Article(id=1226136787152715988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250537, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752249600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762444800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineDate=1770263390577, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263390577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263390577, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263390577, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=626, endPage=643, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136787408568547, articleId=1226136787152715988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Metabolic characteristics of different flue-cured tobacco varieties and grades and quality improvement effects of nicotine-degrading bacteria on tobacco leaves, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the metabolite differences among different varieties and grades of flue-cured tobacco, as well as the impacts of nicotine-degrading bacteria on the quality of different grades of tobacco leaves. [Methods] This study employed untargeted metabolomics to identify and analyze metabolites in fermented tobacco leaves of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’, specifically B2F and C2F grades, while also examining the influences of nicotine-degrading bacteria on the quality of different grades of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Results] There were significant metabolite differences between tobacco leaves of different varieties and grades. A total of 131 differential metabolites were identified between the samples of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’, while 138 differential metabolites were identified between B2F and C2F grades. These differential metabolites mainly included amino acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and their derivatives. Analysis of KEGG metabolic pathways and enrichment levels for differential metabolites across different varieties and grades all indicated that flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were the most prominent. Furthermore, this study successfully isolated two bacterial strains, Pseudomonas sp. TR9 and Pseudomonas sp. TR14, from tobacco-cultivated soil, both capable of utilizing nicotine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Inoculation of the strain combination into different grades of tobacco leaves significantly reduced the content of nicotine, protein, and starch in lower-grade tobacco leaves. [Conclusion] This study reveals the mechanism by which varieties and grades affect the quality of tobacco leaves through the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, and verifies the improvement effects of nicotine-degrading bacteria on low-grade tobacco leaves, providing theoretical support for the improvement of flue-cured tobacco quality and the optimization of fermentation processes.

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E-mail: WANG Jitao,
WANG Xiaojie,
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【目的】 探究不同品种和不同等级烤烟的代谢物差异,以及烟碱降解菌对不同等级烟叶品质的影响。 【方法】 基于非靶向代谢组学技术对‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’品种的烤烟,以及B2F和C2F等级烤烟发酵后的代谢产物进行鉴定与分析,同时探究烟碱降解菌对不同等级烤烟烟叶品质的影响。 【结果】 不同品种、不同等级烤烟烟叶之间的代谢物差异显著。‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’样品之间鉴定出131种差异代谢物,B2F与C2F等级之间鉴定出138种差异代谢物,差异代谢物主要包括氨基酸、黄酮类化合物、生物碱及其衍生物等。不同品种和等级差异代谢物的KEGG代谢途径及富集程度分析结果均显示,黄酮和黄酮类生物合成代谢通路最为显著。此外,本研究从烟草种植土壤中筛选分离到2株能以烟碱为唯一碳源和氮源生长的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) TR9和TR14。将这2株菌株组合接种于不同等级烟叶后能够显著降低低等级烟叶中的烟碱、蛋白质和淀粉含量。 【结论】 本研究揭示了品种和等级通过黄酮代谢通路影响烟叶品质的机制,并验证了烟碱降解菌对低等级烟叶的改良效果,为烤烟品质改良和发酵工艺优化提供了理论支持。

