Article(id=1192149548362514524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1750608000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-23, onlineDate=1762160201397, onlineDateStr=2025-11-03, pubDate=1756915200000, pubDateStr=2025-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762160201397, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762160201396, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160201396, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192149543010582589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='10', pageStart='4241', pageEnd='4713', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762160200113, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762160638682, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192151382586175736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1192149543010582589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4392, endPage=4405, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192149548551258206, articleId=1192149548362514524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Single-chain dimerization enhances the immunogenicity of rotavirus ∆VP8* vaccine, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] Rotavirus (RV) is a major pathogen causing acute dehydrating gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Currently, no specific therapeutic drugs are available, making preventive vaccination the most effective strategy for controlling RV infection. We targeted the RV receptor-binding domain viral protein 8* (VP8*) and selected its functional region ΔVP8* (amino acids 65-223) to construct a single-chain dimer ΔVP8*-sc-dimer. We expressed and purified this recombinant protein in a prokaryotic system using the pET-30a(+) vector and evaluated its immunogenicity and neutralizing antibody induction capacity to provide scientific evidence for developing safe and effective RV subunit vaccines. [Methods] The ΔVP8*-sc-dimer sequence was synthesized and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a(+) via homologous recombination. The purified recombinant protein was formulated with AddaVax adjuvant and administered to 6 to 7-week-old BALB/c mice via intramuscular injection. ΔVP8*-specific IgG antibody titers in sera were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and neutralization activity of immune sera was assessed through virus neutralization assays. [Results] The recombinant protein ΔVP8*-sc-dimer was successfully expressed with 90% purity. ELISA results showed that both ΔVP8* and ΔVP8*-sc-dimer induced specific anti-ΔVP8* IgG antibodies following immunization, with the ΔVP8*-sc-dimer group exhibiting significantly higher antibody titers. Virus neutralization assays revealed that immune sera from both groups neutralized the RV Wa strain, with the ΔVP8*-sc-dimer group showing significantly superior neutralizing antibody titers. [Conclusion] The ΔVP8*-sc-dimer subunit vaccine effectively stimulates high-level antibody production against RV Wa strain, demonstrating significantly enhanced immune responses compared with ΔVP8*. With its excellent immunogenicity, ΔVP8*-sc-dimer represents a promising candidate antigen for developing novel RV vaccines with substantial clinical application potential.

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Tel: +86-10-64806916, E-mail:
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Chunyu WANG, Zhiyu SONG, Yan HUO, Han LI, Huiying JI, Tianhao ZHANG, Zhimin LIU, Rongxiang FANG, Lili ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1192149971165135403, articleId=1192149548362514524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=单链二聚体化策略增强轮状病毒∆VP8* 疫苗免疫原性, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】 轮状病毒(rotavirus, RV)是婴幼儿急性脱水性胃肠炎的主要病原体,目前尚无特效治疗药物,预防性疫苗接种是控制感染的有效手段之一。本研究以RV受体结合域viral protein 8* (VP8*)为靶点,选取其功能区域片段∆VP8* (第65-223位氨基酸),构建单链二聚体∆VP8*-sc-dimer。采用pET-30a(+)载体在原核系统中表达并纯化该重组蛋白,评估其免疫原性和诱导中和抗体的能力,为开发安全有效的RV亚单位疫苗提供科学依据。 【方法】 通过基因合成获得∆VP8*-sc-dimer序列,运用同源重组技术将其导入pET-30a(+)原核表达载体。将纯化的重组蛋白与佐剂AddaVax混合后,肌内注射6-7周龄BALB/c小鼠。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测血清中∆VP8*特异性抗体滴度,通过病毒中和试验评估免疫血清的中和活性。 【结果】 成功表达并纯化了∆VP8*-sc-dimer重组蛋白,纯度约为90%;ELISA结果显示,∆VP8*组和∆VP8*-sc-dimer组接种后均诱导产生了∆VP8*特异性抗体,且∆VP8*-sc-dimer组抗体滴度显著高于∆VP8*组。病毒中和试验表明,2组免疫血清均可中和RV Wa株,其中∆VP8*-sc-dimer组的中和抗体滴度显著更高。 【结论】 ∆VP8*-sc-dimer亚单位疫苗可有效刺激机体产生针对RV Wa株的高水平抗体,且免疫应答显著优于∆VP8*。具有良好免疫原性的∆VP8*单链二聚体是开发新型人类RV疫苗的重要候选抗原,具有应用前景。

