Article(id=1242175011004449577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240540, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725120000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730044800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-10-28, onlineDate=1774087201119, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087201119, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087201119, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087201119, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175011629400923, articleId=1242175011004449577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Occurrence and mechanism of ferroptosis in livestock and poultry diseases, columnId=1239895164987175635, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is iron-dependent and primarily characterized by lipid peroxidation. Studies have indicated that ferroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. A variety of pathogens have been confirmed to induce ferroptosis of host cells, which facilitates pathogen proliferation and counteracting host immunity. Therefore, ferroptosis extensively participates in the pathophysiological processes caused by pathogen infection. In addition, ferroptosis is involved in the pathological process of many metabolic and poisoning diseases. This paper reviews the research progress in the occurrence and mechanism of ferroptosis in livestock and poultry diseases, aiming to provide reference for further exploring the effect and mechanism of ferroptosis in livestock and poultry diseases.

, correspAuthors=Hongzhi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*WANG Hongzhi, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Di LEI, Boyi XU, Rendong FANG, Hongzhi WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175014900957306, articleId=1242175011004449577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=畜禽疾病中铁死亡的发生和作用机制, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铁死亡(ferroptosis)是一种新型程序性细胞死亡形式,以铁依赖性脂质过氧化损伤为主要危害特征。铁死亡与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关,多种病原被证实通过诱导宿主细胞铁死亡,促进自身增殖,拮抗宿主免疫等,广泛参与病原感染所致的病理生理学过程。多种代谢病、中毒病等的病理过程中也存在铁死亡的参与。本文就畜禽疾病中的铁死亡现象及作用机制的研究进展进行综述,以期为进一步探索铁死亡参与畜禽疾病的作用及机制提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王鸿志, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=NarWOk26HW6CKuHYfhX8vQ==, magXml=PcYeQ4svWciyOsAa3JjAhw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=m0/HDCmck2svn0pu5IYNww==, pdfFileSize=460488, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=qTX7f+1DR0w8X5WwMd1bCQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=雷迪, 徐博艺, 方仁东, 王鸿志)}, authors=[Author(id=1243300000332104229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011004449577, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1243300000453739060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175011004449577, authorId=1243300000332104229, language=EN, stringName=Di LEI, firstName=Di, middleName=null, lastName=LEI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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畜禽疾病中铁死亡的发生和作用机制
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雷迪 1, 2 , 徐博艺 1, 2 , 方仁东 1, 2 , 王鸿志 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2025,65(1): 52-61
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微生物学报 | 综述 2025, 65(1): 52-61
畜禽疾病中铁死亡的发生和作用机制
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雷迪1, 2, 徐博艺1, 2, 方仁东1, 2, 王鸿志1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 西南大学 动物医学院, 动物健康与动物性食品安全国际合作联合实验室, 重庆 400715
  • 2 国家生猪技术创新中心重庆协同创新研究院, 重庆 402460
Occurrence and mechanism of ferroptosis in livestock and poultry diseases
Di LEI1, 2, Boyi XU1, 2, Rendong FANG1, 2, Hongzhi WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
  • 2 Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240540
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铁死亡(ferroptosis)是一种新型程序性细胞死亡形式,以铁依赖性脂质过氧化损伤为主要危害特征。铁死亡与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关,多种病原被证实通过诱导宿主细胞铁死亡,促进自身增殖,拮抗宿主免疫等,广泛参与病原感染所致的病理生理学过程。多种代谢病、中毒病等的病理过程中也存在铁死亡的参与。本文就畜禽疾病中的铁死亡现象及作用机制的研究进展进行综述,以期为进一步探索铁死亡参与畜禽疾病的作用及机制提供参考。

铁死亡  /  畜禽疾病  /  宿主细胞  /  致病机制

Ferroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is iron-dependent and primarily characterized by lipid peroxidation. Studies have indicated that ferroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. A variety of pathogens have been confirmed to induce ferroptosis of host cells, which facilitates pathogen proliferation and counteracting host immunity. Therefore, ferroptosis extensively participates in the pathophysiological processes caused by pathogen infection. In addition, ferroptosis is involved in the pathological process of many metabolic and poisoning diseases. This paper reviews the research progress in the occurrence and mechanism of ferroptosis in livestock and poultry diseases, aiming to provide reference for further exploring the effect and mechanism of ferroptosis in livestock and poultry diseases.