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作者贡献声明

汪季涛:提供资源、实验验证、结果分析和原稿撰写;朱璟璟:实验验证、结果分析、数据分析、可视化和原稿撰写;安子朝:数据整理和实验验证;方泽民:提出研究方法、项目管理、资金支持;王小洁:概念构思、调查、结果分析、审阅、编辑与原稿撰写。

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Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2024, 12: 1493766., articleTitle=Analysis of the effects of Bacillus velezensis HJ-16 inoculation on tobacco leaves based on multi-omics methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195569534743461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=64, issue=4, pageStart=1044, pageEnd=1063, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=73, authorNames=杨文娟, 余君, 杨春雷, 李浩, 杨锦鹏, 杨小琼, 杨勇, 向海波, journalName=微生物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨文娟, 余君, 杨春雷, 李浩, 杨锦鹏, 杨小琼, 杨勇, 向海波. 烟草化感自毒物质降解复合菌剂的优化及应用效果评价[J]. 微生物学报, 2024, 64(4): 1044-1063., articleTitle=烟草化感自毒物质降解复合菌剂的优化及应用效果评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1226195569668961196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=64, issue=4, pageStart=1044, pageEnd=1063, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=74, authorNames=YANG WJ, YU J, YANG CL, LI H, YANG JP, YANG XQ, YANG Y, XIANG HB, journalName=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG WJ, YU J, YANG CL, LI H, YANG JP, YANG XQ, YANG Y, XIANG HB. Optimization and evaluation of a compound bacterial agent degrading autotoxins of tobacco[J]. 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A: Positive ion mode of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’; B: Negative ion mode of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’; C: Positive ion mode of B2F grade and C2F grade; D: Negative ion mode of B2F grade and C2F grade., figureFileSmall=t1GIMhWbUQZCAp7JZe3jNw==, figureFileBig=1vxLTM+1DjJi31ePumiY3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552455536860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PCA得分图。A:‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’正离子模式;B:‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’负离子模式;C:B2F等级和C2F等级正离子模式;D:B2F等级和C2F等级负离子模式。, figureFileSmall=t1GIMhWbUQZCAp7JZe3jNw==, figureFileBig=1vxLTM+1DjJi31ePumiY3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552568783081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=OPLS-DA score chart and OPLS-DA replacement test chart. A, B: OPLS-DA score plot and permutation test plot of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’ in positive ion mode; C, D: OPLS-DA score plot and permutation test plot of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’ in negative ion mode; E, F: OPLS-DA score plot and permutation test plot of B2F grade and C2F grade in positive ion mode; G, H: OPLS-DA score plot and permutation test plot of B2F grade and C2F grade in negative ion mode., figureFileSmall=eVctNCsMjAoKSmV+DTKIcg==, figureFileBig=0Vw061oKhpxhgRSt48kXFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552719778037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=图2, caption=OPLS-DA得分图和OPLS-DA置换检验图。A、B:‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’正离子模式OPLS-DA得分图和置换检验图;C、D:‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’负离子模式OPLS-DA得分图和置换检验图;E、F:B2F等级和C2F等级正离子模式OPLS-DA得分图和置换检验图;G、H:B2F等级和C2F等级负离子模式OPLS-DA得分图和置换检验图。