Article(id=1217471092558582269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250500, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750953600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757347200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-09, onlineDate=1768197327985, onlineDateStr=2026-01-12, pubDate=1767456000000, pubDateStr=2026-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768197327985, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768197327985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768197327985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217471079325549522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='475', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768197324830, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768198886678, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217477630291530316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1217471079325549522, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=267, endPage=283, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217471092868960795, articleId=1217471092558582269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Investigating the expression and adhesive role of the heat shock protein GrpE in Mycoplasma bovis, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To analyze the evolutionary conservation and structural characteristics of the heat shock protein GrpE from Mycoplasma bovis, elucidate its subcellular localization, and investigate its biological properties in mediating the adhesion process. [Methods] Primers were designed based on the GrpE gene sequence (GenBank accession number: CP002188.1) of Mycoplasma bovis PG45, and the prokaryotic expression vector pET-GrpE was constructed. Following gene sequencing, bioinformatics methods were employed to analyze the homology, phylogenetic relationships, physicochemical properties, and structural characteristics of GrpE. Following transformation of the recombinant plasmid and induced expression, the yielded recombinant GrpE protein was purified via nickel affinity chromatography, and then SDS-PAGE was conducted. The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize New Zealand White rabbits to generate polyclonal antibodies, with the antibody titer determined by ELISA and immunogenicity assessed via Western blotting. The subcellular localization of GrpE was examined via indirect indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA), ELISA, and Western blotting. The adhesion function of GrpE was validated through integrated IFA and ELISA. [Results] The prokaryotic expression vector pET-GrpE was successfully constructed in this study. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the GrpE sequence was highly conserved in Mycoplasma bovis (with identity exceeding 95%). The encoded protein consisted of 341 amino acid residues, with no signal peptide and transmembrane domain but potential N-glycosylation and phosphorylation sites. SDS-PAGE results confirmed the successful expression of GrpE in a soluble form. Polyclonal antibodies generated via the purified recombinant protein exhibited a titer of 1:16 000. Western blotting analysis further verified the strong immunogenicity of the GrpE protein. Localization studies using IFA, ELISA, and Western blotting indicated that GrpE is distributed in both the cell membrane and the cytoplasm, with predominant distribution observed on the membrane surface. Importantly, the anti-GrpE polyclonal antiserum significantly inhibited the adhesion of Mycoplasma bovis to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells. Furthermore, binding assays demonstrated that the interaction between GrpE and host cell membrane proteins is dose-dependent, and this binding was inhibited by the polyclonal antibody (P<0.001). [Conclusion] GrpE is identified as a highly conserved novel adhesion of Mycoplasma bovis that directly participates in the adhesion to host cells, providing a key molecular target for elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of Mycoplasma bovis.

, correspAuthors=Shijun BAO, Zhixiong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: BAO Shijun,
ZHANG Zhixiong,
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【目的】 分析牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis, Mb)热休克蛋白GrpE的进化保守性与结构特征,解析其亚细胞定位及在介导黏附过程中的生物学特性。 【方法】 参照Mb PG45株GrpE基因序列(GenBank登录号为CP002188.1)设计引物,构建原核表达载体pET-GrpE。基于基因测序结果,利用生物信息学方法分析GrpE的同源性、遗传进化、理化性质及结构特征。将重组质粒转化后诱导表达,经镍亲和层析纯化获得重组GrpE蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE分析结果。以重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体,采用ELISA测定抗体效价,通过Western blotting检测其免疫原性。利用间接免疫荧光(indirect fluorescent antibody assay, IFA)、ELISA及Western blotting分析GrpE的亚细胞定位;采用IFA和ELISA结合试验验证GrpE的黏附功能。 【结果】 成功构建原核表达载体pET-GrpE,生物信息学分析发现GrpE序列在Mb内高度保守(相似性达95%以上),该序列编码的蛋白由341个氨基酸组成,无信号肽和跨膜结构,含有潜在N-糖基化位点及磷酸化位点。SDS-PAGE分析显示GrpE成功表达且以可溶性形式存在。利用重组蛋白制备多克隆抗体测得其效价为1:16 000,Western blotting结果表明GrpE蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。IFA、ELISA及Western blotting结果显示GrpE定位于菌体胞膜与胞质,但主要分布于膜表面。IFA显示GrpE蛋白多抗血清可抑制Mb对胎牛肺(embryonic bovine lung, EBL)细胞的黏附。结合试验结果表明GrpE蛋白以剂量依赖性方式结合宿主细胞膜蛋白,且该结合可被GrpE蛋白多抗抑制(P<0.001)。 【结论】 GrpE蛋白是Mb的一种高度保守的新型黏附素,直接参与Mb对宿主细胞的黏附过程,为阐明牛支原体致病机制提供了关键分子靶标。

, correspAuthors=包世俊, 张志雄, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HOOMTHYKDe6zai4w61uhJg==, magXml=Y4Cfo3iUYo/XTDvslkkcrQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=mpJmMu/tb+acbuphnklMVA==, pdfFileSize=2693506, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QODNrxU7zg4tmIzXT4EKEA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uoFeteWBRal7N6YhTfrzdg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

作者贡献声明

张梦婷:数据收集与监管,数据分析验证,完成呈现,撰写文章;尚小粉:数据采集,数据分析;马海云:方法论;张立:监督管理,验证;杨永宁:数据收集;何肖肖:数据分析;邢小勇:监督管理;权国梅:审阅论文学术规范;武小椿:审阅研究内容严谨性;包世俊:提出概念,审阅修改文章,提供资源,监督管理;张志雄:项目管理,审阅修改文章。

