Article(id=1242175007409930913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240521, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724169600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1730390400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-01, onlineDate=1774087200261, onlineDateStr=2026-03-21, pubDate=1735920000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774087200261, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774087200261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087200261, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1242175008705966230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2025', volume='65', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='415', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774087200568, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774087310368, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1242175469299270454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1242175008705966230, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=169, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1242175008223625920, articleId=1242175007409930913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Differences and associations of endophytic microbial communities in different ecological niches of chili pepper, columnId=1241045257748533520, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To explore the differences and potential associations of endophytic microbial communities in different niches of chili pepper and provide a theoretical basis for the exploration and application of endophytic microbial resources in chili pepper. [Methods] The 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genes sequencing were employed to study the community structure characteristics of endophytic bacteria and fungi in different ecological niches (roots, stems, leaves, and fruits) of 91 pepper germplasm accessions, along with functional annotations. Additionally, co-occurrence network analysis and traceability analysis were performed on the endophytic bacterial communities. [Results] The operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of endophytic microbial communities were highly common among the four ecological niches, including 46.36% common bacterial OTUs and 29.66% common fungal OTUs. The diversity of endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in chili pepper exhibited variations across different ecological niches, with the endophytic communities in roots being distinctly separated from those in the other three niches (P<0.05). The Shannon index of endophytic bacteria varied significantly among niches, whereas that of endophytic fungi remained relatively stable. The dominant endophytic bacteria in chili pepper were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota, with Proteobacteria being enriched in the roots and Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes being predominant in the fruits. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, the dominant endophytic fungal phyla, exhibited minimal differences in relative abundance across the four ecological niches. Functional annotation results indicated that chili pepper harbored various endophytic bacteria capable of synthesizing secondary metabolites and antibiotics. Within the fungal community, pathogenic fungi were found to have the highest relative abundance. Additionally, more than 80.0% of the endophytic bacteria in chili pepper originated from their directly associated morphologically lower niches, exhibiting complex interaction networks, strong community stability, and a modular structure. [Conclusion] Compared with the endophytic fungal community, the endophytic bacterial community in chili pepper is sensitive to changes in ecological niches, while the niche specificity of the fungi is comparatively weak. The endophytic bacteria associated with each niche of chili pepper primarily originate from the niche located beneath, exhibiting significant niche enrichment, where the roots serving as a crucial source in shaping the endophytic bacterial community.