, figureFileSmall=eVctNCsMjAoKSmV+DTKIcg==, figureFileBig=0Vw061oKhpxhgRSt48kXFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552858190083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Metamorphic volcano map. A, B: Fold change volcano plots of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’ in positive ion mode (A) and negative ion mode (B); C, D: Fold change volcano plots of B2F grade and C2F grade in positive ion mode (C) and negative ion mode (D)., figureFileSmall=BNxyaGmxa7En7O3aNsXcwg==, figureFileBig=A07DHkiERPvBgRaj4Xlm8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195552984019212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=图3, caption=差异代谢火山图。A、B:‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’正离子模式(A)和负离子模式(B)下倍数变化火山图;C、D:B2F等级和C2F等级正离子模式(C)和负离子模式(D)下倍数变化火山图。, figureFileSmall=BNxyaGmxa7En7O3aNsXcwg==, figureFileBig=A07DHkiERPvBgRaj4Xlm8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195553076293907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Cluster analysis of metabolites with different metabolic patterns. A: Cluster analysis of differential metabolites between ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’; B: Cluster analysis of differential metabolites between B2F grade and C2F grade., figureFileSmall=lFd4ZQxR1WYHfi9vYejeTA==, figureFileBig=K42s95jKgq/C7oB8GXhhUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195553197928733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异代谢物聚类分析。A:‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’差异代谢物聚类分析;B:B2F等级和C2F等级差异代谢物聚类分析。, figureFileSmall=lFd4ZQxR1WYHfi9vYejeTA==, figureFileBig=K42s95jKgq/C7oB8GXhhUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195553290203430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Metabolic pathway influencing factor bubble diagram. A: Metabolic pathway map of significantly enriched differential metabolites between ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’; B: Metabolic pathway map of significantly enriched differential metabolites between B2F grade and C2F grade., figureFileSmall=W5fI2O4rC/uCSG3/eRemOg==, figureFileBig=rkvi0/BswG47Z2SXf+O4NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554686906675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=图5, caption=代谢通路影响因子气泡图。A:‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’相比差异代谢物显著富集代谢通路图;B:B2F等级和C2F等级相比差异代谢物显著富集代谢通路图。, figureFileSmall=W5fI2O4rC/uCSG3/eRemOg==, figureFileBig=rkvi0/BswG47Z2SXf+O4NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554779181369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Changes in the content of major chemical components in tobacco. A: Nicotine content in tobacco leaves; B: Reducing sugar content in tobacco leaves; C: Total water-soluble sugar content in tobacco leaves; D: Total nitrogen content in tobacco; E: Chloride ion content in tobacco; F: Potassium ion content in tobacco. CK represents sterile water treatment, TR9 represents treatment with the single bacterial agent Pseudomonas sp. TR9, TR14 represents treatment with the single bacterial agent Pseudomonas sp. TR14, and F represents treatment with the composite bacterial agent of Pseudomonas sp. TR9 and Pseudomonas sp. TR14. One-way analysis of variance was used for significance analysis. ** indicates a significant difference (P<0.01), * indicates a significant difference (P<0.05), and the absence of * indicates no significant difference. n=3., figureFileSmall=OE2A4eIM0RFOtW3rcxRHAA==, figureFileBig=I9LGKJiZB8ZMEY2mu1o3Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195554905010499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=图6, caption=烤烟烟叶中主要化学成分含量的变化。A:烟叶烟碱含量;B:烟叶还原糖含量;C:烟叶总糖含量;D:烟叶总氮含量;E:烟叶氯离子含量;F:烟叶钾离子含量。CK:无菌水处理;TR9:单菌剂Pseudomonas sp. TR9处理;TR14:单菌剂Pseudomonas sp. TR14处理;F:Pseudomonas sp. TR9和Pseudomonas sp. TR14复合菌剂处理。