Article(id=1226136785416270105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250324, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753977600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-01, onlineDate=1770263390162, onlineDateStr=2026-02-05, pubDate=1770134400000, pubDateStr=2026-02-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770263390162, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770263390162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770263390162, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1226136782408954119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='2', pageStart='481', pageEnd='955', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770263389446, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770268138976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1226156703490683530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1226136782408954119, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=610, endPage=625, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1226136785667928358, articleId=1226136785416270105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effect of Chinese sacbrood virus on gut microbiota of honeybees and antiviral activity of Bacillus subtilis, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To explore the changes and differences of gut microbiota of worker bee larvae of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica after infection with Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) and evaluate the antiviral activity of Bacillus subtilis against CSBV. [Methods] Two-day-old larvae of A. c. cerana and A. m. ligustica were collected from colonies and artificially reared in an incubator (34 ℃, RH 85%). The 3-day-old larvae were inoculated with CSBV and samples were collected when the larvae were 4 and 7 days old for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, the 3-day-old larvae of A. c. cerana were fed with different concentrations of B. subtilis suspensions during CSBV inoculation. When the larvae were 7 days old, the antioxidant capacity indicators malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined. Additionally, the relative expression levels of four antimicrobial peptide genes (Abaecin, Apidaecin, Hymenoptaecin, and Defensin) and the CSBV gene were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. [Results] The number of gut microorganisms in bee larvae significantly decreased after CSBV infection. The abundance of Bacillus in the gut of 7-day-old A. c. cerana larvae significantly decreased. The gut of A. m. ligustica larvae showed significantly decreased abundance of Streptomyces and significantly increased abundance of Brevundimonas. At 4 days old, CSBV-infected A. c. cerana larvae had significantly higher abundance of Melissococcus in the gut than the infected A. m. ligustica larvae. At 7 days old, CSBV-infected A. c. cerana larvae had significantly lower Chao1 index than the control group and the infected A. m. ligustica larvae, which indicated that the gut microbiota diversity of A. c. cerana larvae was more susceptible to CSBV. The SOD activity of 7-day-old A. c. cerana larvae fed with 1×104 CFU/kg B. subtilis significantly increased, while other doses of B. subtilis had no significant effect on the SOD activity in the larvae. All doses of B. subtilis significantly reduced the MDA content in bees. The relative expression levels of CSBV in the three treatment groups of 1×104, 1×106, and 1×108 CFU/kg were significantly down-regulated. Moreover, the expression level of CSBV in the 1×106 CFU/kg group was the lowest and significantly lower than that in the 1×108 CFU/kg group. However, there were no significant differences in the expression levels of the four antimicrobial peptide genes among different treatment groups. [Conclusion] CSBV infection has a more significant impact on the gut microbiota diversity of A. c. cerana larvae. B. subtilis has a certain inhibitory effect on CSBV.

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Tel: +86-791-83828176; E-mail:
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【目的】 探究中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)和意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)工蜂幼虫感染中蜂囊状幼虫病毒(Chinese sacbrood virus, CSBV)后肠道微生物的变化差异,并评估枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对CSBV的抗病毒活性。 【方法】 从蜂群中分别移取2日龄的中蜂幼虫和意蜂幼虫,置于34 ℃、85%湿度(relative humidity, RH)的培养箱中进行人工饲养。待幼虫发育至3日龄时对其接种CSBV病毒,并分别在4日龄和7日龄时取样进行16S rRNA基因测序分析。此外,针对3日龄中蜂幼虫,在接种CSBV病毒的同时补充饲喂不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌。在7日龄时检测其抗氧化能力指标,包括丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性;同时,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定AbaecinApidaecinHymenoptaecinDefensin这4个编码抗菌肽基因,以及CSBV基因的相对表达量。 【结果】 感染CSBV后,蜜蜂幼虫肠道微生物数量显著减少。7日龄的中蜂幼虫肠道内芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的丰度显著降低;意蜂幼虫肠道内链霉菌属(Streptomyces)丰度显著下降,而短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)丰度显著上升。在4日龄时,感染CSBV的中蜂幼虫肠道内蜜蜂球菌属(Melissococcus)丰度显著高于意蜂幼虫;7日龄时,感染CSBV的中蜂幼虫Chao1指数显著低于对照组及7日龄意蜂幼虫,这表明中蜂幼虫肠道菌群多样性受CSBV影响更为显著。饲喂1×104 CFU/kg枯草芽孢杆菌制剂的7日龄中蜂幼虫,其SOD活性显著升高,而其他剂量的枯草芽孢杆菌对幼虫SOD活性无显著影响。所有剂量组的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂均显著降低蜜蜂体内MDA含量。此外,经1×104、1×106和1×108 CFU/kg 3个浓度处理后,蜜蜂体内CSBV相对表达水平均显著降低。其中,1×106 CFU/kg组CSBV表达水平显著低于1×108 CFU/kg组;然而,不同处理组编码抗菌肽的4个基因的表达水平并无显著差异。 【结论】 中蜂幼虫肠道菌群多样性受CSBV感染的影响更为显著。枯草芽孢杆菌能够在一定程度上抑制CSBV的活性。

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作者贡献声明

胡俊彦:数据分析及可视化,论文撰写与修改;陈慈松:数据分析;孟雅苹:数据收集与监管;余欣悦:执行调研;颜伟玉:项目管理,提供资源,实验设计,指导数据分析,论文写作与修改。