ferroptosis  /  livestock and poultry diseases  /  host cell  /  pathogenesis
雷迪, 徐博艺, 方仁东, 王鸿志. 畜禽疾病中铁死亡的发生和作用机制. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240540
Di LEI, Boyi XU, Rendong FANG, Hongzhi WANG. Occurrence and mechanism of ferroptosis in livestock and poultry diseases[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240540
铁死亡(ferroptosis)是一种以铁依赖性为主要特征的新型程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)形式[1]。不同于坏死、凋亡、自噬等细胞死亡形式,发生铁死亡的细胞具有特征性的细胞形态学变化,主要表现为细胞外膜破裂、线粒体萎缩和密度增加、线粒体嵴减少或消失、细胞核体积正常、无核浓缩现象等[2]。铁死亡的发生主要是由包括铁代谢、谷胱甘肽代谢、氨基酸代谢异常导致的细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)自由基增多,引发脂质过氧化反应,破坏细胞膜的磷脂双分子层,最终执行细胞铁死亡[3]
铁死亡被证实广泛参与了机体致病损伤的病理生理学过程,如神经退行性疾病、癌症、脑卒中、创伤性脑损伤等。此外,铁死亡可能作为一种适应性过程,在根除致癌细胞及组织损伤修复中发挥作用,如通过诱导或抑制铁死亡的发生,实现对疾病发展过程的干预。在兽医学研究领域,相继发现流感病毒(influenza virus, IV)[4]、新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus, NDV)[5]、传染性支气管炎病毒(infectious bronchitis virus, IBV)[6]、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)[7]等多种畜禽病原感染可诱导铁死亡发生,随后参与致病过程。在非生物因素引起的畜禽代谢病、中毒性等病理过程中,也同样存在铁死亡的参与。基于此,本文对畜禽疾病发展过程中诱导的铁死亡及其作用进行了综述,为进一步探究铁死亡在疾病发展过程中的作用机制及可能的干预措施提供帮助。
铁死亡的研究最早起始于肿瘤细胞实验,2003年,Dolma等发现爱拉斯汀(erastin)能够选择性致死RAS基因突变的肿瘤细胞,且使用细胞凋亡、坏死和自噬抑制剂都不能逆转这一现象[8]。随后,这种由erastin诱导的细胞死亡形式被发现可以被铁螯合剂逆转,另外一种化合物RAS选择性致死性小分子3 (RAS-selective lethal small molecule 3, RSL3)也能够诱导这一细胞死亡形式的发生。2012年,Dixon等将这种与铁密切相关的新型细胞死亡形式命名为Ferroptosis[1],学术界将其翻译为“铁死亡”。随着铁死亡抑制剂ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1)的发现,erastin诱导细胞铁死亡的作用机制被证实与细胞膜上的胱氨酸/谷氨酸反向转运体(cystine/glutamate antiporter, System XC)相关,这也是最先被发现的铁死亡发生机制[1, 9]。然而同样具有铁死亡诱导效应的小分子化合物RSL3,则被确认通过与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPx4)互作,诱导细胞铁死亡[10-12]
铁死亡介导多种类型疾病的发生发展过程,近年来,相继发现铁死亡在神经系统疾病、心血管疾病、急性器官损伤乃至肿瘤免疫微环境等病理进程中的重要作用[2]。铁死亡也为致病的治疗提供了新靶点,诱导或抑制铁死亡可以有效干预疾病发展进程,多种与铁死亡相关的药物已应用于癌症等的治疗。随着对铁死亡调控机制的深入研究,其发生的机制逐渐明晰,主要分为3类途径:氨基酸代谢途径、铁代谢途径和脂质代谢途径。