, figureFileSmall=OE2A4eIM0RFOtW3rcxRHAA==, figureFileBig=I9LGKJiZB8ZMEY2mu1o3Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555005673802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Changes in the content of macromolecules in tobacco leaves. A: Protein content in tobacco leaves; B: Starch content in tobacco leaves; C: Cellulose content in tobacco leaves. CK represents the treatment with sterile water, TR9 represents the treatment with the single microbial agent Pseudomonas sp. TR9, TR14 represents the treatment with the single microbial agent Pseudomonas sp. TR14, and F represents the treatment with the compound microbial agent of Pseudomonas sp. TR9 and Pseudomonas sp. TR14. The one-way analysis of variance was used for significance analysis. *** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.001), ** indicates significant difference (P<0.01), * indicates significant difference (P<0.05), and the absence of * indicates no significant difference. n=3., figureFileSmall=dzTfqknCStGrKpjHAKln5g==, figureFileBig=DUwrRXXzHY0uurRXfV9dFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555169251672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=图7, caption=烤烟烟叶大分子物质含量的变化。A:烟叶蛋白质含量;B:烟叶淀粉含量;C:烟叶纤维素含量。CK:无菌水处理;TR9:单菌剂Pseudomonas sp. TR9处理;TR14:单菌剂Pseudomonas sp. TR14处理;F:Pseudomonas sp. TR9和Pseudomonas sp. TR14复合菌剂处理。, figureFileSmall=dzTfqknCStGrKpjHAKln5g==, figureFileBig=DUwrRXXzHY0uurRXfV9dFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555337023840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Changes in nicotine and macromolecular content of tobacco leaves at different levels. A: Nicotine content in tobacco leaves; B: Protein content in tobacco leaves; C: Starch content in tobacco leaves; D: Cellulose content in tobacco leaves. Control: B2F and B3F tobacco leaves treated with sterile water; B2F: B2F-grade tobacco leaves treated with the compound microbial agent; B3F: B3F-grade tobacco leaves treated with the compound microbial agent. The t-test method was used for significance analysis. *** indicates extremely significant differences (P<0.001), ** indicates significant differences (P<0.01), and * indicates significant differences (P<0.05). n=3., figureFileSmall=RHiJm6xCqn5ImIvOAfRYig==, figureFileBig=KOHlO5d+nWvSGGNdLO153g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555483824492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同等级烟叶烟碱及大分子物质含量的变化。A:烟叶烟碱含量;B:烟叶蛋白质含量;C:烟叶淀粉含量;D:烟叶纤维素含量。Control:无菌水处理的B2F和B3F烟叶;B2F:复合菌剂处理的B2F等级烟叶;B3F:复合菌剂处理的B3F等级烟叶。, figureFileSmall=RHiJm6xCqn5ImIvOAfRYig==, figureFileBig=KOHlO5d+nWvSGGNdLO153g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195555622236534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physiological and biochemical characteristics of tobacco nicotine degrading strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test indicatorsPseudomonas sp. TR9Pseudomonas sp. TR14
Gram staining--
Kanamycin--
Ampicillin++
Methyl red--
V-P test--
Glucose++
Sucrose--
Maltose--
), ArticleFig(id=1226195555718705536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136787152715988, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烟碱降解菌株基本生理生化特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Test indicatorsPseudomonas sp. TR9Pseudomonas sp. TR14
Gram staining--
Kanamycin--
Ampicillin++
Methyl red--
V-P test--
Glucose++
Sucrose--
Maltose--
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烤烟品种与等级特异性代谢特征及烟碱降解菌对烟叶品质影响
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汪季涛 1, 2 , 朱璟璟 1 , 安子朝 1 , 方泽民 1 , 王小洁 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 626-643
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 626-643
