Article(id=1226136786422903104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250611, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754496000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756915200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-04, onlineDate=1770263390403, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263390403, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263390403, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263390403, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=516, endPage=527, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136786708115789, articleId=1226136786422903104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Peptidoglycan fragments as key signaling molecules, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Peptidoglycan as a key component of the bacterial cell wall is essential for maintaining bacterial morphology and osmotic stability. During normal bacterial growth, peptidoglycan is continuously remodeled through synthesis and hydrolysis, achieving a dynamic equilibrium. Peptidoglycan hydrolases play a central role in regulating peptidoglycan homeostasis, and the hydrolysis products (peptidoglycan fragments) are recycled for biosynthesis via the peptidoglycan recycling pathway. Growing evidence indicates that peptidoglycan fragments function as important signaling molecules to regulate critical physiological processes such as antibiotic resistance, endospore germination, and interspecies interactions, greatly expanding our understanding of bacterial physiological regulation. This review summarizes the major classes of bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases and highlights recent advances in the role of peptidoglycan fragments as signaling molecules in regulating cellular processes, providing a theoretical foundation for further exploration of the multifaceted physiological functions of bacterial peptidoglycan.

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肽聚糖是细菌细胞壁的关键组分，对维持细菌形态、保持渗透压稳定至关重要。在细菌正常生长过程中，肽聚糖持续进行合成与水解，并维持动态平衡。肽聚糖水解酶是调控肽聚糖稳态的关键酶类，其水解产物可通过肽聚糖循环途径重新参与生物合成。近年来的研究表明，肽聚糖水解产物还可作为一类重要的信号分子调控抗生素耐药性、促进芽孢萌发、介导种间相互作用等关键生理过程，这极大地深化了人们对细菌生理调控机制的理解。因此，本文综述了细菌中肽聚糖水解酶的主要类型，并重点总结了肽聚糖水解产物作为信号分子调控生理过程的最新研究进展，为深入探究细菌肽聚糖的多重生理功能提供理论依据。