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作者贡献声明

王春玉:质粒构建、蛋白表达纯化以及血清免疫效价的测定等实验操作过程、数据分析、执行背景调研、撰写文章、完成呈现;宋直钰:完成病毒中和实验、数据分析、方法论、验证;霍岩:数据收集与监管,执行调研;李晗:协助蛋白纯化结果分析;纪惠莹:协助抗体效价滴度数据分析;张天昊:提供技术支持;刘智民:协助完成蛋白纯化实验操作过程;方荣祥:提出概念,获取基金,提供主要试剂与仪器,审阅;张莉莉:数据收集与监管,数据分析,项目管理,提供病毒中和试验相关的轮状病毒Wa毒株以及试剂,统筹全文思路及审阅。

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Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192170558029706233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=12, issue=2, pageStart=169, pageEnd=181, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=AZEVEDO MP, VLASOVA AN, SAIF LJ, journalName=Expert Review of Vaccines, refType=null, unstructuredReference= AZEVEDO MP, VLASOVA AN, SAIF LJ. Human rotavirus virus-like particle vaccines evaluated in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus disease[J]. 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Journal of Virology, 1990, 64(10): 5070-5075., articleTitle=Development of an adult mouse model for studies on protection against rotavirus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192170558218449916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=37, issue=30, pageStart=4103, pageEnd=4110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=XIA M, HUANG PW, JIANG X, TAN M, journalName=Vaccine, refType=null, unstructuredReference= XIA M, HUANG PW, JIANG X, TAN M. Immune response and protective efficacy of the S particle presented rotavirus VP8* vaccine in mice[J]. Vaccine, 2019, 37(30): 4103-4110., articleTitle=Immune response and protective efficacy of the S particle presented rotavirus VP8* vaccine in mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192170558277170173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=72, issue=11, pageStart=9233, pageEnd=9246, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=CIARLET M, CRAWFORD SE, BARONE C, BERTOLOTTI-CIARLET A, RAMIG RF, ESTES MK, CONNER ME, journalName=Journal of Virology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CIARLET M, CRAWFORD SE, BARONE C, BERTOLOTTI-CIARLET A, RAMIG RF, ESTES MK, CONNER ME. Subunit rotavirus vaccine administered parenterally to rabbits induces active protective immunity[J]. Journal of Virology, 1998, 72(11): 9233-9246., articleTitle=Subunit rotavirus vaccine administered parenterally to rabbits induces active protective immunity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1192170558348473342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=73, issue=6, pageStart=4813, pageEnd=4822, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=CRAWFORD SE, ESTES MK, CIARLET M, BARONE C, O’NEAL CM, COHEN J, CONNER ME, journalName=Journal of Virology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CRAWFORD SE, ESTES MK, CIARLET M, BARONE C, O’NEAL CM, COHEN J, CONNER ME. Heterotypic protection and induction of a broad heterotypic neutralization response by rotavirus-like particles[J]. Journal of Virology, 1999, 73(6): 4813-4822., articleTitle=Heterotypic protection and induction of a broad heterotypic neutralization response by rotavirus-like particles, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1192170553847985098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, awardId=2025110043103983, language=EN, fundingSource=the Contract Research Project Quanzhou Runyuan Medical Technology Co., Ltd(2025110043103983), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192170553923482571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, awardId=2025110043103983, language=CN, fundingSource=泉州市润阳医疗科技有限公司委托的横向项目(2025110043103983), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192170553982202828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, awardId=E2SJ060603, language=EN, fundingSource=the Key Deployment Project Support Fund of the “Three-year Action Plan” of the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(E2SJ060603), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1192170554057700301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, awardId=E2SJ060603, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院微生物研究所三年行动方案所级部署项目(E2SJ060603), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1192170549100032894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192170549121004415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, companyId=1192170549100032894, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Clinical and Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192170549129393024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, companyId=1192170549100032894, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院) 临床与基础医学院,山东 济南)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192170549183918977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192170549192307586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, companyId=1192170549183918977, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192170549196501891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, companyId=1192170549183918977, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1192170549255222148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192170549263610757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, companyId=1192170549255222148, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1192170549271999366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, companyId=1192170549255222148, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 山西农业大学 动物医学学院,山西 晋中)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1192170552199623616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=AlphaFold-predicted protein structure of ∆VP8*P[8]-sc-dimer. A: Schematic diagram of the predicted tertiary structure (The green region represents the N-terminal domain (ΔVP8*_1, L65-L223), and the blue region represents the C-terminal domain (ΔVP8*_2, L65-L223); The two monomers form a dimer structure through a connecting peptide linker); B: Predicted secondary structure arrangement diagram (The secondary structure of each monomer shows high similarity to the ΔVP8* NMR structure analysis and X-ray crystallographic analysis results reported[36])., figureFileSmall=MWBYKv5NFWQm/KBV3P9W/w==, figureFileBig=EONVCUiebQnJNjrlXR8GwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553218839489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=CN, label=图1, caption= AlphaFold预测∆VP8*P[8]-sc-dimer的蛋白结构。A:预测的三级结构示意图[绿色区域代表N端结构域(ΔVP8*_1,L65-L223),蓝色区域代表C端结构域(ΔVP8*_2,L65-L223),2个单体通过连接肽链形成二聚体结构];B:预测的二级结构排列图[每个单体的二级结构与文献报道的∆VP8*核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR)结构解析和X射线晶体分析结果具有高度相似性[36]]。, figureFileSmall=MWBYKv5NFWQm/KBV3P9W/w==, figureFileBig=EONVCUiebQnJNjrlXR8GwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553311114178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Vector construction and expression level detection of recombinant proteins ΔVP8* and ΔVP8*-sc-dimer expressed in Escherichia coli. A: Schematic representation of expression cassettes for ΔVP8* and ΔVP8*-sc-dimer [T7 promoter serves as the promoter sequence, Lac operator is the lactose operon, RBS facilitates ribosome binding for translation initiation, ΔVP8* (L65-L223) refers to the amino acid sequence of VP8* domain from Leu65 to Leu223, 6×His is a purification tag composed of six histidine residues, N and C represent the amino terminus and carboxyl terminus of the peptide chain, respectively]; B: Representative image of SDS-PAGE analysis of recombinant proteins (M indicates protein molecular weight marker; Lanes 1-3 shows total soluble proteins after IPTG induction of BL21(DE3)-pET-30a(+) empty vector (Lane 1), BL21(DE3)-ΔVP8*(Lane 2), and BL21(DE3)-ΔVP8*-sc-dimer (Lane 3), respectively); C: Representative image of Western blotting analysis of recombinant proteins using anti-His tag monoclonal antibody as the primary antibody (M indicates protein molecular weight marker; Lane 1 shows ∆VP8* recombinant protein; Lane 2 shows ΔVP8*-sc-dimer recombinant protein, arrows indicate bands corresponding to the target proteins with expected molecular weights (ΔVP8* approximately 19.2 kDa, ΔVP8*-sc-dimer approximately 37.4 kDa))., figureFileSmall=aMZ85OmgZ5tsaWs8lWG6iw==, figureFileBig=mDGYfvlma5fCbfoFKdrYHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553369834435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=CN, label=图2, caption= Escherichia coli 表达重组蛋白ΔVP8*ΔVP8*-sc-dimer的载体构建与表达水平检测。A:ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer的表达框构建示意图[T7 promoter为启动子序列,Lac operator为乳糖操纵子,RBS为核糖体结合位点,ΔVP8* (L65-L223)指VP8*结构域从第65位亮氨酸至第223位亮氨酸的氨基酸序列,6×His为6个组氨酸残基组成的纯化标签,N和C分别代表肽链的氨基端和羧基端];B:重组蛋白SDS-PAGE分析图片[泳道M表示蛋白质分子量标记;泳道1-3分别为IPTG诱导后各菌株表达的总可溶蛋白,其中泳道1为BL21(DE3)-pET-30a(+),泳道2为BL21(DE3)-ΔVP8*,泳道3为BL21(DE3)-ΔVP8*-sc-dimer];C:重组蛋白Western blotting分析图片[采用抗His标签单克隆抗体作为一抗,M表示蛋白质分子量标记;泳道1为ΔVP8*重组蛋白;泳道2为∆VP8*-sc-dimer重组蛋白,箭头指示的条带分别对应于预期分子量的目标蛋白(ΔVP8*约19.2 kDa,ΔVP8*-sc-dimer约37.4 kDa)]。