烤烟品种与等级特异性代谢特征及烟碱降解菌对烟叶品质影响
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汪季涛1, 2 , 朱璟璟1, 安子朝1, 方泽民1, 王小洁1
作者信息
  • 1.安徽大学 生命科学与医学工程学院,生物催化与现代生物制造安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥
  • 2.安徽中烟工业有限责任公司,安徽 合肥
Metabolic characteristics of different flue-cured tobacco varieties and grades and quality improvement effects of nicotine-degrading bacteria on tobacco leaves
Jitao WANG1, 2 , Jingjing ZHU1, Zichao AN1, Zemin FANG1, Xiaojie WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences and Medical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
  • 2.China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co. , Ltd. , Hefei, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250537
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【目的】 探究不同品种和不同等级烤烟的代谢物差异,以及烟碱降解菌对不同等级烟叶品质的影响。 【方法】 基于非靶向代谢组学技术对‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’品种的烤烟,以及B2F和C2F等级烤烟发酵后的代谢产物进行鉴定与分析,同时探究烟碱降解菌对不同等级烤烟烟叶品质的影响。 【结果】 不同品种、不同等级烤烟烟叶之间的代谢物差异显著。‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’样品之间鉴定出131种差异代谢物,B2F与C2F等级之间鉴定出138种差异代谢物,差异代谢物主要包括氨基酸、黄酮类化合物、生物碱及其衍生物等。不同品种和等级差异代谢物的KEGG代谢途径及富集程度分析结果均显示,黄酮和黄酮类生物合成代谢通路最为显著。此外,本研究从烟草种植土壤中筛选分离到2株能以烟碱为唯一碳源和氮源生长的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) TR9和TR14。将这2株菌株组合接种于不同等级烟叶后能够显著降低低等级烟叶中的烟碱、蛋白质和淀粉含量。 【结论】 本研究揭示了品种和等级通过黄酮代谢通路影响烟叶品质的机制,并验证了烟碱降解菌对低等级烟叶的改良效果,为烤烟品质改良和发酵工艺优化提供了理论支持。

烤烟  /  差异代谢物  /  烟叶发酵  /  非靶向代谢组学  /  烟碱降解菌

[Objective] To investigate the metabolite differences among different varieties and grades of flue-cured tobacco, as well as the impacts of nicotine-degrading bacteria on the quality of different grades of tobacco leaves. [Methods] This study employed untargeted metabolomics to identify and analyze metabolites in fermented tobacco leaves of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’, specifically B2F and C2F grades, while also examining the influences of nicotine-degrading bacteria on the quality of different grades of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [Results] There were significant metabolite differences between tobacco leaves of different varieties and grades. A total of 131 differential metabolites were identified between the samples of ‘Yunyan 87’ and ‘Yunyan 97’, while 138 differential metabolites were identified between B2F and C2F grades. These differential metabolites mainly included amino acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and their derivatives. Analysis of KEGG metabolic pathways and enrichment levels for differential metabolites across different varieties and grades all indicated that flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were the most prominent. Furthermore, this study successfully isolated two bacterial strains, Pseudomonas sp. TR9 and Pseudomonas sp. TR14, from tobacco-cultivated soil, both capable of utilizing nicotine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Inoculation of the strain combination into different grades of tobacco leaves significantly reduced the content of nicotine, protein, and starch in lower-grade tobacco leaves. [Conclusion] This study reveals the mechanism by which varieties and grades affect the quality of tobacco leaves through the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, and verifies the improvement effects of nicotine-degrading bacteria on low-grade tobacco leaves, providing theoretical support for the improvement of flue-cured tobacco quality and the optimization of fermentation processes.

flue-cured tobacco  /  differential metabolites  /  tobacco leaf fermentation  /  untargeted metabolomics  /  nicotine-degrading bacteria