氨基酸代谢异常引发铁死亡的核心是谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)。System XC是由溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11)和溶质载体家族3成员2 (solute carrier family 3 member 2, SLC3A2) 2个蛋白亚基组成的氨基酸转运复合体,负责将胞外的胱氨酸转运至胞内,参与胞内GSH的合成,从而维持细胞抗氧化能力[13]。System XC是最早被鉴定的铁死亡通路上游的关键调控蛋白,研究发现erastin能够抑制SLC7A11活性,阻断细胞对胱氨酸的摄取,从而下调胞内GSH含量[14]。GPx4能够利用GSH将有害的脂质氢过氧化物(LOOH)还原转化为无害的脂质醇(L-OH),从而拮抗铁死亡[3, 15]。GSH减少导致GPx4活性降低,RSL3等可通过靶向抑制GPx4活性,引发细胞内脂质过氧化物的快速积累[16-17]。铁是生命活动所必需的重要元素,铁代谢失衡可引发铁蓄积,蓄积的铁离子既可通过铁依赖的芬顿(Fenton)反应产生羟基自由基[18],也可通过脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX)等催化磷脂氢过氧化物的产生[19],导致铁死亡。转铁蛋白(transferrin, TF)、转铁蛋白受体1 (transferrin receptor, TfR1)、铁蛋白(ferritin)、泵铁蛋白(ferroportin, Fpn)、血红素加氧酶1 (heme oxygenase 1, Hmox1)等铁代谢相关基因均被证实可正向或负向调控细胞铁死亡[20-22]。细胞膜系统中的脂质尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)是发生脂质过氧化和铁死亡的必要底物[10, 23]。PUFAs富含多个不饱和双键,极易发生过氧化,破坏细胞膜流动性、通透性,导致细胞发生损伤[24]。酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4 (acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, ACSL4)催化游离的PUFAs生成PUFA-CoA,经溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶3 (lysophospholipid acyltransferase 3, LPCAT3)酯化并与磷脂(phospholipid, PL)反应生成PUFA-PLs,PUFA-PLs通过LOX或者自身氧化反应被氧化成脂质过氧化物导致铁死亡,敲除ACSL4和LPCAT3能够降低PUFA-PLs的合成,抑制铁死亡[19, 25]
此外,自噬可通过铁蛋白自噬、脂滴自噬等途径调剂细胞内铁储存及氧化应激水平,进而调控铁死亡[26-27]。内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)[28]、电压依赖性阴离子通道(voltage-dependentanion channel, VDAC)[29]、p62-Keap1-Nrf2[30]、p53-SAT1-ALOX15[31]等途径均可通过调控细胞内铁离子及活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的形成等方式,调控细胞铁死亡的发生。随着研究的深入,铁死亡机制还在不断地被发现。
NDV是第一种被证实可诱导肿瘤细胞铁死亡的畜禽源病原体,NDV感染后p53表达呈剂量和时间依赖性上调,激活p53-SLC7A11- GPx4信号轴,抑制SLC7A11表达,从而抑制System XC对GSH的摄取,NDV还可通过诱导铁蛋白自噬,释放Fe2+,增强Fenton反应,增强其诱导的铁死亡水平,促进病毒复制[5]。H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus, AIV)诱导宿主细胞铁死亡水平与血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)头部糖基化位点的位置存在关联,研究发现,158位HA蛋白头部糖基化位点缺失(rS-144−/ 158−/169+)的毒株能够诱导更高水平的铁死亡,野生毒株(rS-144−/158+/169+)仅能诱导较低水平的铁死亡,但这一差异与糖基化位点的数量无关,rS-144−/158+/169−和rS-144+/158+/169−毒株诱导铁死亡水平与野生毒株无明显差异[32]。