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A: Gene amplification (Lane M: DNA molecular weight markers; Lane 1: GrpE gene PCR product); B: pET-GrpE double enzyme digestion identification (Lane M: DNA molecular weight markers; Lane 1: pET-GrpE double enzyme digestion product)., figureFileSmall=DVmiMquoISE0O/7LnDM9Zg==, figureFileBig=mRtZC4itf/AITKvSrGq+vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146096124138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Mb GrpE分子克隆及重组质粒验证。A:基因扩增(泳道M:DNA分子质量标准;泳道1:GrpE基因PCR产物);B:pET-GrpE双酶切鉴定(泳道M:DNA分子质量标准;泳道1:pET-GrpE双酶切产物)。, figureFileSmall=DVmiMquoISE0O/7LnDM9Zg==, figureFileBig=mRtZC4itf/AITKvSrGq+vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146263896306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Homology analysis and phylogenetic tree of GrpE. A: Homology heat map [The colour gradient from blue (low homology) to red (high homology) indicates the genetic similarity between different strains]; B: The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on multiple sequence alignment analysis and inferred using the neighbor-joining method [The numbers on each node in the figure indicate the homology (percentage) of that branch, reflecting the confidence level of the corresponding branch; The sequence numbers in parentheses are the accession numbers in the GenBank database, used to identify each strain; Nodes marked with red triangle represent the Mycoplasma bovis Wuwei isolate analyzed in this study; The scale represents genetic distance (units of 0.10) used to measure genetic differences between strains, with smaller values indicating closer genetic relationships]., figureFileSmall=oZ1jo4fI7Z4x1QMf/Rkv0g==, figureFileBig=oM8aEomttQ9I5nPyyBf2ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146410696954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GrpE同源性分析及系统发育树。A:同源性热图[颜色梯度从蓝色(低同源性)到红色(高同源性)表示不同菌株间的遗传相似度];B:系统发育树基于多序列比对分析构建,采用邻接法进行推断[图中每个节点上的数字表示该分支的同源性(百分比),反映了相应分支的置信度;括号内的序列号为GenBank数据库中的登录号,用于标识各个菌株;红色三角形标记的节点代表本研究中分析的牛支原体武威分离株;标尺表示遗传距离(单位为0.10)用于衡量不同菌株之间的遗传差异,数值越小表示遗传关系越近]。, figureFileSmall=oZ1jo4fI7Z4x1QMf/Rkv0g==, figureFileBig=oM8aEomttQ9I5nPyyBf2ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146507165953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Prediction of the tertiary structure of Mycoplasma bovis GrpE protein and its Raman spectroscopy analysis diagram. A-B: Predicted tertiary structure of Mycoplasma bovis GrpE protein (Different colours represent different secondary structures: blue represents α-helices, orange represents β-sheets, and green represents random coils); C: Raman spectroscopy analysis diagram (The distribution of points indicates the dihedral angle values of each residue in the protein; The colour coding indicates different Raman shifts: red dots represent residues located in the most favourable region, yellow dots represent residues located in the allowed region, blue dots represent residues located in the loose region)., figureFileSmall=VtA+Nn2f3ig0u5FrskZbeg==, figureFileBig=fq1mkizJlbKC3FZBNoNnlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146603634950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Mb GrpE蛋白三级结构预测及其拉曼光谱分析图。A-B:Mb GrpE蛋白的三级结构预测(不同颜色代表不同的二级结构:蓝色为α-螺旋,橙色为β-折叠,绿色为无规卷曲);C:拉曼光谱分析图(点的分布表示蛋白质中各个残基的二面角值;颜色编码表示不同的拉曼位移:其中红色点表示位于最有利区域的残基,黄色点表示位于允许区域的残基,蓝色点表示位于宽松区域的残基)。, figureFileSmall=VtA+Nn2f3ig0u5FrskZbeg==, figureFileBig=fq1mkizJlbKC3FZBNoNnlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146733658377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Purification of rMb GrpE protein and titration of polyclonal antibody. A: SDS-PAGE analysis of protein purification [Lane M: Protein molecular weight standards; Lane 1: Whole bacteria; Lane 2: pET-GrpE induced precipitation; Lane 3: pET-GrpE induced supernatant; Lane 4, 5: Purified recombinant protein; Lane 6: Induced pET-28a(+)]; B: ELISA assay for determining antibody titers against recombinant human Mycoplasma bovis GrpE protein., figureFileSmall=THB5BdBuJhIJEhNulUBZPA==, figureFileBig=hhM3OHJxTdYxZpWOc4fHBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146809155855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=图4, caption=rMb GrpE蛋白纯化及多克隆抗体效价测定。A:SDS-PAGE分析蛋白纯化情况[泳道M:蛋白质分子质量标准;泳道1:全菌;泳道2:pET-GrpE诱导后沉淀;泳道3:pET-GrpE诱导后上清;泳道4、5:纯化后重组蛋白;泳道6:诱导后pET-28a(+)];B:ELISA测定rMb GrpE蛋白的抗体效价。