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Nanchang: Jiangxi Agricultural University, 2022 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1226195564216369840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, awardId=20232BBF60008, language=EN, fundingSource=the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(20232BBF60008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226195564333810360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, awardId=20232BBF60008, language=CN, fundingSource=江西省重点研发计划(20232BBF60008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226195564451250874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, awardId=32160133, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160133), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1226195564602245827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, awardId=32160133, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32160133), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1226195555173450055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195555181838664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, companyId=1226195555173450055, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195555207004489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, companyId=1226195555173450055, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.江西农业大学,蜜蜂研究所,江西 南昌)]), AuthorCompany(id=1226195555286696273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195555299279188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, companyId=1226195555286696273, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Bee Biology and Breeding, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1226195555332833622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, companyId=1226195555286696273, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.蜜蜂生物学与饲养江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1226195560235975220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=The distribution relationship of OTUs between the experimental and control groups of worker bee larvae. A: OTUs Venn diagram of CSBV group and CK group in 4-day-old larvae of Apis cerana; B: OTUs Venn diagram of CSBV group and CK group in 7-day-old larvae of Apis cerana; C: OTUs Venn diagram of CSBV group and CK group in 4-day-old larvae of Apis mellifera; D: OTUs Venn diagram of CSBV group and CK group in 7-day-old larvae of Apis mellifera. CSBV: Larvae fed with the diet inoculated with CSBV; CK: Larvae fed with normal diet uninoculated with CSBV. Ac4: 4-day-old larvae of Apis cerana; Ac7: 7-day-old larvae of Apis cerana; Am4: 4-day-old larvae of Apis mellifera; Am7: 7-day-old larvae of Apis mellifera. The same below. A chi-square test was applied to compare the number of OTUs between the experimental and control groups of larval bees., figureFileSmall=vBbgOfkgY+NvdjbkHiU3yw==, figureFileBig=pLWBk3D+69pCT6ZKAwWB/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560424718906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=图1, caption=工蜂幼虫试验组与对照组间OTU的分布关系。A:中蜂4日龄幼虫CSBV组与CK组的OTUs韦恩图;B:中蜂7日龄幼虫CSBV组与CK组的OTUs韦恩图;C:意蜂4日龄幼虫CSBV组与CK组的OTUs韦恩图;D:意蜂7日龄幼虫CSBV组与CK组的OTUs韦恩图。CSBV:感染CSBV的幼虫组,为试验组;CK:未感染CSBV的正常幼虫组,为对照组。Ac4:4日龄中蜂幼虫;Ac7:7日龄中蜂幼虫;Am4:4日龄意蜂幼虫;Am7:7日龄意蜂幼虫。下同。采用卡方检验比较试验组与对照组蜜蜂幼虫在OTUs数目上的差异。, figureFileSmall=vBbgOfkgY+NvdjbkHiU3yw==, figureFileBig=pLWBk3D+69pCT6ZKAwWB/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560533770817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Relative abundance distribution of the gut microbiota in worker bee larvae from phylum to genus level. A: Bar chart of species relative abundance at the phylum level; B: Bar chart of species relative abundance at the class level; C: Bar chart of species relative abundance at the order level; D: Bar chart of species relative abundance at the family level; E: Bar chart of species relative abundance at the genus level. a: Group of Ac4 with CSBV; b: Group of Ac4 without CSBV; c: Group of Ac7 with CSBV; d: Group of Ac7 without CSBV; e: Group of Am4 with CSBV; f: Group of Am4 without CSBV; g: Group of Am7 with CSBV; h: Group of Am7 without CSBV., figureFileSmall=Lch/tUcqjUaiPgJha+1xrw==, figureFileBig=ZRUpFbIjJ3nEYMycElVGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560647017033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=图2, caption=蜜蜂工蜂幼虫肠道菌群从门到属水平的相对丰度分布。A:门水平物种相对丰度柱形图;B:纲水平物种相对丰度柱形图;C:目水平物种相对丰度柱形图;D:科水平物种相对丰度柱形图;E:属水平物种相对丰度柱形图。a:Ac4-CSBV组;b:Ac4-CK组;c:Ac7-CSBV组;d:Ac7-CK组;e:Am4-CSBV组;f:Am4-CK组;g:Am7-CSBV组;h:Am7-CK组。, figureFileSmall=Lch/tUcqjUaiPgJha+1xrw==, figureFileBig=ZRUpFbIjJ3nEYMycElVGQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560777040461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Comparative analysis of species abundance in worker larvae of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera between CSBV and control groups. A: Differences in the abundance of Bacillus between the experimental and control groups of 7-day-old Apis cerana worker larvae; B: Differences in the abundance of Streptomyces and Brevundimonas between the experimental and control groups of 7-day-old Apis mellifera worker larvae. * indicates a significant difference between the test group and the control group (P<0.05, t-test). The same below., figureFileSmall=RUJugKkfByhcaJ+h9BZR3A==, figureFileBig=GTt93GKrHSj8h8vVWtkmLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195560898675281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=图3, caption=中蜂和意蜂工蜂幼虫CSBV组与CK组间物种丰度差异。A:7日龄中蜂幼虫试验组与对照组芽孢杆菌属丰度差异;B:7日龄意蜂幼虫试验组与对照组链霉菌属及短波单胞菌属丰度差异。*表示试验组与对照组间差异显著(P<0.05,t检验)。下同。, figureFileSmall=RUJugKkfByhcaJ+h9BZR3A==, figureFileBig=GTt93GKrHSj8h8vVWtkmLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561011921496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comparative analysis of the larval gut microbiota structure between Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. A: Differences in the abundance of Melissococcus between 4-day-old Apis cerana and Apis mellifera worker larvae; B: Differences in the abundance of Turicibacter between 7-day-old Apis cerana and Apis mellifera worker larvae., figureFileSmall=sWr9bQDCx5XzKxvj/In86A==, figureFileBig=M0k2afcXnPJ+UGJB9CHHow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561120973407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=图4, caption=中蜂与意蜂幼虫肠道微生物群落结构的比较分析。A:4日龄中蜂幼虫与意蜂幼虫蜜蜂球菌属丰度差异;B:7日龄中蜂幼虫与意蜂幼虫苏黎世杆菌属丰度差异。, figureFileSmall=sWr9bQDCx5XzKxvj/In86A==, figureFileBig=M0k2afcXnPJ+UGJB9CHHow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561246802530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Difference of alpha diversity index between CSBV group and control group. A: Differences in Chao1 index between experimental and control groups of 4-day-old and 7-day-old Apis cerana and Apis mellifera worker larvae; B: Differences in Shannon index between experimental and control groups of 4-day-old and 7-day-old Apis cerana and Apis mellifera worker larvae., figureFileSmall=Ho8DHlUoZC+0eN+FXKd7eQ==, figureFileBig=WxKDS8X+AA4bPydNDzacmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561334882917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CSBV组与CK组的菌群α多样性指数差异。A:4日龄、7日龄中蜂幼虫与意蜂幼虫试验组与对照组的Chao1指数差异;B:4日龄、7日龄中蜂幼虫与意蜂幼虫试验组与对照组的Shannon指数差异。, figureFileSmall=Ho8DHlUoZC+0eN+FXKd7eQ==, figureFileBig=WxKDS8X+AA4bPydNDzacmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561427157613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Difference of alpha diversity index between Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. A: Differences in Chao1 index of experimental group of 4-day-old and 7-day-old Apis cerana and Apis mellifera worker larvae; B: Differences in Shannon index of experimental group of 4-day-old and 7-day-old Apis cerana and Apis mellifera worker larvae., figureFileSmall=VopFKVW5bx3byXeks74uCA==, figureFileBig=WRyDD+h2ibC/gGpdjc9A0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561532015216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=图6, caption=中蜂与意蜂间α多样性指数差异。A:4日龄、7日龄中蜂幼虫与意蜂幼虫试验组的Chao1指数差异;B:4日龄、7日龄中蜂幼虫与意蜂幼虫试验组的Shannon指数差异。, figureFileSmall=VopFKVW5bx3byXeks74uCA==, figureFileBig=WRyDD+h2ibC/gGpdjc9A0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561636872822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Relative expression of CSBV in Apis cerana larvae infected with CSBV after feeding Bacillus subtilis., figureFileSmall=4dIrBiV2IIz09XhnhxPEXA==, figureFileBig=jtgKKKvLBv7QPaQk2Mv0LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561762701948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=图7, caption=饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌后受CSBV感染的中蜂幼虫体内CSBV相对表达量, figureFileSmall=4dIrBiV2IIz09XhnhxPEXA==, figureFileBig=jtgKKKvLBv7QPaQk2Mv0LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561871753855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Relative expression of antibiotic peptide gene expression in Apis cerana larvae infected with CSBV after feeding Bacillus subtilis. A: Relative expression of the Abaecin gene; B: Relative expression of the Apidaecin gene; C: Relative expression of the Hymenoptaecin gene; D: Relative expression of the Defensin gene., figureFileSmall=W8XFqy3KkKAluyINRENrfA==, figureFileBig=K142JZy4Yj4jeYI28btOuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195561959834245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=图8, caption=饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌后感染CSBV的中蜂幼虫体内抗菌肽基因相对表达量。A:Abaecin基因的相对表达量;B:Apidaecin基因的相对表达量;C:Hymenoptaecin基因的相对表达量;D:Defensin基因的相对表达量。, figureFileSmall=W8XFqy3KkKAluyINRENrfA==, figureFileBig=K142JZy4Yj4jeYI28btOuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1226195562026943113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used for qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