, figureFileSmall=aMZ85OmgZ5tsaWs8lWG6iw==, figureFileBig=mDGYfvlma5fCbfoFKdrYHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553441137604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Purification analysis of ΔVP8* and ΔVP8*-sc-dimer recombinant proteins. A: SDS-PAGE analysis of ΔVP8* protein after two-step purification (M represents the protein molecular weight markers; Lane 1 shows the ΔVP8* protein samples after two-step purification); B: Size exclusion chromatography profile of ΔVP8* protein, displaying a single symmetric peak; C: SDS-PAGE analysis of ΔVP8*-sc-dimer protein after two-step purification (M represents the protein molecular weight markers; Lane 1 shows the ΔVP8*-sc-dimer protein samples after two-step purification); D: Size exclusion chromatography profile of ΔVP8*-sc-dimer protein, with a symmetric peak., figureFileSmall=FR0KFaAbdBydwh4EyMjUDw==, figureFileBig=dCeX4koPFuVE7MwrzILGGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553508246469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=CN, label=图3, caption= ΔVP8*ΔVP8*-sc-dimer重组蛋白的纯化。A:经2步纯化后ΔVP8*蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析(M为蛋白质分子量标记;泳道1为2步纯化后的ΔVP8*蛋白样品);B:ΔVP8*蛋白的分子筛色谱图,呈现单一对称峰;C:经2步纯化后ΔVP8*-sc-dimer蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析(M为蛋白质分子量标记;泳道1为步纯化后的 ∆VP8*-sc-dimer蛋白样品);D:ΔVP8*-sc-dimer蛋白的分子筛色谱图,峰形对称。, figureFileSmall=FR0KFaAbdBydwh4EyMjUDw==, figureFileBig=dCeX4koPFuVE7MwrzILGGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553562772422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Comparative analysis of serum-specific IgG and IgA antibody levels in mice immunized with ΔVP8*-sc-dimer versus ΔVP8*. A: Schematic diagram of the mouse immunization and serum collection schedule (Gray arrows indicate immunization time points (days 0, 14, and 28), and red triangles indicate serum collection time points (days 35, 57, and 88)); B: Effect of different immunization doses (1, 5, and 10 μg) on serum-specific IgG antibody levels at day 35 post-immunization (The ΔVP8*-sc-dimer group induced significantly higher antibody responses than the ∆VP8* group across all dose levels (****indicates P<0.000 1)); C: Temporal dynamics of serum-specific IgG antibody levels in the ΔVP8*-sc-dimer immunization group; D: Serum-specific IgA antibody levels at day 35 post-immunization with 10 μg of ΔVP8* and ΔVP8*-sc-dimer. Data are presented as endpoint titers in logarithmic scale (log10), with bar graphs showing mean±SD. Results were calculated from serum samples of 10 mice (n=10) from two independent immunization experiments, with five mice per experiment., figureFileSmall=RBgDhWYNBITr9XSM3e9p1A==, figureFileBig=QP54sWmfZNrVbNw8O5P/9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553617298375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=CN, label=图4, caption= ΔVP8*-sc-dimerΔVP8* 免疫小鼠血清特异性IgGIgA抗体水平的比较分析。A:小鼠免疫及血清采集时间方案示意图[灰色箭头表示免疫时间点(第0、14、28天),红色三角形表示血清采集时间点(第35、57、88天)];B:不同免疫剂量(1、5和10 μg)下第35天血清特异性IgG抗体水平[在所有剂量组中,ΔVP8*-sc-dimer组均诱导出显著高于ΔVP8*组的抗体应答(****表示P<0.000 1)];C:ΔVP8*-sc-dimer免疫组血清特异性IgG水平的时间动态变化;D:10 μg ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer免疫后第35天血清特异性IgA抗体水平。数据以终点滴度的对数值(log10)表示,柱状图显示平均值±标准差(mean±SD)。结果基于2次独立免疫实验,每次5只小鼠,共计10只小鼠的血清样本分析(n=10)。, figureFileSmall=RBgDhWYNBITr9XSM3e9p1A==, figureFileBig=QP54sWmfZNrVbNw8O5P/9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553680212936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparative analysis of serum virus-neutralizing antibody levels in mice immunized with ΔVP8*-sc-dimer and ΔVP8*. At all dose levels, the ΔVP8*-sc-dimer group induced significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels than the ΔVP8* group. Data are presented as endpoint titers after logarithmic transformation (log10), with bar graphs showing mean±SD. Results were calculated from serum samples of 10 mice (n=10) from two independent immunization experiments, with five mice per experiment, *indicates P<0.05., figureFileSmall=DRmOB+ICUKFXMpuSSnDAZw==, figureFileBig=hJc/OrCqSzGtR+R2md6vZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1192170553730544585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1192149548362514524, language=CN, label=图5, caption= ΔVP8*-sc-dimerΔVP8* 免疫小鼠后血清病毒中和抗体水平的比较分析。在各剂量组中,ΔVP8*-sc-dimer组均诱导显著高于ΔVP8*组的中和抗体水平。数据以对数转换后的终点滴度(log10)表示,柱状图显示平均值±标准差(mean±SD),结果来自2次独立免疫实验,每次实验使用5只小鼠,共计10只小鼠的血清样本分析(n=10)。, figureFileSmall=DRmOB+ICUKFXMpuSSnDAZw==, figureFileBig=hJc/OrCqSzGtR+R2md6vZw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1192105720683257860, delFlag=0, nameCn=微生物学报, nameEn=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0001-6209, eissn=null, cn=11-1995/Q, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, 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单链二聚体化策略增强轮状病毒∆VP8* 疫苗免疫原性