, correspAuthors=Xin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LI Xin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Microbiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Suhang YAO, Shijing ZHOU, Chi ZHOU, Zhuqing ZHANG, Wenchao CHEN, Zhixue DONG, Xuefeng LI, Yu TAO, Xuexiao ZOU, Xin LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1242175011906225000, articleId=1242175007409930913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=辣椒不同生态位内生微生物群落差异及关联, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】探究辣椒不同生态位间内生微生物群落的差异及其潜在关联,以期为辣椒内生微生物资源的挖掘和应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因和内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)基因测序技术,比较分析91份辣椒材料不同生态位(根、茎、叶和果)内生细菌和真菌的群落结构特征,并进行功能注释;此外,针对内生细菌群落进行共现网络分析和溯源分析。【结果】四个生态位点内生微生物群落的操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)高度共享,其中,细菌的共享OTUs占比46.36%,真菌的共享OTUs占比29.66%。不同生态位间,辣椒内生细菌和真菌群落的多样性差异显著,根部的内生细菌和真菌群落与其他3个生态位显著分离(P<0.05);内生细菌群落的Shannon指数在不同生态位间差异显著,而内生真菌则相对稳定。辣椒中的优势内生细菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota),其中,变形菌门在根部富集,而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门则在果中占据优势。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)作为主要的内生真菌优势菌群,在4个生态位中的相对丰度差异较小。功能注释结果显示,辣椒含有多种具有次生代谢物生物合成和抗生素生物合成功能的内生细菌;而在真菌群落中,病原真菌的相对丰度最高。此外,辣椒中超过80%的内生细菌来源于与其直接相连的形态学下方生态位,具有复杂的相互作用网络、较强的群落稳定性和模块结构。【结论】相较于内生真菌,辣椒内生细菌的群落组成对生态位的变化更为敏感,而真菌的生态位特异性较弱。辣椒各生态位的内生细菌主要源自其形态学下方生态位,表现出显著的生态位富集作用,且根部在内生细菌群落塑造中起着至关重要的作用。

, correspAuthors=李鑫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《微生物学报》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=KPbhOxC9FAvAv762a47p6A==, magXml=aBa2n6EclU1MKDx6OwvWHg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3yPzjOVcf4gBmd/8IS6TVw==, pdfFileSize=999911, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=lv2KBVsi8iANj0FGJu3WPQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=CDv15GB03kL6FwMrCgg16w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=姚苏航, 周诗晶, 周池, 张竹青, 陈文超, 董志雪, 李雪峰, 陶禹, 邹学校, 李鑫)}, authors=[Author(id=1243299992354533682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1243299992476168502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, authorId=1243299992354533682, language=EN, stringName=Suhang YAO, firstName=Suhang, middleName=null, lastName=YAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
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L: Leaves; R: Roots; S: Stems; PF: Pepper fruits., figureFileSmall=CN1jGAWus9gHhCFZP7qfqQ==, figureFileBig=VOvGrQ05LTAuruXWPduA5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300000009138581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, language=CN, label=图4, caption=辣椒不同生态位内生细菌(A)和内生真菌(B)功能注释结果, figureFileSmall=CN1jGAWus9gHhCFZP7qfqQ==, figureFileBig=VOvGrQ05LTAuruXWPduA5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300000088830363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Co-occurrence network analysis of endophytic bacteria communities of chili pepper. A: Root and stem; B: Stem and leaf; C: Stem and fruit., figureFileSmall=uYZfW9la62t4QVExMUCeVw==, figureFileBig=Y79P36RZS3F3bTzeGTw0ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300000197882272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, language=CN, label=图5, caption=辣椒内生细菌群落共现网络分析, figureFileSmall=uYZfW9la62t4QVExMUCeVw==, figureFileBig=Y79P36RZS3F3bTzeGTw0ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300000353071527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Source tracking analysis of endophytic bacterial communities of chili pepper., figureFileSmall=Vf5ewYsbSSJjHZVp6O47vA==, figureFileBig=eYnf5UGnZooJvy8y2mJXyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300000449540527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, language=CN, label=图6, caption=辣椒内生细菌群落溯源分析, figureFileSmall=Vf5ewYsbSSJjHZVp6O47vA==, figureFileBig=eYnf5UGnZooJvy8y2mJXyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1243300000600535477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Topology index of co-occurrence network

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组
Groups
平均度
Average degree
模块化
Modularity
聚类系数
Clustering coefficient
连通度
Connectance
正相关边
Positive edge
负相关边
Negative edge
R-S: Root and stem; S-L: Stem and leaf; S-F: Stem and fruit.
R-S8.2170.7810.8040.0349860
S-L7.7250.8020.8440.0329270
S-F7.9070.8480.8400.0261 1900
), ArticleFig(id=1243300000751530425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1242175007409930913, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

共现网络拓扑指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组
Groups
平均度
Average degree
模块化
Modularity
聚类系数
Clustering coefficient
连通度
Connectance
正相关边
Positive edge
负相关边
Negative edge
R-S: Root and stem; S-L: Stem and leaf; S-F: Stem and fruit.