基因ID

Gene ID

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

退火温度

T/℃

参考文献

References

先天性病毒免疫基因

Innate antiviral immune gene

ApidaecinLOC406140

F: TTTTGCCTTAGCAATTCTTGTTG

R: GTAGGTCGAGTAGGCGGATCT

59[25]
AbaecinLOC406144

F: CAGCATTCGCATACGTACCA

R: GACCAGGAAACGTTGGAAAC

59[26]
DefensinLOC413397

F: GCAACTACCGCCTTTACGTC

R: GGGTAACGTGCGACGTTTTA

55[26]
HymenoptaecinLOC406142

F: CTCTTCTGTGCCGTTGCATA

R: GCGTCTCCTGTCATTCCATT

59[26]

内参基因

Reference gene

β-actinLOC406122

F: TTGTATGCCAACACTGTCCTTT

R: TGGCGCGATGATCTTAATTT

59[26]

病毒基因

Viral gene

CSBVHM237361.1

F: TATTCAGGGGGACGCTACAC

R: GCGTGAGTTGACAGAAAATC

59[7]
), ArticleFig(id=1226195562135995023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

qPCR引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

基因ID

Gene ID

引物序列

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

退火温度

T/℃

参考文献

References

先天性病毒免疫基因

Innate antiviral immune gene

ApidaecinLOC406140

F: TTTTGCCTTAGCAATTCTTGTTG

R: GTAGGTCGAGTAGGCGGATCT

59[25]
AbaecinLOC406144

F: CAGCATTCGCATACGTACCA

R: GACCAGGAAACGTTGGAAAC

59[26]
DefensinLOC413397

F: GCAACTACCGCCTTTACGTC

R: GGGTAACGTGCGACGTTTTA

55[26]
HymenoptaecinLOC406142

F: CTCTTCTGTGCCGTTGCATA

R: GCGTCTCCTGTCATTCCATT

59[26]

内参基因

Reference gene

β-actinLOC406122

F: TTGTATGCCAACACTGTCCTTT

R: TGGCGCGATGATCTTAATTT

59[26]

病毒基因

Viral gene

CSBVHM237361.1

F: TATTCAGGGGGACGCTACAC

R: GCGTGAGTTGACAGAAAATC

59[7]
), ArticleFig(id=1226195562274407059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of Bacillus subtilis on SOD activity of Apis cerana larvae infected with CSBV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分组

Categorization

SOD活性

SOD activity (U/g)

CSBV24.23±1.22a
1×104 CFU/kg43.01±1.90b
1×106 CFU/kg37.47±1.64a
1×108 CFU/kg18.74±1.62a
), ArticleFig(id=1226195563666915995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

枯草芽孢杆菌对感染CSBV中蜂幼虫SOD活性的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分组

Categorization

SOD活性

SOD activity (U/g)

CSBV24.23±1.22a
1×104 CFU/kg43.01±1.90b
1×106 CFU/kg37.47±1.64a
1×108 CFU/kg18.74±1.62a
), ArticleFig(id=1226195563813716641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of Bacillus subtilis on MDA content of Apis cerana larvae infected with CSBV

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分组

Categorization

MDA含量

MDA content (μmol/L)

CSBV24.32±0.59a
1×104 CFU/kg12.26±3.06b
1×106 CFU/kg16.90±0.95b
1×108 CFU/kg16.12±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1226195563935351459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1226136785416270105, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

枯草芽孢杆菌对感染CSBV中蜂幼虫MDA含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

分组

Categorization

MDA含量

MDA content (μmol/L)