王鸿志等研究发现,铁死亡在新型鸭正呼肠孤病毒(novel duck orthoreovirus, NDRV)的感染致病中发挥重要作用,NDRV诱导巨噬细胞铁死亡是其引发脾脏坏死及免疫抑制的关键致病机理。禽正呼肠孤病毒具有嗜巨噬细胞倾向,NDRV能够通过调控铁过载诱导巨噬细胞铁死亡,TfR1等铁代谢效应分子是NDRV调控铁过载诱导巨噬细胞铁死亡的重要靶点[33]。传染性支气管炎病毒(infectious bronchitis virus, IBV)肾型毒株感染是造成禽痛风病的致病因素之一,研究发现,IBV感染会造成鸡肾脏中铁代谢和GSH代谢紊乱,进而引发脂质过氧化物蓄积,致使细胞发生铁死亡,这一病理现象可能是IBV诱导鸡肾脏损伤的关键途径之一[6]。此外,研究表明猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV)[34-35]、猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PEDV)[36]的感染致病中均有铁死亡的参与。
病原感染诱导宿主细胞铁死亡,还常继发严重的坏死性炎症。坏死性凋亡、焦亡、铁死亡等细胞死亡释放的胞内损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMP),能够将具有高度免疫原性的细胞内分子和细胞器释放到间质中,引发自身免疫性炎症,即“坏死性炎症”[37]。黄家望等研究发现,A型流感病毒(influenza A virus, IAV)感染激活缺氧诱导因子-1α (hypoxia inducible factor 1α, HIF-1α)表达,并促进其入核,上调下游靶基因诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS)和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)的表达,诱导小鼠肺上皮细胞铁死亡,采用Fer-1抑制铁死亡,细胞分泌的白细胞介素1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和白细胞介素6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)等炎性因子也明显减少[38]。铁死亡信号通路也在猪流感病毒(swine influenza virus, SIV)感染致病中高度富集,研究发现,SIV感染后铁结合蛋白(iron-binding protein, IBP)异常表达导致胞内铁代谢紊乱,抑制System XC-GPx4轴的激活,导致GSH耗竭及脂质过氧化产物的积累,引起宿主细胞铁死亡并促进自身增殖,引发严重的急性呼吸道病症。SIV感染中,抑制铁死亡可有效降低病毒复制和炎症水平[4]
在畜禽细菌性疫病中,铁死亡主要在病原体致宿主细胞损伤及拮抗宿主天然免疫中发挥作用。铁死亡是结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb)感染坏死的重要机制,也是结核病治疗的靶向机制之一。在体内,Mtb感染导致小鼠肺组织中GPx4活性降低,脂质过氧化产物蓄积。在体外,巨噬细胞感染模型中,Mtb感染导致细胞中Fe2+浓度、线粒体超氧化物及脂质过氧化物增加,并可被Fer-1逆转,且经Fer-1干预后,各器官载菌量显著降低,肺部损伤得到明显改善[39]。此外,研究表明铁死亡同样参与了S. aureus的感染致病,S. aureus感染后,通过铁摄取调节因子(ferric uptake regulator, Fur)感知菌体外铁水平并调节自身毒素的释放,当铁缺乏时,Fur通过增加溶血素分泌裂解红细胞,提高宿主细胞铁水平。同时发现,S. aureus感染致小鼠肺部发生严重的氧化应激反应,并降低GSH水平,但具体的机制有待于进一步研究[7]。布鲁氏菌(Brucella)是一种在巨噬细胞内复制的兼性胞内细菌,Hu等研究发现铁死亡参与B. abortus的感染致病过程[40]Brucella感染引发巨噬细胞铁死亡,Fer-1能够显著抑制这一过程,且抑制宿主细胞铁死亡能够显著提升Brucella的细胞内存活率,表明Brucella可通过调控宿主细胞铁死亡促进其在细胞内的复制和释放[41]。