汪季涛, 朱璟璟, 安子朝, 方泽民, 王小洁. 烤烟品种与等级特异性代谢特征及烟碱降解菌对烟叶品质影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 626 -643 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250537
Jitao WANG, Jingjing ZHU, Zichao AN, Zemin FANG, Xiaojie WANG. Metabolic characteristics of different flue-cured tobacco varieties and grades and quality improvement effects of nicotine-degrading bacteria on tobacco leaves[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 626 -643 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250537
烟草是一种全球性经济作物,通常经烘烤加工成烤烟后再制成香烟[1]。在此过程中,烤烟需在特定温度、湿度条件下进行长时间发酵陈化以改善卷烟香气并提升品质[2-3]。烤烟陈化过程中会发生一系列复杂的生化反应,其中代谢物的种类和含量是影响烤烟品质和感官质量的关键因素[4]。不同等级、不同品种的烤烟在烟草工业生产中具有不同价值[5-6]。市场上,依据外观品质、内在质量等将烟叶划分为不同的等级。例如,B3F等级的烤烟通常呈橘黄至红棕色,颜色稍暗,常带有少量杂色或成熟斑,劲头偏大且带有杂气,香气较弱[7]。B2F等级的烟叶通常呈橘黄色,颜色均匀,叶片结构柔软,油分较多,劲头较大,具有独特的成熟香气,该等级烟叶虽燃烧性较好,但刺激性相对较强[8-9]。C2F等级烟叶总糖、还原糖和烟碱含量比例协调,香气丰富、细腻、柔和,口感更加舒适,刺激性小,能提供平衡的风味和口感[7,10]。相较而言,C2F等级烟叶品质优于B2F和B3F等级烟叶,B2F等级烟叶品质优于B3F等级烟叶。此外,同一等级的不同品种烟叶之间也存在较大的差异。例如,同等级的‘云烟87’具有较好的香气和口感,而‘云烟97’香气浓烈,吸食时易产生刺激感[5,11]。明确不同烤烟烟叶的代谢物差异,对科学评价烟叶品质具有重要意义。非靶向代谢组学作为一种新兴科学手段,能够系统性、全面地检测样本的代谢物质,并针对代谢产物进行精准的定性及定量解析[12]。目前,该技术已广泛应用于植物、食品、微生物等多个研究领域[13]。烟叶代谢物是形成烟叶风格特征的物质基础[14],但目前对烤烟不同品种及不同等级代谢物差异的多维度研究鲜有报道,这导致微生物发酵的靶向性不足,制约了精准发酵工艺的开发。
烟碱是烟草质量评价的关键指标,也是烟草吸食产生特殊风味的主要成分。然而,低等级烟草中烟碱含量过高会导致其口感苦涩、安全性差,而且生产过程中烟草残留的烟碱会对环境造成巨大污染,危及人类健康。因此,降低低等级烟草和环境中烟碱的含量,对于提升烟叶品质、维护人类健康和保护生态环境具有重要意义。微生物在提高烤烟质量方面发挥着关键作用[15-16]。人工添加微生物可在烟叶加工过程中降低烟碱、蛋白质、淀粉和纤维素等物质含量以改善烟叶品质。例如,Zhang等[17]研究发现使用芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)可促进烟草发酵过程中淀粉、纤维素和蛋白质等大分子的降解,有效降低烟草中的有害物质烟碱含量。微生物发酵可通过定向调控烟叶代谢网络降低刺激性成分,突破传统陈化技术的局限性。因此,开发烟碱降解菌提升烤烟品质不仅可解决高烟碱烟叶的工业应用瓶颈,还能契合农业绿色发展需求,为烟草行业的高质量发展提供技术支撑。
本研究以同等级的烤烟品种‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’,以及B2F、B3F和C2F等级的‘云烟97’样品为例,采用非靶向代谢组学方法研究其发酵后代谢物的差异,并从烟草种植土壤中分离获得2株高效烟碱降解菌株,探索其对不同品质烟叶的影响,为烤烟发酵工艺研究提供理论依据。
安徽省南部烟草产区生产的C2F等级的‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’,以及B2F等级和C2F等级的‘云烟97’样品,由安徽中烟工业有限责任公司提供。样品均为成熟烤烟工艺后的复烤烟叶,于2022年3月采集,用于分析不同等级及不同品种烤烟的差异代谢物。复烤烟叶样品装箱后,采用五点取样法,从箱子四角和中间各取500 g干样,充分混匀后装袋,置于液氮中低温送检,每组样品重复6次。此外,安徽省南部烟草产区生产的B2F等级和B3F等级的‘云烟97’样品,也由安徽中烟工业有限责任公司提供,用于烟叶微生物发酵。
准确称取1.0 g样品,经液氮冷冻研磨后,加入10 mL提取液(甲醇:乙腈:水按体积比2:2:1配制),进行超声波提取15 min (频率40 kHz、功率200 W),4 ℃、14 000 r/min离心20 min,重复提取3次。将提取液置于真空冷冻干燥机中干燥后,重新溶解于1.0 mL乙腈:水(1:1,体积比)中,4 ℃、14 000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液用于LC-MS分析。
使用装载ACQUITY UPLC BEH C-18柱的色谱仪上进行样品分析。色谱条件如下:柱温为40 ℃,流动相A由25 mmol/L乙酸铵和0.5%甲酸水溶液组成,流动相B为甲醇;流速为0.4 mL/min。分析中采用梯度洗脱程序:0-0.5 min,5% B;0.5-10.0 min,线性升至100% B;10.0-12.0 min,保持100%洗脱液B;12.0-12.1 min,线性降低至5% B;12.1-16.0 min,保持5%洗脱液B。使用UHPLC-MS进行分析,质谱分析以正离子和负离子模式采集样本谱图。
根据植物代谢物数据搜索库(http://yanglab.hzau.edu.cn/PCMD)中代谢物的分子质量(分子质量误差<10-5)、二级质谱等信息对代谢物的结构进行鉴定。正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, OPLS-DA)结果中的投影变量重要性值(variable importance for the projection, VIP)用于评价变量对模型判别结果的贡献度;倍数变化值(fold change, FC)表示两组样本间相对丰度的变化。利用VIP (VIP≥1)和FC值(FC>1.5或FC<0.67)以及P值(P<0.05)对两组样本进行差异分析。原始数据使用ProteoWizard MSConvert和XCMS软件进行分析[18-19]。代谢化合物鉴定通过比较m/z值的准确性进行[20]
取1 g烟草土壤样品,用无菌水稀释后,涂布在烟碱琼脂平板上[烟碱琼脂培养基:K2HPO4 13.3 g,KH2PO4 4.0 g,酵母提取物1.0 g,(NH4)2SO4 0.1 g,微量元素10.0 mL,pH 7.0。培养基121 ℃蒸汽灭菌30 min,冷却后加入定量烟碱。微量元素溶液配方:MgSO4·7H2O 0.4 g,ZnSO4 0.1 g,Na2MoO4·2H2O 0.1 g,CuCl2·2H2O 0.2 g,MnSO4·H2O 0.008 g,CaCl2·2H2O 0.2 g,FeSO4·7H2O 0.02 g,用0.05 mol/L HCl溶解],并在28 ℃下培养以分离菌株。使用引物Bact-27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3′)和Bact-1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)扩增每个菌株的16S rRNA基因,测序后在NCBI数据库中进行比对。将分离并纯化的菌株接种在上述液体培养基中,烟碱初始浓度为1.0 g/L,28 ℃、200 r/min培养12 h。基于烟碱在紫外259 nm处具有特征吸收峰的特点,通过测定吸光度值与标准曲线的线性关系实现烟碱的定量分析,计算菌株烟碱降解率,筛选高效烟碱降解菌株。生理生化指标的测定及方法参考《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》[21]