CSBV24.32±0.59a
1×104 CFU/kg12.26±3.06b
1×106 CFU/kg16.90±0.95b
1×108 CFU/kg16.12±0.01b
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中蜂囊状幼虫病毒对蜜蜂肠道菌群的影响与枯草芽孢杆菌的抗病毒活性
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胡俊彦 1, 2 , 陈慈松 1, 2 , 孟雅苹 1, 2 , 余欣悦 1, 2 , 颜伟玉 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(2): 610-625
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(2): 610-625
中蜂囊状幼虫病毒对蜜蜂肠道菌群的影响与枯草芽孢杆菌的抗病毒活性
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胡俊彦1, 2, 陈慈松1, 2, 孟雅苹1, 2, 余欣悦1, 2, 颜伟玉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.江西农业大学,蜜蜂研究所,江西 南昌
  • 2.蜜蜂生物学与饲养江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌
Effect of Chinese sacbrood virus on gut microbiota of honeybees and antiviral activity of Bacillus subtilis
Junyan HU1, 2, Cisong CHEN1, 2, Yaping MENG1, 2, Xinyue YU1, 2, Weiyu YAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Bee Biology and Breeding, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2026-02-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250324
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【目的】 探究中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)和意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)工蜂幼虫感染中蜂囊状幼虫病毒(Chinese sacbrood virus, CSBV)后肠道微生物的变化差异,并评估枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)对CSBV的抗病毒活性。 【方法】 从蜂群中分别移取2日龄的中蜂幼虫和意蜂幼虫,置于34 ℃、85%湿度(relative humidity, RH)的培养箱中进行人工饲养。待幼虫发育至3日龄时对其接种CSBV病毒,并分别在4日龄和7日龄时取样进行16S rRNA基因测序分析。此外,针对3日龄中蜂幼虫,在接种CSBV病毒的同时补充饲喂不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌。在7日龄时检测其抗氧化能力指标,包括丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性;同时,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定AbaecinApidaecinHymenoptaecinDefensin这4个编码抗菌肽基因,以及CSBV基因的相对表达量。 【结果】 感染CSBV后,蜜蜂幼虫肠道微生物数量显著减少。7日龄的中蜂幼虫肠道内芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的丰度显著降低;意蜂幼虫肠道内链霉菌属(Streptomyces)丰度显著下降,而短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)丰度显著上升。在4日龄时,感染CSBV的中蜂幼虫肠道内蜜蜂球菌属(Melissococcus)丰度显著高于意蜂幼虫;7日龄时,感染CSBV的中蜂幼虫Chao1指数显著低于对照组及7日龄意蜂幼虫,这表明中蜂幼虫肠道菌群多样性受CSBV影响更为显著。饲喂1×104 CFU/kg枯草芽孢杆菌制剂的7日龄中蜂幼虫,其SOD活性显著升高,而其他剂量的枯草芽孢杆菌对幼虫SOD活性无显著影响。所有剂量组的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂均显著降低蜜蜂体内MDA含量。此外,经1×104、1×106和1×108 CFU/kg 3个浓度处理后,蜜蜂体内CSBV相对表达水平均显著降低。其中,1×106 CFU/kg组CSBV表达水平显著低于1×108 CFU/kg组;然而,不同处理组编码抗菌肽的4个基因的表达水平并无显著差异。 【结论】 中蜂幼虫肠道菌群多样性受CSBV感染的影响更为显著。枯草芽孢杆菌能够在一定程度上抑制CSBV的活性。

中华蜜蜂  /  意大利蜜蜂  /  中蜂囊状幼虫病毒  /  肠道菌群  /  枯草芽孢杆菌

[Objective] To explore the changes and differences of gut microbiota of worker bee larvae of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica after infection with Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) and evaluate the antiviral activity of Bacillus subtilis against CSBV. [Methods] Two-day-old larvae of A. c. cerana and A. m. ligustica were collected from colonies and artificially reared in an incubator (34 ℃, RH 85%). The 3-day-old larvae were inoculated with CSBV and samples were collected when the larvae were 4 and 7 days old for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, the 3-day-old larvae of A. c. cerana were fed with different concentrations of B. subtilis suspensions during CSBV inoculation. When the larvae were 7 days old, the antioxidant capacity indicators malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were determined. Additionally, the relative expression levels of four antimicrobial peptide genes (Abaecin, Apidaecin, Hymenoptaecin, and Defensin) and the CSBV gene were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. [Results] The number of gut microorganisms in bee larvae significantly decreased after CSBV infection. The abundance of Bacillus in the gut of 7-day-old A. c. cerana larvae significantly decreased. The gut of A. m. ligustica larvae showed significantly decreased abundance of Streptomyces and significantly increased abundance of Brevundimonas. At 4 days old, CSBV-infected A. c. cerana larvae had significantly higher abundance of Melissococcus in the gut than the infected A. m. ligustica larvae. At 7 days old, CSBV-infected A. c. cerana larvae had significantly lower Chao1 index than the control group and the infected A. m. ligustica larvae, which indicated that the gut microbiota diversity of A. c. cerana larvae was more susceptible to CSBV. The SOD activity of 7-day-old A. c. cerana larvae fed with 1×104 CFU/kg B. subtilis significantly increased, while other doses of B. subtilis had no significant effect on the SOD activity in the larvae. All doses of B. subtilis significantly reduced the MDA content in bees. The relative expression levels of CSBV in the three treatment groups of 1×104, 1×106, and 1×108 CFU/kg were significantly down-regulated. Moreover, the expression level of CSBV in the 1×106 CFU/kg group was the lowest and significantly lower than that in the 1×108 CFU/kg group. However, there were no significant differences in the expression levels of the four antimicrobial peptide genes among different treatment groups. [Conclusion] CSBV infection has a more significant impact on the gut microbiota diversity of A. c. cerana larvae. B. subtilis has a certain inhibitory effect on CSBV.