Hu等[42]研究发现,Brucella通过p53-SLC7A11-GPx4调控巨噬细胞铁死亡,抑制p53可以显著降低感染细胞的ROS和脂质过氧化水平。奶牛乳腺炎是由病原菌侵入乳房引起的一种高发多害疾病,在小鼠乳腺炎研究模型中,发现乳腺炎病程中伴随铁死亡的发生,抑制铁死亡能够有效缓解乳腺组织损伤及炎症反应[43]。红细胞参与抗细菌感染的免疫反应,大肠杆菌可通过铁介导的铁死亡途径诱导草鱼红细胞死亡;大肠杆菌侵袭草鱼红细胞后,引起血红素增加,引发Hmox1表达上调、Fpn表达下调,从而增加细胞内铁水平,诱导Fenton反应释放ROS,并激活铁死亡信号通路,为细菌和红细胞间互作研究提供了新思路[44]
铁死亡应激的时空响应是巨噬细胞防御细菌入侵的有效途径,限制铁进入细菌体内是巨噬细胞发挥抑菌效应的重要策略。巨噬细胞内的Fe2+浓度和脂质过氧化水平在细菌感染早期急剧升高,而在感染后期降至正常水平,在巨噬细胞中添加铁死亡诱导剂可促进巨噬细胞的抑菌效应[45]。巨噬细胞通过Fpn将胞浆内的铁死亡信使(Fe2+)传递至胞内细菌体内,从而诱导细菌的类铁死亡样损伤。Fpn与巨噬细胞内沙门氏菌空泡(Salmonella-containing vacuoles, SCV)存在共定位,Ferritin-Fpn轴将铁从胞浆内转运至SCV,并通过还原性辅酶Ⅱ氧化酶(NADPH oxidase, NOX)产生过氧化氢发生Fenton反应产生ROS[46]。在巨噬细胞中添加Fe2+或含铁纳米材料可抑制肠炎沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的胞内感染,并有助于缓解细菌感染所致的组织损伤[47]
铁死亡参与霉菌毒素诱导的仔猪肝肠病理损伤,霉菌毒素通过减少仔猪肝脏中胆固醇和胆汁酸合成,降低甲羟戊酸代谢产物角鲨烯的含量,引起GPx4和谷胱甘肽合成酶(glutathione synthetase, GSS)和角鲨烯合成酶(squalene synthase, SQS)活性受到显著抑制,进而引发铁死亡;核受体RORγ能够增强SLC7A11的启动子活性,通过调控其表达拮抗霉菌毒素引发的猪肠道细胞铁死亡[48]。呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)污染是仔猪断奶后腹泻的重要诱因,研究发现,日粮中添加DON能够显著改变十二指肠、空肠和回肠中的菌群结构,并上调十二指肠中铁死亡信号通路关键基因二价金属离子转运蛋白1 (divalent metal transporter 1, DMT1)、铁蛋白重链1 (ferritin heavy chain 1, Fth1)、铁蛋白轻链(ferritin light chain, Ftl)基因表达,通过小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)敲低Ftl基因表达后,能够缓解DON诱导的细胞毒性,表明诱导仔猪肠道菌群生态失衡以及肠道细胞发生铁死亡是其导致仔猪肠道损伤的重要原因[49]
除参与畜禽病原感染致病过程,铁死亡也在多种畜禽代谢病、中毒病等病理进程中发挥作用。卵泡颗粒细胞(granulosa cells, GCs)发生程序性死亡是引发卵泡闭锁影响鹅产蛋性能的重要病因,研究发现,卵泡液外泌体通过胞吞作用进入GCs,外泌体中携带的Hmox1引发胞内Fe2+浓度和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)水平升高,诱发GCs铁死亡[50]。在镉暴露引发鸡肝脏毒性研究中,镉暴露导致鸡肝细胞线粒体浓缩、嵴断裂,MDA含量显著升高,抗氧化酶GSH-Px及SOD活性显著降低,GPx4表达显著降低,ACSL4和环氧合酶2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, PTGS2)表达显著升高,导致肝脏内脂质过氧化物蓄积、铁代谢紊乱,进而诱发铁死亡,促进肝脏炎性损伤;镉暴露和铁死亡激活剂均能诱导鸡肝癌细胞(leghorn male hepatoma cell, LMH)铁死亡,并促进炎性因子的释放,铁死亡抑制剂极显著抑制了镉诱导的LMH细胞线粒体损伤和炎症因子释放[51]。这一现象在人体肝毒性研究中同样存在,镉暴露引起的肝毒性研究发现,镉暴露可以呈剂量依赖性诱导人正常肝细胞(human normal liver cells, LO2)铁死亡,与对照组相比,镉暴露可剂量依赖性下调GPx4、SLC7A11等蛋白表达[52]。硒缺乏引发肉鸡肝脏损伤,通过微小RNA (microRNA)筛选获得具有硒缺乏特异性的miR-129-3p,研究发现miR-129-3p通过靶向抑制SLC7A11表达,诱导肝细胞铁死亡,为硒缺乏导致的肝脏损伤机制研究提供了新的参考[53]