从烟草土壤样品中筛选具有烟碱降解活性的菌株组合,接种于烤烟表面,具体方法如下:将菌株分别在2 L LB培养基中培养至对数生长期。细胞混合后,于4 ℃、4 000 r/min条件下离心10 min,将所得沉淀重悬于10 L无菌水中;随后再次以4 000 r/min离心10 min,并以去离子水洗涤2次。其后将菌液密度调整至1×107 CFU/mL,并按体积质量分数2%的接种量接种于烤烟材料中。整个发酵过程在28 ℃和65%相对湿度下进行15 d[22]。接种无菌水的烤烟作为对照组。所有实验均重复3次,每次实验设置3个重复。
取部分烟叶样本,采用研磨仪磨粉后过40目筛,获得后续理化指标测定样品,采用连续流法进行测定。总生物碱测定参考YC/T 160—2002[23];钾离子含量测定参考YC/T 217—2007[24];氯离子含量测定参考YC/T 162—2011[25];总氮及蛋白质的测定参考YC/T 161—2002[26];水溶性总糖和还原糖测定参考YC/T 159—2019[27];采用碘显色法测定烟叶中淀粉含量;采用蒽酮比色法测定烟叶中纤维素含量。所有实验均重复3次,每次实验设置3个重复。
使用R语言(v3.5.1)中的psych包的corr.test函数同时计算斯皮尔曼样本相关系数,以分析相关性的显著性。通过Cytoscape (v.3.6.1)的对样本中显著高相关性(|ρ|>0.6且P值<0.05)差异代谢物进行可视化。
通过主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)探索整体样本的组间和组内关系(图1),在95%的置信水平下所有样本均被观察到,同一组的平行样本聚在一起,组间差异明显。结果显示,‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’品种正、负离子的PCA模型参数分别为R2X=0.748和R2X=0.685 (图1A1B),B2F和C2F等级正、负离子的PCA模型参数分别为R2X=0.748和R2X=0.594 (图1C1D),表明所得结果可靠。
为了更好地理解烤烟样品中各组间代谢物的差异,进行了OPLS-DA分析。结果显示,烤烟样品根据品种和等级在水平方向上完全分离并聚类,置信度为95% (图2A2C2E2G)。‘云烟87’与‘云烟97’组间以及B2F等级与C2F等级组间样本完全分离,组内样本聚集,进一步说明不同品种和不同等级的烟叶代谢物表达量差异显著。通过交叉验证得到的评价参数R2Y和Q2。其中,Q2>0.5,说明模型稳定可靠,R2Y和Q2值较大,表明模型能够有效解释样本差异(图2B2D2F2H)。
烤烟样品中共鉴定出1 781种代谢物,其中1 072种来自正离子模式,709种来自负离子模式。基于倍数变化[fold change (FC)>1.5或<0.67,P<0.05]分析的火山图显示,‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’正离子模式下共检测出75种显著差异代谢物,其中38种差异代谢物上调,37种差异代谢物下调(图3A),原始数据存储在ScienceDB (http://www.scidb.cn),CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00028;负离子模式下共检测出56种显著差异代谢物,34种差异代谢物上调,22种差异代谢物下调(图3B)。B2F等级与C2F等级相比,正离子模式下共检测出76种显著差异代谢物,39种差异代谢物上调,37种差异代谢物下调(图3C)。负离子模式下共检测出62种显著差异代谢物,38种差异代谢物上调,24种差异代谢物下调(图3D,CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00028)。结果说明,不同品种和不同等级之间代谢物含量存在显著变化。
通过对不同品种和不同等级烤烟进行非靶向代谢组学分析,将前40种差异代谢物构建聚类分析热图。差异代谢物的聚合层次聚类热图分析结果表明,与‘云烟97’相比,‘云烟87’样品中隐绿原酸、反式-十八碳烯酸、13-羟基-7,14-半日花二烯-6-酮、绿原酸、乳糖、甲基睾酮、l-焦谷氨酸、N-果糖基焦谷氨酸、N-果糖基苯丙氨酸、海藻糖等差异表达代谢物相对丰度较高;郁金香苷、N-(2-苯乙基)十六酰胺、托普森甾醇A2、蒲公英甾醇、N-苯乙酰天冬氨酸、2-异丙基苹果酸、槲皮素、芒柄花素、可替宁、山柰酚-3- O -β-d-吡喃葡萄糖基-7- O -α-l-吡喃鼠李糖苷、3,4-二羟基苯甲醛、9-表布卢门醇B等差异表达代谢物相对丰度较低(图4A)。与等级B2F相比,等级C2F样品中绿原酸、银杏内酯C、3-O-甲基槲皮素、杜鹃素、咖啡酸己糖苷、芒柄花素、可替宁、山柰酚-3-O-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖基-7-O-α-l-吡喃鼠李糖苷、3,4-二羟基苯甲醛、9-表布卢门醇B等差异表达代谢物相对丰度较高;9-羟基-(10E,12Z)-十八碳二烯酸、胸腺糖、3-羟基-α-生育酚、脯氨酸、青蒿酸、N-乙酰-dl-色氨酸、2-异丙基苹果酸、N-苯乙酰天冬氨酸、海藻糖等差异表达代谢物相对丰度较低(图4B)。差异代谢物以氨基酸、黄酮类化合物、生物碱及其衍生物为主,具体物质种类及含量会因品种和等级的差异而有所不同。
将差异代谢物数据进行KEGG代谢途径和富集程度分析,进一步探究不同品种和不同等级的差异代谢物的主要生物学功能(图5)。‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’共富集到33条代谢通路,其中3条显著差异代谢通路(P<0.05),分别为黄酮和黄酮类生物合成、光合作用生物中的碳固定、烟酸和烟酰胺代谢(图5A)。其中黄酮和黄酮类生物合成代谢通路最为显著,P值为0.000 13,涉及的代谢物质包括3-邻甲基槲皮素、山奈酚、山奈酚3-O-半乳糖苷等。B2F等级和C2F等级的‘云烟97’样品共富集到33条代谢通路,其中4条为显著差异代谢通路(P<0.05),分别为黄酮和黄酮类生物合成、ABC转运蛋白、抗坏血酸和醛酸代谢、氨酰tRNA的生物合成,黄酮和黄酮类生物合成代谢通路最为显著(图5B)。
为获得烟碱降解微生物,从土壤样品中分离出101株能在烟碱培养基上生长的耐受烟碱菌株。进一步检测菌株发酵液中的烟碱含量(初始烟碱浓度为1.0 g/L),计算烟碱降解率以测定菌株的烟碱降解能力,复筛得到2株具有烟碱降解能力的细菌,分别命名为TR9 (烟碱降解率82.15%)和TR14 (烟碱降解率83.35%)。
基于2个菌株的16S rRNA基因序列信息,在GenBank数据库进行BLAST同源性比对,结果表明假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)与TR9 (GenBank登录号为PV839815)和TR14 (GenBank登录号为PV839817)的一致性均在99%以上,2株菌株分别被命名为Pseudomonas sp. TR9和Pseudomonas sp. TR14。菌株TR9和TR14均为革兰氏阴性菌,对氨苄青霉素敏感,甲基红实验、V-P实验结果为阴性(表1)。
将TR9和TR14这2株菌株单独以及组合接种于烤烟烟叶后发酵15 d,其中组合菌剂处理烟叶后烟碱含量由(2.30±0.01)%显著降低至(2.10±0.02)% (P<0.05) (图6A),还原糖含量由(17.70±0.32)%提升至(20.70±1.23)%,而总糖的含量变化不显著(图6B6C),总氮含量由(2.70±0.14)%显著降低至(2.30±0.06)% (图6D)。此外,微生物菌剂发酵后导致烟叶中钾、氯含量均有所降低,但仍处于合理范围(图6E6F)。总糖含量和还原糖的含量通常反映烟叶中碳水化合物的丰富度,能够影响烟叶的香气和甜味[28],高品质烟叶通常含有较高水平的糖类物质,这有助于增强烟叶的甜味和丰富口感。总氮含量通常用于衡量烟叶中蛋白质的含量和质量,通常在1.5%-3.5%之间[29]。适度的氯含量有助于维持烟叶的生长发育和内在品质,烟叶中氯含量通常在0.05%-3.00%之间[30]。适度的钾含量有助于增强烟气的柔和度,提高烟叶的韧性和弹性,烟叶中钾含量通常在1.0%-3.0%之间[31]。综合来看,微生物菌剂处理烟叶后,烟叶中烟碱含量降低,还原糖含量提升,常规理化指标均处于合理范围内,说明添加功能微生物进行了强化发酵,进一步提高了发酵烟叶品质。