R-S8.2170.7810.8040.0349860
S-L7.7250.8020.8440.0329270
S-F7.9070.8480.8400.0261 1900
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辣椒不同生态位内生微生物群落差异及关联
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姚苏航 1, 2, 3 , 周诗晶 1, 2 , 周池 1, 2 , 张竹青 1, 2 , 陈文超 1, 2 , 董志雪 1, 2 , 李雪峰 1, 2 , 陶禹 1, 2 , 邹学校 3 , 李鑫 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025,65(1): 169-181
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2025, 65(1): 169-181
辣椒不同生态位内生微生物群落差异及关联
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姚苏航1, 2, 3, 周诗晶1, 2, 周池1, 2, 张竹青1, 2, 陈文超1, 2, 董志雪1, 2, 李雪峰1, 2, 陶禹1, 2, 邹学校3, 李鑫1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 湖南省蔬菜研究所, 湖南 长沙 410125
  • 2 植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心, 湖南 长沙 410125
  • 3 湖南农业大学 园艺学院, 湖南 长沙 410125
Differences and associations of endophytic microbial communities in different ecological niches of chili pepper
Suhang YAO1, 2, 3, Shijing ZHOU1, 2, Chi ZHOU1, 2, Zhuqing ZHANG1, 2, Wenchao CHEN1, 2, Zhixue DONG1, 2, Xuefeng LI1, 2, Yu TAO1, 2, Xuexiao ZOU3, Xin LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • 2 Hunan Engineering Research Center on Excavation and Utilization of the Endophytic Microbial Resources of Plants, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
  • 3 College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-01-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240521
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【目的】探究辣椒不同生态位间内生微生物群落的差异及其潜在关联,以期为辣椒内生微生物资源的挖掘和应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因和内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)基因测序技术,比较分析91份辣椒材料不同生态位(根、茎、叶和果)内生细菌和真菌的群落结构特征,并进行功能注释;此外,针对内生细菌群落进行共现网络分析和溯源分析。【结果】四个生态位点内生微生物群落的操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)高度共享,其中,细菌的共享OTUs占比46.36%,真菌的共享OTUs占比29.66%。不同生态位间,辣椒内生细菌和真菌群落的多样性差异显著,根部的内生细菌和真菌群落与其他3个生态位显著分离(P<0.05);内生细菌群落的Shannon指数在不同生态位间差异显著,而内生真菌则相对稳定。辣椒中的优势内生细菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota),其中,变形菌门在根部富集,而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门则在果中占据优势。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)作为主要的内生真菌优势菌群,在4个生态位中的相对丰度差异较小。功能注释结果显示,辣椒含有多种具有次生代谢物生物合成和抗生素生物合成功能的内生细菌;而在真菌群落中,病原真菌的相对丰度最高。此外,辣椒中超过80%的内生细菌来源于与其直接相连的形态学下方生态位,具有复杂的相互作用网络、较强的群落稳定性和模块结构。【结论】相较于内生真菌,辣椒内生细菌的群落组成对生态位的变化更为敏感,而真菌的生态位特异性较弱。辣椒各生态位的内生细菌主要源自其形态学下方生态位,表现出显著的生态位富集作用,且根部在内生细菌群落塑造中起着至关重要的作用。

辣椒  /  内生微生物  /  群落结构  /  生态位  /  溯源分析

[Objective] To explore the differences and potential associations of endophytic microbial communities in different niches of chili pepper and provide a theoretical basis for the exploration and application of endophytic microbial resources in chili pepper. [Methods] The 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genes sequencing were employed to study the community structure characteristics of endophytic bacteria and fungi in different ecological niches (roots, stems, leaves, and fruits) of 91 pepper germplasm accessions, along with functional annotations. Additionally, co-occurrence network analysis and traceability analysis were performed on the endophytic bacterial communities. [Results] The operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of endophytic microbial communities were highly common among the four ecological niches, including 46.36% common bacterial OTUs and 29.66% common fungal OTUs. The diversity of endophytic bacterial and fungal communities in chili pepper exhibited variations across different ecological niches, with the endophytic communities in roots being distinctly separated from those in the other three niches (P<0.05). The Shannon index of endophytic bacteria varied significantly among niches, whereas that of endophytic fungi remained relatively stable. The dominant endophytic bacteria in chili pepper were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota, with Proteobacteria being enriched in the roots and Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes being predominant in the fruits. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, the dominant endophytic fungal phyla, exhibited minimal differences in relative abundance across the four ecological niches. Functional annotation results indicated that chili pepper harbored various endophytic bacteria capable of synthesizing secondary metabolites and antibiotics. Within the fungal community, pathogenic fungi were found to have the highest relative abundance. Additionally, more than 80.0% of the endophytic bacteria in chili pepper originated from their directly associated morphologically lower niches, exhibiting complex interaction networks, strong community stability, and a modular structure. [Conclusion] Compared with the endophytic fungal community, the endophytic bacterial community in chili pepper is sensitive to changes in ecological niches, while the niche specificity of the fungi is comparatively weak. The endophytic bacteria associated with each niche of chili pepper primarily originate from the niche located beneath, exhibiting significant niche enrichment, where the roots serving as a crucial source in shaping the endophytic bacterial community.