Apis cerana cerana  /  Apis mellifera ligustica  /  Chinese sacbrood virus  /  gut microbiota  /  Bacillus subtilis
胡俊彦, 陈慈松, 孟雅苹, 余欣悦, 颜伟玉. 中蜂囊状幼虫病毒对蜜蜂肠道菌群的影响与枯草芽孢杆菌的抗病毒活性. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (2) : 610 -625 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250324
Junyan HU, Cisong CHEN, Yaping MENG, Xinyue YU, Weiyu YAN. Effect of Chinese sacbrood virus on gut microbiota of honeybees and antiviral activity of Bacillus subtilis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (2) : 610 -625 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250324
中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana) (简称中蜂)囊状幼虫病毒(Chinese sacbrood virus, CSBV)是目前危害中蜂最为严重的主要病原体。该病毒对中蜂幼虫具有极强的感染性,常导致5-6日龄的幼虫及刚封盖的大幼虫发病死亡。蜜蜂囊状幼虫病毒(sacbrood virus, SBV)最早在意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica) (简称意蜂)体内被发现,但意蜂对SBV具有一定抗性,感染SBV不会对蜂群造成严重威胁。对比分析中蜂和意蜂感染CSBV后肠道菌群的差异,有助于深入探究蜜蜂应对CSBV侵染时的防御机制。此外,在CSBV侵染中蜂幼虫后,通过补充饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌,研究其对CSBV的抗病毒活性,能够为中蜂CSBV的防治工作提供理论依据。SBV属于传染性软腐病病毒属(Iflaviridae),其病毒类型为单股正链RNA病毒,基因组全长约8 800 bp[1-2]。1972年,广东省首次发现东方蜜蜂感染SBV病毒,分离出的SBV变异菌株被命名为CSBV。它与SBV抗原性不同,却具备跨物种感染意蜂的能力[3-5]。成年蜜蜂感染CSBV后通常不会表现出明显的发病症状。感染发生时机体能够迅速在营养代谢与免疫层面作出反应,以抵御病毒造成的不良影响[6]。尽管蜜蜂机体存在应对病毒的防御机制,但最终仍无法避免寿命缩短的结果[7-8]。CSBV侵染小幼虫后会干扰蜜蜂的代谢反应,利用蜜蜂的细胞代谢机制为自身的复制与感染过程提供能量。与此同时,这一侵染行为还会损害蜜蜂针对病毒感染的免疫功能[9]。在感染发生后,CSBV会诱导蜜蜂启动免疫防御反应,促使抗菌基因(如防御素和apdaecin等)表达上调[6,10]。蜜蜂肠道微生物与蜜蜂健康密切相关,大量证据表明其在保护蜜蜂免受病原体侵害方面发挥着关键作用。研究发现曲霉菌属真菌能够抑制蜜蜂白垩病的发生[11]。乳酸杆菌则可刺激蜜蜂的免疫反应,增强蜜蜂对病原菌入侵的抵御能力[12],不仅能够降低东方蜜蜂微孢子虫病和瓦螨的患病率,还在抗病毒方面展现出重要作用[13]。刘珊等[14]研究发现以色列蜜蜂麻痹病毒(israeli acute paralysis virus, IAPV)的感染率与共生菌S. alvi的丰度存在显著负相关。在蜜蜂残翅病毒(deformed wing virus, DWV)存在的情况下,肠道菌群正常的蜜蜂存活率显著高于肠道菌群失调的蜜蜂,表明肠道菌群正常的蜜蜂具有更强的病毒耐受能力[15]。研究表明SBV会干扰蜜蜂肠道菌群的组成,致使核心菌群数量减少。值得注意的是,对SBV具有抗性的中蜂其肠道微生物多样性要高于易感染SBV的中蜂[16-17]。然而,目前CSBV感染影响肠道微生物多样性的机制仍不明晰。徐鹏[18]研究发现,枯草芽孢杆菌对意蜂的生长发育有益,在该菌的作用下意蜂免疫基因的表达量可显著提升,其抗氧化能力与消化酶活性也会随之增强。然而,枯草芽孢杆菌对中蜂是否能产生同样效果目前尚不清楚。中蜂和意蜂是我国饲养数量最多且广泛分布的2个蜂种,在维护生物多样性、保护农业生态系统方面发挥着重要意义[19]。中蜂作为我国本土优良蜂种,具有耐低温、善于采集零星蜜源、对蜂螨抵抗力强、采集时间早且采蜜期长等优势;然而,其分蜂性强、易飞逃,对巢虫和囊状幼虫病抵抗力较弱[20]。意蜂属于西方蜜蜂的一个亚种,于19世纪末期引入我国,具有产育力强、分蜂性弱、产蜜及产浆能力突出等特点,但存在抗寒能力差、易盗蜂、易迷巢、抗螨能力弱等不足[21-22]。探究CSBV对中蜂和意蜂幼虫肠道菌群的影响,以及枯草芽孢杆菌的抗CSBV活性,有助于深入了解蜜蜂肠道菌群介导的抗病毒机制,为中蜂CSBV病毒的防控提供科学参考。
本研究在实验室条件下人工饲养中蜂幼虫和意蜂幼虫。在幼虫3日龄时对其接种CSBV病毒,探究4日龄、7日龄中蜂幼虫和意蜂幼虫在肠道菌群方面存在的差异。此外,针对接种CSBV的中蜂幼虫补充饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌,检测蜜蜂幼虫的抗氧化性能,以及AbaecinApidaecinHymenoptaecinDefensin这4个编码抗菌肽基因和CSBV基因的相对表达量,以期为明确枯草芽孢杆菌在抵御CSBV侵染过程中的作用提供科学依据。
中蜂和意蜂2日龄幼虫均采集自江西农业大学蜜蜂研究所饲养的健康蜂群。在移取幼虫之前,采用RT-PCR方法对蜂群幼虫进行病毒检测,以确保幼虫符合实验要求。
蜂王浆,石城县康皇蜂业有限公司;果糖,上海蓝季科技发展有限公司;葡萄糖(分析纯),西陇科学股份有限公司;酵母粉,金克隆(北京)生物技术有限公司;PCR引物,生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;RNA提取试剂盒、6×DNA Loading Buffer、GelStain (10 000×),北京全式金生物技术有限公司;丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)测试盒、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)测试盒,上海酶联生物科技有限公司;反转录试剂,TaKaRa公司;枯草芽孢杆菌制剂,商城北纳创联生物科技有限公司。