, figureFileSmall=THB5BdBuJhIJEhNulUBZPA==, figureFileBig=hhM3OHJxTdYxZpWOc4fHBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557146930790677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Immunogenicity analysis of recombinant protein. Lane M: Protein molecular weight standards; Lane 1: Purified recombinant protein GrpE; Lane 2: IPTG-induced pET-28a(+) expressing bacteria., figureFileSmall=ALJkIz3uUUHFsByyTXObcg==, figureFileBig=3O4BfklZOOete/64fixg5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557147060814109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=图5, caption=重组蛋白GrpE免疫原性分析。泳道M:蛋白质分子质量标准;泳道1:纯化后重组蛋白GrpE;泳道2:IPTG诱导pET-28a(+)表达菌。, figureFileSmall=ALJkIz3uUUHFsByyTXObcg==, figureFileBig=3O4BfklZOOete/64fixg5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557148440740131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Distribution of the recombinant protein GrpE in Mycoplasma bovis. A: ELISA detection of GrpE distribution in Mycoplasma bovis [The figure includes a negative control group (BSA) and experimental groups (cytoplasmic protein, membrane protein, and bacterial protein). Compared with the negative control group, *** indicates P<0.001, indicating a highly significant difference; Compared with the membrane protein, *** indicates P<0.001, indicating a highly significant difference. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM) for each group]; B: Western blotting analysis of the subcellular localization of the GrpE protein (Lane M: Molecular weight standards for proteins; Lane 1: Mycoplasma bovis whole bacterial proteins; Lane 2: Mycoplasma bovis membrane proteins; Lane 3: Mycoplasma bovis cytoplasmic proteins; Lane 4: Purified recombinant protein); C: Immunofluorescence assay to verify the distribution of GrpE on the Mycoplasma bovis cell membrane surface (20×) [a: Negative control (pre-immunization serum); b: Positive control (Mycoplasma bovis bacterial antiserum); c: Test group (rMb GrpE antiserum)]., figureFileSmall=pkysbkxTH0euCyq208A62Q==, figureFileBig=9tzm4A+JiktjSiVbRbpoMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557148583346474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=图6, caption=重组蛋白GrpEMb中的分布。A:ELISA检测GrpE在Mb中的分布[图中设置阴性对照组(BSA)和试验组(胞质蛋白、胞膜蛋白和菌体蛋白),其中,与阴性对照组相比,***表示P<0.001,差异极显著;胞质与胞膜相比,***表示P<0.001,差异极显著。误差线表示每组数据的标准误差(SEM)];B:Western blotting分析GrpE蛋白的亚细胞定位[泳道M:蛋白质分子质量标准;泳道1:牛支原体菌体蛋白;泳道2:牛支原体胞膜蛋白;泳道3:牛支原体胞质蛋白;泳道4:纯化重组蛋白];C:免疫荧光试验验证GrpE在Mb细胞膜表面的分布(20×) [a:阴性对照(免疫前血清);b:阳性对照(Mb菌体抗血清);c:试验组(rMb GrpE抗血清)]。, figureFileSmall=pkysbkxTH0euCyq208A62Q==, figureFileBig=9tzm4A+JiktjSiVbRbpoMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557148734341423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of rGrpE antiserum on Mycoplasma bovis-adhered EBL cells. A: Immunofluorescence staining analysis of the adhesion of Mycoplasma bovis and EBL cells (The GrpE protein was pretreated with rabbit anti-rGrpE, anti-Mb, or pre-immunisation serum, and then the adhesion ability was observed, with DMEM as the blank control); B: Immunofluorescence quantitative analysis of adhesion levels [ns indicates no significant difference, *** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.001)]., figureFileSmall=oGa3Z78zkUzsUzDw4wDxgw==, figureFileBig=gBcwNHIwmFVexReYkAOoKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557148847587637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=图7, caption=rGrpE抗血清对牛支原体黏附EBL细胞的影响。A:免疫荧光染色分析Mb与EBL细胞的黏附情况(将GrpE蛋白用兔抗rGrpE、抗Mb或免疫前血清进行预处理,之后观察黏附能力,以DMEM作为空白对照);B:免疫荧光定量分析黏附水平[ns表示无显著差异,***表示差异极显著(P<0.001)]。, figureFileSmall=oGa3Z78zkUzsUzDw4wDxgw==, figureFileBig=gBcwNHIwmFVexReYkAOoKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557148981805374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=The adhesion of rGrpE to EBL cells and the inhibition of the adhesion of rGrpE to EBL cells by rGrpE positive serum. A: rGrpE binds to EBL cell membrane extracts in a dose-dependent manner [Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a negative control]; B: Anti-rGrpE serum inhibits the binding of rGrpE to EBL cell membranes [Pre-immune serum was used as a negative control. Compared with the negative group, *** indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.001)]., figureFileSmall=YgLpB+1fJFqO9+dN2TUqww==, figureFileBig=cpNjaT1SMfCLv4v81eVpyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557149095051587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=图8, caption=rGrpE黏附EBL细胞及rGrpE阳性血清抑制rGrpEEBL细胞的黏附。A:rGrpE以剂量依赖性方式与EBL细胞膜提取物结合(BSA作为阴性对照);B:抗rGrpE血清抑制rGrpE与EBL细胞膜的结合[使用免疫前血清作为阴性对照。与阴性组相比,***表示差异极显著(P<0.001)]。, figureFileSmall=YgLpB+1fJFqO9+dN2TUqww==, figureFileBig=cpNjaT1SMfCLv4v81eVpyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226557149304766797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of GrpE reference strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

