷胁迫就会分泌胞外酸性或碱性植酸酶、脱氢酶和磷酸酶等物质,将难溶性有机磷降解,释放可溶性磷。微生物矿化作用易受环境因素的影响,研究证实适中的碱性环境更有利于其发挥作用[47],本研究结果与该结论一致。生物炭固定化菌剂提高了有机磷和无机磷培养液pH,与此同时,培养过程中酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性也均不同程度地提高(15.0%-30.0%)。研究发现,土壤pH偏酸性时酸性磷酸酶较多,土壤pH偏碱性或中性时碱性磷酸酶相对较多[48-49]。本研究结果则与之相反,这可能是由于解磷菌N107同时分泌有机酸和磷酸酶,偏酸性环境的干扰会影响酸性、碱性磷酸酶的比例。解磷菌解磷能力除与解磷机制相关之外,还与磷源自身的供磷特点有关[27,50]。pH对有效磷的重要影响也在SEM分析结果中得到验证。研究证实,pH能够通过直接改变酶结构、底物结合能力及微生物代谢策略成为调节有机酸分泌和磷酸酶活性的核心因子[51-52]。生物炭的添加提高了有机磷和无机磷液体培养基pH值,促进了有机酸分泌并提高了磷酸酶活性(图6图7),共同促进难溶性磷的溶解。此外,生物炭的多孔结构和表面官能团也能为解磷菌提供了附着位点和营养源,刺激其代谢活动,从而增加有机酸的分泌量[52-53]。本研究仅在单一浓度及单一磷源状态下开展试验,未探究不同浓度、不同类型磷源条件下固定化菌剂的作用及其解磷机理是否存在差异。因此,后续试验将继续探究不同磷源如铝磷、铁磷等背景下固定化菌剂的解磷特性。
本研究采用定向筛选获得一株解磷效果优异的菌株,通过多相分类鉴定确定为Klebsiella sp. N107,其对有机磷和无机磷的溶解量分别为236.5 mg/L和200.3 mg/L,同时含有27个与有机磷和无机磷溶解相关的功能基因,在微生物菌肥开发利用方面具有良好的应用潜力。进一步以生物炭为载体,利用吸附法对解磷菌进行固定。在生物炭添加量30.0 mg/mL、接种量6.0%、固定温度30.0 ℃以及固定时间12.0 h条件下溶磷效果最优,对有机磷和无机磷的解磷量分别为293.2 mg/L和245.4 mg/L。固定解磷菌的生物炭含有更多的含氧官能团,其总比表面积和外表面积均有不同程度提高。该固定化菌剂提高解磷效果的机制主要涉及改变不同有机酸的分泌量,提高总有机酸和磷酸酶活性的产生。本研究可为开发适用于西南酸性土壤的多功能生物磷肥提供更多选择。未来研究将重点解析其对土壤难溶性磷组分的转化作用,并通过根际定殖强化技术构建微生物-生物炭联合改良体系,推动其在酸性紫色土改良中的应用。
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250620
  • 接收时间:2025-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-10
  • 录用日期:2025-11-02
基金
the Agricultural Science and Technology Major Project
作者信息
    1.西南大学 资源环境学院,重庆
    2.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院 微生物研究所,新疆 乌鲁木齐
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250620
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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