荧光定量PCR仪,Abios公司;酶标仪,Tecan公司;电子天平,岛津公司;电泳仪,北京六一生物科技有限公司;水浴锅,金坛区水北科普实验仪器厂;生化培养箱,韶关市广智科技设备有限公司。
在中蜂养殖场采集具有典型CSBV感染症状的中蜂幼虫。运用RT-PCR技术确定幼虫已感染CSBV。根据文章中提取病毒液的方法进行病毒液提取并保存于-80 ℃用于后续试验[23]。采用绝对定量仪定量病毒液浓度,将病毒液稀释为10、10-2、10-3、10-4、10-5、10-6、10-7。对病毒液进行RNA提取后,用CSBV引物(F: 5′-TATTCAGGGGGACGCTACAC-3′; R: 5′- GCGTGAGTTGACAGAAAATC-3′)进行反转录得到cDNA。配制20 μL探针法定量反应体系,以得到的拷贝数作为横坐标、Ct值作为纵坐标绘制标准曲线,得到的SBV滴度为7.8×107 copies/μL。
饲喂幼虫的食物配方:50%蜂王浆,37%无菌水,6%果糖,6%葡萄糖,1%酵母粉[24]
试验开展前先将试验巢脾放入冰柜中进行冷冻,再放入蜂群中让工蜂清理。为确保用于实验的蜜蜂幼虫日龄一致,首先利用隔王板将蜂王限制在特定巢脾上产卵6 h。在幼虫发育至2日龄时,使用移虫笔将其挑取,并转移至已预先分装30 μL幼虫食物的48孔细胞培养板中。本研究针对中蜂与意蜂均设置了试验组(CSBV组)与空白对照组(CK组),每组设3个分别含30只幼虫的生物学重复。待幼虫生长至3日龄时,对试验组每只幼虫口服接种20 μL的CSBV病毒悬液,对照组则接种等体积(20 μL)的PBS缓冲液。自接种病毒次日开始,CSBV组与CK组幼虫均统一投喂等量的正常幼虫食物,每日饲喂量:2日龄30 μL,3日龄20 μL,4日龄40 μL,5日龄50 μL,6日龄60 μL。将48孔板置于培养箱[34 ℃、湿度(relative humidity, RH) 85%]中培养。每日统计蜜蜂幼虫的死亡数量,并在幼虫4日龄和7日龄时取出幼虫,以无菌水冲洗干净后逐一密封于无菌EP管内。每组实验包含6个独立样本(每个样本1只幼虫),对所有样本进行16S rRNA基因测序(北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司)。
本研究设置了对照组与3个不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂组,浓度分别为1×108、1×106、1×104 CFU/kg。每个处理组均设3个分别含20只中蜂幼虫的生物学重复。在幼虫3日龄时为每只幼虫饲喂20 μL经幼虫食物2倍稀释的CSBV病毒液。此后,对照组幼虫正常饲喂,试验组幼虫则饲喂含有不同浓度枯草芽孢杆菌制剂的食物,浓度添加参考徐鹏[18]的研究。每日食物饲喂量与1.4.2节一致。待幼虫7日龄时采集样本用于后续研究。
采用RNA提取试剂盒,依照其说明书从中蜂幼虫样品中提取总RNA。提取完成后,使用分光光度法对所得RNA的浓度与纯度进行检测。再对总RNA进行反转录操作,反应条件设置如下:42 ℃ 2 min,37 ℃ 30 min,85 ℃ 5 s,4 ℃保温。完成反转录后,将得到的cDNA保存至-20 ℃冰箱。
针对ApidaecinAbaecinDefensinHymenoptaecin、CSBV这5个基因的表达量进行分析。各基因的引物序列等详细信息见表1。PCR反应体系:cDNA 1 μL,TB Green Premix Ex Taq 5 μL, ROX Reference 0.2 μL,正、反向引物(10 µmol/L)各0.4 μL,ddH2O 3 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 2 min;95 ℃ 15 s,55 ℃/59 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 60 s,共40个循环。
中蜂幼虫SOD活性严格依照SOD检测试剂盒的操作说明进行测定,MDA含量则依据MDA检测试剂盒的操作说明开展测定。按照组织质量,以1:9的比例加入无菌生理盐水并进行冰浴匀浆。经4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液至1.5 mL无菌无酶离心管内,并始终维持冰上操作。样品保存于-20 ℃冰箱,为确保酶活性,应于24 h内完成检测。
在Illumina NovaSeq平台上完成双端测序并进行相关分析。采用SPSS软件(v17.0),运用独立样本t检验的方法开展微生物群落组成情况与差异分析。
采用SPSS软件(v17.0),运用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)的方法检测饲喂CSBV病毒液后不同浓度枯草芽孢杆菌制剂处理下中蜂7日龄幼虫体内CSBV的表达量、免疫基因表达量以及抗氧化活性。以P<0.05作为差异显著性水平判定标准。
测序结果显示,平均每个样本获得78 440条有效序列,所测序列的平均长度达413 bp。由韦恩图(图1)可知,在中蜂4日龄幼虫中CSBV组与CK组共有的OTUs数目为613个,其中CSBV组特有的OTUs有450个,CK组特有的为671个。对于中蜂7日龄幼虫,CSBV组与CK组共有的OTUs数目为722个,CSBV组特有435个,CK组特有722个。在意蜂4日龄幼虫中,CSBV组与CK组共有的OTUs数目为887个,CSBV组特有635个,CK组特有1 688个。在意蜂7日龄幼虫中,CSBV组与CK组共有的OTUs数目为1 054个,CSBV组特有466个,CK组特有667个。对CSBV组和CK组的总OTUs数展开分析,结果表明无论中蜂还是意蜂,其4日龄幼虫与7日龄幼虫的CK组总OTUs数均显著高于CSBV组(P<0.05)。
根据物种注释结果,选取门、纲、目、科、属水平上丰度排名前10的物种制作了相对丰度柱形累加图(图2)。在属水平上,主要有蜜蜂杆菌属(Bombella,57.2%)、绿脓杆菌属(Pseudomonas,34.7%)、蜜蜂球菌属(Melissococcus,14.8%)、罗尔斯通菌属(Ralstonia,12.5%)和乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillales,8.5%)。在科水平上,主要有醋酸杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae,57.2%)、肠球菌科(Enterococcaceae,14.8%)和伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae,12.5%)。在目水平上,主要有醋酸杆菌目(Acetobacterales,57.2%)、乳酸杆菌目(Lactobacillales,15.9%)和伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales,14.1%)。在纲水平上,主要包括α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,57.8%)和丙型变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,19.5%)。在门水平上,主要物种为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,77.2%)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,17.4%)。