毒株名称

Strain name

GenBank登录号

GenBank accession number

来源

Origins

分离年

Separatist year

Mycoplasmopsis bovis PG45CP002188.1USA1962
Mycoplasmopsis bovis HB0801CP002058.1China2012
Mycoplasmopsis bovis Hubei-1CP002513.1China2008
Mycoplasmopsis bovis CQ-W70AIA34177.1China2009
Mycoplasmopsis bovis KG4397BBJ33502Japan2012
Mycoplasmopsis bovisWP141790845USA1962
Mycoplasmopsis agalactiaeWP433962572.1Poland1931
Mycoplasmopsis agalactiae 14628EIN15301.1France2006
Mycoplasmopsis primatWP051622776USA1971
Mycoplasmopsis tauriWP223656126Austria1964
Mycoplasmopsis felifauciumWP338822355.1Britain2000
Mycoplasmopsis phocirhinisWP130429694.1USA1991
Mycoplasmopsis gallinarumWP063626320.1Canada1955
Mycoplasmopsis californicaWP051604552.1USA1981
Mycoplasmopsis hominisWP114091269.1Germany1953
), ArticleFig(id=1226557149443178842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1217471092558582269, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GrpE参考毒株信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

毒株名称

Strain name

GenBank登录号

GenBank accession number

来源

Origins

分离年

Separatist year

Mycoplasmopsis bovis PG45CP002188.1USA1962
Mycoplasmopsis bovis HB0801CP002058.1China2012
Mycoplasmopsis bovis Hubei-1CP002513.1China2008
Mycoplasmopsis bovis CQ-W70AIA34177.1China2009
Mycoplasmopsis bovis KG4397BBJ33502Japan2012
Mycoplasmopsis bovisWP141790845USA1962
Mycoplasmopsis agalactiaeWP433962572.1Poland1931
Mycoplasmopsis agalactiae 14628EIN15301.1France2006
Mycoplasmopsis primatWP051622776USA1971
Mycoplasmopsis tauriWP223656126Austria1964
Mycoplasmopsis felifauciumWP338822355.1Britain2000
Mycoplasmopsis phocirhinisWP130429694.1USA1991
Mycoplasmopsis gallinarumWP063626320.1Canada1955
Mycoplasmopsis californicaWP051604552.1USA1981
Mycoplasmopsis hominisWP114091269.1Germany1953
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牛支原体热休克蛋白GrpE的表达及黏附功能分析
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张梦婷 1 , 尚小粉 1 , 马海云 1 , 张立 1 , 杨永宁 2 , 何肖肖 1 , 邢小勇 1 , 权国梅 1 , 武小椿 1 , 包世俊 1, * , 张志雄 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(1): 267-283
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(1): 267-283
牛支原体热休克蛋白GrpE的表达及黏附功能分析
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张梦婷1, 尚小粉1, 马海云1, 张立1, 杨永宁2, 何肖肖1, 邢小勇1, 权国梅1, 武小椿1, 包世俊1, * , 张志雄1, *
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃农业大学 动物医学院,甘肃 兰州
  • 2.青海农牧科技职业学院,青海 西宁
Investigating the expression and adhesive role of the heat shock protein GrpE in Mycoplasma bovis
Mengting ZHANG1, Xiaofen SHANG1, Haiyun MA1, Li ZHANG1, Yongning YANG2, Xiaoxiao HE1, Xiaoyong XING1, Guomei QUAN1, Xiaochun WU1, Shijun BAO1, * , Zhixiong ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 2.Qinghai Agri -animal Husbandry Vocational College, Xining, Qinghai, China
出版时间: 2026-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250500
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【目的】 分析牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis, Mb)热休克蛋白GrpE的进化保守性与结构特征,解析其亚细胞定位及在介导黏附过程中的生物学特性。 【方法】 参照Mb PG45株GrpE基因序列(GenBank登录号为CP002188.1)设计引物,构建原核表达载体pET-GrpE。基于基因测序结果,利用生物信息学方法分析GrpE的同源性、遗传进化、理化性质及结构特征。将重组质粒转化后诱导表达,经镍亲和层析纯化获得重组GrpE蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE分析结果。以重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔制备多克隆抗体,采用ELISA测定抗体效价,通过Western blotting检测其免疫原性。利用间接免疫荧光(indirect fluorescent antibody assay, IFA)、ELISA及Western blotting分析GrpE的亚细胞定位;采用IFA和ELISA结合试验验证GrpE的黏附功能。 【结果】 成功构建原核表达载体pET-GrpE,生物信息学分析发现GrpE序列在Mb内高度保守(相似性达95%以上),该序列编码的蛋白由341个氨基酸组成,无信号肽和跨膜结构,含有潜在N-糖基化位点及磷酸化位点。SDS-PAGE分析显示GrpE成功表达且以可溶性形式存在。利用重组蛋白制备多克隆抗体测得其效价为1:16 000,Western blotting结果表明GrpE蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。IFA、ELISA及Western blotting结果显示GrpE定位于菌体胞膜与胞质,但主要分布于膜表面。IFA显示GrpE蛋白多抗血清可抑制Mb对胎牛肺(embryonic bovine lung, EBL)细胞的黏附。结合试验结果表明GrpE蛋白以剂量依赖性方式结合宿主细胞膜蛋白,且该结合可被GrpE蛋白多抗抑制(P<0.001)。 【结论】 GrpE蛋白是Mb的一种高度保守的新型黏附素,直接参与Mb对宿主细胞的黏附过程,为阐明牛支原体致病机制提供了关键分子靶标。

牛支原体  /  GrpE蛋白  /  原核表达  /  亚细胞定位  /  黏附特性

[Objective] To analyze the evolutionary conservation and structural characteristics of the heat shock protein GrpE from Mycoplasma bovis, elucidate its subcellular localization, and investigate its biological properties in mediating the adhesion process. [Methods] Primers were designed based on the GrpE gene sequence (GenBank accession number: CP002188.1) of Mycoplasma bovis PG45, and the prokaryotic expression vector pET-GrpE was constructed. Following gene sequencing, bioinformatics methods were employed to analyze the homology, phylogenetic relationships, physicochemical properties, and structural characteristics of GrpE. Following transformation of the recombinant plasmid and induced expression, the yielded recombinant GrpE protein was purified via nickel affinity chromatography, and then SDS-PAGE was conducted. The purified recombinant protein was used to immunize New Zealand White rabbits to generate polyclonal antibodies, with the antibody titer determined by ELISA and immunogenicity assessed via Western blotting. The subcellular localization of GrpE was examined via indirect indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA), ELISA, and Western blotting. The adhesion function of GrpE was validated through integrated IFA and ELISA. [Results] The prokaryotic expression vector pET-GrpE was successfully constructed in this study. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the GrpE sequence was highly conserved in Mycoplasma bovis (with identity exceeding 95%). The encoded protein consisted of 341 amino acid residues, with no signal peptide and transmembrane domain but potential N-glycosylation and phosphorylation sites. SDS-PAGE results confirmed the successful expression of GrpE in a soluble form. Polyclonal antibodies generated via the purified recombinant protein exhibited a titer of 1:16 000. Western blotting analysis further verified the strong immunogenicity of the GrpE protein. Localization studies using IFA, ELISA, and Western blotting indicated that GrpE is distributed in both the cell membrane and the cytoplasm, with predominant distribution observed on the membrane surface. Importantly, the anti-GrpE polyclonal antiserum significantly inhibited the adhesion of Mycoplasma bovis to embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells. Furthermore, binding assays demonstrated that the interaction between GrpE and host cell membrane proteins is dose-dependent, and this binding was inhibited by the polyclonal antibody (P<0.001). [Conclusion] GrpE is identified as a highly conserved novel adhesion of Mycoplasma bovis that directly participates in the adhesion to host cells, providing a key molecular target for elucidating the pathogenic mechanism of Mycoplasma bovis.