chili pepper  /  endophytic microbe  /  community structure  /  ecological niche  /  source tracing analysis
姚苏航, 周诗晶, 周池, 张竹青, 陈文超, 董志雪, 李雪峰, 陶禹, 邹学校, 李鑫. 辣椒不同生态位内生微生物群落差异及关联. 微生物学报, 2025 , 65 (1) : 169 -181 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240521
Suhang YAO, Shijing ZHOU, Chi ZHOU, Zhuqing ZHANG, Wenchao CHEN, Zhixue DONG, Xuefeng LI, Yu TAO, Xuexiao ZOU, Xin LI. Differences and associations of endophytic microbial communities in different ecological niches of chili pepper[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2025 , 65 (1) : 169 -181 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240521
辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)作为我国饮食文化中不可或缺的蔬菜和调味品,其种植面积约占我国蔬菜总种植面积的10%,居于各类蔬菜之首[1]。近年来,随着辣椒育种、栽培、病虫害防治等技术的集成创新,辣椒的产量和品质得到显著提升[2]。植物的农艺性状不仅受自身基因和栽培措施等的影响,还与植物微生物组(内生微生物、叶际微生物和根际微生物等)的调控密切相关[3-5]。这些微生物被称为植物的第二基因组,在生态系统中扮演着重要的角色[6]。通过与宿主植物形成共生关系[7],促进植物的生长、增强植物抗逆性、提高对病原菌的抵抗力及提升植物对营养元素的摄取能力[8-9]
不同植物具有不同的内生微生物菌群,同一植物的不同组织部位(如根、茎、叶、花和果实),其优势菌群也存在差异[9-11],宿主植物的生境等也会影响其群落结构和多样性[12]。这些微生物在植物体内占据着不同的生态位并相互作用,共同维持着生态平衡[13]。目前,辣椒内生微生物的研究主要聚焦于具有特殊生理作用菌株的分离和筛选,以及土壤、根际和叶际微生物群落的研究[14-16]。此外,针对植物某一组织单一生态位内生微生物群落的研究也取得了显著进展[17-18],而对于不同生态位内生微生物群落差异的研究较少,特别是跨生态位的关联研究略显匮乏。深入研究多组织生态位的内生微生物群落组成及其跨生态位相互作用,有助于发现植物特异性的“核心微生物”[19],对于揭示、挖掘并利用辣椒内生微生物的复杂性和功能性至关重要。
本研究采用16S rRNA基因和内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)基因测序技术,深入分析不同生态位下辣椒内生微生物群落的结构和功能,探究植物不同生态位间微生物群落的相互作用和潜在关联,以期为辣椒内生微生物资源的挖掘和应用提供理论依据。
本研究试验地点位于海南省三亚市崖州区南繁基地(18.30°N, 109.41°E),地势平坦,土壤类型为砖红壤,属热带海洋季风气候,年均气温25.4 ℃,年均日照2 572.8 h,年均降水量1 200 mm,7−10月为雨季,11月至次年4月为旱季。
2021年9月25日,采用苗床撒播或孔穴盘进行辣椒育苗,待幼苗达到5−6叶1心阶段后进行移栽定植(10月25日左右);在第一批红果采收期进行取样,线椒、牛角椒、螺丝椒第一批红果采收期约为12月中旬,朝天椒为次年1月20日。选取无明显病害、生长情况良好的辣椒植株,用75%乙醇灭菌处理过的铁锹挖掘吸收根(深度15−30 cm),同时,用75%乙醇灭菌处理过的剪刀采集茎(10 cm长主干)、叶(第3−4节间新叶)和果实(随机剪取成熟果实)样本[20]。采集后的植物样品装入自封袋,立即用保温箱保存,随后尽快带回实验室4 ℃冰箱储存,一周内完成表面消毒和序列提取处理。
将无损伤的根、茎、叶和果实分别切成约2 cm长的小段,随后进行表面消毒。消毒步骤如下:首先用75%乙醇冲洗2次,每次2 min;而后用5%次氯酸钠溶液处理4 min,最后迅速用无菌水冲洗干净。同时,将消毒过程中最后一次漂洗的无菌水涂布于PDA[21]培养基,28 ℃培养7 d,若无菌落生长则证明本次表面消毒彻底,表面消毒后的样品用于后续高通量测序。本研究共采集91份辣椒种质材料,每份材料分为根、茎、叶和果4个生态位,3次重复,共1 092份样品(附表1,数据已提交国家微生物科学数据中心,编号:NMDCX0001724)。