新型持久性有机污染物在畜禽体内的转化和致病过程中也存在铁死亡现象。有机磷阻燃剂2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯(2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, EHDPHP)对哺乳动物及家禽均具有毒性作用,EHDPHP可通过氧化应激和铁死亡对鸡肝脏造成损伤,促进炎症因子的合成和分泌,并且影响鸡的生长发育。EHDPHP暴露导致鸡肝细胞线粒体萎缩、线粒体嵴减少、部分细胞线粒体嵴消失;肝组织中的氧化应激水平、铁含量均随EHDPHP灌服量的增加而升高,并导致肝组织核因子κB (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)、IL-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)的mRNA表达上调[54]。邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, DEHP)是一种广泛使用的增塑剂。研究发现,DEHP通过影响铁代谢、System Xc/GPx4和脂质代谢途径,诱导肾脏内铁蓄积和氧化应激,同时激活AMPK/ULK1-PLIN2信号通路诱导肾脏脂滴自噬并释放大量的游离脂肪酸,进一步促进肾脏的铁死亡进程,揭示了脂滴自噬与肾脏铁死亡之间的潜在联系[27]。DEHP暴露通过上调TfR1破坏睾丸支持细胞内铁稳态,诱导铁死亡,进而引起小鼠睾丸支持细胞结构和功能受损[55]
病原感染后,通过拮抗免疫应答、诱导细胞损伤、毒素破坏等机制诱导宿主细胞及组织病理损伤,铁死亡已经被广泛证实参与了上述病理生理学过程[7, 33, 40, 49]。靶向铁死亡实现对畜禽疾病的干预存在较大的潜在应用价值。一方面,促进细胞铁死亡可以抑制病原体的增殖;另一方面,抑制宿主细胞铁死亡可以减轻病原感染引发的组织损伤。
铁死亡是溶瘤病毒杀伤肿瘤细胞的有效途径,溶瘤病毒精准定位并感染肿瘤细胞,通过裂解肿瘤细胞、激活免疫应答,达到杀伤并清除肿瘤细胞的目的,且该机制不影响正常细胞生长;NDV可通过诱导肿瘤细胞发生铁死亡,通过抑制System Xc诱导神经胶质瘤细胞U251铁死亡促进病毒复制,可能成为溶瘤NDV杀伤肿瘤细胞的新机制[5]。Erastin可以显著抑制PEDV在非洲绿猴肾细胞(verda reno cell, Vero)中的复制,erastin处理后,Vero细胞中Nrf2、ACSL4和GPx4基因的表达显著上调,且3个基因的表达与PEDV感染所诱导的表达呈负相关关系,推测erastin通过调控Vero细胞铁死亡抑制PEDV的复制[36]
铁死亡可以被激活,作为宿主防御机制,用于抑制胞内病原体。铁蓄积可能是宿主对抗侵袭性RNA病毒的有效途径,草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus, GCRV)感染后,伊氏梭菌转铁蛋白受体1 (Ctenopharyngodon idella transferrin receptor 1, CiTfR1)等相关基因表达上调,CiTfR1通过诱导细胞内不稳定铁池(labile iron pool, LIP)积累诱导细胞内氧化应激,抑制GCRV感染和促进细胞增殖;在细胞中添加50 μmol/L柠檬酸铁铵(ferric ammonium citrate, FAC),能够有效降低细胞内GCRV病毒载量,并提高了细胞存活率,表明铁可以作为一种药用添加剂,用于抑制动物病毒感染[56]
姜黄素通过抑制铁死亡,减轻黄曲霉毒素B1 (aflatoxin B1, AFB1)诱导的鸭肾脏毒性。姜黄素通过降低MDA和8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG)的表达水平,改善线粒体相关抗氧化酶和Nrf2通路的表达,抑制AFB1诱导的线粒体氧化应激,并通过核受体辅激活因子4 (nuclear receptor coactivator 4, NCOA4)途径抑制铁蛋白自噬,从而促进铁稳态的恢复,减轻AFB1诱导的肾脏细胞铁死亡,缓解AFB1诱发的雏鸭生长迟缓和肾脏结构损伤[57]