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王春玉 1, 2 , 宋直钰 2 , 霍岩 2 , 李晗 3 , 纪惠莹 1 , 张天昊 2 , 刘智民 2, 3 , 方荣祥 2 , 张莉莉 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(10): 4392-4405
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(10): 4392-4405
单链二聚体化策略增强轮状病毒∆VP8* 疫苗免疫原性
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王春玉1, 2, 宋直钰2, 霍岩2, 李晗3, 纪惠莹1, 张天昊2, 刘智民2, 3, 方荣祥2, 张莉莉2
作者信息
  • 1 山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院) 临床与基础医学院,山东 济南
  • 2 中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 3 山西农业大学 动物医学学院,山西 晋中
Single-chain dimerization enhances the immunogenicity of rotavirus ∆VP8* vaccine
Chunyu WANG1, 2, Zhiyu SONG2, Yan HUO2, Han LI3, Huiying JI1, Tianhao ZHANG2, Zhimin LIU2, 3, Rongxiang FANG2, Lili ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Clinical and Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
出版时间: 2025-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250133
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【目的】 轮状病毒(rotavirus, RV)是婴幼儿急性脱水性胃肠炎的主要病原体,目前尚无特效治疗药物,预防性疫苗接种是控制感染的有效手段之一。本研究以RV受体结合域viral protein 8* (VP8*)为靶点,选取其功能区域片段∆VP8* (第65-223位氨基酸),构建单链二聚体∆VP8*-sc-dimer。采用pET-30a(+)载体在原核系统中表达并纯化该重组蛋白,评估其免疫原性和诱导中和抗体的能力,为开发安全有效的RV亚单位疫苗提供科学依据。 【方法】 通过基因合成获得∆VP8*-sc-dimer序列,运用同源重组技术将其导入pET-30a(+)原核表达载体。将纯化的重组蛋白与佐剂AddaVax混合后,肌内注射6-7周龄BALB/c小鼠。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测血清中∆VP8*特异性抗体滴度,通过病毒中和试验评估免疫血清的中和活性。 【结果】 成功表达并纯化了∆VP8*-sc-dimer重组蛋白,纯度约为90%;ELISA结果显示,∆VP8*组和∆VP8*-sc-dimer组接种后均诱导产生了∆VP8*特异性抗体,且∆VP8*-sc-dimer组抗体滴度显著高于∆VP8*组。病毒中和试验表明,2组免疫血清均可中和RV Wa株,其中∆VP8*-sc-dimer组的中和抗体滴度显著更高。 【结论】 ∆VP8*-sc-dimer亚单位疫苗可有效刺激机体产生针对RV Wa株的高水平抗体,且免疫应答显著优于∆VP8*。具有良好免疫原性的∆VP8*单链二聚体是开发新型人类RV疫苗的重要候选抗原,具有应用前景。

人轮状病毒  /  亚单位疫苗  /  重组蛋白  /  ∆VP8*同源二聚体  /  免疫原性

[Objective] Rotavirus (RV) is a major pathogen causing acute dehydrating gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Currently, no specific therapeutic drugs are available, making preventive vaccination the most effective strategy for controlling RV infection. We targeted the RV receptor-binding domain viral protein 8* (VP8*) and selected its functional region ΔVP8* (amino acids 65-223) to construct a single-chain dimer ΔVP8*-sc-dimer. We expressed and purified this recombinant protein in a prokaryotic system using the pET-30a(+) vector and evaluated its immunogenicity and neutralizing antibody induction capacity to provide scientific evidence for developing safe and effective RV subunit vaccines. [Methods] The ΔVP8*-sc-dimer sequence was synthesized and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a(+) via homologous recombination. The purified recombinant protein was formulated with AddaVax adjuvant and administered to 6 to 7-week-old BALB/c mice via intramuscular injection. ΔVP8*-specific IgG antibody titers in sera were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and neutralization activity of immune sera was assessed through virus neutralization assays. [Results] The recombinant protein ΔVP8*-sc-dimer was successfully expressed with 90% purity. ELISA results showed that both ΔVP8* and ΔVP8*-sc-dimer induced specific anti-ΔVP8* IgG antibodies following immunization, with the ΔVP8*-sc-dimer group exhibiting significantly higher antibody titers. Virus neutralization assays revealed that immune sera from both groups neutralized the RV Wa strain, with the ΔVP8*-sc-dimer group showing significantly superior neutralizing antibody titers. [Conclusion] The ΔVP8*-sc-dimer subunit vaccine effectively stimulates high-level antibody production against RV Wa strain, demonstrating significantly enhanced immune responses compared with ΔVP8*. With its excellent immunogenicity, ΔVP8*-sc-dimer represents a promising candidate antigen for developing novel RV vaccines with substantial clinical application potential.

human rotavirus  /  subunit vaccine  /  recombinant protein  /  ΔVP8* homodimer  /  immunogenicity
王春玉, 宋直钰, 霍岩, 李晗, 纪惠莹, 张天昊, 刘智民, 方荣祥, 张莉莉. 单链二聚体化策略增强轮状病毒∆VP8* 疫苗免疫原性. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4392 -4405 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250133