本研究委托百迈客生物云科技(武汉)有限公司对辣椒内生细菌和内生真菌进行测序。将表面消毒后的植物样品迅速在液氮中无菌研磨,使用TGuide S96磁性DNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]提取样品DNA。辣椒内生细菌16S rRNA基因高变区域V3−V4扩增所用引物为341F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGC AGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTW TCTAAT-3′);内生真菌ITS区扩增所用引物为ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R (5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)。PCR产物经过琼脂糖凝胶检测后,采用Omega DNA纯化试剂盒(Omega Bio-Tek公司)纯化,收集纯化后的PCR产物在Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台上进行双端测序(2×250 bp)。
采用Trimmomatic v0.33对Raw reads进行过滤,随后使用Cutadapt v1.9.1去除引物序列,使用Usearch v10对得到的Clean reads进行拼接并过滤。采用UCHIME v4.2去除嵌合体序列,使用USEARCH v10.0以97%相似性阈值将合格序列分配至操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)。通过SILVA数据库(v138.1)和朴素贝叶斯分类器,以70%置信阈值对OTU进行分类注释。原始数据已上传至NCBI,登录号:PRJNA1149504。
采用R v4.3.2和百迈克云平台(北京百迈客云科技有限公司)[21]进行细菌真菌群落组成、功能注释及溯源分析,使用Excel 2019进行试验数据的统计整理。采用R软件包Venn diagram绘制OTU分布韦恩图;使用R软件包vegan,基于属水平计算并评估样本内的生物多样性,微生物α多样性以香农指数(Shannon)表示,β多样性基于样本间的Bray-Curtis距离矩阵,采用非度量多维尺度法(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)进行降维分析和可视化;使用R软件包进行线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe),当LDA score大于4且P值小于0.05时,相应的分类单元被视为具有显著差异的标记生物(biomarkers);采用igraph软件包进行属间共现网络分析,筛选Pearson相关系数绝对值大于0.7且P值小于0.05的节点和边,并使用Gephi v0.10.1绘制网络图;通过sourcetracker软件包进行微生物群落的溯源分析;在百迈克云平台的Circos v0.66-7软件环境中绘制物种丰度圈图;使用BugBase和FUNGuild数据库,对细菌和真菌类群进行功能注释。
内生细菌群落测序共获得87 324 207对reads,经质控、拼接后共产生84 557 928条clean reads,每样品至少产生41 001条clean reads,平均产生77 434条clean reads。内生真菌群落共获得90 318 996对reads,经质控、拼接后共产生70 188 300条clean reads,每样品至少产生2 121条clean reads,平均产生64 275条clean reads。在97%的序列相似度水平上,辣椒内生细菌高通量测序结果可聚类为70 867个OTUs;真菌共获得41 966个OTUs。
韦恩图显示,辣椒内生细菌群落的大部分OTUs由4个生态位共享,为32 852个,占总OTUs数目的46.36%;其中,果实特有的OTUs数目最多,为3 673个,茎部特有的OTUs数目最少,为1 714个(图1A)。对真菌群落而言,4个生态位共有OTUs数目为12 447个,占总OTUs数目的29.66%,以果中特有的OTUs最多,为4 028个;茎部特有的OTUs最少,仅2 383个(图1B)。相较于细菌,辣椒内生真菌各生态位共有的OTUs数目较少,而各生态位中特有的OTUs数目较多,而真菌群落的分布较为随机、分散,生态位对其影响较小。