Mycoplasma bovis  /  GrpE protein  /  prokaryotic expression  /  subcellular localization  /  adhesion properties
张梦婷, 尚小粉, 马海云, 张立, 杨永宁, 何肖肖, 邢小勇, 权国梅, 武小椿, 包世俊, 张志雄. 牛支原体热休克蛋白GrpE的表达及黏附功能分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (1) : 267 -283 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250500
Mengting ZHANG, Xiaofen SHANG, Haiyun MA, Li ZHANG, Yongning YANG, Xiaoxiao HE, Xiaoyong XING, Guomei QUAN, Xiaochun WU, Shijun BAO, Zhixiong ZHANG. Investigating the expression and adhesive role of the heat shock protein GrpE in Mycoplasma bovis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (1) : 267 -283 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250500
牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis, Mb)是一种严重危害牛群健康的重要病原体。1961年,美国学者Hale从患乳腺炎的病牛体内分离得到该病原体[1];1976年,依据16S rRNA基因将其命名为牛支原体[2]。牛支原体感染可引发牛的多种疾病,如呼吸道综合征、中耳炎、关节炎、肺炎、乳腺炎等[3-4],这些疾病给养牛业带来了巨大的经济损失。由于该病原菌无细胞壁结构,抗原组成复杂,致病机制尚不完全明确[5],且缺乏有效的疫苗和治疗手段,导致该病的防控面临巨大挑战。随着对牛支原体致病机制研究的深入,其蛋白的致病及免疫相关特性逐渐受到关注。因此,深入探究牛支原体的关键致病因子对于研究其致病机制和免疫机理,以及研发新型诊断技术和防控策略具有重要意义。
Mb感染宿主的过程主要与其膜蛋白相关,这些膜蛋白在Mb黏附过程中能够与宿主细胞表面的多种靶蛋白直接或间接结合,从而促进病原体的定殖和感染[6]。热休克蛋白(heat shock protein, HSP)作为分子伴侣,在正常细胞过程和应激条件下负责蛋白质的折叠、组装、转运和降解起着关键作用[7-8]。其中,Hsp70家族核酸交换因子(GrpE)与DnaK和DnaJ共同参与蛋白质的折叠和修复,维持细胞内蛋白质的稳态[9]。GrpE是一种高度保守的抗原和新型免疫激活剂,在多种病原体与宿主细胞的相互作用中作为重要的毒力因子发挥关键作用,如结核分枝杆菌GrpE参与调节宿主免疫反应,特别是在促进Th1型免疫应答方面[10];猪链球菌GrpE蛋白与ComD蛋白协同作用,促进细菌黏附到宿主细胞表面,并参与其生物膜的形成,从而增强了猪链球菌的毒力[11]
目前,尚无关于Mb GrpE的相关研究报道。本研究首先对牛支原体GrpE基因进行PCR扩增,构建其原核表达载体;随后利用生物信息学方法分析GrpE蛋白的进化保守性和结构特征。将重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)后,经IPTG诱导表达并纯化重组蛋白;其次利用重组蛋白免疫新西兰白兔以制备多克隆抗体。同时,通过免疫原性分析、亚细胞定位和黏附特性试验阐明GrpE在Mb感染过程中的作用,以期为揭示病原菌与宿主细胞的相互作用关系提供理论依据,并为后续新型疫苗研发及靶向治疗策略的开发奠定基础。
牛支原体武威分离株由甘肃农业大学传染病实验室从病死牛肺组织中分离并鉴定保存[12];原核表达载体pET-28a(+)、大肠杆菌感受态细胞DH5α、胎牛肺细胞均由甘肃农业大学动物医学院传染病实验室保存。大肠杆菌感受态细胞Rosetta(DE3)购自北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司,新西兰白兔购自中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所实验动物中心。
支原体培养基基础,青岛海博生物技术有限公司;T4 DNA Ligase、BamH Ⅰ、Xho Ⅰ限制酶,宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司;2×Taq Master Mix,北京擎科生物科技有限公司;核酸提取与胶回收相关试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;支原体膜蛋白提取试剂盒、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒、细胞膜提取试剂盒,Solarbio公司;ECL显色试剂盒,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;DM2000 DNA marker,康为世纪生物科技有限公司;山羊抗兔FITC/HRP IgG H&L,北京博奥森生物技术有限公司;DM8000 DNA marker与蛋白分子质量标准,赛默飞世尔科技公司;弗氏佐剂,BioFroxx公司;High Affinity Ni-NTA Resin,GenScript公司;兔抗Mb菌体多抗血清为本实验室制备。
将冻存的Mb涂布于牛支原体固体培养基上,在37 ℃、5% CO2的条件下培养。挑取单菌落后于试管中以10%的比例传代培养,培养至对数中后期(OD600为0.3)。取1 mL菌液12 000 r/min离心10 min,无菌PBS洗涤后,用50 μL PBS重悬,沸水浴10 min,冰浴5 min,12 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清即为粗提的牛支原体基因组DNA,-80 ℃保存备用。