烟叶的化学成分复杂多样,其中大分子物质的含量对烟叶吸食品质具有显著影响。TR9和TR14 2株菌株单独以及组合发酵烟叶后,烟叶蛋白质含量均低于对照组,其中复合菌剂F组蛋白质含量从(13.20±0.26)%降至(11.70±0.23)%,这有助于减轻烟叶燃烧过程中产生的杂味,显著提升烟叶的整体品质(图7A)。菌剂处理后烟叶中的淀粉含量显著降低,其中复合菌剂F组降解效果最佳,淀粉含量从(7.60±0.27)%降至(4.70±0.14)%。结果表明通过微生物发酵能够降低烟叶淀粉含量,有效提升烟叶品质(图7B)。复合菌剂F组处理后烟叶中的纤维素含量较对照组有所降低(图7C)。综合各项结果分析,经组合菌剂处理后的烟叶大分子物质含量低于对照组,表明菌剂处理在一定程度上改善了烟叶品质。
复合菌剂处理对不同等级烟叶同样具有改善效果,相比低等级B3F样品,高等级B2F烤烟烟叶中纤维素含量降低百分比更好[(33.90±0.01)% vs. (18.30±0.08)%]。然而,低等级B3F烤烟烟叶中的烟碱降低百分比[(24.90±6.94)% vs. (2.40±0.35)%]、蛋白质降低百分比[(16.40±2.88)% vs. (6.70±0.55)%]和淀粉降低百分比[(17.90±0.52)% vs. (4.90±0.26)%]更显著(图8)。总体而言,复合菌剂对低等级烟叶发酵改良效果更优。
烤烟在陈化过程中伴随着一系列复杂的生理代谢活动,其品质特征的形成与代谢物的积累密切相关,不同品种及等级的烤烟代谢产物的含量和组成存在较大差异,这些差异直接影响烤烟品质[4,32]
本研究采用非靶向代谢组学方法共鉴定出烤烟发酵过程中的1 781种代谢物。在‘云烟87’和‘云烟97’样品之间鉴定出131种差异代谢物,主要包括l-焦谷氨酸、海藻糖、绿原酸、槲皮素、可替宁等。在烟叶陈化阶段,l-焦谷氨酸等游离氨基酸会与糖类物质发生美拉德反应,生成醛类、糖胺类、吡咯类等关键的风味成分,对烟气风味至关重要[33-34]。‘云烟87’烟叶中l-焦谷氨酸、N-果糖基苯丙氨酸等游离氨基酸及其类似物相对含量较高,这与陆岸芷等[35]对发酵后的2种雪茄烟叶游离氨基酸含量的分析结果相似,氨基酸及其类似物可进一步转化和降解,生成多种对烟叶香气有重要贡献的化合物[33]。黄酮类物质是烟叶中重要的香气前体物质,能被催化生成苯酚类、酮类以及呋喃类等香味物质,直接影响烟叶的香气质量,其含量与烟叶香气质量密切相关[36]。槲皮素、郁金香苷等黄酮类物质在‘云烟97’中富集,丰度高于‘云烟87’,这可能是导致‘云烟97’香气质量低于‘云烟87’的重要原因之一,在实际应用中可通过延长发酵时间为‘云烟97’烟叶提质增香。本研究发现C2F等级烟叶样品中绿原酸、咖啡酸己糖苷等酚酸类差异表达代谢物相对丰度较高,酚酸类物质经过一系列生化反应可降解生成小分子致香成分,影响烟叶的香型和品质[37]。尽管在‘云烟87’以及C2F等级烟叶样品中都存在海藻糖、芒柄花素、可替宁等差异代谢物,但差异表达代谢物的相对丰度不一致,表明这些物质不能同时作为影响烟叶品种及等级的标志性差异代谢物,也说明代谢产物对烟叶品质的影响并非单个代谢产物的作用,而是依靠各种代谢产物之间的相互作用得以实现,而其中的关系截至目前尚未明确,有待进一步研究[38]
烟叶的化学成分复杂多样,烟碱及大分子物质的含量对烟叶吸食品质具有显著影响。烟碱是烟草质量评价的关键指标,烟碱含量过高会导致口感苦涩、安全性差[39]。烟叶中的蛋白质作为主要的含氮化合物,其含量对烟草制品的品质起着关键作用,含量过高会直接破坏烟叶香气协调性,降低烟叶燃烧的均匀性[40],影响烟叶的安全性和口感,导致吸食品质下降[41]。此外,淀粉含量过高也会对烟叶的燃烧性能和感官品质产生不利影响,烟叶中淀粉降解不充分会引发还原糖含量降低以及糖碱比失衡等问题[42],因此淀粉含量也成为衡量烟草质量的重要指标之一[43]。烤烟叶中纤维素和半纤维素的含量对烟叶品质评价也具有重要意义[44]。纤维素对烟叶的燃烧特性和感官风味有显著影响[45],纤维素含量过高时可能会产生刺激性气味,抑制香气物质的释放,降低烟叶的感官品质,并释放甲酚、喹啉类和苯并蒽等有害物质[46]。在烟叶发酵过程中,微生物可通过生长和代谢活动改善烟叶的理化指标,提升烟叶的品质和安全性[17]。例如,Zhang等[17]研究发现使用芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和克雷伯氏菌属促进了烟草发酵过程中淀粉、纤维素和蛋白质等大分子的降解,有效降低烟草中的有害物质烟碱含量;Jia等[47]通过生物强化将Candida接种到雪茄烟叶,结果表明随着发酵的进行,雪茄烟叶的总氮和烟碱含量降低,风味得到改善,发酵周期缩短。本研究发现烤烟烟叶中添加TR9和TR14组合的烟碱降解菌剂后,烟叶中烟碱含量远低于对照组,且大分子物质如蛋白质、淀粉和纤维素的含量降低,还原糖含量上升,这一变化有助于改善烟叶的吸食品质,提升烟叶的整体品质。多项研究表明,通过添加菌剂如枯草芽孢杆菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌和假单胞菌等特定微生物,可以有效降解烟叶中的酚酸(如绿原酸)和某些黄酮类物质(如芸香苷),显著增加烟叶的风味物质,包括美拉德反应产物、芳香族氨基酸降解产物和脂肪酸降解产物,并且改善烟叶的感官评吸质量,如提升香气质、香气量,减少杂气,改善余味[48-49]。Zhu等[22]研究也发现,使用B. altitudinis YS193等4种芽孢杆菌组合处理烟叶发酵15 d后,烟叶的糖碱比得到有效优化,感官风味增强,并且与芳香族氨基酸代谢途径相关的挥发性化合物水平显著增加。本研究使用的菌株TR9和TR14很可能也通过上述途径对烟叶的质量产生影响,值得后续探究。
微生物菌剂应用于烟叶发酵过程中,由于菌剂的种类、应用方法不同以及环境条件差异等多种因素的综合影响,对不同等级和不同产地的烟叶可能产生差异化效果[50]。本研究表明微生物菌剂对不同等级烟叶的处理效果存在差异,在复合菌剂处理下,低等级B3F烟叶的烟碱和蛋白质含量下降,烟叶的改善效果更显著。这可能是因为低等级烟叶B3F含有更高含量的蛋白质和淀粉等大分子物质,这些物质在发酵过程中是微生物代谢的主要底物。高初始含量为微生物提供了更充足的降解目标,因此表现出更显著的含量下降。本研究证明了微生物菌剂在烟叶发酵中发挥重要作用,为烟叶品质的提升提供了新的思路。
  • 安徽中烟工业有限责任公司科技项目(2022340000340013)
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2026年第66卷第2期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250537
  • 接收时间:2025-07-12
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-12
  • 录用日期:2025-11-07
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the Science and Technology Projece of China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd(2022340000340013)
安徽中烟工业有限责任公司科技项目(2022340000340013)
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    1.安徽大学 生命科学与医学工程学院,生物催化与现代生物制造安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥
    2.安徽中烟工业有限责任公司,安徽 合肥
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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