Chunyu WANG, Zhiyu SONG, Yan HUO, Han LI, Huiying JI, Tianhao ZHANG, Zhimin LIU, Rongxiang FANG, Lili ZHANG. Single-chain dimerization enhances the immunogenicity of rotavirus ∆VP8* vaccine[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (10) : 4392 -4405 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250133
轮状病毒(rotavirus, RV)是儿童病毒性胃肠炎的主要病因,在全球范围内导致较高的发病率和死亡率,在中低收入国家尤为严重[1-3]。自2009年起,世界卫生组织(world health organization, WHO)建议将口服减毒活疫苗纳入国家免疫规划[4]。截至2024年底,全球已有127个国家将人类RV疫苗纳入国家免疫计划[5]。目前,已有4种轮状病毒减毒活疫苗通过WHO的预认证,包括Rotarix (口服轮状病毒活疫苗,RIX4414株)、RotaTeq (口服五价重配轮状病毒活疫苗)、Rotavac (口服轮状病毒活疫苗,116E株)和Rotasiil (口服五价轮状病毒活疫苗)[6-7]。兰州生物制品研究所生产的罗特威于2001年在中国获批上市[8-9],但由于该疫苗并非国家免疫规划的一部分,其覆盖率相对较低[10]。临床试验数据显示,在发达国家Rotarix和RotaTeq的预防有效率均超过85%[11]。然而,受肠道环境、胃酸及母乳抗体等因素影响,这2种疫苗在低收入国家的有效率仅为61%[12]。在中国,研究显示接种3剂RotaTeq疫苗的有效性约为85%-97%[13-14],接种1-3剂罗特威的有效性则在35%-77%之间[15-16]
轮状病毒通过消化道感染,口服减毒活疫苗能有效刺激黏膜免疫。然而,口服RV疫苗存在引发肠套叠的风险。肠套叠是一种可能导致肠梗阻且具有潜在致命性的罕见急症,曾导致第一代人类RV疫苗Rotashield在上市一年后被迫停用[17-18]。尽管新一代疫苗如RotaTeq和Rotarix已大幅降低了这一风险,但仍未能完全消除。因此,肌内注射非复制型轮状病毒疫苗成为一种更为安全的技术路线。同时,通过精确的抗原设计,亚单位疫苗有潜力提供更广谱的保护,覆盖更多病毒株。此外,亚单位疫苗可能适用于免疫功能低下人群,目前这类人群不建议使用活疫苗。亚单位疫苗还具有更佳的热稳定性,有利于在资源有限地区的储存和运输,从而降低成本,提高疫苗的可及性。然而,亚单位疫苗普遍存在免疫原性不足的问题,因此优化抗原设计、选择合适佐剂和改进递送系统等策略对提高其免疫原性至关重要[19]
RV属于呼肠孤病毒科轮状病毒属的无包膜双链RNA病毒,由3层蛋白衣壳和11条基因片段组成[20],编码6种非结构蛋白和6种结构蛋白。根据viral protein 4 (VP4)和viral protein 7 (VP7)的抗原性可进一步分为P基因型和G基因型[21]。目前已鉴定出42个G基因型和58个P基因型,其中G1-G4、G9和P[8]、P[4]及P[6]在全球最为普遍[22]。中国境内轮状病毒的流行株呈现明显的阶段性变化,近年来以G9和P[8]型占比最高[23]。VP4需经胰蛋白酶水解为VP8*和viral protein 5* (VP5*)后才能介导病毒入侵靶细胞,其中VP8*亚基负责与宿主细胞受体特异性结合[20-24],因此成为开发人类RV亚单位疫苗的理想靶点。在对VP8*亚基的研究中发现全长VP8* (1-231位氨基酸)在大肠杆菌系统表达时会形成不可溶的包涵体[25-26],即使融合GST标签后其可溶蛋白表达水平仍较低[27]。多种截短的VP8*片段则表现为可溶蛋白形式,且重组蛋白的表达量显著升高[28]。当移除N端第1-64位氨基酸后,截短的VP8* (ΔVP8*,65-231位氨基酸)表现出很强的可溶性和较高的表达水平[29]。研究已解析了该∆VP8*的晶体结构[30],并发现所有VP8*特异性中和抗体均位于这个区域内[31]。多种以ΔVP8*为基本组成的融合蛋白抗原表现出增强的免疫原性,例如融合破伤风毒素细胞表位肽P2或霍乱毒素的无毒B亚基[32-33]。其中,P2-ΔVP8*为目前处于临床试验阶段的主要候选疫苗[34]
最近在冠状病毒疫苗的研究中通过构建新型冠状病毒受体结合域(receptor-binding domain, RBD)的串联二聚体(RBD-sc-dimer)可显著提高免疫原性。以RBD-sc-dimer为抗原的疫苗ZF2001已在中国、乌兹别克斯坦等国家获得紧急使用,这为提高亚单位疫苗免疫原性提供了重要思路[35]。为进一步提高ΔVP8*的免疫原性,本研究以RV的ΔVP8*为靶点,设计了单链二聚体(∆VP8*-sc-dimer)结构。
RV Wa毒株由中国疾病预防控制中心保管,基因型为G1P[8]。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)感受态细胞及质粒pET-30a(+)均购自北京擎科生物科技有限公司。
质粒提取试剂盒,Corning公司;限制性核酸内切酶Nde I和Xho I,New England Biolabs公司;DNA分子量标记物、蛋白质预染标记物、高保真DNA聚合酶以及增强化学发光(enhanced chemiluminescence, ECL)底物,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;DNA凝胶回收试剂盒,Promega公司;同源重组酶,Vazyme公司;辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP)偶联的6*His-Tag单克隆抗体,武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;琼脂糖,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;三羟甲基氨基甲烷(Tris),北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司;胰蛋白胨、酵母浸出物,安琪酵母股份有限公司;脱脂奶粉,北京酷来搏科技有限公司;AddaVax佐剂、HRP偶联山羊抗鼠IgA,InvivoGen公司;Ni Sepharose excel,Cytiva公司;3,3′,5,5′-四甲基联苯胺 (3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, TMB)显色液,北京鼎国昌盛生物技术有限责任公司;辣根过氧化物酶偶联山羊抗鼠IgG,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;卡那霉素,Macklin公司;咪唑,Sigma-Aldrich公司;极限必需培养基(minimum essential medium, MEM),Boster公司。
低温超高压破碎仪,广州聚能纳米生物科技股份有限公司;紫外可见分光光度计,SHIMADZU公司;PCR仪,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;校准型光密度扫描仪,Azure Biosystems公司;酶标仪,Tecan公司;HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 pg凝胶过滤色谱柱,Cytiva公司;AKTA pure蛋白纯化仪器,GE HealthCare公司。
RV Wa毒株ΔVP8*的氨基酸序列来源于该毒株的VP4全长(GenBank登录号为FJ423116.1),将核苷酸序列按照大肠杆菌的密码子偏好性进行优化。为了构建ΔVP8*-sc-dimer,将2个单体基因的序列分别进行密码子优化,并使2个基因的核苷酸序列差异尽可能大。将优化后的基因序列全合成(南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司),并根据合成的基因序列设计上游引物ΔVP8*-F (5′-AACTTTAAGAAGGAGATATACATATGTTG GATGGTCCATATCAGCC-3′)和下游引物 ∆VP8*-R (5′-TCAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGG AGACCATTATTAATATATTCATTA-3′)。以合成的ΔVP8*基因序列作为模板,采用上游引物和下游引物进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(50 μL):5×Phusion HF Buffer 10 μL,dNTP Mix (10 mmol/L) 1 μL,上、下游引物(1 μmol/L)各2 μL,DNA模板1 μL,Phusion DNA Polymerase 0.5 μL,ddH2O 33.5 μL。PCR反应条件:98 °C预变性2 min;98 °C变性10 s,55 °C退火30 s,72 °C延伸30 s,28个循环;72 °C终延伸10 min。将扩增的∆VP8*基因片段通过同源重组的方式克隆至用Nde I和Xho I双酶切的pET-30a(+)载体,得到重组质粒pET-∆VP8*。按照同样的方法,以引物对∆VP8*-sc-dimer-F (5′-AACTTTAAGAAG GAGATATACATATGTTGGATGGTCCATATCAGCC-3′)和∆VP8*-sc-dimer-R (5′-TCAGTGGTGG TGGTGGTGGTGGAGTCCATTGTTGATGTAC-3′)扩增∆VP8*-sc-dimer并克隆至pET-30a(+),得到重组质粒pET-∆VP8*-sc-dimer。将2种测序正确的重组质粒分别转化E. coli BL21(DE3),获得重组菌株。将重组菌株冻存于-80 °C冰箱中备用。