对不同生态位的辣椒内生菌群落OTU进行多样性分析,采用Shannon指数评估各生态位之间内生菌群落α多样性的差异,基于Bray-Curtis距离的NMDS分析方法评估其β多样性。结果显示,辣椒内生细菌群落的Shannon指数在各生态位间均差异显著(图1C),并表现为果>叶>茎>根;对真菌群落而言,其Shannon指数的变化趋势与细菌相似,但各生态位间的差异并不显著(图1D)。辣椒不同生态位点间的β多样性分析结果显示,茎、叶和果实部分的内生细菌和真菌群落不能彼此分开,而根部的内生细菌群落在NMDS 1轴上与其他3个生态位显著分离(R2=0.185,P<0.05) (图1E),真菌群落在NMDS 2轴上与其他3个生态位之间均显著分离(R2=0.373,P<0.05) (图1F)。相比于茎、叶和果实,辣椒根部内生微生物群落组成更加独特。
图2A可知,辣椒内生细菌群落中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的占比最高,在根、茎、叶、果中的相对丰度分别为80.8%、59.7%、48.0%、39.9%;其次是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota),厚壁菌门在根、茎、叶、果中的相对丰度分别为5.1%、20.8%、25.6%、33.2%,拟杆菌门在根、茎、叶、果中的相对丰度分别为11.1%、9.2%、11.3%、12.9%。其中,变形菌门主要在根部富集,而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门则主要分布在果实部分,表明随着生态位向形态学上方变化,辣椒内变形菌门的相对丰度迅速下降,而厚壁菌门的相对丰度迅速上升。对于辣椒内生真菌群落而言,其相对丰度最高的门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和unclassified-fungi (图2B)。子囊菌门在根、茎、叶、果中的相对丰度分别为80.0%、87.7%、84.3%、69.4%;担子菌门在根、茎、叶、果中的相对丰度分别为10.3%、5.1%、5.8%、9.1%。相较于细菌,辣椒内生真菌门水平的相对丰度在不同生态位间的差异较小,未表现出明显的变化趋势。
基于LEfSe分析(LDA score>4),在属水平识别不同生态位微生物类群发现,辣椒内生细菌中有23个细菌属存在显著差异(图3A);其中,辣椒根部的标记生物数量最多,共14个属,包括新鞘氨醇菌属(Novosphingobium)、不黏柄菌属(Asticcacaulis)、鞘氨醇盒菌属(Sphingopyxis)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、马赛菌属(Massilia)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、unclassified_Comamonadaceae、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、异根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium)、土地杆菌属(Pedobacter)和食酸菌属(Acidovorax)。其次为果实,4个细菌属分别为毛罗菌(Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_ group)、unclassified_Lachnospiraceae、无色杆菌(Achromobacter)和unclassified_Muribaculaceae。茎部有2个细菌属存在显著差异,分别为泛菌(Pantoea)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonas);叶部3个细菌属分别为甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)、unclassified_bacteria和栖苏打菌属(Nitrincola)。其中,辣椒茎部假单胞菌属细菌的相对丰度达24.7%,显著高于其他生态位;而根部的假单胞菌属细菌相对丰度在4个生态位中最低,仅0.2%。假单胞菌作为4个生态位共有的核心微生物,倾向于自下而上地被招募并富集。
辣椒内生真菌的LEfSe分析结果如图3B所示,共有9个真菌属被鉴定为标记生物(LDA score>4)。其中,根部有2个真菌属,分别为镰刀真菌(Fusarium)和小不整球壳属(Plectosphaerella);茎部和叶部均仅有1个真菌属,分别为枝孢菌属(Cladosporium)和交链孢霉属(Alternaria);辣椒果中的内生真菌标记生物数目最多,5个真菌属分别为unclassified-fungi、unclassified-Ascomycota、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、毕赤酵母属(Millerozyma)和青霉属(Apiotrichum)。与细菌相似,真菌也表现出果实和根部标记生物的数目最多,茎、叶部较少的规律;但整体而言,内生真菌种的标记生物数目远少于内生细菌。