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Arabidopsis lysin-motif proteins LYM1 LYM3 CERK1 mediate bacterial peptidoglycan sensing and immunity to bacterial infection[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108(49): 19824-19829., articleTitle=Arabidopsis lysin-motif proteins LYM1 LYM3 CERK1 mediate bacterial peptidoglycan sensing and immunity to bacterial infection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195574001676322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=57, issue=3, pageStart=361, pageEnd=372.e5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[81], rfOrder=86, authorNames=TIAN D, HAN M, journalName=Developmental Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN D, HAN M. Bacterial peptidoglycan muropeptides benefit mitochondrial homeostasis and animal physiology by acting as ATP synthase agonists[J]. Developmental Cell, 2022, 57(3): 361-372.e5., articleTitle=Bacterial peptidoglycan muropeptides benefit mitochondrial homeostasis and animal physiology by acting as ATP synthase agonists, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226195559829123633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, awardId=32270044, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270044), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226195559942369848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, awardId=32270044, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32270044), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226195551885111476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195551893500083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, companyId=1226195551885111476, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195551897694388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, companyId=1226195551885111476, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=浙江工业大学 生物工程学院，浙江 杭州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226195557526450684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Schematic of cleavage sites of peptidoglycan hydrolases., figureFileSmall=kvldR+C+9V7aVepRaVo4vQ==, figureFileBig=jX05+hVKla0v+89PTrc6Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557618725378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, language=CN, label=图1, caption=肽聚糖水解酶作用位点示意图, figureFileSmall=kvldR+C+9V7aVepRaVo4vQ==, figureFileBig=jX05+hVKla0v+89PTrc6Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195557782303249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Peptidoglycan fragments as key signaling molecules., figureFileSmall=f+6kMrpT1Wt3A92Rbmz9aQ==, figureFileBig=3qT73/DRX+q+XIAWiu04jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559216755221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, language=CN, label=图2, caption=肽聚糖水解产物是一类重要的信号分子, figureFileSmall=f+6kMrpT1Wt3A92Rbmz9aQ==, figureFileBig=3qT73/DRX+q+XIAWiu04jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195559355167260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physiological function regulated by peptidoglycan fragments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Peptidoglycan fragment	Species	Sensor/regulator	Physiological function	References
anhMurNAc-peptides/UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide	E. cloacae, C. freundii	AmpR	Induce/repress expression of β-lactamase AmpC	[17,21]
anhMurNAc-peptides/UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide	P. aeruginosa	AmpR	Induce/repress expression of β-lactamase AmpC and other virulence factors	[23-24]
GlcNAc-MurNAc-peptides	A. hydrophila	BlrAB	Induce expression of β-lactamase AmpC	[28]
Unknown	Shewanella oneidensis	PghKR	Induce expression of β-lactamase BlaA and trigger stringent response	[35-36]
Unknown	V. cholerae	VxrAB (WalKR)	Increase β-lactam tolerance	[31-33]
γ-d-Glu-m-A2pm (or-l-Lys)	S. aureus, B. licheniformis	BlaI	Act as coactivator to inactivate BlaI	[43,46]
γ-d-Glu-l-Lys	S. aureus	MecI	Act as coactivator to inactivate MecI	[46]
GlcNAc-MurNAc-peptides	B. subtilis	PrkC	Promote spore germination	[57]
GlcNAc, peptidoglycan from Gram-positives	P. aeruginosa	PA0600-PA0601	Enhance virulence	[62-63]
Peptidoglycan from sensitive competitors	B. subtilis	ComP/ComA	Induce antibiotic production	[64]
GlcNAc, MurNAc-dipeptides anhydro-MurNAc-dipeptides	C. albicans	Cyr1p	Promote hyphal growth	[65-67]
MurNAc-tripeptide, MurNAc-dipeptide	Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Nicotiana tabacum	NOD1/NOD2/ lysin-motif proteins	Activate innate immunity	[68-69]

), ArticleFig(id=1226195559585853985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136786422903104, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肽聚糖水解产物及其调控的生理过程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

Peptidoglycan fragment	Species	Sensor/regulator	Physiological function	References
anhMurNAc-peptides/UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide	E. cloacae, C. freundii	AmpR	Induce/repress expression of β-lactamase AmpC	[17,21]
anhMurNAc-peptides/UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide	P. aeruginosa	AmpR	Induce/repress expression of β-lactamase AmpC and other virulence factors	[23-24]
GlcNAc-MurNAc-peptides	A. hydrophila	BlrAB	Induce expression of β-lactamase AmpC	[28]
Unknown	Shewanella oneidensis	PghKR	Induce expression of β-lactamase BlaA and trigger stringent response	[35-36]
Unknown	V. cholerae	VxrAB (WalKR)	Increase β-lactam tolerance	[31-33]
γ-d-Glu-m-A2pm (or-l-Lys)	S. aureus, B. licheniformis	BlaI	Act as coactivator to inactivate BlaI	[43,46]
γ-d-Glu-l-Lys	S. aureus	MecI	Act as coactivator to inactivate MecI	[46]
GlcNAc-MurNAc-peptides	B. subtilis	PrkC	Promote spore germination	[57]
GlcNAc, peptidoglycan from Gram-positives	P. aeruginosa	PA0600-PA0601	Enhance virulence	[62-63]
Peptidoglycan from sensitive competitors	B. subtilis	ComP/ComA	Induce antibiotic production	[64]
GlcNAc, MurNAc-dipeptides anhydro-MurNAc-dipeptides	C. albicans	Cyr1p	Promote hyphal growth	[65-67]
MurNAc-tripeptide, MurNAc-dipeptide	Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Nicotiana tabacum	NOD1/NOD2/ lysin-motif proteins	Activate innate immunity	[68-69]

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