将携带重组质粒的E. coli BL21(DE3)接种于LB培养基(g/L):胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,氯化钠10.0;在37 °C、220 r/min条件下培养14 h;然后按照1:1 000稀释到新鲜的200 mL LB培养基中,37 °C继续培养至对数生长期,即OD 600=0.4-0.8;添加1 mmol/L IPTG,在16 °C、150 r/min培养12 h;4 °C、4 000 r/min离心15 min收集菌体,在80 000 kPa条件下进行菌体破碎,4 °C、4 000×g离心30 min后分别收集上清液,并通过SDS-PAGE结合考马斯亮蓝染色检测重组蛋白的诱导表达情况。重组蛋白表达水平的计算方法:采用1 μg牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA)作为蛋白质定量标准品,通过SDS-PAGE分离样品后,使用考马斯亮蓝染色。凝胶图像经校准型光密度扫描仪采集后,采用ImageJ图像分析软件进行条带灰度值分析。通过比较目标条带与标准品的灰度比值进行定量分析。
为获得高纯度的重组蛋白,利用His标签亲和纯化技术使重组蛋白与镍柱特异性结合。依次采用含0、20和40 mmol/L咪唑的缓冲液洗脱非特异性结合蛋白,最后用含250 mmol/L咪唑的缓冲液洗脱目的蛋白。收集洗脱产物后,使用1×PBS (0.137 mol/L NaCl,2.7 mmol/L KCl,0.01 mol/L Na2HPO4,1.8 mmol/L KH2PO4,pH 7.4)进行置换并将蛋白浓缩至体积不超过500 μL,随后12 000×g离心10 min去除杂质。对于表达重组蛋白的实验组,通过500 μL上样环将蛋白样品加载至HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 pg凝胶过滤色谱柱,基于目的蛋白的分子量进行进一步分离纯化。采用与目的蛋白纯化完全相同的实验流程和操作条件对空载体转化组进行对照蛋白的分离纯化。为验证重组蛋白的特异性,将纯化所得的蛋白样品经SDS-PAGE分离后转移至聚偏氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF)膜上。使用5%脱脂奶粉[溶于Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20 (TBST) (0.137 mol/L NaCl,2.7 mmol/L KCl,10 mmol/L Tris,0.1% Tween-20)中],在室温下封闭1-2 h,随后用TBST缓冲液洗膜5次,每次5 min。加入HRP偶联的抗6×His-Tag小鼠单克隆抗体(1:5 000稀释),室温孵育1 h,最后使用ECL底物通过成像仪进行显影检测。
选用6-7周龄健康BALB/c小鼠(BALB/c mouse)进行免疫实验。将实验小鼠随机分为3组(每组5只),分别接种1、5和10 μg重组蛋白。使用1×PBS将各组蛋白稀释至250 μL,随后与等体积AddaVax佐剂充分混合后进行肌内注射。空载体组使用等体积与等剂量的蛋白浓缩液,PBS对照组则使用等体积的PBS。每只小鼠的注射总量为100 μL,分别在左、右后腿各注射50 μL。将首次免疫的日期设定为第0天,免疫前需采集血清样本。分别于第14天和第28天进行第二次和第三次免疫。在第35、57和88天采集血清样本,分离后的血清储存于-80 °C冰箱中备用于后续实验。
采用ELISA方法检测血清中的∆VP8*特异性抗体水平,具体步骤如下:96孔板每孔加入100 μL包被缓冲液(含100 ng ΔVP8*重组蛋白),4 °C过夜包被完成抗原包被;随后弃去包被液,每孔加入100 μL封闭液(5%脱脂奶粉溶于1×PBS),37 °C孵育1 h进行封闭;接着用200 μL phosphate-buffered saline with Tween-20 (PBST) (含0.1% Tween-20的1×PBS溶液)洗涤3次,每次孵育5 min完成洗板步骤;将免疫血清用1×PBS进行倍比稀释(50-819 200倍),每孔加入100 μL稀释血清,37 °C孵育1 h进行加样反应;洗板3次后,根据检测目标分别加入相应二抗,IgG检测每孔加入100 μL HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG二抗(1:5 000稀释),IgA检测则加入100 μL HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgA二抗(1:2 000稀释),37 °C孵育1 h;再次洗板3次后,每孔加入100 μL TMB显色底物,37 °C避光孵育10 min进行显色反应,随后加入50 μL 2 mol/L H2SO4终止反应;最后使用酶标仪测定各孔的吸光度值完成检测。
将Microbiological Associates-104 (MA104)细胞接种于96孔板中,培养16-20 h至形成单层;同时,将待测血清在60 °C水浴中加热 30 min以灭活补体;随后将RV Wa毒株在室温融化,加入终浓度为10 μg/mL的无乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, EDTA)胰酶(500 μL病毒悬液+2 μL 0.25%胰酶溶液),37 °C孵育1 h进行病毒活化;在96孔板中,用30 μL含2 μg/mL胰酶的MEM对待测血清进行4倍梯度稀释;将活化后的病毒用含2 μg/mL胰酶的MEM稀释至200 TCID50,并与等体积的稀释血清混合,37 °C孵育1 h进行中和反应;用无血清MEM洗涤MA104细胞3次后,每孔加入20 μL血清-病毒混合液,37 °C孵育1 h使细胞感染;去除上清后,加入含0.5 μg/mL胰酶的MEM,37 °C培养约3 d,观察细胞病变效应;采用Reed-Muench法计算中和抗体效价,定义为能够保护50%的细胞免受病毒感染而不发生病变的血清最高稀释倍数。
使用Prism 10.1.2软件绘制图表并进行统计分析,数据以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。采用双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)比较ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer 2种抗原在不同免疫剂量(1、5、10 μg)间的抗原效价差异,并采用Tukey多重比较检验进行组间两两比较。针对不同时间点(第35、57、88天)的抗体滴度动态变化,则采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行多重比较分析。统计学差异以P<0.05为显著性标准。
本研究所有动物实验获得北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司机构实验动物管理和使用委员会的批准(审批号:P202507140001),并根据动物实验伦理委员会所提供的实验动物护理和指南进行。
鉴于∆VP8* (氨基酸序列第62-223位)的晶体结构已被成功解析[30,36],以Wa毒株的ΔVP8*为模板(氨基酸残基L65-L223),设计构建了串联单链二聚体ΔVP8*-sc-dimer。随后利用AlphaFold和ESPript软件对该二聚体的结构进行预测分析,并与文献报道的单体结构进行比较[36]。结果表明,源于RV的∆VP8*单体结构域与源于恒河猴轮状病毒的相应结构域具有高度相似性。在RV的ΔVP8*-sc-dimer中,2个单体形成稳定的二聚体结构,每个单体在空间构象上保持相对独立性,且各单体的二级结构和三维结构均与天然单体结构高度一致(图1)。结构预测结果表明,该RV来源的ΔVP8*-sc-dimer能够保持与单体相同的关键抗原表位,从而有效维持其免疫原性特征。
原核系统表达ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer的构建策略如图2A所示。ΔVP8*-sc-dimer由2个单体直接首尾相接而成,中间不引入任何外源氨基酸序列。经测序验证的基因片段分别克隆至pET-30a(+)表达载体中,构建获得重组质粒pET-ΔVP8*和pET-ΔVP8*-sc-dimer。重组质粒随后转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)菌株,获得表达菌株BL21(DE3)-ΔVP8*和BL21(DE3)-ΔVP8*-sc-dimer。通过SDS-PAGE分析可见,IPTG诱导后2种重组蛋白均可以可溶形式存在于细胞中。变性凝胶电泳显示,ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer的分子量分别与基于氨基酸序列的理论预测值高度一致,分别为19.2 kDa和37.4 kDa (图2B)。以抗His标签抗体进行Western blotting分析进一步证实了这2种重组蛋白的特异性及分子量(图2C)。在本研究建立的原核表达系统中,ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer的表达产量分别可达24.5 mg/L和17.0 mg/L培养液,表明该表达系统能够高效生产这2种重组蛋白。
由于ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer主要以可溶形式存在于细胞中,采用nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA)亲和层析和凝胶过滤层析的2步法进行蛋白纯化。首先离心收集菌体并通过高压破碎获得可溶性蛋白,随后利用Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化含His标签的重组蛋白,最后经凝胶过滤层析进一步提纯,收集含目标蛋白的洗脱液。凝胶过滤层析结果显示,目的蛋白均呈现单一且对称的峰,表明样品具有良好的均一性(图3B、3D)。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明,纯化后的ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer在预期分子量处均呈现单一条带(图3A、3C),通过凝胶成像系统灰度分析2种蛋白的纯度分别达到92%和90%,满足后续免疫实验要求。根据分子排阻色谱分析结果显示单一洗脱峰,结合SDS-PAGE检测证实为均一性条带。对纯化蛋白样品进行电镜观察未检测到病毒样颗粒(virus like particle, VLP)的形成。