在属水平上对CSBV组与CK组肠道菌群的相对丰度进行比较,结果表明CSBV感染导致中蜂7日龄幼虫肠道中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)的相对含量显著下降(P=0.04,t检验) (图3)。在意蜂7日龄幼虫中,CSBV感染组的短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)丰度显著高于对照组(P=0.02,t检验),而链霉菌属(Streptomyces)的相对丰度则显著降低(P=0.04,t检验)。
对感染CSBV的相同日龄中蜂与意蜂菌群在属水平上进行相对丰度分析。组间比较表明,在4日龄幼虫肠道中中蜂的蜜蜂球菌属(Melissococcus)相对丰度显著高于意蜂(P=0.048,t检验) (图4)。在7日龄幼虫中,中蜂肠道内的Turicibacter菌属则呈现出相反的态势,其相对丰度显著低于意蜂(P=0.024,t检验)。
α多样性分析表明,在Shannon指数方面无论是中蜂还是意蜂的4日龄与7日龄幼虫,其CSBV组与CK组之间均未呈现显著差异(P>0.05,t检验) (图5)。就Chao1指数而言,除中蜂7日龄幼虫的CSBV组显著低于对照组(P=0.005,t检验)这一例外情况外,其余各组(包括中蜂4日龄、意蜂4日龄及7日龄)的组间比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05,t检验)。
α多样性分析结果表明,在CSBV感染条件下相同日龄的中蜂与意蜂幼虫在Shannon指数上均无显著差异(P>0.05,t检验)。就Chao1指数而言,4日龄幼虫的组间比较同样不显著(P>0.05,t检验),但在7日龄时中蜂与意蜂幼虫之间则呈现显著差异(P=0.005,t检验) (图6)。
饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌的不同处理组中,中蜂7日龄幼虫的SOD活性见表2。与对照组相比,饲喂1×104 CFU/kg的枯草芽孢杆菌时幼虫的SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05);而饲喂浓度为1×106 CFU/kg和1×108 CFU/kg的枯草芽孢杆菌时,SOD活性与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。在3个不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌处理组中,1×108 CFU/kg组的SOD活性显著低于1×104 CFU/kg组(P<0.05)。
饲喂枯草芽孢杆菌后,不同处理组中蜂7日龄幼虫的MDA含量见表3。与受CSBV感染的幼虫相比,饲喂3种不同剂量枯草芽孢杆菌的幼虫其MDA含量均显著下降(P<0.05),而处理组间的MDA含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
图7可以看出,尽管所有浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌均使中蜂7日龄幼虫的CSBV表达量显著下降(P<0.05),但组间分析揭示其抑制效果存在差异:1×106 CFU/kg组的抑制效果显著强于1×108 CFU/kg组。1×104 CFU/kg与1×108 CFU/kg处理组间的病毒表达量则无统计学差异(P>0.05)。
图8所示,与CSBV组相比,饲喂不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌并未引起4种抗菌肽基因(AbaecinApidaecinHymenoptaecinDefensin)相对表达水平的显著改变,其差异均未达到统计学意义(P>0.05)。
蜜蜂的肠道菌群对其新陈代谢、免疫调节、生长发育和病原防御等生理过程具有关键作用。一旦该微生态系统受到病毒、细菌或寄生虫等压力因素的干扰而失衡便会对蜂群健康构成显著威胁[27]。深入探究CSBV对中蜂及意蜂幼虫肠道菌群的影响,对于阐明肠道菌群介导的病毒耐受机制及其与病毒的相互作用关系至关重要,该研究可为蜜蜂病毒病的实际防控提供理论依据并奠定应用基础。
基于OTU数目差异分析可知,感染CSBV的蜜蜂幼虫其肠道微生物数量相较于健康蜜蜂有所减少,这一结果与前人的研究结论相符[28]。以IAPV为例,该病毒感染蜜蜂后会集中在肠道进行复制增殖,与肠道菌展开空间竞争,进而诱发蜜蜂肠道菌群失调[29]。然而,蜜蜂的病原体微孢子虫还能有助于维持宿主寿命,对蜜蜂机体健康具有正向促进作用[30]。由此可见,肠道菌群与宿主健康之间存在着极为密切的联系。
较高的肠道菌群丰富度有助于提升蜜蜂的抗病力。反之,在CSBV感染下,菌群丰富度的下降则预示着其抗病能力的衰退[10,31]。前期试验发现,中蜂幼虫的死亡率高于意蜂幼虫,且中蜂幼虫在8日龄时全部死亡,这不仅是因为病毒感染会改变肠道微生物,处于濒死阶段的中蜂幼虫其机体发生的病理性变化也可能引发肠道菌群的改变。Deng等[32]研究发现,蜜蜂慢性麻痹病病毒(chronic bee paralysis virus, CBPV)感染会抑制蜜蜂的免疫系统,促进机会性病原体增殖,降低蜜蜂存活率,进而抑制体内益生菌,破坏肠道微生态平衡。α多样性分析结果显示,7日龄的意蜂幼虫肠道菌群多样性显著高于7日龄的中蜂幼虫。丰富多样的肠道菌群有助于构建抵御疾病的屏障,因此意蜂相较于中蜂具有更丰富的肠道菌群,这可能是意蜂对CSBV具有抗性的原因[33]。有研究针对东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂的菌群开展分析比较,结果表明2个蜂种的肠道群落组成相似,但相对丰度存在显著差异。其中,拟杆菌门菌群在东方蜜蜂体内的含量更高,而假单胞菌门在西方蜜蜂体内的含量更高[34]。中蜂和意蜂的肠道菌群存在差异,可能是由遗传性状、生活习惯以及生存环境等因素导致的[35]