参照GenBank中Mb PG45株GrpE蛋白基因序列(序列号为CP002188.1)设计特异性引物GrpE-F (5′-CGGGATCCATGAGTTCGATGATGA ATAAAG-3′)和GrpE-R (5′-CCCTCGAGTTACTT ATTGCTTTTTGCA-3′),上下游引物中已分别添加酶切位点,其中下划线标记部分即为引入的BamH I (上游)和Xho I (下游)酶切位点,引物由北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司西安分公司合成。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×Taq Master Mix (2 U/50 μL) 10 μL,基因组DNA 2 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.5 μL,双蒸水7 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,60 ℃退火20 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR扩增产物1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析并应用通用型DNA纯化回收试剂盒回收目的基因。
BamH I和Xho I对GrpE基因与pET-28a(+)进行双酶切,37 ℃酶切6-7 h后应用通用型DNA纯化回收试剂盒回收酶切产物。将酶切后的目的基因与酶切后的pET-28a(+)用T4 DNA Ligase于16 ℃过夜连接,连接产物转化大肠杆菌DH5α。将菌液涂布于含卡那霉素的LB固体培养基上,37 ℃培养过夜。挑取单个菌落于含卡那霉素的LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养7-8 h,通过菌液PCR筛选阳性菌落。双酶切验证结果正确后送北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司西安分公司测序,测序正确的质粒命名为pET-GrpE,测序完成后将序列数据提交至国家微生物科学数据中心(National Microbiology Data Center, NMDC)保存,编号为NMDCN00092V5。提交的数据可通过以下链接访问:https://nmdc.cn/resource/genomics/sequence/detail/NMDCN00092V5
本实验室前期研究表明,Mb武威株相关基因(如p48[13]pdhc[14]fba[15]eno[16]等)与PG45株一致性均大于99%。基于此,将测序后获得的GrpE序列与Mb PG45株进行比对,并在NCBI进行检索,通过在线BLAST进行同源性分析,利用TBtools软件绘制同源性热图。相关同源性参考株见表1,通过MEGA-11.0采用邻接法构建系统发育树。
利用在线软件ProtParam分析理化性质,在线软件SOPMA和SWISS-MODEL预测二级、三级结构,使用ProtScale、SignalP、TMHMM 2.0、NetPhos 3.1和NetNGlyc 1.0在线软件分析预测疏水性、信号肽、跨膜结构、磷酸化和糖基化位点。
将重组质粒pET-GrpE转化至大肠杆菌Rosetta(DE3)感受态细胞,挑取阳性菌落于含卡那霉素的LB液体培养基,37 ℃、220 r/min培养7-8 h,1:100转接于含卡那霉素的2YT培养基中,37 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600约0.6时加入10-3 mol/L的IPTG 16 ℃诱导表达16-18 h,将菌液4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,采用Binding buffer (Na2HPO4 3.8 g、NaCl 14.61 g、咪唑0.170 2 g,溶于适量超纯水后调pH至8.0,定容至500 mL)悬浮菌体并在冰浴条件下进行超声(功率220 W、工作3 s、停歇3 s,时间15 min)破碎,破碎液清亮后在4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心8 min,上清液采用0.45 μm滤器过滤,应用High Affinity Ni-TNA Resin纯化重组蛋白,采用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度,然后进行SDS-PAGE分析。
取含800 μg纯化GrpE蛋白与等量的弗氏完全佐剂完全乳化,皮下多点注射免疫新西兰白兔,首免2周后进行二免,蛋白剂量减半并与等量的弗氏不完全佐剂混匀乳化,之后的免疫操作与二免相同。经4次免疫后分离血清测定抗体效价,达到预期结果后,心脏采血分离血清于-20 ℃保存。将牛支原体全菌按每孔5 μg包被96孔酶标板,37 ℃孵育2 h,用5%脱脂奶粉封闭2 h。将阳性血清和阴性血清按倍比稀释后加入各孔,37 ℃孵育2 h,1:5 000稀释山羊抗兔HRP-IgG,37 ℃孵育1 h,加入显色底物TMB室温避光孵育15 min,2 mol/L H2SO4终止反应,在OD450处测量吸光值并分析。
取等体积的pET-28a(+)及纯化蛋白制样,取10 μL上清进行SDS-PAGE,电泳后应用湿转法(100 V,45 min)将蛋白转印至NC膜,用5%封闭液室温封闭2 h,用Mb全菌多抗血清1:1 000室温孵育2 h,用1:5 000稀释的山羊抗兔HRP-IgG室温孵育1.5 h,应用ECL显色试剂盒显色。
取100 mL培养至对数生长期的Mb菌液,10 000 r/min离心10 min后收集菌体,PBS洗涤3次,用1 mL PBS重悬菌体。取适量作为Mb菌体蛋白,剩余菌液使用支原体膜蛋白提取试剂盒提取胞膜和胞质蛋白。
将Mb菌体蛋白、胞膜蛋白和胞质蛋白分别包被酶标板,以1:400稀释的rMb GrpE抗血清为一抗,采用ELISA分析其在Mb中的分布。
取等体积的牛支原体菌体蛋白、胞膜蛋白和胞质蛋白沸水浴制样,各吸10 μL上清进行SDS-PAGE,电泳后应用湿转法(电压100 V)将蛋白转印至NC膜,5%封闭液室温封闭2 h,用1:1 000稀释的GrpE兔抗血清室温孵育2 h,用1:5 000稀释的山羊抗兔HRP-IgG室温孵育1.5 h,应用ECL显色试剂盒显色。
取2 mL培养至对数生长期的Mb,12 000 r/min离心10 min,收集菌体,用100 μL的无菌PBS重悬菌液。取适量菌液均匀涂布于载玻片,待自然风干后用4%多聚甲醛固定,用5%脱脂奶粉封闭2 h;用1:1 000稀释的rGrpE抗血清、Mb抗血清和免疫前血清37 ℃孵育2 h,用1:500稀释的FITC标记的羊抗兔IgG H&L避光37 ℃孵育1 h,PBST清洗后封片在荧光显微镜下观察。