此外,靶向铁死亡可能是应对冠状病毒感染引起过度炎症反应的潜在治疗方法,在冠状病毒感染模型研究中,铁死亡抑制剂可以抑制感染后的病毒增殖、炎性因子释放和细胞合胞体形成[36]
铁死亡的研究最早始于肿瘤细胞试验,随着相关研究的开展,铁死亡被证实广泛参与了机体病理损伤的生物学过程。在兽医研究领域,相继发现了铁死亡参与NDV[5]Mtb[39]等病原感染致病,以及卵泡闭锁[47]、镉暴露损伤[49]等病理过程,为畜禽疾病的致病机制研究提供了新的方向。然而,相关研究多处于早期阶段,部分疾病中铁死亡的研究仅限于证实存在这一细胞死亡形式,而未系统开展相应机制探究,畜禽病原调控细胞铁死亡的机制有待于深入研究,如铁死亡是否作为某一疾病的主要致病机制;疾病发展过程中,铁死亡与其他细胞死亡形式的时空效应及作用关系;铁死亡与宿主免疫及对炎症反应的促进作用和机制等。此外,对铁死亡标记物及检测方法的研究也十分必要,以便于高效便捷地检测畜禽病理损伤中的组织铁死亡水平。
综上所述,解析畜禽疾病中铁死亡的信号转导途径和主要转录调节因子,阐释铁死亡在畜禽疾病发展致病的作用机制,挖掘可能存在的预防和治疗靶点,将为防治畜禽疾病、提升畜牧业高质量发展提供重要指导,值得更深入研究和探索。
  • 国家生猪技术创新中心项目(NCTIP-XDIC17)
  • 重庆市现代农业产业技术体系(CQMAITS202312)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(SWU-KQ22051)
  • 重庆市高校创新研究群体(CXQT20004)
  • 重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项(CSTB2023TIAD-LDX0024)
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2025年第65卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240540
  • 接收时间:2024-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-01
  • 录用日期:2024-10-28
基金
National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs(NCTIP-XDIC17)
国家生猪技术创新中心项目(NCTIP-XDIC17)
Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CQMAITS202312)
重庆市现代农业产业技术体系(CQMAITS202312)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University(SWU-KQ22051)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(SWU-KQ22051)
Foundation for Innovation Research Group in Chongqing Universities(CXQT20004)
重庆市高校创新研究群体(CXQT20004)
Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(CSTB2023TIAD-LDX0024)
重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项(CSTB2023TIAD-LDX0024)
作者信息
    1 西南大学 动物医学院, 动物健康与动物性食品安全国际合作联合实验室, 重庆 400715
    2 国家生猪技术创新中心重庆协同创新研究院, 重庆 402460

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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