基于BugBase数据库对辣椒4个生态位中的内生细菌群落进行功能注释,结果显示,相较于其他生态位,辣椒内生细菌生物膜形成(forms biofilms)和需氧功能(aerobic)在根部显著富集,分别占比23.4%和26.7%;革兰氏阴性菌在根部的占比较高,达28.6%,而在茎、叶和果中分别仅占18.0%、18.0%和17.4% (图4A)。基于FUNGuild数据库对辣椒内生真菌群落功能进行注释,结果显示,辣椒内生真菌群落在各生态位之间丰度变化最大的功能被注释为植物病原菌(plant pathogen),其在根中的占比最高,达到37.0%,而在果中占比仅18.2% (图4B)。
本研究先将辣椒根、茎、叶、果4个生态位按“形态学下方生态位-形态学上方生态位”的方法关联为“根-茎(R-S)” “茎-叶(S-L)”和“茎-果(S-F)” 3组,进行跨生态位关联研究,并针对辣椒内生细菌进行共现网络和溯源分析。
共现网络分析结果显示(图5表1),不同生态位分组的内生细菌群落共现网络差异较大,其中茎-果分组的模块化程度最高,为0.848,而根-茎分组的模块化程度仅0.781。所有分组中,辣椒内生细菌间的相关性边均为正相关边,即总体上辣椒内生细菌互作网络表现出明显的共生关系。其中,茎-果的网络边数和模块化均最高,分别为1 190和0.848,表明茎-果间的网络具有较高的复杂度和稳定性;自下而上的生态位分区的模块化程度增加,组成稳定性增加。根-茎共现网络的平均度和连通度分别达到8.217和0.034,为3组分组中最高,相比其他两分组,根-茎间的网络连接更紧密,具有更强的微生物相互作用。三对生态位分组的网络聚类系数均大于0.800,表明辣椒内生细菌倾向于与形态学上相连的群落形成紧密相连的群体。
本研究基于形态学分布位置,对辣椒内生细菌群落进行了溯源分析。结果显示,辣椒内生细菌群落的来源与其形态学下方生态位群落存在一定的相关性,无论是茎、叶还是果实,超过80.0%的内生细菌群落来源为其形态学下方生态位的细菌群落,仅不足20.0%来自其他未知来源。其中,茎中有83.2%的细菌来源于根,叶、果中分别又有82.6%和89.9%的细菌来源于茎(图6)。即辣椒根部内生细菌群落为“源”,随着形态学向上的方向移动,进入茎、叶或果实等“库”中,形态学下方的生态位中的细菌群落是形态学上方生态位细菌群落最主要的来源。
植物相关微生物的群落组装过程是由生态位理论(如植物遗传因素和组织水平选择)和中性过程理论所驱动的[22-23]。内生微生物在植物不同组织器官中的定殖,既有共同性也存在特异性,其中,特异性存在的内生菌能针对性地参与植物生长代谢过程[24]。本研究通过对辣椒根、茎、叶和果实中的内生菌进行高通量测序发现,在门水平上,辣椒的优势内生细菌为变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门,其中变形菌门在根部更为富集,而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门则主要富集在果。变形菌门作为土壤中丰度最高的细菌门之一[25-26],其在辣椒根内高丰度富集表明,辣椒根部内生细菌与土壤细菌之间高度关联。随着生态位从根部向形态学上方(茎、叶和果)上升,变形菌门的丰度逐渐下降而厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的丰度逐渐上升,这可能是由内生菌在适应植物不同生理条件的过程中产生的差异所导致的[27]。对真菌而言,其优势菌群子囊菌门和担子菌门在不同生态位中相对丰度变化较小,这可能是因为其大量存在于自然界中,具有更多的随机定殖机会[26]
NMDS分析结果显示,本研究中辣椒茎、叶和果实的内生细菌和真菌群落无法彼此分开,而根部的内生细菌和真菌群落则与其他3个生态位显著分离,地下部和地上部之间表现出显著差异。这与孔德婷等[3]研究结果一致,多年生水稻地下部和地上部形成了不同的内生细菌群,相较于地上部,多年生稻地下部特异内生细菌扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)数量和显著差异代谢功能较多。这主要是因为植物根部内生细菌能够频繁地与根际微生物和土壤微生物进行交流和互作,导致根部内生细菌群落和功能更加复杂[17]。土壤作为一个庞大的微生物资源库[28],是植物内生微生物的主要来源[29-31]。土壤中的微生物首先被植物根系招募,随后通过微生物之间的相互作定殖于植物内部各生态位,从而塑造植物内生微生物群落[32],这在一定程度上解释了本研究中辣椒根部具有更加独特的内生菌群落的现象。