将EBL细胞接种于含细胞爬片的12孔板,培养至细胞融合度达60%-70%时,将其中一孔细胞用胰酶消化后计数。收集生长到对数生长期的Mb,用无菌PBS洗3次后采用100 μL PBS重悬。将Mb以1:50的比例分别与PBS、免疫前阴性血清、Mb和rMb GrpE多抗血清(血清需提前灭活)混合,在37 ℃水浴锅中共同孵育2 h,PBS洗去未结合的抗体。将上述混合物分别加入12孔板,在培养箱中培养2 h,用预冷的PBS清洗。用4%多聚甲醛室温固定15 min,5% BSA室温封闭2 h,PBS洗去多余的封闭液;一抗为用1:1 000稀释的Mb多抗血清,37 ℃孵育2 h,1:500稀释FITC标记的羊抗兔IgG H&L为二抗,DiI染料标记细胞膜,DAPI标记细胞核。PBS洗涤后,将细胞爬片置于含抗荧光淬灭封片液的载玻片上,于显微镜下观察。试验设置空白组(正常细胞组)、Mb感染组、Mb多抗血清试验组、rMb GrpE多抗血清试验组、免疫前血清阴性组。结果采用ImageJ图像分析软件测定相对荧光强度(relative fluorescence intensity, RFI),取平均值。
提取EBL细胞膜总蛋白(500 ng/孔)包被于96孔板,并在4 ℃下孵育过夜,5%脱脂奶粉封闭2 h,将rGrpE蛋白的倍比稀释液(0.977-500 ng)加入含有EBL细胞膜总蛋白的ELISA孔中;在抑制试验中,首先将不同稀释度的抗GrpE血清(1:10-1:2 560稀释)预孵育重组蛋白,随后加入含有EBL细胞膜总蛋白的各孔中,在4 ℃过夜孵育,抗GrpE血清(1:1 000)和山羊抗兔HRP-IgG (1:5 000)分别作为一抗和二抗。37 ℃孵育后使用的显色底物是TMB,测OD450值。阴性对照为BSA处理。
数据均表示为平均值±标准差。所有统计分析均使用GraphPad Prism 8软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行差异显著性检验分析并制图。显著性水平设定如下:ns表示无显著差异,*表示差异或效应有统计学意义(0.01<P<0.05),**表示差异显著(P<0.01),***表示差异极显著(P<0.001)。
以牛支原体武威分离株DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增获得牛支原体武威分离株GrpE基因序列,其大小为1 026 bp (图1A),与预期大小一致。将GrpE基因片段与pET-28a(+)分别进行双酶切后连接,获得重组质粒pET-GrpE,经双酶切鉴定并测序,测序结果符合预期(图1B)。
测序结果显示Mb武威分离株GrpE与国际标准株PG45的GrpE序列完全一致,表明两者在基因序列上具有高度相似性。通过同源性热图(图2A)和系统发育树(图2B)分析Mb武威分离株与其他菌株的遗传关系。同源性分析发现,Mb武威分离株与Mb PG45、HB0801、Hubei-1、CQ-W70、KG4397和WP141790845菌株显示出较高的同源性(95%以上),与M. agalactiaeM. agalactiae 14628和M. primat等菌株的同源性较低。从发育树中可以看出,Mb武威分离株与PG45、HB0801和Hubei-1形成了一个紧密的分支,显示出高度的遗传相似性;Mb CQ-W70株和Mb WP141790845与Mb武威分离株聚集在同一分支,显示较高的亲缘关系,但位于不同的分支点,表明它们在进化过程中可能经历了一定程度的遗传分化。Mb武威分离株与其他支原体物种,如M. agalactiaeM. primatM. tauriM. felifauciumM. hominisM. gallinarumM. phocirhinisM. california的GrpE蛋白之间的亲缘关系较远,这些物种在发育树上形成了不同的分支,显示了GrpE蛋白在不同支原体物种间的多样性。
通过ProtParam预测得知GrpE蛋白由341个氨基酸组成,理论等电点为6.35,分子量为39.72 kDa。该蛋白富含赖氨酸(12.9%),而半胱氨酸含量较低(0.3%),整体上呈现轻微的负电荷。其分子式为C1793H2797N463O539S8,280 nm处的吸光度为0.765,显示出良好的稳定性(不稳定性指数27.87),且具有较高的亲水性(疏水性指数78.06,GRAVY值为-0.682)。SignalP和TMHMM 2.0分析表明,GrpE蛋白缺乏经典的信号肽和跨膜结构域,提示其可能通过非传统途径定位或分泌。SOPMA预测显示,该蛋白主要由α-螺旋(55.72%)和无规卷曲(34.60%)构成,含有少量β-折叠(9.68%),表明其具有较多灵活区域。SWISS-MODEL预测的三维结构模型(图3A-3B)具有较高的可靠性(GMQE为0.79),且92.04%的残基位于Ramachandran最有利区域(图3C),Clash score为0.36,进一步证实了模型的准确性。NetNGlyc 1.0预测在第11位天冬酰胺残基处存在一个可能的N-糖基化位点,得分为0.685 0。NetPhos 3.1预测了多个丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸残基的磷酸化位点,这些位点的磷酸化潜力得分均超过阈值。
重组质粒转化后诱导表达,经High Affinity Ni-NTA Resin纯化得到的重组蛋白GrpE,SDS-PAGE分析表明该蛋白为可溶性表达,大小约42 kDa (图4A),与预期结果一致。以Mb全菌包被酶标板,采用间接ELISA方法检测分析牛支原体GrpE抗血清效价,结果显示所得抗血清效价为1:16 000 (图4B),表明其具有良好的特异性。
应用Western blotting方法分析重组蛋白的免疫原性,结果显示Mb全菌阳性血清可与GrpE蛋白有效结合(图5),表明该蛋白具有良好的免疫反应原性。
ELISA分析结果显示,与胞质和阴性对照组相比,GrpE蛋白在牛支原体胞膜中分布较多(图6AP<0.001);Western blotting结果表明,GrpE蛋白主要定位于牛支原体的胞膜中,而在胞质中的表达量较低(图6B),与ELISA分析结果一致;间接免疫荧光显示rGrpE抗血清组与阳性对照组均于Mb菌体周边呈现点状绿色荧光,免疫前血清阴性对照未检测到特异性荧光,视野中均未观察到弥散荧光,表明抗体仅与暴露于膜表面的GrpE结合,进一步证实GrpE蛋白主要分布在牛支原体胞膜中(图6C)。
利用间接免疫荧光染色法评估牛支原体与EBL细胞黏附的影响。IFA结果显示,在未免疫血清存在的情况下牛支原体黏附于EBL细胞并呈现绿色荧光,而抗rGrpE血清和抗Mb血清组中,绿色荧光显著减少,表明这2种血清均抑制牛支原体的黏附能力(图7A)。定量分析进一步证实,阴性血清对牛支原体黏附EBL细胞无抑制作用,抗rGrpE血清和抗Mb血清则显著降低了牛支原体的黏附能力(图7B)。
ELISA定量分析rGrpE和细胞之间的相互作用,在0.977-500 ng的范围内,rGrpE以剂量依赖的方式与细胞膜蛋白结合(图8A),与阴性血清相比,这种结合被抗GrpE血清以剂量依赖性抑制,而阴性血清无明显抑制作用(图8B),这些数据表明Mb GrpE发挥黏附素的功能。