综上所述,本研究成功建立了一套高效的表达与纯化工艺,可获得高纯度的ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer重组蛋白,为后续免疫原性评价奠定了基础。
为评估重组蛋白的免疫原性,将各抗原蛋白与AddaVax佐剂等体积混合后免疫BALB/c小鼠,同时以空载体组和PBS组分别作为阴性对照。实验设置了1、5和10 μg 3个递增剂量组,以评估抗原剂量对免疫应答强度的影响。免疫方案如图4A所示,在第0、14、28天进行3次免疫,并在第35天采集血清检测抗体水平。为评估抗体响应的持久性,本研究还在第57天和第88天采集了血清样本。
通过ELISA检测第35天血清中的特异性总IgG水平。结果表明在所有免疫剂量组中,ΔVP8*-sc-dimer组诱导产生的总IgG水平均显著高于相应剂量的ΔVP8*组(图4B)。在剂量效应方面,2种蛋白诱导的IgG滴度均随剂量增加而升高,但5 μg和10 μg组之间差异并不显著,提示5 μg已经接近免疫剂量的饱和点。长期免疫监测结果显示,第57天血清中的IgG水平较第35天显著提高,表明抗体水平不仅未随时间衰减,反而继续升高。相比之下,第88天血清中的IgG水平与第57天保持一致,无显著差异,表明抗体在3次免疫后的2个月内仍维持在理想的高滴度水平(图4C)。这一结果提示∆VP8*-sc-dimer有潜力诱导持久的保护性免疫应答。为了评估ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer免疫组诱导的IgA应答效果,在免疫后第35天检测了10 μg剂量组的血清IgA水平。结果显示,2组血清的IgA水平均未显著高出阴性对照,表明血清IgA水平极低(图4D)。
为了评估抗原的安全性,在免疫后持续监测小鼠的一般状况,包括精神状态、饮食欲和注射部位的反应,并定期测定体重变化。结果显示,单体或二聚体免疫组的各项观察指标与空载体对照组及PBS对照组相比均无明显差异,体重测定值也无显著差异,表抗原具有良好的安全性。
为全面评估重组蛋白诱导中和抗体的能力,使用与IgG检测相同的血清样本进行了病毒中和实验。通过观察抗血清对RV Wa病毒感染MA104细胞的抑制作用,定量评估了中和抗体的功能性水平。结果显示,中和抗体的产生模式与总IgG水平的变化趋势一致:ΔVP8*-sc-dimer组小鼠产生的中和抗体滴度显著高于ΔVP8*组。剂量效应进一步表明,中和抗体滴度随着免疫剂量的增加而上升,但5 μg和10 μg 2个剂量组之间未观察到统计学显著差异,这提示5 μg剂量可能已达到诱导最佳免疫应答的阈值。值得注意的是,在5 μg和10 μg剂量3次免疫后,ΔVP8*-sc-dimer诱导产生的中和抗体效价可达1:5 012,是ΔVP8*组的13倍。结果表明,二聚体设计显著增强了抗原的免疫原性,特别是在诱导功能性中和抗体方面具有明显优势,这对于开发有效的轮状病毒疫苗候选物具有重要意义。
本研究成功构建并表达了RV受体结合域的单链二聚体(ΔVP8*-sc-dimer),并系统证明了其相较于单体形式具有显著增强的免疫原性。通过E. coli表达系统,获得了高纯度的ΔVP8*-sc-dimer重组蛋白。该蛋白具有良好的可溶性表达特性,且纯化工艺简便,为潜在的大规模生产奠定了基础。小鼠免疫实验表明,与单体ΔVP8*相比,∆VP8*-sc-dimer诱导产生了显著更高的特异性总IgG抗体和功能性中和抗体,中和抗体滴度提高了13倍。这种增强的免疫原性在所有测试剂量组中均得到验证,且抗体水平在最后一次免疫后至少能保持2个月的稳定高滴度。
本研究采用二聚体化策略来提升亚单位疫苗的免疫原性。在冠状病毒疫苗研发中,二聚体设计已展现出显著成效。中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型的受体结合域单链二聚体疫苗均表现出更高的抗体滴度和更好的保护效果[37]。二聚体设计增强免疫原性的机制可能涉及多个方面。一方面,二聚体可能以不同于单体的方式被抗原呈递细胞识别、吞噬和处理,这可能增强了抗原在淋巴系统中与免疫细胞相互作用的机会和效率。此外,从B细胞激活角度看,二聚体结构通过提供重复性抗原表位,显著增强了对B细胞受体(B cell receptor, BCR)的交联能力。BCR交联是激活B细胞的关键事件,能够触发下游信号转导,启动B细胞增殖和分化[38-39]。抗原表位的密度和方向对免疫原性有重要影响,适当的表位间距可最大化BCR交联效率。二聚体可能通过优化的空间构型,更有效地暴露了关键中和表位,提高了对B细胞的刺激效率。
轮状病毒通过消化道感染,口服减毒活疫苗具有刺激黏膜免疫的功能。前期研究在使用P2-ΔVP8*免疫动物的实验中,无论是蛋白亚单位还是mRNA,3次免疫豚鼠后并未诱导显著的血清IgA应答[33,40]。在病毒攻毒后的第10天,IgA滴度才显著增加,且明显高于未免疫组的血清IgA滴度(约100倍)[33]。这表明肠外接种的亚单位疫苗虽然不能有效诱导IgA,但能使机体做好充分准备,在遇到病毒后迅速产生高水平的IgA应答,从而对病毒感染产生更强的抵抗力。值得注意的是,在2项P2-VP8的人体免疫临床试验中[41-42],IgA的表现与动物模型存在明显差异,受试者确实产生了抗VP8的IgA抗体,不过2项人体试验所获得的IgA抗体水平差异较大。研究表明肠外免疫诱导血清IgA应答的程度在不同人群以及不同动物模型中可能存在显著差异。基于这一考虑,本研究检测了ΔVP8*和ΔVP8*-sc-dimer免疫小鼠3次后第35天的血清样本中的IgA水平,结果显示2组血清的IgA水平均未显著高于阴性对照,表明血清IgA水平极低。
重组蛋白疫苗在不同宿主中的免疫原性差异可能影响对其临床效果的预测。无菌猪是RV疫苗研究中最重要的大型动物模型之一,猪的解剖、生理、免疫和发育特性与人类有许多相似之处,且对RV具有长期易感性[43]。基于P2-VP8的多款潜在抗原已通过无菌猪评价其免疫原性[40,44]。除无菌猪之外,豚鼠[33,45]、小鼠[46-47]和兔[48-49]等动物模型也被广泛用于评价轮状病毒亚单位疫苗的免疫原性。多样化的动物模型提供了多维度的免疫原性数据,但同时也提示在解释这些数据并预测人体免疫反应时需保持谨慎。基于来源于不同动物模型的免疫原性数据,推测ΔVP8*-sc-dimer免疫小鼠未能有效刺激IgA响应的现象,可能在豚鼠、兔以及无菌猪模型中也存在相似表现,而在人体试验中可能刺激不同程度的IgA响应。
当前市场上的人类RV疫苗均为口服减毒活疫苗,虽然它们能有效诱导黏膜免疫,但也面临多重局限性。首先,口服活疫苗受到肠道微环境诸多因素的干扰,包括母乳抗体中和、胃酸降解和肠道菌群影响,这可能导致低收入国家疫苗有效率显著降低。其次,减毒活疫苗存在肠套叠风险,且不适用于免疫功能低下人群。相比之下,亚单位疫苗具有多项潜在优势:肌内注射递送路径规避了肠道环境的干扰;不含复制性病毒组分,大幅降低了肠套叠风险;具有更佳的热稳定性,便于在资源有限地区储存和运输;适合免疫功能低下人群,如接受免疫抑制治疗的患者和早产儿等,这些人群不能接种减毒活疫苗。本研究采用E. coli系统表达 ΔVP8*-sc-dimer,主要基于该抗原天然不进行糖基化等翻译后修饰,因此在E. coli中表达可以产生具有同样高效免疫原性的产物。相比之下,选择E. coli系统具有显著的产业化优势,该系统生长速度快、表达水平高、培养成本低,特别适合大规模生产。本研究优化的表达条件使ΔVP8*-sc-dimer表达水平高且主要以可溶形式存在,显著简化了后续纯化工艺。
本研究设计的ΔVP8*同源二聚体证明了二聚体策略的有效性。鉴于轮状病毒存在多种血清型,设计包含不同血清型VP8*的异源二聚体可能提供更广谱的保护。例如,结合P[8]和P[4]的异源二聚体可能同时覆盖2种主要流行株。本研究为开发新型人类RV亚单位疫苗提供了有价值的候选抗原和技术路线。
  • 泉州市润阳医疗科技有限公司委托的横向项目(2025110043103983)
  • 中国科学院微生物研究所三年行动方案所级部署项目(E2SJ060603)
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2025年第65卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250133
  • 接收时间:2025-02-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-03
  • 出版时间:2025-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-24
  • 录用日期:2025-06-23
基金
the Contract Research Project Quanzhou Runyuan Medical Technology Co., Ltd(2025110043103983)
泉州市润阳医疗科技有限公司委托的横向项目(2025110043103983)
the Key Deployment Project Support Fund of the “Three-year Action Plan” of the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(E2SJ060603)
中国科学院微生物研究所三年行动方案所级部署项目(E2SJ060603)
作者信息
    1 山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院) 临床与基础医学院,山东 济南
    2 中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    3 山西农业大学 动物医学学院,山西 晋中
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250133
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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