本研究发现,辣椒内生细菌和真菌群落4个生态位共有的OTUs数目远多于各生态位特有的OTUs数目,这些OTUs的种类和数量可能与其所在环境的条件和所处生态位有关。内生真菌群落4个生态位共享的OTUs数目远少于细菌,这可能是因为真菌具有随机传播的定殖方式,也在一定程度上解释了其跨生态位的关联少于内生细菌。LEfSe分析结果显示,本研究在内生真菌中仅鉴定到9个标记生物,而在内生细菌中鉴定到23个,同样证明了辣椒内生真菌的生态位特异性远弱于内生细菌。本研究对辣椒内生细菌和真菌群落进行了功能注释,结果显示,代谢通路、次生代谢物生物合成和抗生素生物合成3种功能均在4个生态位高度富集,表明除摄取宿主代谢物和参与宿主的生物合成过程等功能外[33],辣椒富集的内生细菌还具有分泌大量抗生素的能力。这种功能除了帮助宿主抗病以外,也参与内生细菌群落结构的调控过程[34],包括生态位内和跨生态位的群落结构调控。此外,辣椒根部内生细菌中还富集到了大量需氧功能和生物膜构建功能,这可能是因为环境微生物需要适应土壤中的富氧环境,并在根系形成生物膜才能进入辣椒内生环境[35]。在真菌群落功能注释中,病原真菌是变化最大的功能,这是因为植物不同生态位的特性各不相同,被侵染的可能性也因此发生变化,如果实表皮上有较为厚实的蜡质层,这可以削弱病原菌的入侵。相较于内生真菌,辣椒内生细菌的群落组成对生态位的变化更为敏感,真菌的生态位特异性较弱。这一现象的背后机制可能有2方面原因:(1) 真菌由于其较大的分子量,在内生微环境中移动受限;(2) 真菌作为真核生物,其分子机制错综复杂,使得其生长发育过程相较于细菌而言,更能抵御或独立于外界环境的干扰,从而表现出对内生环境调节机制的不同响应。
基于以上结果,本研究针对辣椒内生细菌进行了跨生态位关联研究。溯源分析结果显示,辣椒各生态位的内生细菌80.0%以上来源于与其直接相接的形态学下方生态位,表明辣椒各生态位点之间的联系十分紧密。这一发现与党柯柯等[36]提出的观点一致,即作物微生物组主要来自土壤环境,并逐步被宿主植物富集和过滤。此外,对其共现网络进行更深入的分析发现,根-茎、茎-叶和茎-果这3组的网络模块性均大于0.400,表明辣椒内生细菌跨生态位存在典型的模块结构和较强的环境适应能力[37]。同时,所有分组网络中的相关性均呈现正相关,表明辣椒在不同生态位中的内生细菌之间存在着明显的共生关系,参与植株代谢过程[38],具有较强的群落稳定性。根-茎共现网络的平均度和连通度最高,说明相较于茎-叶和茎-果,辣椒内生细菌在根-茎间的网络连接最为紧密,具有更好的整体连通性[39]
本研究通过高通量测序和生态位分析,揭示了辣椒内生微生物群落的组装过程、生态位差异与关联及其功能特性。研究结果显示,辣椒各生态位内生细菌大部分来源于其形态学下方的生态位,根系是塑造辣椒内生微生物群落的关键“源”,其核心内生微生物假单胞菌倾向于自下而上地被招募并富集。
本研究明确了辣椒不同生态位内生微生物群落的共性与差异,为辣椒内生微生物群落构建的选择作用、潜在来源及富集过程提供了理论指导,有助于深入了解辣椒-内生微生物的互作机制。
  • 现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-23-G-29)
  • 邹学校院士创新工作站平台建设支撑项目(TL2023YF007)
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2025年第65卷第1期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20240521
  • 接收时间:2024-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-04
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-21
  • 录用日期:2024-11-01
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National Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System(CARS-23-G-29)
现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-23-G-29)
Innovation Workstation Platform Construction Support Project of ZOU Xuexiao Academician(TL2023YF007)
邹学校院士创新工作站平台建设支撑项目(TL2023YF007)
作者信息
    1 湖南省蔬菜研究所, 湖南 长沙 410125
    2 植物内生微生物资源挖掘与利用湖南省工程研究中心, 湖南 长沙 410125
    3 湖南农业大学 园艺学院, 湖南 长沙 410125

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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