假单胞菌门和芽孢杆菌门是蜜蜂肠道中的优势菌群。经分析发现,感染CSBV的中蜂,其4日龄与7日龄幼虫肠道中假单胞菌门的丰度均显著降低,而芽孢杆菌门的丰度均显著升高。意蜂的情况则有所不同,4日龄幼虫肠道中假单胞菌门丰度显著增加,芽孢杆菌门丰度显著减少,7日龄幼虫肠道菌群无明显差异。在假单胞菌门中,Gilliamella apicola隶属于Orbacea科,能够代谢蜜蜂体内的有毒糖类物质[36]
从3日龄起,蜜蜂肠道优势菌群的主导地位被芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)所取代,幼虫肠道微生物的组成和丰度呈现显著的不稳定性[37]。在属水平上,中蜂4日龄幼虫肠道内蜜蜂球菌(Melissococcus)的丰度显著高于意蜂4日龄幼虫;中蜂7日龄幼虫肠道Turicibacter菌的丰度则显著低于意蜂7日龄幼虫。前人的研究表明,蜜蜂球菌(Melissococcus)是引发欧洲幼虫腐臭病(European foulbrood, EFB)的病原体[38]。因此在EFB与CSBV联合感染的情况下,中蜂4日龄幼虫相较于意蜂4日龄幼虫更容易致病。这也反映出CSBV感染可能扰乱了中蜂肠道菌群,进而导致中蜂对其他病原体的易感性增加。
Bacillus subtilis能够产生芽孢并利用其芽孢在肠道内增殖来发挥作用,作为细胞抵御外界环境压力的主要保护屏障[39]Streptomyces是新型抗感染治疗的天然产品来源之一,能够保护蜂巢免受病原体侵害。7日龄意蜂幼虫体内Streptomyces含量降低,这一现象可能与意蜂抵抗CSBV病毒的入侵有关[40]。在砷胁迫条件下,接种菌株缺陷短波单胞菌(Brevundimonas diminuta)已被Singh等[41]研究证实能够促进水稻生长。该处理使水稻的生物量得以增加,其对砷胁迫的耐受性也得到显著提升。然而,该菌株是否能提升蜜蜂对环境的耐受性尚不明确。另有研究表明,高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肠道内Turicibacter菌群水平低于正常饮食小鼠[42]。对高脂饮食和链脲菌素诱导的2型糖尿病小鼠饲喂低剂量荞麦花粉提取物后,小鼠肠道内Turicibacter菌的含量显著高于糖尿病模型组,且与正常饮食小鼠更为接近[43]。由此可见,Turicibacter菌水平可能与动物健康水平相关,但其在蜜蜂体内的具体作用仍不明确。
在生物学领域,枯草芽孢杆菌被广泛视作抗生素的理想替代物。其作用机制为:消耗动物肠道内的游离氧,营造有利于有益菌快速繁殖和生长的环境[44]。大量研究证实,枯草芽孢杆菌在促进动物肠道菌群平衡、降低肠道pH值方面发挥着积极作用[45]。研究表明枯草芽孢杆菌对意蜂的生长发育、抗氧化能力提升、消化酶的活性增强以及免疫基因表达均有正向影响[18]。此外,已有研究报道指出,枯草芽孢杆菌具备抑制病毒增殖的能力,并且已在病毒性疾病的防治实践中得到应用[9]。本研究发现,中剂量组对病毒抑制效果显著优于高剂量组。这可能是由于高剂量组因过度竞争(与宿主共生菌争夺资源)、代谢产物过量积累产生副作用(如动物肠道菌群紊乱)等,进而削弱了对CSBV的抵制效果。截至目前,关于枯草芽孢杆菌对蜜蜂病毒(如SBV)是否具备防治作用相关研究极为匮乏,鲜见报道。
当机体遭遇外界刺激时会产生自由基。SOD作为极为关键的抗氧化酶,能够高效清除过剩的自由基,保护细胞免受自由基侵害,增强机体的抗逆能力。蜜蜂的寿命和抵抗力强弱与SOD活性密切相关[46]。鉴于丙二醛(MDA)作为脂质过氧化的终产物,其含量能直接反映机体的过氧化程度与抗氧化潜力[47]。本研究中枯草芽孢杆菌处理组蜜蜂的MDA含量显著降低,这意味着其机体氧化损伤得到缓解,CSBV造成的负面影响被削弱,证明了枯草芽孢杆菌在提升抗氧化能力方面的积极作用。
在病毒感染过程中,抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides, AMPs)作为宿主防御反应的重要组成部分,能够快速生成,加速病毒清除,阻止病毒在宿主体内传播[48]。研究表明SBV感染可诱导蜜蜂产生免疫应答,致使编码抗菌肽的ApidaecinAbaecinHymenoptaecinDefensin等免疫基因的表达水平迅速上升,从而构建起宿主抵御病毒的第一道防线[49]。前人研究指出,无论是益生菌还是致病菌均能刺激抗菌肽表达,提升免疫基因的表达水平[12,18]
在各剂量组的枯草芽孢杆菌处理下,蜜蜂幼虫的4种抗菌肽基因表达均未引起显著变化。这可能暗示实验所用的剂量梯度未能突破其激发免疫应答所需的临界水平,也可能是枯草芽孢杆菌通过其他方式来抑制CSBV,而非依赖抗菌肽的表达。试验仅在7日龄检测基因表达,可能此节点并非抗菌肽上调阶段,导致未观察到显著变化。因此,关于枯草芽孢杆菌是否具有免疫调节作用,以及其对CSBV感染的保护机制未来仍需开展更为深入的研究,以进一步明确。
本研究运用16S rRNA基因测序技术,获得正常状态以及感染CSBV病毒后的4日龄和7日龄中蜂、意蜂幼虫肠道微生物的数量及群落组成数据。经分析发现,中蜂幼虫感染CSBV病毒后,其肠道菌群多样性显著降低。进一步对感染CSBV病毒的中蜂幼虫饲喂不同浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂,结果显示枯草芽孢杆菌制剂能够有效抑制CSBV病毒感染,其中1×106 CFU/kg浓度组的抑制效果较为突出。
  • 江西省重点研发计划(20232BBF60008)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32160133)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250324
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-02-05
  • 出版时间:2026-02-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
  • 录用日期:2025-08-01
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the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangxi Province(20232BBF60008)
江西省重点研发计划(20232BBF60008)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160133)
国家自然科学基金(32160133)
作者信息
    1.江西农业大学,蜜蜂研究所,江西 南昌
    2.蜜蜂生物学与饲养江西省重点实验室,江西 南昌
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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