牛支原体病是引发牛呼吸道疾病等多种疾病的重要病原体,多发于冬春两季[17]。自2008年我国首次分离出牛支原体以来[18],该病原已在全国范围内扩散,给我国养牛业带来了巨大的经济损失,牛支原体感染可引发多种疾病[19],其致病机制与多种表面蛋白的黏附功能密切相关,而膜相关蛋白也会引发免疫反应[20]。因此,深入研究牛支原体膜蛋白的黏附特性及其免疫原性有助于揭示牛支原体的致病机制,并制定相应的防控策略。
GrpE作为一种热休克蛋白,在支原体属(如肺炎支原体、生殖支原体)及亲缘属(如脲原体属)的多种细菌中,其基因序列与蛋白结构均高度保守[21]。在鸡毒支原体中热休克蛋白GrpE的功能结构域具有高度保守性,且具有强免疫原性,已被用于设计亚单位疫苗[22-23]。此外,分枝杆菌属结核分枝杆菌GrpE的TLR4结合域高度保守,感染宿主后其表达显著上调,可增强机体抗结核分枝杆菌感染的能力,具有作为候选疫苗的潜力[10]。GrpE具有良好的免疫原性,能够诱导宿主产生特异性的体液和细胞免疫反应[24]。本研究以PG45作为标准株进行牛支原体GrpE基因引物设计,以牛支原体武威分离株为模板扩增目的基因,成功构建了原核表达载体。通过同源性热图和系统发育树分析发现,Mb武威分离株GrpE序列在牛支原体内高度保守,该序列编码的蛋白具有典型的热休克蛋白结构特征(α-螺旋主导的三维构象、潜在修饰位点)。序列保守这一发现与肺炎支原体、生殖支原体等研究中GrpE的高度保守性一致[25],为其作为免疫靶标提供了进化依据。应用Ni-NTA纯化重组His标签蛋白后经SDS-PAGE分析,GrpE成功表达且以可溶性形式存在。纯化后的重组GrpE蛋白制备多抗分析其效价为1:16 000,并且通过免疫原性分析发现其具有良好的免疫原性,有望成为开发针对牛支原体感染的亚单位疫苗的候选抗原。
膜相关蛋白在Mb的致病过程中不仅参与黏附和入侵宿主细胞,还会引发强烈的免疫反应[20]。研究表明NADH氧化酶(NOX)是一种膜蛋白,不仅具有氧化酶的催化活性,还作为黏附素发挥作用[26];膜蛋白α-烯醇酶具有高度的免疫原性,能够诱导宿主产生强烈的免疫反应[27],还能与宿主细胞的血浆纤溶酶原(Plg)结合,从而促进牛支原体的入侵[28];MilA是一种具有脂酶活性的膜蛋白,参与免疫逃逸机制,抑制牛支原体的体外增殖[29-30]。通过ELISA、Western blotting和间接免疫荧光证实GrpE是牛支原体的膜蛋白。
近年来,研究发现牛支原体的多种表面蛋白具有黏附功能,可对宿主细胞造成损伤,主要依赖于该功能这些蛋白在病原体与宿主细胞的相互作用中发挥重要作用[31]。牛支原体可变表面脂蛋白家族中的蛋白(surface protein antigens, VSPs)[19,32]、TrmFO[33-34]、NOX[26]、LRR[6]、LPPB[35]、LPPA[36-37]和分子伴侣蛋白Dnak[38]等被证实是Mb膜表面的免疫相关蛋白,具有黏附功能,其抗血清能够抑制Mb对EBL细胞的黏附作用。NOX能够与EBL细胞的膜蛋白和胞浆蛋白结合,并且这种结合可以被抗NOX血清特异性阻断,从而促进牛支原体对宿主细胞的黏附[25]。周长平等[22]通过试验发现GrpE分布于鸡毒支原体膜表面,证明其是一种新的具有黏附作用的蛋白。作为典型的分子伴侣辅助蛋白,GrpE本身缺乏跨膜结构域(transmembrane domain, TMD)[25],而GrpE在分子伴侣系统中通常与DnaK (Hsp70)紧密协作[39]。GrpE的膜定位机制可能依赖于其与DnaK的相互作用。DnaK本身具有膜定位的能力,可能通过其C端的疏水区域或与膜整合蛋白的相互作用实现膜定位[40]。GrpE通过与DnaK形成复合物,被“招募”或“锚定”到膜上[41]。这种间接的膜定位机制为GrpE提供了定位基础,并可能参与了对宿主细胞受体的识别或黏附结构的稳定。经黏附特性试验发现,牛支原体GrpE蛋白参与了牛支原体对宿主细胞的黏附,证明GrpE是牛支原体新的黏附相关膜蛋白,但GrpE是间接还是直接参与黏附过程需通过构建牛支原体GrpE缺失株进行验证才更具说服力。因此,牛支原体GrpE是否发生直接作用以及其在体内感染中的具体机制仍需进一步研究。
本研究成功构建并纯化了牛支原体GrpE原核表达载体,制备了高效价多克隆抗体(效价达1:16 000)。GrpE具有良好的免疫原性,其作为牛支原体膜蛋白参与牛支原体对宿主细胞的黏附过程,为牛支原体致病机制研究及相关检测技术开发提供了重要依据。
  • 甘肃省农业农村厅科技支撑项目(KJZC-2024-15)
  • 甘肃省现代寒旱特色农业牛产业技术体系建设专项资金(GSARS-01)
  • 甘肃省联合科研基金(24JRRA804)
  • 甘肃省研产融合科技攻关赋能计划(25FNNA002)
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2026年第66卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250500
  • 接收时间:2025-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-01-12
  • 出版时间:2026-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-27
  • 录用日期:2025-09-09
基金
Science and Technology Support Project of the Gansu Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(KJZC-2024-15)
甘肃省农业农村厅科技支撑项目(KJZC-2024-15)
Earmarked Fund for Gansu Agriculture Research System(GSARS-01)
甘肃省现代寒旱特色农业牛产业技术体系建设专项资金(GSARS-01)
Joint Research Foundation of Gansu Province(24JRRA804)
甘肃省联合科研基金(24JRRA804)
Gansu Province R&D-Industry Integration and Technology Empowerment Program(25FNNA002)
甘肃省研产融合科技攻关赋能计划(25FNNA002)
作者信息
    1.甘肃农业大学 动物医学院,甘肃 兰州
    2.青海农牧科技职业学院,青海 西宁

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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